PEST MANAGEMENT Pesticide Education Program

Household, Institutional, and Industrial PEST MANAGEMENT Pesticide Education Program

Contents Introduction...... 2 Flies...... 33 Bottle and Blow Flies...... 34 Scope of Structural Insect and Cluster Flies...... 35 Rodent Pest Management...... 3 Small Fruit or Vinegar Flies...... 35 House Flies...... 36 Health and Other Risks Associated with Moth, Drain, or Sewage Flies...... 37 Structural and Rodent Pests (Damage)...... 4 Phorid (Humpbacked, Scuttle, or Coffin) Flies...... 38 Asthma and Allergies...... 4 Darkwinged Fungus Gnats...... 39 Bites...... 4 Pantry (Stored Product) Pests...... 39 Drugstore and Cigarette Beetles...... 40 Disease and Parasite Transmission...... 4 Flour (Confused and Red) Beetles...... 40 Delusional Parasitosis...... 5 Sawtoothed and Merchant Grain Beetles...... 40 “Thought Process” When Responding to a Pest Complaint: Spider Beetles...... 41 Discover the Answer Based on Circumstances...... 6 Angoumois Grain Moths...... 41 Indian Meal Moths...... 42 IPM Techniques...... 7 Granary, Maize, and Rice Weevils...... 42 Management of Pantry (Stored Product) Pests...... 43 Identification of Pest and Inspection of Premises...... 7 Fabric Pests...... 43 Recordkeeping...... 7 Carpet Beetles...... 43 Physical Control: Exclusion, Habitat Modification, Larder Beetles...... 44 and Food Reduction...... 7 Webbing and Casemaking Clothes Moths...... 44 Mechanical Control: Traps...... 8 Management of Fabric Pests...... 44 Pesticides...... 9 Blood-feeding and Other Potentially Biting Pests...... 45 Bed Bugs...... 45 Pests and Control Tactics...... 11 Fleas...... 48 Ants...... 11 Lice...... 49 Acrobat Ants...... 13 Mites...... 50 Carpenter Ants...... 13 Mosquitoes...... 51 Cornfield Ants...... 15 Spiders...... 52 Crazy Ants...... 15 Ticks...... 56 Little Black Ants...... 16 Occasional, Nuisance, or Incidental Pests...... 59 Odorous House Ants...... 16 Multicolored Asian Lady Beetles...... 59 Pavement Ants...... 16 Booklice...... 60 Pharaoh Ants...... 17 Boxelder Bugs...... 60 Thief Ants...... 17 Brown Marmorated Stink Bugs...... 61 Yellow or Citronella Ants...... 18 House Centipedes...... 62 General Ant Management...... 18 Crickets...... 63 Bumble Bees, Honey Bees, and Wasps...... 19 Clover Mites...... 63 Bumble Bees...... 20 House Dust Mites...... 64 Eastern Carpenter Bees...... 21 Earwigs...... 65 Honey Bees...... 22 Millipedes...... 65 Baldfaced Hornets...... 23 Silverfish and Firebrats...... 66 European Hornets...... 24 Springtails...... 67 Paper Wasps...... 25 Commensal Rodents (Mice and Rats)...... 67 Yellowjackets...... 26 House Mouse...... 68 Cockroaches...... 27 White-footed or Deer Mouse...... 69 American Cockroaches...... 28 Norway Rat...... 70 Brownbanded Cockroaches...... 28 Roof or Black Rat...... 71 German Cockroaches...... 29 Commensal Rodent Management...... 72 Oriental Cockroaches...... 29 Pennsylvania Wood Cockroaches...... 30 References...... 76 Structural Cockroach Management...... 31 A note about the scientific Introduction names used in this manual: Standard naming (nomenclature) Welcome to the profession of pest of living organisms is broken down management. You may be reading into a system. The following order this as your introduction to structur- uses the American cockroach as al, stored product, and public health an example: pest management or as a refresher. • Kingdom: Animalia (animal This manual can serve as a reference [versus plant, fungus, or other]) for your future work. As a profes- • Phylum: Arthropoda (animals sional pesticide applicator, you have with jointed legs) great responsibility for your work, • Class: Insecta (insects) your safety, and the safety of those for • Order: Blattaria (cockroaches) whom you work. Safety is most im- • Family: Blattidae (type of cock- portant because the goal of structural, roach) stored product, and public health pest • Genus: Periplaneta (a more management is to protect lives and Fig. 1. Pest management professional with client. specific type of cockroach) S. B. JACOBS B. S. property from pests. A key interest • Species: Periplaneta americana in learning is vital to safe, effective (note that the species name pest management. Regular training, has both the genus and species updates on pesticide regulations and names, with the last name in pest control technology, and refresh- lower case; species names are ers on basics, such as insect identifi- italicized) cation, will support and advance your career in pest management. Good customer service is vital. Clear, hon- The key to structural pest man- est, and competent communication agement is the concept of “integrated with your clients will give them con- pest management” (IPM). This can be fidence in your ability to solve their defined as a way of combining tools problems. It also reduces your risks to manage pests in an economical of legal troubles. Understanding pest and effective way. IPM also reduces biology, pesticide formulations and the environmental and human health uses, and pesticide laws and regula- risks associated with pests and the tions will make you, the pest manage- means of controlling them. IPM is ment professional (PMP), a valuable not product based. It is a stepwise member of any team (Fig. 1). plan of action that may or may not include the use of pesticides. IPM relies heavily on the knowledge ob- tained through learning, inspection, monitoring, and recordkeeping.

