Daniel Defoe and Northern England

Home , Pennines

This article was downloaded by:[Caunce, Stephen] [Caunce, Stephen] On: 30 March 2007 Access Details: [subscription number 776208083] Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK

Prose Studies History, Theory, Criticism Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title~content=t713662173 Revealing A New Northern England

To cite this Article: , 'Revealing A New Northern England', Prose Studies, 29:1, 136 - 152 xxxx:journal To link to this article: DOI: 10.1080/01440350701201506 URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01440350701201506

Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf

This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or accurate or up to date. The accuracy of any instructions, formulae and drug doses should be independently verified with primary sources. The publisher shall not be liable for any loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.

© Taylor and Francis 2007 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 rsigterbcnwt ailDefoe Daniel with rubicon the Crossing ENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING Caunce Stephen hr eun nomto scmie ihetranet n oaiisare localities and writing newly travel entertainment, of the example with of first combined the picture was is This panoramic 03). information a – genuine was 300 where (Schellenberg books 1720s the output, successful the his in in Kingdom, most place United first his took formed and generally largest among world, never the the becoming which in but then of city London, dynamic repercussions (Moore). was economically thereafter legal happiness most family and domestic his financial his commercial affect the since to a living ceased moreover, bankruptcy, own into view, by his born privileged earned destroyed initially no was twice especially he was he and is His since Channel, He business. the affairs novel. in across economic English originated had modern on which the comments family, superb of his the a progenitor with for be important proto-journalism valued potentially extensive published an combined must being prolific he estimation, of most as closely, role general especially the times, remarkably by Moreover, those language, Restoration did. to witness English it Long the as our in 1731 of author and span 1660 the between matched stretching life Defoe’s Daniel 1 tiigmne,adh rusta h einwsmc iudrto.Tog this Though misunderstood. particularly much a was in the region Defoe here, the that by discussed the argues portrayed book of he section is despite the Europe and surroundings, of in manner, dynamic Pennine section most striking the desolate the as emerging apparently In then Riding, its 10). West the p. of district 1971, industrial introduction edn, liveliest ‘the (Penguin as described century’ been has 6, – Defoe’s Daniel ulo nihsta a eotie ohr le tas rvdsahlsi con no was account industry it. Keywords holistic way destroying a the than life provides rather to also as graphically life, It brings level rural Defoe else. this in particular, on nowhere checked embedded In emerges obtained be rival. and be can can here, source It can a used other importance. that as are vital insights which care, of of of with is some full used it sources, be culture historical only business other can nascent against remarkable description show a to factual out of and sets study topography paper This Defoe’s Revolution. while Industrial that, classic the including developments, later Tour tp/wwtnfc.kjunl O:10.1080/01440350701201506 DOI: http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals SN04-37pitIS 7392 online 1743-9426 print/ISSN 0144-0357 ISSN rs tde,Vl 9 o pi 07 p 136-152 pp. 2007, April 1 No. 29, Vol. Studies, Prose orTr’teWoeIln fGetBritain Great of Island Whole the Thro’ Tour A itr;Yrsie etls business textiles; Yorkshire; history; sotnqoe,fwpol aeaaye ti et,o ikdi to it linked or depth, in it analyzed have people few quoted, often is ortr’teWoeIln fGetBritain Great of Island Whole the thro’ Tour ... q oBiani h al eighteenth early the in Britain to 07Tyo Francis & Taylor 2007 rtpbihd1724 published first , published , Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 etr n akttws u sa niyta noesnei ipre,bti loso also a is but as dispersed, not is similar sense Hull, one a regional in to that conventional entity upon Liverpool of an as even linking based but or towns, as Londons, market explicitly and miniature defined centers several is now of alignment corridor, England fortuitous this northern of for recognition its government strategy latest of the since Interestingly, unusual living and regeneration potential. then an population economic displayed towns, and generally scattered integration conventional ignorance and functional very lacked the real for yet Manchester but account as may united between that which culturally corridor structure journey trans-Pennine a thin ostensible describes a an he along this, concerns In historian Leeds. the his for as with, use section taken so to was he seeking that here. sightseeing anyone culture do past brief for to distinctive this a intend experience important of on I essence intermittent enormously the based at long, is vision get to distil superficial condensation account tourist’s to this a seems and to thus trip, itself volume limiting third than the rather of eight Letter and Rubicon, the crossing to compared is Nottingham at it: Trent across the Crossing celneg25–9) tsesaporae hrfr,t rn nopoiec a prominence into bring to therefore, 72; appropriate, and – seems the knowledge 271 It of (Moore 97). section readership secret mass – a discovering to 295 obliquely, both or Schellenberg overtly relished either it, evidently of some he revealing writing for to 56). also propaganda, and – governments, their several for (155 sources of people many type from its information new undercover to a promote kingdom to united was new book the a such revealing also of by has the concept Bowers citizenship in whole N. the society Terence that quotations. seeing adapted credibly, illustrative in and for argued, interest extensively republished it Defoe’s was mined share it have who round alone, historians its almost modern from remained evident and is it repeatedly, appeal decades Its for praised. and though described record: as well as condemned, or criticized, pni,adg rs h onr akadadfrad nproet e hsor dwell this see should West why to you the reason purpose the on called unless perhaps forward, part, is journies, and This wealthy backward two place. country and considerable at the that populous nor cross this go no, and of one, it, view upon at a Yorkshire], take [of to Riding easie not is it huhDfedsrbsmc ftenrhi h ok yfrtems interesting most the far by book, the in north the of much describes Defoe Though [have] 135). sight climes (144, first others northern at from these perhaps much in reader so people the differing The than genius or more possible. them expect, think over cou’d passing will the traveller making the observer, constant than diligent traveller give a pleasant and a of curious, enquiries certain the the oblige ’tis to to employ yet rarities their over; have places go mountainous to most hours ground waste waste no more spends be perhaps may the there of especially and (188). notice things, traveller’s a worth remarkable well be most to take I the which England, of of manufactures knowledge perfect travels and eo’ uiesdfclissemdprl rmtetm edvtdt gathering to devoted he time the from partly stemmed difficulties business Defoe’s Tour ... hv o en o og