THE TEXAS

A Journal of Free Voices S EFebruaryR 8, 1985VE OneR Dollar THE LOTTERY: MORALITY AND POLITICAL LIFE

TATE SENATOR Hector C Uribe tells the story of Benjamin Franklin's pro- posal to the Continental Congress for a lottery to raise funds for the American Revolutionary Army. It seems that, after making his proposal, Franklin, being a Quaker from a Quaker colony, abstained from voting on the proposition. After it was passed unanimously by all those voting, however, Franklin informed the Congress that his religion did not prevent him from printing the lottery tickets. Franklin's printing company was then awarded the contract for lottery tickets. Such is political life. It comes, then, as no great surprise to find House Speaker Gib Lewis — no bleeding heart, he — saying last fall that he opposed the idea of a state lottery after seeing poor people waiting in line in New York City to buy lottery tickets they could not afford. And on the other side of the issue you find leaders in the fight against poverty, such as Senator Uribe, D-Brownsville, and state Representatives Larry Evans and Ron Wilson, both Houston Democrats, introducing bills calling for a state lottery. What gives? Have the leaders of

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(Continued on Page 2) Ma • PAGE TWO LOTTERY (Continued from Cover)

HAT YOU have running throughout the political rhetoric of the lottery issue is a Puritanism of convenience. The rhetoric is loaded with the kind 11 1 . 11 ,1 , W 1 111 1 11111111111 I 11 111111111 'I 111 of selective moralizing that is the cornerstone of our political 1 Itt=--- 111 11111f Nil 1111 WHIP 1I I life, playing to public sentiment while masking the special interests behind the scenes. Not that there aren't legitimate moral concerns and consistent moral positions being taken on the issue. The Baptist Christian Life Commission, for one, is consistent. It opposes TEXAS pari-mutuel gambling and a state lottery and has supported The Texas Observer Publishing Co.. 1985 social measures such as increased funding for Aid to Families Ronnie Dugger, Publisher with Dependent Children. Weston Ware of the Commission February 8, 1985 believes that the funding of state programs by means of a Vol. 77, No. 3 lottery is "government by jackpot. Lotteries are not just Incorporating the State Observer and the East Texas Democrat, harmless games," says Ware, "they are institutions that which in turn incorporated the Austin Forum-Advocate. attempt to collect revenue from the citizenship as a regressive EDITOR Geoffrey Rips tax. It is not entirely voluntary in its appeal to the poor as ASSOCIATE EDITOR Dave Denison the only opportunity to break out of a cycle of poverty. The EDITOR AT LARGE Ronnie Dugger state becomes a peddler of unrealistic dreams. It turns the CALENDAR EDITOR Chula Sims EDITORIAL INTERNS: Terri Langford, Roger Williams state government into merchandising hucksters perpetrating WASHINGTON CORRESPONDENT: Al Watkins a swindle on our own people. LAYOUT AND DESIGN: Alicia Daniel EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD: Frances Barton, Austin,; Elroy Bode, Kerr- ville; Chandler Davidson. Houston; Bob Eckhardt, Washington, D.C.; Sissy Farenthold, Houston; Rupert() Garcia. Austin; John Kenneth Galbraith, Cam- Ct. . . it's much easier to devise a scheme bridge, Mass.; Lawrence Goodwyn. Durham, N.C.; George Hendrick, Urbana, Ill.; Molly Ivins, Dallas; Larry L. King, Washington, D.C.; Maury Maverick, for a legal gambling corporation than to Jr., San Antonio; Willie Morris. Oxford, Miss.; Kaye Northcott, Austin; James Presley, Texarkana. Tx.; Susan Reid. Austin; A. R. (Babe) Schwartz, Galveston; face up to the huge lobbies which pro- Fred Schmidt, Tehachapi, Cal., Robert Sherrill, Tallahassee, Fla. CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Warren Burnett. Nina Butts, Jo Clifton, Craig tect and maintain the tax loopholes . . ." Clifford, John Henry Faulk, Ed Garcia, Bill Helmer, Jack Hopper, Amy Johnson, Laurence Jolidon, Mary Lenz, Matt Lyon, Rick Piltz, Susan Raleigh, John Wright Patman Schwartz, Michael Ventura, Lawrence Walsh. CONTRIBUTING PHOTOGRAPHERS: Alan Pogue, Russell Lee, Scott Van "What is unfortunate," says Ware, "in the case of horse Osdol, Alicia Daniel. racing and the lottery, is that people are proposing it in CONTRIBUTING ARTISTS: Mark Antonuccio, Eric Avery, Tom Ballenger, Jeff Danziger, Beth Epstein. Dan Hubig, Pat Johnson, Kevin