- 2 - Scope of Structural Insect and Rodent Pest Management Structural pest management can be broken down into categories: the wood-destroying pests, pests of the indoor environment, pests of food and fiber, and pests at the perimeter of the structure (Fig. 2). Wood- destroying pests include termites, carpenter ants, wood-boring beetles, and carpenter bees. Rodents can cause Fig. 2. Termite damage on a garage door. minor damage to structures through JACOBS B. S. gnawing and major damage when gnawing results in fire. Ants, bed bugs, beetles, booklice, cockroaches, fleas, flies, mites, moths, rodents, and silverfish are considered important indoor pests. Pests of food and fiber include ants, beetles, cockroaches, mites, moths, and rodents. Perim- eter pest control covers a variety of accidental invaders, such as boxelder bugs, centipedes, cluster and other flies, lady beetles, leaf-footed bugs, millipedes, spiders, and stink bugs, as well as intentional visitors, such as ants and rodents. Many pests fall into several categories. Correct identification is the first and most important step to accurately and effectively dealing with a pest problem. Howev- er, finding a specimen may not always be possible. This will require the PMP to consider evidence of pest presence and judge how old or new that evidence might be.

- 3 - and bed bugs do, or in defense, as with spiders. Arthropod bites present Health and Other in a variety of ways, from itchy welts to blisters or dying (necrotic) tissue. Risks Associated Very rarely, severe bed bug infestations can cause anemia. Bites also with Structural provide an opportunity for secondary skin infections, which can be serious. and Rodent Pests Rodents are also known to bite people, causing injury. It is not un- (Damage) common for children to experience Humans have variable sensitivities to rat bites on exposed skin, when rats the presence of animals in their en- are a pest of the home. Disease trans- vironment. Some people are allergic mission from a rat bite is rare but to pet dander or rodents. Others are possible. Rats can be infected with Fig. 3. German cockroaches contaminating food. rabies, though it is uncommon and CLEMSON UNIVERSITY–USDA COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SLIDE SERIES, BUGWOOD.ORG EXTENSION SLIDE SERIES, CLEMSON UNIVERSITY–USDA COOPERATIVE sensitive to the presence of insects. Even pets can exhibit allergies to there has never been a recorded case pests, particularly fleas. However, the of rodent-transmitted rabies in the risks that pests impart are not limited United States. to allergies. Disease and Parasite Asthma and Allergies Transmission Insects, mites, and rodents may An organism is called a vector when cause respiratory irritation when it carries a disease organism from sensitive individuals inhale or ingest one host to another. Many of the particles of their bodies or feces. well-known vectors occur in the Dermal allergies also occur in some structural environment, including people exposed to insect particles, cockroaches, flies, mosquitoes, ticks, such as dermestid larval hairs and and even body lice. Diseases, includ- the excreta of house dust mites. The ing foodborne illness, may be life most common and potentially severe threatening for some people. It is allergy is through respiratory expo- important to understand the role of sure in sensitive people that can lead vector pest control in public health to acute asthma, a condition that can and safety. Many disease organisms be life threatening. Cockroaches, are uncommon in the United States house dust mites, and rodents are due to vector control and availability very common triggers of asthma, so of medicine, but they do appear on sanitation is an important part of the occasion and can spread. control process. Cockroaches carry a number of Wasps, bees, and some ants have human-disease-causing organisms stingers that are used in defense and and are thought