bu t But it. about go to how seen] not [have hr ewoethat wrote he where ... h ids ato h onr sfl fvrey the variety, of full is country the of part wildest The EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING ...... te rtr fjournies of writers other a eovdt aea have to resolved was I ... utm and customs 137 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 138 h ai o acntn efcnandsuyo nls oit,cnetae almost concentrates society, as English work Defoe’s of used study London. has self-contained on who his fascinating entirely Earle, own in a Peter their passage for on Even key basis only message. focus a the wider usually as the historians ignore it northern and but used without 61), patch has – Bowers possible (158 success. analysis be book’s citizenship the to despite however, imagine own, people efficiency. few economic and something central coherence the metropolis, Defoe’s relinquishing inverted actually city. ways of finance single many high in a concepts and and commerce as growth, the metropolitan from respects underpinned foundations some that different quite in on rested functions also it corridor that economically interlinked STUDIES PROSE rmtervr adwr.Ti sacnrs eo lal en h edrto reader that the cash means spare clearly Defoe of contrast collection a a is of 65). This bestowal – work. earned the (161 normally hard appreciate recipients and very the good pub, rewards a their the of local to from drinking compared the a sum colleagues to enormous in his led an far constituted and eventually not beer he but ground work interpreter, of the the an in deal about of crack Enquiries services a feet. the from the quite their needed family, emerged in beneath did a miner less settlement up a or bringing mining then more wife a and miner’s away, by cave, a encountered a entranced existed first only in ever were they comfortably, the it how narrative) (if us wonders this party tells these in He his Peak. were and implied he, that, form Instead interest, impression the pointless. intrinsic in an be tourist their One would unusual, with north better. be reader fanciful going do thoroughly to attraction, southern claim could so the a their theorist size, left District cultural their and create Peak or belittled writer he the to another travel of after modern northern wonders’ attempts acid-penned his no seven began that industrial contemporary Defoe ‘the contrast, the demolishing disparaging By overshadowed wonderland, 10). by completely (ch. England District ‘journey’ transform Lake would the that hugely area of his in territory England Trevelyan romantic, eighteenth-century ‘romantic’ M. early a G. typify between when best Thus, tension could influential one. who later unattractive writer the but a in, efficient wanted account an his set and starting pollution region, north the before picturesque view long could people anticipating, differently by how of aware was Defoe 2 vrsnehv ugdwa hyswhraot nyb hi w tnad,a in as standards, outsiders own their most by because only hereabouts and saw they unknown, time. what more Defoe’s virtually judged practicalities the have were immediate all since on is ever self-reflections strongly this It so subtle of public exists. focussed still emergence culture such that therefore local the because region on of both significant apparently drawing important understanding historically and yet our of scale, and increase grand possibility unusual a to The on observation norms dominance. a contemporary mounting social mysteriously metropolitan and city, without of urban threatening announce type conventional new could a Engels to was death, challenge Manchester Defoe’s that after contradiction century of a fear over little a but capital, hs‘ert hth oks uhtobeoe osdltl neett ac his match to interest little roused over trouble much so took he that ‘secret’ This nls oilHistory Social English 1 noesneti sudrtnal,gvntedmnneo the of dominance the given understandable, is this sense one In ecoeDfe u ns a stenrhapas the appears, north the as far so in but Defoe, chose he , Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 uies o egr o nil esnt ese’(9) hswsasakcontrast stark noble a ‘a was as application impression of This the and (193). full up industry seen’ summed all He of be London. [were] that to scene with people person certainly realized and idle these then towns, all an most people; he not with were of that beggar, they full a explains because not ‘infinitely He was business; was (192). this countryside houses that and the many discovery complete actually the a a The be within by to a away followed replicate. seemed as working what people, but to was of important, Yorkshire, lack difficult in locally puzzling arrival as and first business his distinctive on of manifestation, just most not of is is obsession, of pervading leaves spirit contribution the he with capturing his his impression combined in overriding that and is it physical against However, area the picture. checked of solid the be features very a can intrusion surviving create the including it to as sources, environment, but and dismissed independent be patterns, reporting, and all settlement his different might the utterly into livings, the of of their novelist nature made it, of the the people see about of which heart would detail in exotic readers ways the the The the his it. of upon of as serve account to countryside, ruminates Leeds detailed strange in and a this held then including depicts market districts, cloth he manufacturing huge Edge where textile Blackstone over is wool Rochdale developing from This hills Pennine Halifax. the of towards crossing his to turning before htteln a tl xesvl sd vni o o ovninlagricultural conventional for not if even enclosures used, small extensively into divided still ‘being was production: land the that ems o emse yhproe hstx a osiul rmdt win family to could prevented they framed all had were consciously which that wool, was of text legislation quantities small this from buying from hyperbole: theirs clothmakers like by operations northern misled for be exemption not must We these that said which 1555, in Act Halifax of the act as an known to settlements: preamble be clothing the to to in belonging came included house that description a parliament had wondering land the of confirms pieces perception four or three every it more; seldom each, acres ... ete ecie h ea-okn n olmnn ititnrho Sheffield, of north district coal-mining and metal-working the describes then He huhDfentsta h ou a nmkn hnsfrsl,h lopit out points also he sale, for things making on was focus the that notes Defoe Though naie,adaoefiehnrtehueodsteenwyicesdwithin 3). increased ch. muche Hargreaves, newly nowe 120; there be (Bowden householdes partes past yeares these by hundrethe fourtye Wooll-dryver, in their five the theis Gronde upon of above or barreyn Woolle of, and more Yarne the myles bye into inhabited, Industrye to eyther vj so whiche same and and of the same, v, converte means the and iiij, sell make to iij, to and some so Clothe, to and houses, a and Backes, habilittee, theire some and theyre Woolldryver, to Headdes to the accordinge Halyfaxe, much same foure upon of bye the or bye Towne to three carrye to the some yet ther to and nor twoo, and repyre Woolles, some to thereunto, stone, carry onelie nigh to used others gette Horse ever inhabitants some neyther hathe a and them same but keep of by once, to the parte att and hable greate and woolle Places, the ys rare for inhabitants, nor making, in Corne the clothe but the by of Grasse, lyve ys good industrye doo Grounde nor altogether of