List Reptiles Recorded from Sundarbans Aquatic Species: Order: Chelonia Sl

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

List Reptiles Recorded From Sundarbans Aquatic species: Order: Chelonia Sl. Species Scientific Name No. 1 Northern river Terrapin Batagur baska 2 Flap shell turtle Lissemys punctata 3 Chitra Turtle Chitra indica 4 Indian roofed turtle Kachuga tecta 5 Olive Ridley Turtle Lepidochelys olivacea 6 Green Turtle Chelonia mydas 7 Hawksbill Turtle Eretmochelys imbricata Order : Squamata Sl. No. Species Scientfic Name 1 Common Checkered Xenochrophis piscator Keelback 2 Common smooth Enhydris enhydris water snake 3 Dog faced Water Cerberus rhynchops Snake 4 Wart Snake or file Acrochordus granulatus snake 5 Glossy Marsh snake Gerarda prevostiana 6 Sea-snake Enhylrina schistose 7 Estuarine Sea-snake Hydrophis obscurus 8 Black banded Sea- Hydrophis nigrocintus snake 9 Blue Sea-snake Hydrophis caerulescens 10 Sea-snake Microcephalophis gracilis 11 Sea-snake Microcephalophis cantoris 12 Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus 13 Tokay gecko Gekko gecko 14 Mouse Gecko Hemidactylus frinatas 15 House Gecko Hemidactylus flaviridis 16 Brook’s House Hemidactylus brookii Gecko 17 Indian Garden Lizard Calotes versicolor 18 Indian Chameleon Chamaeleon zeylanicus 19 Riopa punctata 20 Water Monitor Varanus salavator 21 Monitor Lizard Varanus flavescens 22 Ornate Flying Snake Chrysopelea ornata or Gliding Snake 23 Blind Snake Typhlops porrectus 24 Common Blind Typhlops braminus snake 25 Indian Rock Python Python molurus 26 Common Sand Boa Gongylophis conicus 27 Trinket Snake Elaphe helena 28 Indian Rat Snake Ptyas mucosa 29 Banded kukri Snake Oligodon arnensis 30 Common vine snake Ahaetulla nasuta 31 Common wolf snake Lycodon aulicus 32 Striped Keelback Amphiesma stolatum 33 Olivaceous Keelback Atretium schistosum 34 Bronze-back Derdreluphis ahactulla 35 Common Indian Dendrelaphis tristis Bronzeback 36 Common Indian Bungarus caeruleus Krait 37 Banded Krait Bungarus fasciatus 38 Indian Cobra Naja naja 39 King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah 40 Rusell’s viper Daboia russelli 41 Spot tailed Pit Viper Trimeresurus erythrurus .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

On Further Specimens of the Pit Viper Trimeresurus Erythrurus
Journal of Animal Diversity Online ISSN 2676-685X Volume 3, Issue 1 (2021) Research Article http://dx.doi.org/10.52547/JAD.2021.3.1.7 On further specimens of the Pit viper Trimeresurus erythrurus (Cantor, 1839) (Squamata: Viperidae), with description of a topotype and range extension to the Godavari Basin, peninsular India Kaushik Deutiˡ, Ramaswamy Aengals², Sujoy Rahaˡ, Sudipta Debnathˡ, Ponnusamy Sathiyaselvam3 and Sumaithangi Rajagopalan Ganesh4* 1Zoological Survey of India, Herpetology Division, 27 JL Nehru Road, Kolkata 700016, West Bengal, India ²Zoological Survey of India, Sunderbans Field Research Center, Canning 743329, West Bengal, India 3Bombay Natural History Society, Hornbill House, Shaheed Bhagat Singh Marg, Mumbai 400023, India 4Chennai Snake Park, Rajbhavan post, Chennai 600022, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding author : [email protected] Abstract We report on a topotypical specimen of the spot-tailed pit viper Trimeresurus erythrurus recorded from Sunderbans in India and a distant, southerly, range extension from Kakinada mangroves, based on preserved (n= 1, seen in 2019) and live uncollected (n= 2; seen in 2014) specimens, respectively. The specimens Received: 26 December 2020 (n= 3) share the following characteristics: verdant green dorsum, yellow iris, Accepted: 27 January 2021 white ventrolateral stripes in males, 23 midbody scale rows, 161–172 ventrals, Published online: 17 July 2021 61–76 subcaudals, and reddish tail tip. Drawing on the published records, its apparent rarity within its type locality and lack of records from the Circar Coast of India, our study significantly adds to the knowledge of the distribution and morphology of this species. Being a medically important venomous snake, its presence in the Godavari mangrove basin calls for wider dissemination of this information among medical practitioners, in addition to fundamental researchers like academics and herpetologists.