to be a major source for subduing prey. The stinger is used of Salmonella contamination (Fig. 3). to inject venom, and many species in- Filth flies also transmit disease organ- flict a painful sting. Some people have isms mechanically (on their bodies) life-threatening allergic reactions because of their unsanitary habits. Be- to wasp or bee venom, so control of cause they are attracted to wounds and these insects in public places can be a body fluids, pharaoh ants are known priority. to spread disease organisms when they are active in hospitals. Bites Many species of mosquitoes carry Many types of pest organisms can and vector arthropod-borne viruses and will bite humans. They may bite (also called arboviruses), includ- to feed on blood, as lice, mosquitoes, ing West Nile virus, eastern equine

- 4 - and Saint Louis encephalitis, yellow scabies mite inhabits tender skin fever, and dengue fever. In addition, of the hands, wrists, and elbows, mosquitoes can carry organisms that causing a rash with intense itching. cause malaria and filariasis (a worm Scabies mites are commonly found in infection of the circulatory system homeless shelters and nursing homes that causes severe deformities), because the elderly often have lower although they are rare in the United immune response and scabies can States. Mosquitoes also vector dog be overlooked. Bed bugs are human heartworm. parasites that do not transmit disease. Although only a handful of tick Infestations of bed bugs have other species in Pennsylvania are com- types of negative health effects, dis- monly found on people or their pets, cussed later in this manual. their numbers are numerous and the risk of infection with Lyme disease Delusional Parasitosis (Borrelia) is high depending on the All pest management professionals location within the state. Ticks also at one time or another have worked vector a Lyme-related disease called for a customer who insists that he/ southern tick-associated rash ill- she has some sort of infestation when ness (STARI) as well as babesiosis, none can be found despite extremely ehrlichiosis, and Rocky Mountain careful searches. A mental health spotted fever. Tick control may not be condition known as delusional para- a regular part of structural pest man- sitosis describes a person who has an agement, but ticks frequently appear unshakeable and irrational belief that indoors, especially with indoor-out- his/her body, clothes, hair, or home is door pets. infested with an organism that causes Body lice tend to be limited to him/her harm. As a mental health underdeveloped nations and places condition, the pest management where poverty and overcrowded living professional should never attempt to conditions prevail. However, they diagnose this. Rather, the PMP’s job sometimes appear in more typical is to confirm and identify or deny communities and have been found in the presence of an organism that the northeastern United States. Body may be the cause of such concern. lice can transmit the organisms that When no pest or pest evidence can cause typhus, a devastating disease, be found, the PMP must state his or and trench and relapsing fever. Head her findings and walk away. Treat- lice are common but do not require ment of such homes with pesticides treatment by PMPs. can exacerbate underlying medical The white-footed mouse is a conditions. False diagnosis can lead woodland species that sometimes to legal action. invades structures. This mouse can carry the potentially deadly hanta- virus, which is rare but still enough of a reason to take mouse control se- riously. White-footed mice also serve as host to several species of ticks that transmit disease. Parasites include organisms transmitted by vectors as well as the arthropods themselves. Fleas are a midway host to the dog tapeworm, which can infect dogs, cats, and humans. Some fly species, such as bot flies, can develop in human and animal skin or injured tissue. The