greate Corne Fertilitie any and the forthe where exceedinge bring moores, to and waste apte grete not the in planted beyng hysac o oneog o hi ok n es 13–9) This 95). – (193 hens’ and cocks their for enough corn sow scarce They busyness ntedeetsne t meit n ahrperverse rather and immediate Its sense. deepest the in ... pedbfr o ee 23–04). – (203 here’ you before spread EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING ... rmtoarst i rseven or six to acres two from 139 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 140 fteyugrwrmnwo eo bevdwudb prnie and apprentices by continues be Defoe century. would many new the indeed observed throughout and that steadily themselves, Defoe evident, noting expand manufacturers here would independent whom becoming trade is of since workmen groups hopes realistic two with younger the journeymen between the cleavage of of sense No the among that remarks He high. were unusually houses was substantial percentage more the though time, Defoe’s suffering rugged when to. (especially the infectious authors exercises return tenterhooks’ on as similar highly on emphasis especially in the be indulging the preamble, to from legislative ‘to is prone earlier account proverb remained the Defoe’s since the echoing have in hence Pennines, regret the pieces – to of woven frames nature the matter hang tenter only to immense The needed on (195). were dry places purely since to farming, near (Crump, out irrelevant, of with the regardless familiar from to even more apart trade are according valleys tourists Farm modern clothing land Hill that the Little Dales their set Yorkshire certainly even the Defoe and managing This neighbors, families, incompetent, (Rennie). their in for norms and loom overall excellence agricultural between return slovenly effort maximum seeking and as the time get not areas to their aiming balancing industrial fields, really and these were occupiers in simply the that seen most commentators enriched appreciated farming to agricultural processes, contrary for off land nineteenth-century textile cow the and early wrote a the industry as though between from well link Moreover, benign as waste a later. goods, the in other soil and the and of cloth the livestock, fertility wool, This carry against (195). to horse went milk a afford and could wool many distinctive, of sales small very on reinforce. ban to was Tudor intended the this, been region that In had business see. big making shall towards we tendency also as cloth well- metropolitan him, market amazed northern the becomes most Leeds was that it the character the manufacture for its systems, of preserve business domestic open to account maintaining determination to once His attached importance Marxists, Clarkson). inevitable the especially vindicates (Mendels; scholars, or be anywhere that overcome the to grind be prevented established However, of This to assume terrain. kind lifestyle. something the symbiotic hostile as frequently a becoming apparently not into manufacturers instead terrain this of incorporated that lives in be see cloth to live was to but to it was ignored, that insight people show special many Both but Defoe’s core. so achievements, central and allowed difficulties its both that endorses up unmistakably talked account therefore It Defoe’s markets. open in afford, STUDIES PROSE h nin;hrl n hn bv oryasod u t ad r ufiin oit to sufficient are hands its but old, years four (195). above self thing the any dwell hardly busy which always antient; are the in whom, that of dwellings, so children &c. small and spinning, women carding, or the cottages employed, are of which workmen number infinite in an even scattered manufacturers independent were means any by families local all Not that records he time Defoe’s by and fruit, and produce garden grew clothiers Most uln;Jnig) eas ecie htln a ia oti otof sort this to vital was land that perceived also He Jennings). Tupling; ; uhrn Heights Wuthering ... l a anterbed vnfo h onetto youngest the from even bread, their gain can all ydoe.Ti ssmtigw will we something is This syndrome). Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 o h ags,cranytems ouosi nln;i hr,i samntr I monster, a is it short, in ‘if England; and in parish Rutland, populous country of most county a the for the of mean, certainly size largest, the the two-thirds about not actually was parish Halifax oeb,cmattwfilssilswaal rp rw nDfestm,btthey (Crump, but families hands, agricultural hired time, of through group Defoe’s or or separate person in a Elland in by either as grown not merchants, such and crops clothmakers existed, the arable the soil by saw tended of In were pockets still self-sufficiency. decent at townfields where hands compact Act their Sowerby, Halifax try the to of desire places’ any ‘rare lacked apparently and peasants, and standards, princes. contemporary always merchant by well by that the lived exploited then supports concept area not survive, this houses a was which in grand family of is average not many the That but centuries, that view eighteenth substantial age. and of golden seventeenth building the a widespread during the as but to the skepticism, by back saw threatened demands clothworkers, Defoe looked nineteenth-century that of production, early century lack which The factory that the population. precisely better growing was and blips before steadily of commercial centuries age a start survive an earlier despite thus in towns, in could they net in workers peasants safety than and that effective to clothiers very Rural appeal of a difficulties states. availability of provided welfare now, general financial lack uses The its agricultural and trend. both alternative long-term to problems such the due time, that change personal over land, not However but did real (186). caused, the complain’ ‘not the undoubtedly to of good: sure which, glut and too, are a manufacture generally clothiers the fluctuations, by the of was wars, interruptions happen, are by it there there incident, when either other interruption trade any by receive or while goods, markets these foreign that, as as notes sometimes, especially people, Wakefield of equitably. local of not rewards to if The even clear accounts. widely thus literary out were shared in were structures meet rewards generally open attitudes we its exclusive which the preserving justified guilds prevent being and to traditional motivated were struggle that of the manufacturing overwhelmed with being to contrasts demand This entrants fixed scale. a new unprecedented an for on opportunities created steadily so, Even (197). ports’ h te ls ik ewe ihyuuulgooyadtepten feconomic of patterns the and geology unusual highly a factories. between in links not close parents, other social own within the their working the of were direction Children the about desperation. under of and saw care sign families clearly any own he or now, their to obnoxious it, seem in by enough may controversial work than at nothing locally children clothmaking small while Indeed, of lived initiative. encouraging description entrepreneurial Defoe’s with by few deference rural richer replacing of and much consequences get agriculture, would defending they that recognized hyhv as]etrduo e auatr hc a ee aei those in made never was which abroad manufacture army new before the a clothing parts upon for entered encouraged kersies [also] prodigiously their have of been demand They has] great Halifax the [of by trade encreased and the Revolution, late the since o aemc ee ese hnte i eoe(198). before do did yet they and only, than parish kersies this in fewer year much a pieces make thousand not hundred a them, bely not does h epeo h auatrn itit eeteeoeayhn u displaced but anything therefore were districts manufacturing the of people The description Defoe’s to aside an and smoothly, run always not did things course, Of e itrashv nesodteefaue fti ato otenEgad or England, northern of part this of features these understood have historians Few ... h auatrso hlon,o hc hynwmk,i fame if make, now they which of shalloons, of manufactures the ... ofroto h a ffrintae ors rsea or Courts, trade, foreign of way the of out far so EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING nin Highways Ancient .Telandlords The ). ... 