[Show full text]
Notes on the Distribution and Natural History of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus Hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India
Herpetology Notes, volume 11: 217-222 (2018) (published online on 12 March 2018) Notes on the distribution and natural history of the King Cobra (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) from the Kumaon Hills of Uttarakhand, India Jignasu Dolia1 Introduction herpetologists believe that the King Cobra may be part of a larger species complex (Das, 2002). However, Native to South and Southeast Asia, the King Cobra further phylogenetic studies based on molecular data (Ophiophagus hannah Cantor, 1836) is the world’s between the different populations are needed to shed longest venomous snake, capable of growing up to 5.49– light on its true taxonomy. 5.79 m (Aagard, 1924; Mehrtens, 1987; Daniel, 2002). The King Cobra’s known altitudinal distribution Its established global distribution includes the following ranges from 150 m to 1530 m in Nepal (Schleich and 15 countries: Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei Darussalam, Kästle, 2002) and from sea level to 1800 m in Sumatra Cambodia, China (mainland as well as Hong Kong (David and Vogel, 1996). In India, the species has been Special Administrative Region), India, Indonesia, Lao sighted at 1840 m in Sikkim (Bashir et al., 2010), and People’s Democratic Republic, Malaysia, Myanmar, King Cobra nests have been found between 161 m and Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam 1170 m in Mizoram (Hrima et al., 2014). The King (Stuart et al., 2012). Although widely distributed, this Cobra has also been recorded up to c. 1830 m in the snake is considered rare in most parts of its range, Nilgiris and in the Western Himalayas (Smith, 1943). except in forested parts of Thailand where it is relatively The highest altitude recorded and published for an common (Stuart et al., 2012).
[Show full text]
WHO Guidance on Management of Snakebites
GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition GUIDELINES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF SNAKEBITES 2nd Edition 1. 2. 3. 4. ISBN 978-92-9022- © World Health Organization 2016 2nd Edition All rights reserved. Requests for publications, or for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications, whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution, can be obtained from Publishing and Sales, World Health Organization, Regional Office for South-East Asia, Indraprastha Estate, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, New Delhi-110 002, India (fax: +91-11-23370197; e-mail: publications@ searo.who.int). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Errors and omissions excepted, the names of proprietary products are distinguished by initial capital letters. All reasonable precautions have been taken by the World Health Organization to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall the World Health Organization be liable for damages arising from its use.