- 5 - To diagnose a less-than-obvious pest problem, a PMP would need to: “Thought • Find out what is known. Why does the person think there is a pest? Process” When • Correctly identify the pest, if it can be found. Responding to a • Be prepared for when pest evidence cannot be found (no treatment Pest Complaint: should be made). • Identify pest evidence, including Discover the stains, webs, sounds, smells, wood Answer Based on shavings, shed skins, or frass (fecal matter). Circumstances • Determine the scope of the pest problem. Is it throughout the struc- The PMP is often in the position of ture or in one small area? being a detective. When a pest com- • Determine whether favorable con- plaint is received, the PMP must ask ditions are present. Why is the pest questions, gather information, con- a pest? duct an inspection, draw a conclusion • Determine the origin of the pest about the scope of the pest problem, so that future introductions can be and then prepare a plan to mitigate avoided. This includes active entry- the pest. Frequently, these complaints ways and passive “delivery” of pests are made over the phone with few into a structure. details.

- 6 - at which we take action to prevent a pest problem from becoming worse IPM Techniques and affecting health or causing economic losses. The action threshold, IPM is defined as a systematic again, might be the point at which a approach to controlling pests that single pest is discovered. For example, combines available tools to effective- one probably would not wait to begin ly manage pests while minimizing further inspection or treatment upon impact on human health and the the discovery of a bed bug. However, environment. IPM combines the var- if a single ant is discovered, it would ious strategies presented below into a Fig. 4. Visual inspection of a kitchen area.

not be worth the effort to create and BUGWOOD.ORG UNIVERSITY, HARVARD ALPERT, GARY comprehensive plan. carry out a complete pest control plan. Instead, the action would be to Identification of Pest conduct further inspection and devel- and Inspection of op a long-term monitoring program. Thresholds help PMPs make their Premises best decisions based on science and Routine inspections are necessary in the most practical approach. Take places where pest tolerance is ex- action only when it is necessary. tremely low, such as food-handling establishments, but they are also vital Recordkeeping in other accounts. Visual inspections Results of the inspection, includ- should be conducted routinely using ing pests and favorable conditions, a flashlight and other tools where should be noted in an inspection needed. Think like the pest, looking report that includes a map of the above and below all surfaces (Fig. 4). floor plan or premises. It should be Visual inspections will turn up pest shared with the owner or manager of evidence. Conditions that encour- the property. Keeping records of the age pests will also be revealed. This pest activity in an account, as well as includes moisture, standing water, recording actions taken to remediate rotted wood, spilled food or food the problem, builds a history of the debris, organic matter that may pest issue. It can also solidify the rela- harbor pests, holes, rub marks (from tionship of the PMP with the account. rodent activity), wood damage from Records are valuable because they insect activity, or generally unsanitary will highlight success and/or areas conditions. Despite your pest man- in need of more attention. Records agement efforts with pesticides, baits, can justify actions and costs, and in and traps, these bad conditions will the long run, a carefully documented continue to attract and support pest history should help a PMP retain the activity. They must be corrected for account. successful pest management. An important concept for inspections and pest presence is the Physical Control: threshold, or the point at which a Exclusion, Habitat pest problem must be dealt with. The “injury threshold” is the point where Modification, and losses cost as much as control. It is Food Reduction an economic concept that does not Nothing provides longer-term pest apply easily to structural pest man- management than physical con- agement since most often the “injury” trol because it involves eliminating is aesthetic (how things appear) or a pest access, reducing habitat, and health consequence, which is difficult correcting conditions that attract to quantify. However, there is also and support pests. Exclusion is the the “action threshold,” or the point common term for eliminating pest