141 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 142 eeca neeywy ila alrde nJnay18/ n ohhswl and will mutually his is both and area 1688/9 the January of in perceptions died Taylor Defoe’s William linkage and way. the firms, leave every so modern did in documents, like beneficial they business run records not conventional the were few between theirs very as preserving such and Enterprises generating 1720. by status merchant te upsso auatrr.I aywy,te,Dfesacuto h region’s the perceptive. many of remarkably the account is all Defoe’s characteristics and then, economic drinking ways, and for many social supply In never-failing manufacturers. but a of underground, purposes give sponges mill other them sandstone mill drive natural into natural huge to tapped and into visible, easily streams soaks less wells the is it water harnessing because Leeds fewer, that to are Nearer formed sites simple. so and are cheap just mostly also streams, valleys was and and the springs wheels of and reliable multitude says, a dispersed, as cope Defoe occurs a or it as pipes, provided Halifax Around lay already supply. and yet) had reservoirs (as build clean nature the to of supplies, having experience of the polluted with Instead with contrast cities. huge large a later and forms or again (Levine capital, and capitalism drinking striking, for industrial is both use water of industrial good Tyne, example of and the availability British natural around first widespread needed the the the Equally, gear as need Wrightson). ventilation in so seen any and and have equivalent without hauling surface, many pits, expensive no the which family-operated or had below small, shafts of feet deep metropolis multitude the few the a for a though only in reached the lay river be why often explain could the seams to these helps round contrast Moreover, cluster The Pennines. (195). to down’ ‘go loaden urge did come really strong an and horses therefore hill, cases the was many around in up availability as light Immediate mines especially price. advantage, deep its long-lasting, double and a from enormous, and might inevitable, miles won were small three journeys of coal of overland fleet distance however, vast on a district, in manufacturing totally London this of In Pool depended ships. the to capital directly brought the and Newcastle-upon-Tyne time, this At says: he which, of seams most worked and easily but else, thin nowhere from and it to here access hills had the the notably, people noted Most straddles acutely well. He as coalfield characteristics respects. so particular Lancashire/Yorkshire important paid locality’s several Defoe the in of that distinctive consequences Bradford other highly and Derbyshire is Sheffield between to between homogeneous attention section means much short no the by and are Scotland, Pennines and The there. seen growth STUDIES PROSE ore,sc stoelf eidb h alrfml fGmra,egtmlsws of historical west conventional miles eight more Gomersal, of to family directly Taylor the account (Ferrett). by behind Defoe’s Leeds left link those as can such we sources, where is This 3 tews ol o ecrido;nihride ol n fhpr fthe of part fifth one (194). could them maintain indeed not could neither which land manufactures, the on; for the them, namely, carried without supported it, be be by inhabitants served not Providence now of could is hand wise which otherwise tops the the purpose by upon directed very water been seen running the have be and to for to coals seems not mean This is hills. I like highest world; the the believe, the of I of and, part England; any of part in contrived any in so of like the saw never I 2 hyhdrsnfo emncohesa h etrto onear- to Restoration the at clothiers yeoman from risen had They Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 h saea 111s6 pr rmra saeo et u ohm hc added which him, to given due unusual not debts was or debts outstanding estate of real range The from wealth. his apart to 6d 16s £170 10s massive a £181 at estate wife the John’s so apprentices. person, and one servants several than by more complemented presumably by beds general were used more ten children in seven probably the area and were the of in majority being evidence noted vast had actually the Defoe The on was as terms. just people cloth 1713, of in coarse rooms and colony a the Tools a amongst and scattered ‘other quite 10s, supported were £4 house it worth The With Trade’ woven. cloth. could Clothiers of it a but types house, for different the of necessarys weave sign outside sure to that a adapted and inventory, the listed, be in is pressing evidently listed are loom and bad one shearing of Only six for and operations. facilities shears large-scale good having of both pairs There six shops, all equipment. finishing In sundry cloth. cloth with new stored were and on pieces old while cloth cooking, were for finished not fourteen floor household, floor the ground for The first beer building. the brewing millyard, new for a another used and and was outkitchen farmyard outkitchen the an a of and between pigsty, cross a around a barns, area of two The something with Sunday. been except have on day then moved every must hub accomplished had house the was life the However, remained lot it of a Rather house. style where residence. workplace the gentleman’s the a no though of still of and was this living, outside, vicinity William, to of located the that devoted now from more in were much was erected stores it and buildings though equipment various local the followed round but All area, distributed stone ways. one a in old other brick the in of and built house, conventions assertively an new was within the house pattern in new The lived basic gone. John this was wealth. preserves and yet activity of and expansion changes, all-round major shows John, son Taylor’s to combined was that materials community but the a others, buy in by to embedded modernity. made firmly cloth and cloth yet the one tradition and handling sell manufacturing, hand- into in to the out active from had branching very up who was steps He Act, several another. someone Halifax make show the owing, total of debt His £7 man collectively. a £20 to-mouth plus worth quality, were 0d middling cloths 1s of completed £78 two Four assets, and a sheep. fine to two no tenter suited premises, but horse a the or cattle, little on with The four the bread well, alongside room). and as listed equipment, making downstairs needs outside farm (a alongside clothier’s for evident inventory parlour is the meal a clothmaking in in and valued by frame farming chests, augmented of wooden separation large were of stored or lack winter still arks, crops of two The in depths furniture. oatcakes wooden the of during hardness bed. the away a ameliorate to besides cushions hay, little many and loom the beans, working in a barley, wheels find wheat, we spinning bedroom oats, two one of much as in stores while such and house, and