[Show full text]
Cobra Risk Assessment
Invasive animal risk assessment Biosecurity Queensland Agriculture Fisheries and Department of Cobra (all species) Steve Csurhes and Paul Fisher First published 2010 Updated 2016 Pest animal risk assessment © State of Queensland, 2016. The Queensland Government supports and encourages the dissemination and exchange of its information. The copyright in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Australia (CC BY) licence. You must keep intact the copyright notice and attribute the State of Queensland as the source of the publication. Note: Some content in this publication may have different licence terms as indicated. For more information on this licence visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/3.0/au/deed.en" http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en Photo: Image from Wikimedia Commons (this image is reproduced under the terms of a GNU Free Documentation License) Invasive animal risk assessment: Cobra 2 Contents Summary 4 Introduction 5 Identity and taxonomy 5 Taxonomy 3 Description 5 Diet 5 Reproduction 6 Predators and diseases 6 Origin and distribution 7 Status in Australia and Queensland 8 Preferred habitat 9 History as a pest elsewhere 9 Uses 9 Pest potential in Queensland 10 Climate match 10 Habitat suitability 10 Broad natural geographic range 11 Generalist diet 11 Venom production 11 Disease 11 Numerical risk analysis 11 References 12 Attachment 1 13 Invasive animal risk assessment: Cobra 3 Summary The common name ‘cobra’ applies to 30 species in 7 genera within the family Elapidae, all of which can produce a hood when threatened. All cobra species are venomous. As a group, cobras have an extensive distribution over large parts of Africa, Asia, Malaysia and Indonesia.
[Show full text]
King Cobra Fact Sheet
King Cobra Fact Sheet Common Name: King Cobra / hamadryad Scientiﬁc Name: Ophiaphagus hannah Wild Status: Vulnerable Habitat: Dense Highland forests, not too far from lakes and streams Country: India, and throughout Southeast Asia Shelter: Animal burrows, rock formations, and underneath fallen trees Life Span: Roughly 20 years Size: 10 - 13 feet long on average, the largest individual measured 19 feet Details The King Cobra is a very venomous snake, found in forests throughout India and Southeast Asia. Although the King Cobra tends to avoid confrontation with humans, it is the longest venomous snake in the world - reaching an average length of 10 to 13 feet. Their diet can include rodents and lizards like many snakes, however they primarily feed on other snakes. While many snakes exhibit sexual dimorphism, where the females are larger than males, the King Cobra has it reversed - the males reach larger sizes than females. A strong predator, the King Cobra uses its forked tongue to pick up smells, combined with strong eyesight and sensitivity to vibrations to track prey. King Cobras are very well known snakes because of their history being involved with snake charmers and mythology. Cool Facts • The scientiﬁc name "Ophiophagus" is a Greek word that means "snake eater", as the King Cobras diet consists heavily of other snakes. • The King Cobra hisses at a much lower frequency than other snakes, leading many to call its sounds a growl instead of a hiss. • They have a very venomous bite that can be fatal within as early as 30 minutes after injection. • The aggressiveness of the King Cobra is something many experts believe to be exaggerated.
[Show full text]
Venom Protein of the Haematotoxic Snakes Cryptelytrops Albolabris
S HORT REPORT ScienceAsia 37 (2011): 377–381 doi: 10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2011.37.377 Venom protein of the haematotoxic snakes Cryptelytrops albolabris, Calloselasma rhodostoma, and Daboia russelii siamensis Orawan Khow, Pannipa Chulasugandha∗, Narumol Pakmanee Research and Development Department, Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand ∗Corresponding author, e-mail: pannipa [email protected] Received 1 Dec 2010 Accepted 6 Sep 2011 ABSTRACT: The protein concentration and protein pattern of crude venoms of three major haematotoxic snakes of Thailand, Cryptelytrops albolabris (green pit viper), Calloselasma rhodostoma (Malayan pit viper), and Daboia russelii siamensis (Russell’s viper), were studied. The protein concentrations of all lots of venoms studied were comparable. The chromatograms, from reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, of C. albolabris venom and C. rhodostoma venom were similar but they were different from the chromatogram of D. r. siamensis venom. C. rhodostoma venom showed the highest number of protein spots on 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (pH gradient 3–10), followed by C. albolabris venom and D. r. siamensis venom, respectively. The protein spots of C. rhodostoma venom were used as reference proteins in matching for similar proteins of haematotoxic snakes. C. albolabris venom showed more similar protein spots to C. rhodostoma venom than D. r. siamensis venom. The minimum coagulant dose could not be determined in D. r. siamensis venom. KEYWORDS: 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, minimum coag- ulant dose INTRODUCTION inducing deﬁbrination 5–7. The venom of D. r. sia- mensis directly affects factor X and factor V of the In Thailand there are 163 snake species, 48 of which haemostatic system 8,9 .