Kreneek, Carlos response to the deficit. We agree that the state has a financial Lowry, Miles Mathis, Joe McDermott, Ben Sargent, Dan Thibodeau. problem. We don't agree that a lottery or pari-mutuel betting A journal of free voices is a just or fair answer to that problem. It is bad public policy We will serve no group or party but will hew hard to the truth as we find for the state to base its financial survival on a weakness people it and the right as we see it. We are dedicated to the whole truth, to human values above all interests, to the rights of humankind as the foundation of have and abuse that weakness in terms of marketing public democracy: we will take orders from none but our own conscience, and never dreams and hopes. The lottery is more morally reprehensible will we overlook or misrepresent the truth to serve the interests of the power- than horse racing partly because the track cannot be marketed ful or cater to the ignoble in the human spirit. in the same way as the lottery dream." Writers'are responsible for their own work, but not for anything they have not themselves written, and in publishing them we do not necessarily imply Ware likes to quote Wright Patman on the subject of that we agree with them because this is a journal of free voices. government-run gambling: "Gambling," Patman said, "is Managing Publisher Cliff Olofson actually the most regressive form of taxation that can be Advertising & Development Director Dana Loy devised. It is designed to pick the pockets of the poor .. . Subscription Manager Alicia Daniel while the rich continue to enjoy low tax rates. Obviously it's Circulation Assistant Stefan Wanstrom much easier to devise a scheme for a legal gambling Consultant Frances Barton corporation than to face up to the huge lobbies which protect Editorial and Business Office and maintain the tax loopholes for the corporations and the 600 West 7th Street; Austin, Texas 78701 wealthy." (512). 477-0746 But opposing state-sanctioned gambling is actually the The Texas Observer (ISSN 0040-4519) is published biweekly except for a three-week inter- furthest thing from the minds of most of the opponents of val between issues in January and July (25 issues per year) by the Texas Observer Publishing Co.. 600 West 7th Street, Austin, Texas 78701. (512) 477-0746. Second class postage paid the lottery, the religious organizations aside. It turns out that at Austin, Texas. most of the political opposition to the idea of a state lottery Subscription rates, including 5 1/8% sales tax: one year $23, two years $42, three years $59. One year rate for full-time students, $15. Back issues $2 prepaid. Airmail, foreign, group, is being run by advocates of pari-mutuel betting, Gib Lewis and bulk rates on request. Microfilm editions available from University Microfilms Intl.. 300 included. Not many tears shed among that crowd for the poor N. Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Copyright 1985 by Texas Observer Publishing Company. All rights reserved. Material may lured to the track by a $2 bet. not be reproduced without permission. "Why this sudden outcry of the people who had no concern POSTMASTER: Send form 3579 to: 600 West 7th Street, Austin, Texas 78701. for the poor until now?" Rep. Evans asked. "That's not their

2 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 general concern. They've agreed to sign off on a horse-racing In a year of fading revenues, why hasn't the lottery generated bill and think two [gambling] bills are too onerous a burden much support? "It's a bill in search of a lobby," Uribe says. to carry with the electorate. People are sophisticated enough "Pirandello, where are you?" he adds. Evans thinks the to know how to spend their money for their own good." Last absence of a lottery lobby is part of the problem. Says Wilson: fall Evans responded to an interviewer's question about the "Some elected officials listen more to lobbyists than to exploitation of the poor by saying, "They're poor, not dumb." constituents." Over the last three years, millions of dollars have been In California and Arizona, Bally Corporation, owners of pumped into a campaign by the horse-racing industry to casinos and makers of video games and lottery machines, spent legalize pari-mutuel betting in Texas. The industry, which fell hundreds of thousands of dollars in successful efforts lobbying just short of winning in the 1983 Legislature, has spread