sorts, eating, the all round cooking, scattered of where was gear parlour, housebody Clothmaking typical entirely main on. an in went a been living else on have in been to visited centered had seems be design, William which now however, Museum. vernacular house, can House old which Red adjacent tradition, as family’s family form the of by repaired possession 1660 in and were to modified survive, They dated much then. law) credibly lived by Taylors house, required the new (as how a of death glimpse after itemized immediately an goods us giving his of made inventory the ntedyteegoswr itdb ru fslce egbr,te valued they neighbors, selected of group a by listed were goods these day the On William of death the on 1713, in later years twenty-four made inventory second A with dwelling, furnished adequately comfortable, a of is house old this of feel The EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING 143 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 144 alr ntemdnntet etr,ln fe civn ergnr status. not near-gentry was achieving the family after by This long farmed be century, £3. fundamentally to mid-nineteenth was at ceased the only that valued holding in economy basic manure Taylors mixed This of a manufacturing. nor a operated midden agrarian with genuinely a neither ‘barkhams’ but plough as included farming, a harness well at and of as items playing harrows, various collars, of of or pairs horse collection wains a three or two plus or including it, implements, two carrying agricultural for one, of sledge broken list such two which a another warrant – find sheep, to carts, to on trade not large going surprise the farming five), no of enough is had growth With it quality. the Taylors barns, poor behind the very lie of which not generally did was (of that wool production is cattle solitary evidence wool to the a local All that suited supported mares. confirms two More best and and was protest. bull 1713 a area in without heifers, this three grass fact, whole oxen, under two The in cows, kept revenues. five after, sheep, were increased shortly fields with consent sixteenth Taylor-owned status almost the common distant social in originally by Gomersal their of had disappeared build manor farmed field to and ramshackle out the family trying separated of were the township, lords the century the land of when field the them common by of the is bought in so part strips do large to several ability formed a The the certainly home. in for at stored grown crops surprising been the probably so not also wheat, had for before two decades another but two and house oats, ridge, for wells. low done excellent a been from had of ploughing water top of plentiful the those drew near like All houses setting, (Cookson). of healthy industrial crest wealth remarkably a the in a see by still in sheltered shifts can built we The all and the Taylors, time, description. of that the amount from or any surprising hamlet a church for the of preserved no of journey have fabric buildings and hereabouts that noteworthy own, public so making its are people any that of geography house some indeed manor saved a or no and ease had two chapel, of Gomersal or chapels two Great mile lived Two services. people a ordinary it. many about from though location all, isolated miles them relatively half served a house, in Taylor’s stood the southern which from from as church, different big quite ancient so framework like One cultural nothing and norms. was social that a provided even it though parish, and Gomersal. Halifax Birstall, Great of parish small of ancient a hamlet the time constituted nascent this that a in at forming of that was activities know community we the merchant and here effective clothier, mistaking white manufacturing but no unfinished a traded therefore than now rather is Taylors lack merchant the There the that with Leeds. sure together store, at be in can broadcloth and we loom equipment, the dyeing on any Defoe, cloth of of instance Defoe type which (for the about books from and several Altogether, based, 24). in were this approvingly, like and trades copiously, which wrote on credit of use extensive the STUDIES PROSE elhlyi h atadcne fYrsieadtePnie eealmost were Pennines the and Yorkshire of center the and when the and patterns east it, medieval in the of towns reversal in greatest complete the a lay has (180), [and] wealth them’ populous, most of [riding], the largest number the and greatest much wealthiest ‘by the now was is Riding it West Yorkshire’s that notes Defoe 4 ept uheietscesi h lt rd,a onTyo’ et w days’ two death Taylor’s John at trade, cloth the in success evident such Despite townships other seven with which Gomersal, of township the within lay hamlet The Tradesman ... ch. so Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 lt rdcdoe eywd ra u eo ealdta,ee so: even that, recalled having Defoe Halifax, but for area, center than co-ordinating wide as very commercially role a lived old over impressive York’s whom produced increased of cloth more vastly and most even over, customers, taken pleasing was effectively by Leeds a only was survived elsewhere. happen. ancient towns understand, to and because I seemed castle especially little as a where magistrate, with town a highest Pontefract, as whereas the described undefended, and is was charters, town; It corporation (186). no constable’ is it yet eo rt ht‘aeed[s ag,hnsm,rc ltigtw ulo people, of full town clothing It rich whereas center. cloth, trade handsome, textile made of large, classic longer full a a no and [is] been but ‘Wakefield had churches, that it and wrote and walls Defoe paraphernalia, type, habitation. civic that to its of ill-suited had town so still such nearby apparently made only were generally the Pennines was had the York environment though 27), human even lawless – that essential, and 225 places things (Pounds warlike few All Netherlands more the churches, the ceremonial. of a in fate that to Hondschoote with dire showed notably given the most but provided without, much run, do and and well to create tried guilds, to were expensive by were medieval they regulated features with these corporation, walls, associated a appurtenances by by the governed all Protected had foundations. still efforts. and their urban origin, thwart ancient to of money usually of deal the and great frighten merchants, to a had enough spending also determinedly into market it cloth merchants yet own standards, Leeds their establish normal settlement, to by smaller tried village even later a an they is in as it lived qualified indeed indubitably hardly then time, Taylors which and some The market-day, for (200). a there thing’ on stayed prodigious remained except probably a extraordinary core who nothing built-up Defoe, is its large. ‘there cloth was but that the parish noted indicates, for rural Act the center Halifax as miles market the into small important five as as up most Halifax, Pennines, working the countryside. the provided its within the long trade from as dominated had unusual now came Gomersal, as Pennines of wool were west the towns the of these of culture Moreover, cloth. much business the Paradoxically, but Moorhouse). there, and (Faull unpopulated h lt market cloth The rules, own its followed having as Defoe by shown thus is hereabouts Urbanization h rc ssae;oeak,teohrbd;ad’i ge,o o ge,i a in agree, not or agree, ’tis and bids; imaginable other words the fewest the asks, in one occasions, and their stated; moment whisper, suit is and that clothier price or the colours, the to [desired] over their reach [match] up to walk they they cloths boards, any