[Show full text]
NHBSS 061 1G Hikida Fieldg
Book Review N$7+IST. BULL. S,$0 SOC. 61(1): 41–51, 2015 A Field Guide to the Reptiles of Thailand by Tanya Chan-ard, John W. K. Parr and Jarujin Nabhitabhata. Oxford University Press, New York, 2015. 344 pp. paper. ISBN: 9780199736492. 7KDLUHSWLOHVZHUHÀUVWH[WHQVLYHO\VWXGLHGE\WZRJUHDWKHUSHWRORJLVWV0DOFROP$UWKXU 6PLWKDQG(GZDUG+DUULVRQ7D\ORU7KHLUFRQWULEXWLRQVZHUHSXEOLVKHGDV6MITH (1931, 1935, 1943) and TAYLOR 5HFHQWO\RWKHUERRNVDERXWUHSWLOHVDQGDPSKLELDQV LQ7KDLODQGZHUHSXEOLVKHG HJ&HAN-ARD ET AL., 1999: COX ET AL DVZHOODVPDQ\ SDSHUV+RZHYHUWKHVHERRNVZHUHWD[RQRPLFVWXGLHVDQGQRWJXLGHVIRURUGLQDU\SHRSOH7ZR DGGLWLRQDOÀHOGJXLGHERRNVRQUHSWLOHVRUDPSKLELDQVDQGUHSWLOHVKDYHDOVREHHQSXEOLVKHG 0ANTHEY & GROSSMANN, 1997; DAS EXWWKHVHERRNVFRYHURQO\DSDUWRIWKHIDXQD The book under review is very well prepared and will help us know Thai reptiles better. 2QHRIWKHDXWKRUV-DUXMLQ1DEKLWDEKDWDZDVP\ROGIULHQGIRUPHUO\WKH'LUHFWRURI1DWXUDO +LVWRU\0XVHXPWKH1DWLRQDO6FLHQFH0XVHXP7KDLODQG+HZDVDQH[FHOOHQWQDWXUDOLVW DQGKDGH[WHQVLYHNQRZOHGJHDERXW7KDLDQLPDOVHVSHFLDOO\DPSKLELDQVDQGUHSWLOHV,Q ZHYLVLWHG.KDR6RL'DR:LOGOLIH6DQFWXDU\WRVXUYH\KHUSHWRIDXQD+HDGYLVHGXV WRGLJTXLFNO\DURXQGWKHUH:HFROOHFWHGIRXUVSHFLPHQVRIDibamusZKLFKZHGHVFULEHG DVDQHZVSHFLHVDibamus somsaki +ONDA ET AL 1RZ,DPYHU\JODGWRNQRZWKDW WKLVERRNZDVSXEOLVKHGE\KLPDQGKLVFROOHDJXHV8QIRUWXQDWHO\KHSDVVHGDZD\LQ +LVXQWLPHO\GHDWKPD\KDYHGHOD\HGWKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIWKLVERRN7KHERRNLQFOXGHVQHDUO\ DOOQDWLYHUHSWLOHV PRUHWKDQVSHFLHV LQ7KDLODQGDQGPRVWSLFWXUHVZHUHGUDZQZLWK H[FHOOHQWGHWDLO,WLVDYHU\JRRGÀHOGJXLGHIRULGHQWLÀFDWLRQRI7KDLUHSWLOHVIRUVWXGHQWV
[Show full text]
The King Cobra Genome Reveals Dynamic Gene Evolution and Adaptation in the Snake Venom System
The king cobra genome reveals dynamic gene evolution and adaptation in the snake venom system Freek J. Vonka,b,c,1, Nicholas R. Casewellc,d,1, Christiaan V. Henkelb,e, Alysha M. Heimbergf, Hans J. Jansene, Ryan J. R. McClearyg, Harald M. E. Kerkkampb, Rutger A. Vosa, Isabel Guerreiroh, Juan J. Calvetei, Wolfgang Wüsterc, Anthony E. Woodsj, Jessica M. Loganj, Robert A. Harrisond, Todd A. Castoek,l, A. P. Jason de Koningk,m, David D. Pollockk, Mark Yandelln, Diego Calderonn, Camila Renjifod, Rachel B. Currierd, David Salgadof,o, Davinia Plai, Libia Sanzi, Asad S. Hyderb, José M. C. Ribeirop, Jan W. Arntzena, Guido E. E. J. M. van den Thillarte, Marten Boetzerq, Walter Pirovanoq, Ron P. Dirkse, Herman P. Spainkb,e, Denis Dubouleh, Edwina McGlinnf, R. Manjunatha Kinig, and Michael K. Richardsonb,2 aNaturalis Biodiversity Center, 2333 CR, Leiden, The Netherlands; bInstitute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands; cMolecular Ecology and Evolution Group, School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor LL57 2UW, United Kingdom; dAlistair Reid Venom Research Unit, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, United Kingdom; eZF-Screens B.V., Bio Partner Center, 2333 CH, Leiden, The Netherlands; fEuropean Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia; gDepartment of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543; hDepartment of Genetics and Evolution, University
[Show full text]
2019 Fry Trimeresurus Genus.Pdf