- 7 - entry. Window screens in poor con- Understanding the organism and dition, door sweeps with gaps at the its reason for becoming a pest can ends, and openings where pipes and lead the PMP to a physical control utilities enter a structure are common that stops invasion and eliminates entry points for pests. However, ants the suitability of the indoor envi- and termites may find the space of a ronment. Combined with other pest crack in the foundation suitable for management tools, this is a recipe for entry. Some pests can get inside un- long-term success. Keep in mind that der perfectly good house siding, tiny many of these modifications may not Fig. 5. Gap, crack, or crevice in foundation. openings in eaves, or even weep holes fall under your scope of work. It is J. GANGLOFF-KAUFMANN J. or sewer vents. Careful observation of important to supply your customer or the points of entry will be needed to client with written recommendations build pests out (Fig. 5). of required habitat modifications Habitat modification may be in order to solve the pest problem as simple as lowering the humidity quickly. inside a structure—because humidity supports many types of pests—but it Mechanical Control: usually involves the indoor-outdoor interface. The way in which the land- Traps scape meets the structure will play an Once entry, habitats, and food are Fig. 6. Plants against a house foundation. important role in pest entry. Shrubs addressed, the PMP will need to rid J. GANGLOFF-KAUFMANN J. and groundcovers that lie up against the structure of what pests remain. the foundation or outer walls of the There are several ways to do that. Me- structure provide “bridges” for entry chanical removal of pests most often (Fig. 6). Even a tree limb that rests on involves the use of traps. More types the roof will facilitate carpenter ants of traps are available than can be cov- (while also maintaining moisture in ered in this manual, but they can be that area of the roof). Mulch that is divided up into two main categories: spread all the way to the foundation active and passive traps. Active traps will also encourage termites, ants, and are attractive to pests, offering some many occasional pests. Trim shrubs type of lure to draw them in. A pas- Fig. 7. Sticky traps used for monitoring. and trees away from the structure, re- sive trap is one that has no particular S. B. JACOBS B. S. place 6 inches of mulch with pebbles attractiveness and relies on the acci- along the foundation, and pull out dental capture of a pest. Sticky traps groundcovers if these habitats appear are among the most common and to be encouraging pest entry. An simple passive traps available for use accumulation of leaves in basement on a wide variety of pests, crawling stairwells or roof gutters will also and flying insects, and rodents (Fig. provide habitat. 7). Sticky traps vary in their details, Food, and sometimes water, is from size and shape to the addition of often the reason pests enter structures. pheromones or attractants (making Ants may be active in wintertime, them active traps). Pheromones are Fig. 8. Sticky pheromone traps for moths. foraging indoors, or during droughts chemical compounds produced and S. B. JACOBS B. S. when moisture is scarce. It has been secreted by an animal that influence reported that pest control on outdoor the behavior and development of shrubs that kills aphids will result in other members of the same species. an invasion of ants because ants feed Pheromone traps use a sex or aggre- on the honeydew excreted by aphids. gation pheromone to lure pests to a Varied carpet beetles are common out- sticky surface or container in which doors, feeding on pollen-rich flowers, they become trapped. These are but they can be attracted to light and commonly used in monitoring pro- may come indoors, where they will grams for stored product pests, such feed on and damage wool fabrics and as Indian meal moth or warehouse rugs. beetles (Fig. 8). Other active traps