it. of see sell rows they to the between standing spaces clothier the the ways along cloth, long of lie can piece pieces every or the the behind as upon hurry and another boards without another, one the to one all minutes, close fill’d; by few cloth, is market with how whole covered in the are see disorder, tressels least to the stranger not and a noise, surprize would it rings; street; the in hogotErp tti ie on ttehato auatrn itit were districts manufacturing of heart the at towns time, this at Europe Throughout en upsdt ealcm yta ie vni h winter, the in even time, that by come all be to supposed side being either on counters long like street well-built and h ecat n atr,adbyr falsrs oedw,adcoming and down, come sorts, all of buyers and factors, and merchants The ...... yhl nhu fe ih lc h aktbl ig again; rings bell market the clock a eight after hour an half By hytl steeaemr people more are there us tell They hnteeaebad adcosteetesl,s httebad lie boards the that so tressels, these cross laid boards are there then ...... snwkp nteHg-tet[Briggate] High-street the in kept now is al ntemrig hr r rsespae ntorows two in placed tressels are there morning, the in Early ... EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING tsvnacoki h onn,teclothiers the morning, the in clock a seven At ... hni h iyo ok and York, of city the in than ...... n down and ag,bod fair broad, large, a , ... h aktbell market the ... When 145 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 146 RS STUDIES PROSE te vdne enwms emr rtcl hstx snta fca eot was report, official an not is text This with critical. congruence more its be and must coherence now internal we the of evidence, of terms culture other business in the both of Pennines, picture convincing manufacturing but striking Defoe’s delineated Having 5 gi naubei on otehato uteaduuulpoes hs towns These process. the term unusual with the and relationship with predatory subtle associated even a is parasitic, the which of classical countryside as heart the the records the developed round to never few is halls certainly testimony going as cloth perceptive in Defoe’s left many so invaluable however, of informality, again this centers, building of conscious urban because the precisely a dynamic to manufacturers preserved rather led Such be but growth to district. consciously properly, further clothing was things spirit when a town. do later, Such at compact methods. to even but very open inability but Briggate, and flourishing simple of indicate for this foot not preference of the street did at main clearly bridge whole This the the filled to it confined visit been Defoe’s originally had market The rnadeg-ol,o l ot’(8) ti ieyti a uhsrne tmlsto and stimulus stronger Sheffield much of a was merchants this London. likely the is distant It than to (181). wrought economy sorts’ [making] Bawtry’s useful all employed of are were edge-tools, people and of that iron number innumerable Hull Idle, ‘an river to where navigable Rotherham the connections on Pennine location it cellular its dynamic, in giving the the exceptional to to was well irrelevant Bawtry ran was networks. road and economic this districts, However, manufacturing of stands (181). full the ‘it be entertainment’ of it that, of makes east this houses noted and and Defoe Scotland; be inns to where London good could from Doncaster very influence road near or its highway Bawtry, north post 70). great like the the a towns – upon in little even of (169 in and war identifies as of south, Bowers equivalent felt, the the bestrode that nearly instance, case trade for made extreme London, that breaking the views on previous making depend with urban, contrast not that did classically places apparent It was already antagonistic, therefore Defoe. of system were and fascinated self-sufficient, urban combination previously this between nascent the and barriers this down inception, Thus, of its had. integration from always regional present functional they like with for where center new fragmentation process, the living use This or in while miles, investment Gomersal. few little a so business, move of and been readily had usefulness could Sowerby people there the and since like structures, losers away physical actual hillsides, took few created canals the it, when before up enclosure later high decades few located a those function or to charity cease by would not efforts, own their elsewhere. by lay prosper generally to opportunity opportunities place-holding: up take to only towns odi itemr hna or n h aso h akttems strictly most 6). the – market (205 the England of in market laws any the in and done or and hour, saw ten bought see, I an an more, you ever of than much Thus, as market. quarter sometimes more observed the a and little in in cloth, seen in and, in be sold inn, to value cloth the pounds of piece into thousand piece a back twenty a there carried not and here is ’tis if there bought, or hour, be sold, to all is not cloth happens the disappear, buyers the immediately louuuly h ra ewr a tl eyfli,frmn esrcenters lesser many for fluid, very still was network urban the unusually, Also bourgeois oshlsmvdit such into moved Households . Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 tl elue samnrra n otahadvsbea uho oen1:25,000 wheeled modern not on horses, pack such for as intended was visible it and since footpath line vehicles. straighter and much road a follows minor maps, ‘frightful a a as as well-used it still qualify two hardly over crest climbed the is from feet views thousand most (190). panoramic a and precipice’ the though lowest even and actually incomprehensible. worryingly, millennia, miles, are is more for linear Pennines it seasons even the detail all where in and at here, sense, rounded, also, crossing general Edge been makes have Blackstone itinerary (189). Travellers belief the of all while ascent beyond that, seem the he shows snowdrifts but of and weather, was, description the mid-August this on freak His unlikely section in how his fall in known mocked conceivably, have he just must those might, as the Snow valiantly exaggerating District. as summer, Pennines Peak to the ascribed of is scale scene and wintry a harshness a First, within nature. their cautiously and account, face used at when evidence. taken available meaningful be all cannot and of Most texts survey understandable general while problematical. remain that, extremely they accepted as themselves value, always use their have except make however, anything apparently historians, twenty- which for texts, the all in evidence to seen compounded historical attitudes be is cannot post-modern to problem account by his The averse century so reliable. first money, but secure and earn nor anything and authoritative enough sales rich intrinsically clearly make neither as to was was need writing, the Defoe his ignore of to and time enough the institution, at or certainly, He person romancing. no by verified egah,frSwryle noeeg fasalmsi hc sctb e uhside such few by cut actual is with which reconcile massif to small a impossible Calder of is greater edge this one the on Again, of lies into. Sowerby glimpses, across, fed for intermittent passed all geography, of they streams to mention local heads designed so that his whose picture that without valley by valleys distorted district reinforced small lost composite, a is along explore a sense hopelessly apparently to is This got route reader. this Defoe direct the probably have yet the impress most and may off but lightly, detoured him, party up likely fascinated more given His or be long journey. it, not are them