Toxicology Letters 316 (2019) 35–48 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Toxicology Letters journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/toxlet Clinical implications of differential antivenom efficacy in neutralising coagulotoxicity produced by venoms from species within the arboreal T viperid snake genus Trimeresurus ⁎ Jordan Debonoa, Mettine H.A. Bosb, Nathaniel Frankc, Bryan Frya, a Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia b Division of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands c Mtoxins, 1111 Washington Ave, Oshkosh, WI, 54901, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Snake envenomation globally is attributed to an ever-increasing human population encroaching into snake Venom territories. Responsible for many bites in Asia is the widespread genus Trimeresurus. While bites lead to hae- Coagulopathy morrhage, only a few species have had their venoms examined in detail. We found that Trimeresurus venom Fibrinogen causes haemorrhaging by cleaving fibrinogen in a pseudo-procoagulation manner to produce weak, unstable, Antivenom short-lived fibrin clots ultimately resulting in an overall anticoagulant effect due to fibrinogen depletion. The Phylogeny monovalent antivenom ‘Thai Red Cross Green Pit Viper antivenin’, varied in efficacy ranging from excellent neutralisation of T. albolabris venom through to T. gumprechti and T. mcgregori being poorly neutralised and T. hageni being unrecognised by the antivenom. While the results showing excellent neutralisation of some non-T. albolabris venoms (such as T. flavomaculaturs, T. fucatus, and T. macrops) needs to be confirmed with in vivo tests, conversely the antivenom failure T.
[Show full text]
Conservation Action Trust
CONSERVATION ACTION TRUST 31st January 2016 Dr. Mechtild Rossler, Director World Heritage Centre UNESCO 7, place de Fontenoy 75352 Paris 07 SP France Dear Sir, The Sundarbans National Park of India World Heritage Site (“Sundarbans India” or the “property”) forms part of the massive Sundarbans ecosystem, “10,000 km2 of land and water (more than half of it in India, the rest in Bangladesh) in the Ganges delta.”[1] The Sundarbans contains the world’s largest mangrove forest, and it is one of the most biologically diverse and productive ecosystems in the world. It is home to hundreds of species of flora and fauna, and some of the most iconic and endangered animals in the world, including the single largest population of Royal Bengal tigers, the Irrawaddy and Ganges River dolphins, king cobra, and the river terrapin, which was once believed to be extinct.[2] The Bengal tigers, which are one of the most recognized and revered animals in India, “have adapted to an almost amphibious life, being capable of swimming for long distances and feeding on fish, crab and water monitor lizards.”[3] In addition to its rich biodiversity, the Sundarbans provides critical ecosystem services as a “storm barrier, shore stabilizer, nutrient and sediment trap, [and]a source of timber and natural resources.”[4] Because of its “immensely rich” flora and fauna and its dynamic ecosystem, the Sundarbans National Park of India was inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1987. We are deeply concerned that the proposed Rampal and Orion coal-fired power plants, two massive projects proposed to be constructed near the Sundarbans boundary in Bangladesh, would have significant impacts on the entire Sundarbans ecosystem.