its for state lotteries. In most lottery states, Bally holds the lottery money throughout state government to insure victory this year. machine contract. Another lottery machine company, G-Tech, Recipients include Lewis, Governor Mark White (to the tune was begun with investments from the Bass brothers of Fort of $10,000), and most legislators, including Uribe, Evans, Worth. While there are rumors of some activity by both these and Wilson, all of whom support pari-mutuel betting to varying corporations in the state legislature, they have not, to date, degrees. On January 26, the Texas Thoroughbred Breeders' been a visible presence around the Capitol or on campaign Association met in Austin, and to aid in their lobbying efforts contribution lists. they flew in former President Gerald Ford, who said the horse- "What I envision," says Uribe, "is that around April, when breeding industry had "not been allowed to grow to its proper Bullock says you have a $1.8 to $2 billion deficit, the business potential." lobby will look for alternative revenue. By that time pari- While the horse racers are relatively confident of victory this year, they apparently are afraid that the lottery issue could upset the horsecart. They fear that a state with such a large Southern Baptist population would reject the imposition of two "sinful" measures at once. They also fear the arguments that can be made for a lottery's contribution to state revenues, CONTENTS compared to those possible from pari-mutuel gambling. According to a report from state Comptroller Bob Bullock's office, pari-mutuel gambling supplies states with both gambling and lottery operations with less than one-third the revenue FEATURES that state lotteries bring in. 1 The Lottery: Morality and Political Life Geoffrey Rips 6 ORSE RACING and the lottery are two different questions," says Sen. Uribe. "Pari-mutuel 4 SundayGodDamnClosin'Law betting is an industry, but it doesn't bring the A.R. "Babe" Schwartz significant revenue to a state [that a lottery brings]. Pari-mutuel betting is a way of diversifying the economy of the state. A lot- 6 The Houston Backlash Bob Sablatura tery is a significant way to address the deficit question." Based on $29.40 per capita lottery revenues for lottery states, 8 Showdown at Texas Tech Uribe estimates that Texas could receive $418.3 million in net Brett Campbell and Paul Price revenues based on 1980 population figures. (It should be noted that no lottery states are in the Bible Belt, where the per 11 Mr. Bennett's Humanities Pat Aufderheide capita figure could be significantly lower.) The state would net only 5 percent of the pari-mutuel money as compared 14 Private Investigations: to a 40 percent minimum from a state lottery. Of the 17 states Reading with William Bennett Geoffrey Rips and the District of Columbia in which lotteries operated, the governments received $2.1 billion of the $5 billion gambled 15 Sister of Compassion James C. Harrington in 1983. In the past year, four more states have voted to institute lotteries. It is Uribe's contention that a lottery is a fairly benign form of gambling. He cites studies showing that "the poor DEPARTMENTS participate in disproportionately lower numbers than those of middle income. Those who play have a little bit of discretionary 16 Political Intelligence income, and they consider this a form of entertainment. There 17 Dialogue is not even an anecdotal case of a person who blew his weekly salary on the lottery." Uribe also contends that the four-second 20 Social Cause Calendar interval that transpires between the exchange of money in purchasing a lottery ticket and the recording of the exchange Books and the Culture: prevents organized crime from insinuating itself into the transaction. His bill requires tight security checks on all people 18 The Other Texas Joe R. Feagin involved in the operation of a lottery. According to Uribe, "legal gambling drives illegal competition out of business." 19 Strangers in Strange Lands Elise Nakhnikian He also cites studies showing "the lottery is too passive a game to generate the euphoria that compulsive gamblers need. 23 Afterword: Dr. Robert Custer, administrator for mental health for the City of the Future (Imperfect) Dave Denison Veterans Administration in Washington, says most compulsive gamblers are only gratified by horse racing, casino games, Cover Art by Mark Antonuccio and card games. Lottery playing is too slow."