- 8 - use food lures, especially rodent snap baits. Rodenticide blocks and some traps and yellowjacket traps. Ultravi- insect baits are solid and usually olet (UV) light traps, commonly used placed inside bait stations (Fig. 10). in commercial kitchens, are effective Granular baits are also available for tools for capturing flies (Fig. 9). Flea ants, cockroaches, crickets, rodents, light traps are also available, but they and other occasional invaders. These may only capture fleas passively. Oth- may contain synthetic, low-impact, or er types of traps include both passive naturally occurring pesticide ingredi- and active bed bug traps that use ents. Granulars are also formulated to pitfalls, carbon dioxide, heat, and/or dissolve and release insecticides into Fig. 9. UV light fly trap. pheromones from human breath. the ground with the application of GANGLOFF-KAUFMANN J. In addition to pest removal, traps water. Perimeter granular insecticide should always be used as a part of a applications are commonly used to monitoring program since the PMP create a protective barrier around a cannot be there 24 hours a day. The structure to ground- or soil-dwelling trap does the work while you’re away. insect pests. Traps can provide clues about pest Dusts are fine particles that origin, location of entry, or conducive should be applied sparingly and conditions if several are used in a according to label rate and technique. regular and well-monitored pattern. A bulb duster or bellows is a common When used like this, traps with more tool that provides uniform applica- Fig. 10. Rodenticide bait blocks. S. B. JACOBS B. S. pests will indicate areas of entry or tion. Dusts are often used inside voids harborage. (in walls or eaves), cavities, or cracks and crevices where pests, such as bed Pesticides bugs, cockroaches, stinging insects, and other crawling insects, may be The term “pesticide” is defined as any hiding or living. Dusts are often for- substance or mixture of substances mulated with silica as a desiccant to intended for preventing, repelling, absorb the wax or oil from the outer destroying, or mitigating any pest cuticle of the arthropod pest. This organism. Pesticides may be synthetic causes dehydration, something most or naturally occurring chemicals or arthropods cannot tolerate. Silica biological agents, such as insect- dusts usually contain synthetic pesti- killing bacteria or fungi. The term cides for quicker knockdown. Boric “mitigating” includes altering the life acid is also formulated as a dust to be cycle of or attracting an organism, used as an ingested toxin. This only and therefore, insect pheromones works for insects that groom their and growth hormones are considered bodies (ants, cockroaches, crickets, pesticides. Despite public perceptions earwigs, and others) and insects that about pesticides, they will play an will eat granular foods with chewing important role in most pest manage- mouthparts. Boric acid does not con- ment plans. Note that there is no such trol bed bugs. thing as “organic” structural pest con- Liquid pesticides are traditionally trol (it doesn’t exist as it does for food the most commonly used products and land care), but there are ways of in the professional pest manage- using minimum-risk products within ment industry. Formulations include well-designed IPM programs to wettable powders that are mixed into satisfy the demand for green building water or another solvent, emulsifiable maintenance. concentrates mixed with water or oil, Pesticides may be used in the and suspensions that are diluted with forms of solids, granulars, dusts, liq- water. Liquids are applied using cali- uids, aerosols, or gases, and choosing brated sprayers and a variety of noz- the right formulation can determine zles for specific types of application the chances of failure or success. Solid rates and patterns, and they may be pesticides are generally limited to - 9 - applied over surfaces of floors, base molding, walls, under equipment, and directly on pests (Fig. 11). Liquid pesticides are formulated to provide residual activity after they dry on a surface. Many of today’s products have limited residual activity because the active ingredients break down quickly in sunlight. A “microen- capsulated” formulation can extend the residual power of an insecticide because tiny beads of active ingredi- ent are mixed into the formula. These beads provide a “slow release” of pesticide over time as the beads break down. Aerosols are most commonly applied directly from ready-to-use cans, but they may also be applied using machines that “aerosolize” the liquids into a fine mist. These should be applied to smaller spaces or directed at cracks and crevices where pests are hiding. The application of gases or vapors is usually referred to as “fumigation.” Fig. 11. Standard hand-held pressurized sprayer. B&G Fumigants are gases that replace or penetrate ambient air and are held in place for a period of time. Some fumigants are generally lethal to all animals, while others are very toxic. These insecticides must be used extremely carefully to reduce the risk of injury to people and nontarget organisms.