[Show full text]
Status and Diversity of Snakes (Reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes) at the Chittagong University Campus in Chittagong
Journal of Threatened Taxa | www.threatenedtaxa.org | 26 November 2015 | 7(14): 8159–8166 Status and diversity of snakes (Reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes) at the Chittagong University Campus in Chittagong, Bangladesh ISSN 0974-7907 (Online) ISSN 0974-7893 (Print) Communication Short M.F. Ahsan 1, I.K.A. Haidar 2 & M.M. Rahman 3 OPEN ACCESS 1 Professor, 2,3 Student, Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh 1 [email protected] (corresponding author), 2 [email protected], 3 [email protected] Abstract: A study was conducted on the status and diversity of snakes Most of the snakes are harmless and even beneficial of the Chittagong University Campus (CUC) between September 2013 to humans and to the natural ecosystem. They are good and December 2014, and on preserved snake specimens of museums of CUC (Department of Zoology, University of Chittagong; Institute of friends of farmers and help in maintaining the ecological Marine Sciences and Fisheries, University of Chittagong; and Institute balance. Snakes are found all over the world except the of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, University of Chittagong). Thirty-six species of snakes belonging to 22 genera and five families Arctic Region, New Zealand and Ireland (Goin & Goin (Typhlopidae, Pythonidae, Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae) were 1971). There are about 3,496 species of snakes under recorded from CUC during the study period. Colubridae comprised the 26 families around the world (Uetz & Hošek 2015). highest (24 species i.e., 66.67%) number of species and Pythonidae the lowest (1 species). Checkered Keelback Xenochrophis piscator Snakes of Bangladesh are still poorly known.
[Show full text]
Venoms Were Observed in the Current Study
Received: June 29, 2009 J Venom Anim Toxins incl Trop Dis. Accepted: October 27, 2009 V.16, n.1, p.147-154, 2010. Abstract published online: November 11, 2009 Short communication. Full paper published online: February 28, 2010 ISSN 1678-9199. Enzymatic and immunological properties of Bungarus flaviceps (red-headed krait) venom Tan NH (1), Fung SY (1), Ponnudurai G (2) (1) Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; (2) International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. ABSTRACT: Bungarus flaviceps (red-headed krait) venom presents an intravenous LD50 of 0.32 μg/g and exhibits enzymatic activities similar to other Bungarus toxins. ELISA cross-reactions between anti-Bungarus flaviceps and a variety of elapid and viperid venoms were observed in the current study. Double-sandwich ELISA was highly specific, since anti-B. flaviceps serum did not cross-react with any tested venom, indicating that this assay can be used for species diagnosis in B. flaviceps bites. In the indirect ELISA, anti-B. flaviceps serum cross-reacted moderately with three different Bungarus venoms (9-18%) and Notechis scutatus venom, but minimally with other elapid and viperid toxins. The results indicated that B. flaviceps venom shares common epitopes with other Bungarus species as well as with N. scutatus. The lethality of the B. flaviceps venom was neutralized effectively by antiserum prepared against B. candidus and B. flaviceps toxins and a commercial bivalent elapid antivenom prepared against B. multicinctus and Naja naja atra venoms, but was not neutralized by commercial antivenoms prepared against Thai cobra, king cobra and banded krait.
[Show full text]