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 3 mutuel betting will be taken care of as an issue. Around April only." Lotteries helped fund the establishment of Harvard, or May you may see a lobbying effort." Yale, and Princeton. Uribe, Evans, and Wilson all believe that if the legislature "If you had a nation where everyone is fairly well-to-do," gives the citizens a chance to vote on the lottery issue, it says Weston Ware, "you wouldn't say the lottery was a will pass easily. Various polls place lottery support in the regressive tax." But if you had a nation where everyone was state between 57 and 67 percent. Uribe and Evans are fairly well-to-do, you probably wouldn't need a lottery to proposing constitutional amendments to add no less than 40 finance state services. If you had a tax structure to parallel percent of lottery income to the state's general revenue fund. the income structure, you wouldn't need a state lottery. But Wilson is proposing a non-binding referendum, in which with no equalizing structures in sight to prevent the gap revenues would be dedicated to helping the elderly, abused between well-to-do and poor from widening, it may be that children, and other groups not yet decided upon. "There's increased funding for social services from lottery revenues no chance for a constitutional amendment [getting through should take precedence, even in discussions of morality, over the legislature]," Wilson says. "The only thing that has a the dangers of a state-run lottery. A lottery certainly makes shot is a non-binding referendum." Weston Ware of the Baptist more fiscal sense for the state than pari-mutuel betting. Christian Life Commission sees nothing to favor a non-binding This country has always been engaged in an argument referendum over an outright amendment. He calls it a move between republicanism and Jacksonian democracy, between to see "who'll put the most money into a state referendum Puritanism and individual liberty. It is said that in the drafting [campaign]." of the Declaration of Independence, there was some debate among Jefferson and his colleagues about our inalienable rights RIBE says he is proposing his bill in order to help whether they were to life, liberty, and property or to life, address what he thinks will be "dire economic liberty, and happiness. Jefferson was said to side with the U circumstances" by the end of the session. What is egalitarians, who espoused the right to property. When that important, he says, is that "my colleagues in our rush [to position was overruled, Jefferson sardonically wrote "the cut spending] don't completely undo programs of the '60s pursuit of happiness." If we don't have the right to an equitable and '70s in basic social services." tax structure, if we don't have through our political institutions Uribe is fond of pointing out that lotteries were used by the ability to face up to the huge lobbies Patman described, this country's founders to finance social services, including then perhaps the right to a lottery is what is reserved for education. Jefferson called the lottery "a tax on the willing us in our pursuit of happiness. G. R.

Commission trucking permit, or exclu- sive delivery service permit, or some SundayGodDamnClosin'Law privilege that's grandfathered, or the special licenses or business authoriza- tions you can only get by offering proof By A. R. "Babe" Schwartz of "public convenience and necessity." In business language that means "is competition absolutely necessary?" Austin hell, this is business. How in the hell (Convenience ain't got nuthin' to do T'S ONE WORD — a profanity like did something that bad get to be law? with it!) Better yet, why? sumbitch. One of those weird laws The oil and gas gang would die I passed by the legislature. One more If you really want to know where the fighting to protect their exclusive sup- of a long series of real, special special- idea began, I'll refer you to the history ply-and-demand regulatory system interest legislation with no legitimate of the Blue Laws and their well- which also provided their price supports public purpose — no purpose at all, intentioned Christian origins, but if you for so many years before the Arabs except to stifle competition. The public want Texas facts, understand one thing showed 'em how to really screw John pronouncement of all the other reasons — some folks want to stifle competition Q. American. The truckers feel the same is "pureteebullshit" (also one word). by others. The Blue Law supporters way about setting their truck rates based Foley's wants to stay closed on were, strangely enough, the same upon their own system of tariffs, and Sunday, 'cause they do business down- Chamber of Commerce and Texas the list goes on and on. How wonderful town; Sears wanted to stay closed on Association of Business members who for business. They have their own free Sunday, that is, they wanted to until for 20 years flooded my Senate office enterprise system in which they get to 1984, when over two hundred of their with mail and lectured me at all their set all the rules and collude to produce best friends in the whole world (in meetings on the necessity for the good their charges and indirectly set consumer Texas) decided "to hell with the Blue 'ole American free enterprise system prices. A real solid, honest to goodness Law," and opened seven days a week. coupled with independent initiative. Yes 'ole conservative free enterprise system, Eckerd Drugs, Target, and a score of sir — let's hear it for the free enterprise yes sirree. The only thing missing is the others decided that repeal was an idea system, unless