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EXPEDITION Volume 57 Number 3 the Interaction of EMPIRES by ANASTASIA AMRHEIN, SOPHIE CRAWFORD WATERS, SAM HOLZMAN, and KURTIS TANAKA

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EXPEDITION Volume 57 Number 3 the Interaction of EMPIRES by ANASTASIA AMRHEIN, SOPHIE CRAWFORD WATERS, SAM HOLZMAN, and KURTIS TANAKA 20 EXPEDITION Volume 57 Number 3 The Interaction of EMPIRES BY ANASTASIA AMRHEIN, SOPHIE CRAWFORD WATERS, SAM HOLZMAN, AND KURTIS TANAKA Much of the richness of Gordion’s history lies in its interaction with the other great kingdoms of the Near East during the Iron Age and Archaic periods (ca. 950–540 BCE). Each of them observed Gordion and the Phrygians through divergent lenses, and the character of the site shifted considerably as the power of these neighboring states and empires increased and diminished. Gordion’s interface with Assyria, Lydia, Persia, Greece, and the Eurasian steppe constitutes one of the defining features of Te Golden Age of King Midas exhibition. In the following pages, you will find these regions presented like characters in an epic film that gradually shaped the history of Asia Minor during the 1st millennium BCE. ASSYRIANS AND PHRYGIANS At its greatest extent, the Neo-Assyrian Empire (883– 612 BCE) extended as far as Egypt, the Medi- terranean Sea, the Persian Gulf, and Iran, all of which were ruled from a series of capitals, such as Nineveh and Nimrud, in what is now north- ern Iraq. Te Empire was maintained through a complex bureaucratic network, and rebellions were quelled through massive deportations of conquered peoples. As Sargon II noted, “I smashed all enemy lands like pots, and cast bonds upon the four regions (of the earth).” Fortunately, the Neo-Assyrian period is one of the most textually rich in the ancient world, A watercolor painting by Piet de Jong (1957) features so we can draw on a wealth of royal records to the bronze lion’s head situla from Tumulus MM. This may reconstruct the imperial contests and battles have been a gift from an Assyrian ruler. Image #G-2501. that occurred throughout the Near East. EXPEDITION Winter 2015 21 THE INTERACTION OF EMPIRES BELOW: This Lydian landscape with tumuli closely resembles that of the Phrygian landscape at Gordion (ABOVE). Image #G- 1013. Gordion image #2015_02252. Bin Tepe tumulus field, courtesy of the Sardis Project at Harvard. © Archaeological Exploration of Sardis/ President and Fellows of Harvard College. 22 EXPEDITION Volume 57 Number 3 THE INTERACTION OF EMPIRES and become our ally!...You will press [my enemies] from one side, and the Phrygian from the other side, so that (in no time) you will snap your belt on them.” As Sargon notes, such alliances regularly prompted the exchange of gifts between kings, and the bronze situlae (wine buckets) with ram and lion head decoration found in Tumulus MM may represent earlier gifts to Phrygia from Assyria. A LYDIAN VIEW OF THE PHRYGIANS Te Assyrians were particularly This clay cylinder of Nearly 100 years after Sargon II wrote his self-congratu- concerned about their unstable King Sargon II (ca. latory letter, the Assyrian Empire had been destroyed and 713 BCE) is from the borders at the north, which coincide exhibition. Part of the the Lydians had succeeded the Phrygians as the dominant with southeast Turkey. Tat area was text mentions the king’s power in western-central Anatolia. Te Lydian Empire ex- filled with a series of relatively small problems with Mita, tended from the Aegean coast of Asia Minor to the Halys the Assyrian name for kingdoms that constituted a buffer King Midas, and his River (now the Kızılırmak) in the east, bringing much of zone effectively dividing Assyrian people, the Mushku the former Phrygian kingdom within their sphere of con- territory from that of Phrygia and (Phrygians). Courtesy trol. Even though Phrygia’s political power began to wane Urartu. Whoever controlled the of The Oriental during the 7th century BCE, many aspects of Phrygian Institute Museum, OIM region had access to valuable natural A17587. resources such as silver, alabaster, and wood, as well as the best travel routes through the Taurus Mountains from Syria into Asia Minor. Not surprisingly, both Urartu and Phrygia were continually interacting both diplomatically and militarily with the buffer states in this area. Phrygian involvement in Assyrian ter- ritories became much more aggressive during the reigns of the Assyrian Sargon II (721–705 BCE) and his contemporary, Midas. Urartu reemerged as a threat and Sargon focused on preventing an alliance between the two king- doms. With the rise of Phrygia and Urartu, the peripheral areas could play the imperial powers against one another. In 710/709 BCE, Midas unexpectedly sought a truce with Assyria, which is recorded in a letter from Sargon to his governor of Que, near modern Adana: Black-polished goat jug from Gordion Tumulus P (ca. 770–760 “A messenger [of] Midas the Phrygian has BCE). The person buried in the tomb was a royal child about come to me...this is extremely good! His ambas- five years old. Many unusual toy-like finds were recovered from sador offered submission and brought me tribute this tomb, such as vessels in the form of animals and birds, and gifts. My gods Aššur, Šamaš, Bel, and Nabû miniature carved wooden animals and monsters, and a bronze have now taken action, and without a battle or chariot. H. 15 cm. Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Ankara. UNLESS OTHERWISE NOTED, ALL PHOTOGRAPHS ARE FROM THE PENN MUSEUM GORDION ARCHIVE. anything, the Phrygian has given us his word ON VIEW EXPEDITION Winter 2015 23 THE INTERACTION OF EMPIRES culture flourished among the Lydians, for whom the Phry- Te Lydian royals did not adopt the tumulus without gians served as a venerable model. adapting it to their own architectural traditions. Rather Our best evidence comes from tombs, where the Lyd- than constructing a wooden tomb chamber, Alyattes was ians’ modeling of Phrygian antecedents is the most clear. something of an innovator and constructed his out of Little is known of Lydian burial customs before the 6th stone ashlar masonry, the oldest ashlar masonry structure century, but King Alyattes introduced the tumulus form yet found in Lydia. Tis tradition of stone working is most of burial to Lydia during the 560s BCE. It is clear that Alyattes was not only inspired by the tumuli of Gordion, but saw himself To rid himself of his golden touch, in direct competition with them, or more specifically with the great king, probably Gordios, who was laid to rest in the so Midas was commanded to bathe in called Midas Mound. Tus, Alyattes set about constructing for himself the largest the river Pactolus. tumulus in Asia Minor: 1,120 m (almost 3,700 feet) in circumference, 360 m (almost 1,200 feet) in diameter, and 69 m (over 200 feet) closely associated with the East Greek cities of the Aegean high. In doing so, Alyattes made a direct statement of his coast and attests to the Lydians’ multi-faceted tastes. place in the tradition of Anatolian kingship, as did his son It is from the Greek sources that we know of other Croesus, who would have completed the tumulus. adoptions of Phrygian customs by the Lydian kings. The Pactolus River (modern Sart Çayı) contained gold in antiquity, and was responsible for the great wealth of Lydia. Courtesy of the Holy Lands Photo Project. Photo by Görkem Köseh. 24 EXPEDITION Volume 57 Number 3 THE INTERACTION OF EMPIRES LEFT: This relief of the Phrygian Mother is from Boğazköy (early 6th century BCE). Photograph by Gebhard Bieg, Museum of Anatolian Civilizations. BELOW: Croesus is depicted on this early 5th century BCE Attic red-figure vase by Myson. Apollo saved him from a fiery death on the pyre. From the Louvre. Herodotus tells us (I.14) that Gyges and Croesus made citadel and a distant and impressive cemetery filled with wealthy dedications at the sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi tumuli, just like Sardis. A Lydian or Phrygian visitor to and were the first of the “barbarians” to do so after Midas either site could also have worshiped the great mother himself. From these dedications, the names of Gyges goddess, Matar, as she was known in Phrygia, or Kuvava, and Croesus became synonymous among the Greeks as she was known in Lydia, with equal ease. with wealth and luxury, and the phrase “rich as Croesus” Te process of interaction and hybridization that survives today. began under Gyges and Alyattes would continue in the Te Greeks were not blind to the Lydians’ use of following centuries, even after Persia’s conquest of Lydia, Phrygian models, and the myth of Midas is telling in this and we have now begun to question our distinctions of regard. To rid himself of his golden touch (see page 53 in “Phrygian” and “Lydian,” embracing instead the formula- this issue), Midas was commanded to bathe in the river tion of a greater Anatolian tradition that encompassed Pactolus, which flows west of Sardis, the Lydian capital. both cultures. Tus, his golden power was transferred to the river, which then ran with gold. In other words, this “golden river” PERSIAN GORDION that was the source of Lydia’s wealth had been given to In the mid-6th century BCE, when King Croesus of them by Midas, and myth was therefore used as a device Lydia stood on the verge of war with Cyrus, the king of to explain the transfer of power from Phrygia to Lydia. the growing Persian Empire, he consulted the oracle at Phrygian influence was not limited to the upper ech- Delphi. After learning that if he went to war he would elons of Lydian society. To a Lydian visitor, the settlement destroy a great kingdom, Croesus confidently attacked. of Gordion in the 6th century BCE would have seemed Once he fled back to Sardis to mount his disastrous last comfortably familiar, complete as it was with a fortified stand against the Persians, Croesus recognized the irony EXPEDITION Winter 2015 25 THE INTERACTION OF EMPIRES Shown above is the of the ambiguous oracle: interior of the “Küçük the kingdom Croesus had Höyük” fortified destroyed was his own.
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