realizing full switchback would there onto thereafter Height took a up but going. routeways itself, Getting describes level Edge such valleys. fairly merchant Blackstone the which of at nascent use obviously stretches The ridges most mainly own established. hard, long roads be better of its modern could much whereas up with and of, made center advantage older are but textile hereabouts Gomersal flourishing Pennines to a comparable as still community, party then the describes Sowerby, he wander minor direction. yet intervening to of in, no sense set hard route, its could maintain simple it confusion to but where made struggling punishing occur combination this valleys or On disconcerting summits of path. be this stretches the could many which along and off exist hollow accidentally still locally, scooped-out ways a Similar paths alongside (191). lay erosion bridle it to that due enough and lower wide feet time, hand, only the several a was of at roadway at dominance paved close horse The the one very terrain. that for the mention are Defoe’s of for motorway use accounts best M62 horse the pack modern make which the routes and parallel following Chester and York between h rsn od h 5,acmlse h setb rn we u Defoe’s, but sweep grand a by ascent the accomplishes A58, the road, present The his of weaknesses the well demonstrates Pennines the of crossing actual Defoe’s eo n i opnosaprnl ettaeldtesvnlna ie to miles linear seven the travelled next apparently companions his and Defoe 3 tcridalto rfc n ti oacdn htbt h ao oa road Roman major the both that accident no is it and traffic, of lot a carried It EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING 147 IUE1 FIGURE a fDne eo’ oresi h eta Penines. central the in journeys Defoe’s Daniel of Map

Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007

148 RS STUDIES PROSE Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 em ept i siuu eerhit iei h iy h itrclspeculations historical The the city. understand the to in preface to life little-noticed own into his used its on in research in area extensively contained assiduous firm the take his cotton be to despite family’s preconceptions many to terms his too in with continues came employed however, who Engels, Manchester, Friedrich involved and more north. much society, nineteenth-century apparently was who local outsider later, in another, by that alone. of limitations standing individuals as atomistic people can understanding not information to society, approach of defining this a source rehabilitate as of literary can Dickens a part do, invented. and to what be expected Shakespeare recognizing could be like usage, cannot about authors and measured nothing on more knew put a particular detail once he that age, a believe was an that for to weight sources hard not much is other too It terms, with done. If general well business robust of in so more types fits worked or contradicts levels which it actual he for how market where or cloth describing the day Leeds and market is for the here, of That only description him. used graphic valuable with his been is stay Even preferred. to has be likely must text more they his sources, be would which and business, picture, on in analytical stereotyped basis interest generalized, his his any beyond to from rarely close different very so strikingly though so moreover, was memory, What his or skills. of business ahead memories ran by writing and actuated notes tours, were detailed fact-finding they make together. leisurely to since merge being (Moore reason, travels easily than specifics would or actual rather precise opportunity, his demands, little transcended on a government had which matters not have problem, many was was would since, he a about people He experience, of literary 21). many and essence like ch. reading the him, immense to to mattered general of persona what honesty Defoe’s man and novelist of inclination analysis a his by Moore’s to though with scholar the provided precisely facts: fits it description, to certainly stimulus It attitude topographical 50). the detail from – economic exaggerated stem 148 and (Bowers and may social which distinctive erroneous of the the inaccuracy of of that local description shows independent the to roadway of accuracy seems the according the of However, name nature Defoe. to unusual the attributed being of it is it, veracity spelling use Leeds to did his connected boats only However, if was it but (Thornes). as as 97), time, pronunciation 1770s this – isolated. at the (196 journeys was the local it navigable in in for because already been settlement, canal was have ancient only river a the could substantial the from of a that life became states arrival the which all He Bridge, The drew Sowerby and them. town, a port over new separated inland though a it actually created after named century hill-climbing was eighteenth so steep and the Halifax, over of from bridge it the mile to near access ‘town’ gave this that puts Calder Defoe river wrong. is cottages, by surrounded cannot ease, therefore, Sowerby, to approach fact. sinuous the in and of of solely narrow account remoteness too based Defoe’s and generally be them. size are along the valleys far exaggerate such see people because to Many precisely size. area any compact of this one only and valleys, ecnteeoecnrs h aubecaatrsiso eo’ con ihthe with account Defoe’s of characteristics valuable the contrast therefore can We Defoe’s that meant often London in back output literary prodigious his Achieving total unjustified an that fears remove to upon dwelt been have flaws These of chapel a and houses substantial of scatter a then Sowerby, of location the Even Sorby ipasra knowledge. real displays EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING h odto fteWrigCasi England in Class Working the of Condition The 149 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 150 uhatm pn,aodn eutoitwrigoto oiia reconomic or political a of over can out anything working as far reductionist linked (as a time but primary his avoiding views, of span), specialist north fragmentary the time more with of a sense us other, holistic such many leaves a from together give separately weave emerge they each can together is which isolation, we effort The which strands In done. in sources. be and ways still indicates insights can text it separate but Defoe’s thought, because be it to worth used than difficult more therefore scornful 4). and and radical, 3 politically iconoclastic, (ch. as established in portrayed function everything explicitly character’s society. of is his cloth-making he stress and to Yorkshire Yorke novel thrusting Hiram the rechristened for was friend, archetype Joshua best an father her Mary’s became of family family the whole to the turned she Bronte Taylor. factories, Mary of one threat a the establishing by In it. produced embedded by strains surrounded exactly lived not always if for and who, background up realistic someone grew from least at coming a her culture, in Bronte against as northern unusual in rather Charlotte highly perceived publishers, system. was was her it social by and and existing novel will, trades, state-of-the-nation the a to of write and dynamic range to metropolis most commissioned wide the the of a now to north was across both the It threat manufacturing fruit. upon British bore fell observed of finally had area Defoe attention processes the literary the In of as Defoe’s. to England focus close the very of seem experience century, Pennine conclusions the whose mid-nineteenth and epitomize to industrialization, family of Taylor brink much-cited