it smacks of wide open, eighteen hour workday, child labor and whose time had come. In the meantime, slam-bang free market competition! In some honest to God legal head-knocicin', they encourage folks to defy the law. that case, let's have a little government wide open union bustin', plus a few When it was called civil disobedience, protection for our side. private cops to shoot people on the I am sure they were all against that, but That's the one Texas business philos- picket lines. ophy I never saw change in all of my years as a legislator. I still say us liberals The last twenty years have been a real Former state Senator A. R. "Babe" are the only free enterprise folk. tragedy for the free enterprise system. Schwartz is an attorney and lobbyist who Conservatives pay lip service to free The only people left who really busted does not represent either side of the blue enterprise while hiding behind their heads in labor disputes by 1967 were law issue. government protection: their Railroad Texas Rangers, like Captain A. Y. Allee

4 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 (as in Rio Grande Valley) who had to I regularly gave them to nurseries in my do his duty that year and make sure district to give to schools and churches farmworkers didn't get too close to their and the like. I always planted one or goal of organizing under Caesar Chavez two in my yard but Galveston soil ain't to get a few pennies more than 35 cents kind to pine trees. Well, the oak tree an hour for their labors. Mauzy, did grow in our salty Galveston back- Kennard and I went to the Valley after yard soil along with one miraculous pine we heard a few heads got busted for tree survivor. It was about 14' tall when the growers and learned that the Rangers the SundayGodDamnClosin 'Law hit the had met with the growers but not with the union. Lo and behold, we learned that the Rangers had been instructed to Money is the only enforce, and were enforcing, the statu- tory ban on secondary boycotts, among green thing I know other things. In our continuing investiga- that burns well enough tion we found the law they were Don't miss your chance to enforcing had been held unconstitutional to create energy. buy a poster of the Texas by the State Supreme Court eighteen Observer's 30th Anniversary years previous to 1967! That's really cover. protecting business. In that 1967 report Senate floor. I hated Hardeman, Moore, signed by Kennard, Mauzy and me, we and the proposed law, equally in full Artist Tom Ballenger's said, "If the charges are true, [speaking measure, and promptly launched a full- Texas landscape highlights of civil rights infringements] such blown, hot air minibuster. That's a small filibuster. I had so much fun and it made the outrageous aspects of conduct is indefensible and must not be Texas culture. From crippled tolerated." (The use of Texas Rangers so many people mad I kept it up for as strikebreakers ended after our report.) eleven hours. By that time I had received nuclear plants to clear-cutting The report concluded, "Government is petitions with 11,000 signatures of to pesticides pouring into the formed to protect the rights of citizens, Seventh Day Adventists signed in blood. Gulf, it is the concerned not to take them away." I gleefully and loudly read the name of citizens' guide to forces that every one of those residing in Hardeman's district to him as I stood are shaping this state. on the Senate floor. Naturally, I called S O, WHERE IN the hell did the Show your out-of-state Blue Law idea come from? It upon each of them to vote against him friends what Texas politick- as he was the Devil Incarnate, and the takes lots of rights away from the ing is all about. Or add a perpetrator and purveyor of this evil public and from business folks with touch of satire to your den. stupid law. I was building his political independent initiative. Well, guess who The 17 by 22 inch poster authored it in the Senate. Who else but coffin. I expressed the hope that he felt good 'ole Dorsey Hardeman with lots each nail I hammered in as I called those costs $5 (tax included) plus $1 of help from Bill Moore. Special interest constituents' names whose religious for postage and handling. personified. 'Ole Bill did say once on beliefs he was insulting and ignoring. Also on sale are copies of the Senate floor that he was a millionaire It surely did some good because he only won his next race by 51 votes after being the 30th Anniversary issue for and made it all right there on the Green $2 each. (If you plan to order Carpet of the Senate. I never believed matched in redistricting with Senator he made it all there. Pete Snelson from Midland. He was a more than 10 copies, contact goner and he knew it and better yet, The lobbyist (there's always one or the Observer for discount rates he knew who "done him in." more on a big buck bill like Blue Law at 512-477-0746.) passage, or Blue Law repeal) was none Senator Charlie Wilson loved the Blue other than Jack Welch, who sat across Law challenge as much as I did. He got the aisle from me in the House in the tuned up and we did the "Babe and Send me Anniversary late '50s for four years. A good guy Charlie Show" as it was described by poster(s) and/or Anniversary from Marble Falls whose wife's name the Texas Observer. Charlie was 6'4" issue(s). I'm enclosing $ is Dimple. Soft-spoken, hardworking, in his loafers, and I'm 5'7", which dedicated to his association of retail prompted one jokester to quip after one store clients. (One of whom was my of our extended discussions that, "Now Daddy, as he frequently reminded me.) you've heard the