- 10 - Ant identification clues (Fig. 12): Pests and Control • Antennae: the number of segments helps with identification Tactics • Head, thorax, abdomen (gaster): the thorax profile will provide Ants information about the species Ants are insects in the order Hyme- • Nodes of pedicel: 1 or 2 seg- noptera, which also includes wasps ments connect the thorax to the and bees; ants are separated into the abdomen, otherwise known as family Formicidae. All ants are social the pedicel (Figs. 13 and 14) • circle of hairs on the insects that live in organized colonies Anal pore: last segment (hind end) of the with a division of labor (workers, abdomen, present or absent males, and queens). Some species • Monomorphic: all worker mem- have colonies that are monomorphic, bers of a colony, except the queens which means that all workers are the Fig. 13. Single-node ant. and males, are the same size USDA SMITH, MARION R. same size. Others (for example, car- • Polymorphic: workers within penter ants) are polymorphic, or have a colony are different sizes at workers of varying sizes. Winged maturity, reflecting colony health ants only appear in the mating stage and/or a division of labor when queens and males are raised for • Ecological clues: where the reproduction. Once a queen is mated, colony is located, where the ants she loses her wings and attempts to are foraging, what foods they are start a new colony. Some ant species seeking, their behavior, especially have several or even thousands of when disturbed, and sometimes queens and the colony reproduces the odor emitted when crushed simply by dividing, or budding. Ant Fig. 14. Two-node ant. MARION R. SMITH, USDA SMITH, MARION R. colonies tend to be located under- ground or in naturally occurring cavities in and around wood or rocks and stone. Some species of ants forage inside structures and some may take up residence inside cavities or damp, rotted, or termite-damaged wood within structures. Ants feed on most kinds of foods—plant, animal, and fungi—and are among the most successful animals on earth. In their ecological role ants are quite ben- eficial, so only when they become structural pests should we seek to eliminate them. The biology and habits of different ant species are variable, so properly identifying the species is critical to developing a management strategy.

Fig. 12. Line drawing of an ant showing major body parts. MARION R. SMITH, USDA SMITH, MARION R.

- 11 - Ant species Size Size Color Pedicel Antennae Stinger Anal Special (inches) variation nodes pore

Acrobat 1/16–1/8 Mono Light brown 2 11 segments, Present No hair Heart-shaped to black 3-segment gaster club

Carpenter 1/8–1 Poly Black, red, 1 12 segments, Absent Circle of Profile evenly brown, com- no club hairs rounded; large binations ants Cornfield 1/16–1/8 Mono Brown to 1 12 segments, Absent Circle of Large compound black no club hairs eyes; uneven profile; ocelli absent

Crazy 1/16–1/8 Mono Dark brown 1 Very long 12 Absent Circle of Very long legs; to black segments, no hairs uneven profile club Field 1/8–3/8 Poly Pale tan, 1 12 segments, Absent Circle of Will bite and reddish to no club hairs spray formic brown, black acid; uneven profile Little black 1/16 Mono Dark to black 2 12 segments, Very No hairs Uneven profile 3-segment small club

Odorous 1/16–1/8 Mono Brown to 1 12 segments, Absent No hairs Uneven profile; house black hidden no club rotten coconut odor

Pavement 1/16–1/8 Mono Light brown 2 12 segments, Present No hairs Uneven profile; to black 3-segment grooves on head club and thorax

Pharaoh 1/16 Mono Tan to red- 2 12 segments, Present No hairs Uneven profile; dish, darker 3-segment found in hospi- abdomen club tals

Thief 1/16 Mono Pale tan to 2 10 segments, Very No hairs Uneven profile; brown 2-segment small very tiny com- club pound eyes

Yellow or 1/8–3/16 Mono Yellow, 1 12 segments Absent Circle of Uneven profile; citronella reddish or hairs citronella smell brownish when crushed

Fig. 15. Acrobat ants. Fig. 16. Crematogaster lineolata drawing. Fig. 17. Acrobat ant with gaster raised. J. GANGLOFF-KAUFFMANN J. USDA SMITH, MARION R. ALEXANDER WILD

- 12 - Prepared by Jody L. Gangloff-Kaufmann, community IPM coordinator, Cornell University. Review and contributions by Steve Jacobs, urban entomologist, Penn State.

Cover image by Nicholas Sloff. extension.psu.edu

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