the the used other also through who runs writer creative that crisis generally Cobbett’s of all a sense almost acid his supplement as to the industrialization. side such and there deterministic to sources, no is augment is build-up nor there to future, and the the account, is about of nothing knew Defoe picture Defoe the as believable, to who Moreover, of historically listen strength the and clothing to on Pennine convincing, simply whereas the it privilege throughout is, to war and is author civil fierce version the the Engels’s as accept in well To as seen As districts. sources, people. Parliament other entire for all an across support stroke cuts general unlikely also it one Lancashire study, in nineteenth-century character transforming collective made him, a had around that saw factories he what was into it that assumes here Engels upr ocvrtepro htDfercre h tr f letws fthe of west albeit of, start the recorded Defoe that period the Pennines: cover to purport STUDIES PROSE obnn h itntv tegh fltrr et n itrcleiec is evidence historical and texts literary of strengths distinctive the Combining another cite can we century, eighteenth the on inaccurate Engels judging In for interest, private petty their for 39). (Engels only gardens lived unquestioning and looms their dead; their in were with were, they well-disposed and listened intellectually, read, exercises, exceedingly was physical Bible in humility, the when delighted reverence thought, inherited never conspired, never ie n huh fe h aho tl ob on eeadteei emn.In They Germany. life. fluctuations in violent in there without position and days and here their activity those found in mental of be without to land] seclusion, still with and fashion those retirement the [including after thought workers and industrial lived English the short, In ¨ Shirley nwRdHuevr elfo tyn hr eual,and regularly, there staying from well very House Red knew aeo h udt eiditne oso h social the show to intended period Luddite the of tale a , ... etrglryt hrh ee akdpolitics, talked never church, to regularly went ua Rides Rural oad h spro’cass But classes. ‘superior’ the towards . ¨ was Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 oes eec .“ra rti mgnd ain iie n ls nDefoe’s in Class and Citizen Nation, Imagined: Britain “Great N. Terence Bowers, J. Peter Bowden, References 166960. SD 109, Archaeological sheet Yorkshire Landranger reference, the map by OS held 3. are family Taylor the to exception. relating notable a Documents is Yorkshire 2. West Thornes, 1. Notes other. the especially overshadow should is neither It and successful, extremely ways, present. were a different areas again known both utterly less, period even in a this published but In and from metropolis. little the so did with down contrast wrote Engels stark area as this because back here worthwhile reading or imperative, lrsn .A. L. Clarkson, Bronte obt,William. Cobbett, ———. Daniel. Defoe, ———. Halifax.” of Highways “Ancient B. W. Crump, Cookson. A. Neil and Gillian, Cookson, nes Friedrich. Engels, Peter. Earle, edl,Faki.“rt-nutilzto:TeFrtPaeo h Industrialization the of Phase First The “Proto-industrialization: Franklin. Mendels, Keith. Wrightson and David, Levine, ed. Bernard, Jennings, A. John Hargreaves, Mabel. Ferrett, eds. Moorhouse, A. S. and L. M. Faull, oit,M22adM31 n h etYrsieAcieSrie C2and KC52 Service, Archive Yorkshire West the and MD311, KX100-149. and MD292 Society, ¨ ho h hl sado ra Britain Great of Island Whole the thro’ amla,1985. Macmillan, eea at n rgesoso Trade of Progressions and Parts Several 1–42. (1928): 1992. Council, those Metropolitan of Kirklees State the by, Illustrated and to Applicable Respectively Matters Counties to Relative Observations Political 1962. Process.” 1560–1765 1981. Council, County Metropolitan Yorkshire West Wakefield: 1969. Charlotte. , h iteHl Farm Hill Little The orTruhteWoeIln fGetBritain Great of Island Whole the Through Tour A h ol fDefoe of World The h alr fteRdHouse Red the of Taylors The ora fEooi History Economic of Journal h opeeEgihTaemn nFmla etr,DrcigHmi l the All in Him Directing Letters, Familiar In Tradesman: English Complete The xod xodU,1991. UP, Oxford Oxford: . h olTaei uo n tatEngland Stuart and Tudor in Trade Wool The h odto fteWrigCasi England in Class Working the of Condition The ua ie nteCute fSre,Kn,Sse [ Sussex Kent, Surrey, of Counties the in Rides Rural Shirley rt-nutilzto:TeFrtPaeo Industrialization? of Phase First The Proto-Industrialization: Halifax enn aly itr fUprCalderdale Upper of History A Valley: Pennine odn 1830. London, . odn mt,1849. Smith, London: . dnug:EibrhU,1999. UP, Edinburgh Edinburgh: . aia:Srvnr 1949. Scrivener, Halifax: . odn edned 1976. Weidenfeld, London: . EELN E OTENENGLAND NORTHERN NEW A REVEALING etYrsie nAcaooia uvyt ..1500 A.D. to Survey Archaeological An Yorkshire: West odn 1726. London, , udrfil:Krle utrlSrie,1987. Services, Cultural Kirklees Huddersfield: . .” h aigo nIdsra oit:Whickham Society: Industrial an of Making The 2(92:241–61. (1972): 32 oesl idwo h Past the on Window A Gomersal: rs Studies Prose rnatoso h aia niura Society Antiquarian Halifax the of Transactions 6(93:148–77. (1993): 16 747 odn Everyman, London: 1724–7. . odn amla,1962. Macmillan, London: . 85 odn Panther, London: 1845. . ... te:Sih 1994. Smith, Otley: . :Wt cnmcland Economical With ]: Huddersfield: . London: Tour . 151 Downloaded By: [Caunce, Stephen] At: 12:23 30 March 2007 152 or,Jh Robert. John Moore, STUDIES PROSE ene ereB. George Rennie, G. J. Norman Pounds, uln,G H. G. Tupling, M. G. Trevelyan, N. C. R. Defoe’s Thornes, in Nation the “Imagining A. Betty Schellenberg, teto otesgicn atpae yarclue ehspbihdtobooks, two published has paying He and agriculture. age Yorkshire and by East factory in played Servants the Farm part Horses: of Farm to Amongst significant evolution industry the the on domestic to especially teaching. through attention history, university Lancashire local and and and museums regional Yorkshire between on in divided center up interests been brought Research and has 1951) career (in Born his University. Lancashire, Leeds at previously worked having Preston, Caunce Stephen urnl rprn oko otenindustrialization. is northern He on museums. book and a history preparing between currently relationship the and industrialization, Yorkshire’s the on articles and essays abig P 1979. UP, Cambridge 1958. 1927. 1942. Longmans, London: 1830 to Britain Great 1799. London, edn. rlHsoyadteLclHistorian Local the and History Oral aeed etYrsieAcaooySrie 1981. Service, Archaeology Yorkshire West Wakefield: . h cnmcHsoyo Rossendale of History Economic The .” nls oilHsoy uvyo i etre,Cacrt ue Victoria Queen to Chaucer Centuries, Six of Survey A History: Social English etYrsie ol cn fIdsr,teDvlpeto h ony1500 County the of Development the Industry, of Scene Noble A Yorkshire: West ta.AGnrlVe fteArclueo h etRdn fYorkshire of Riding West the of Agriculture the of View General A al. et nls ieayHistory Literary English ailDfe iie fteMdr World Modern the of Citizen Defoe: Daniel sasno etrri itr tteUiest fCnrlLancashire, Central of University the at History in lecturer senior a is nHsoia egah fErp,1500–1840 Europe, of Geography Historical An okhr Post Yorkshire 2(95:295–311. (1995): 62 otenrgoa dniy h oilstigof setting social the identity, regional northern , 19) mn te ulse oksneare since work published other Among (1994). o.8.Mnhse:CehmSoc., Chetham Manchester: 86. Vol. . 19,bsdo i otrlthesis), doctoral his on based (1991, orTr’teWoeIln of Island Whole the Thro’ Tour A hcg:Uo hcg P, Chicago of U Chicago: . Cambridge: . 2nd , .