long and the short of name Up to the year 1961, Jack just did the it." good stuff for the guy on Main Street "Diapers never, booze forever" was who sold you your drygoods, linens and Charlie's battle cry. Forty-two items clothes. No enemies, just friends. Just listed that you wouldn't be able to buy address there to be nice to the members. One in Texas on two consecutive days, year at Christmas, Dimple chose a small Saturday and Sunday. A store could oak tree in a plastic bucket from Neiman close Saturday and be permitted to sell zip Marcus to send out as their gift to every on Sunday. What nonsense. Everybody city state member of the House and Senate. Very who paid dues to Jack's organization got nice. In my 25 years in office it was to list anything they didn't want sold! The Texas Observer the only oak tree I ever received. We The big city car dealers wanted a Blue 600 West 7th Street did all get pine seedlings from Temple Law worse than the Main Street mer- Austin, 78701 Lumber Company every year or so and chants but they framed the issue better. THE TEXAS OBSERVER 5 Theirs was a battle against making their the name of Jesus was surely offensive stoke its fires with political contribu- people work seven days a week. Give'm to the Seventh Day Adventists and, tions. Money is the only green thing I a day of rest, a chance to go to church! worse yet, smacked of that same kind know that burns well enough to create I guess at least 10 percent of the folks of hypocrisy as the oft told tale of a energy. It wins political campaigns and in Texas go to church sometimes but merchant family standing around a cash "them that wins" sometimes dance with surely they go before the stores would register at Christmas holding hands and the ones that brung 'em when the issue normally open on Sunday, and most of singing, "What a Friend We Have In is fully explained to them. The serious them would go even if you passed a law Jesus." Samuel Johnson said patriotism players are the folks who coined the against going to church. Probably more is the last refuge of a scoundrel but I expression "money talks and bullshit would go! I know I'd go if somebody learned a long time ago that more walks." They explained it to me in many said I couldn't. scoundrels wrap themselves in the Bible a campaign and sometimes I even Charlie and I did the whole number than in the Flag. understood an issue better after they did. for the Gallery and the world. The It passed. Hooray for the six day work Tom Creighton laughingly answered a Senate was sacked up and ready to do week and church on the Sabbath as long Senator once, who demanded a better what the lobby wanted, as usual. Eight as your Sabbath was Sunday. Seventh explanation, by saying he could explain stalwarts voted with us but that wasn't Day Adventists observe Saturday as the it to him again, but unfortunately he enough. Could you buy toilet paper but Sabbath and Jews would too if they did, couldn't understand it for him. I was no diapers? Why could you buy beer? but who cares about that, or the people quick to point out that some of us might Was the beer lobby so strong (or the who are neither or none of the above? not have gotten the same explanation he people) that you couldn't stop the sale Hooray for stifling competition and got. of beer on Sunday? Yes. Some answers "good" government regulations in the At least I didn't carry out my threat were easy, others were not. Was a piece free enterprise system. Let's not forget against Jack Welch. In the heat of that of rope you bought in a hardware store to be four square for independent debate long ago I pointed up at him in hardware? It went on, and on, and on. initiative so long as your initiative the Gallery and said, "See that fellow. Reasonable people had trouble keeping doesn't inspire you to compete with the I planted a tree he gave me and it's 14' their lunch down as our moral leaders wrong folks. By God, that's what laws tall now. If this bad bill passes, I'm in the Senate reverently spoke of church are for! going to cut it down, make a club out and the Lord's Day of Rest, while Well, the legislature is a wonderful of it and beat him senseless." We still attempting to sound like they were thing to behold when the sunibitch is laugh about it. The tree is 30' tall and singing their favorite hymns. They really runnin' right. The political system we're in our 30th year of friendship, sanctimoniously lied about how their serves the serious players who are thanks to Dimple and her choice of a hearts were breaking for the working organized and functional. Its masters are Christmas gift. The law, however, is people of Texas. Stifling competition in the people who work at it constantly and still a bad law. LI

Defeat of Anti-Discrimination Referendum and business organizations to oppose the measures. Included in the coalition was the Houston Chamber of Commerce, large segments of the Republican Party, The Houston Backlash a city-wide organization of black minis- ters, and local chapters of the Ku Klux By Bob Sablatura Klan. Opponents accused the city council of trying to legitimize homosexuality and Houston sive members of the city council now argued that the measures would create hen the Houston City Council fear that, in the name of civil rights, a preferred status for gays, which could voted last June to ban dis- they have stirred up an issue that lead to quotas in hiring and in the crimination in city hiring and promises to linger in Houston politics awarding of city contracts. They also W for a long time to come. firing on the basis of sexual orientation, warned that passage could make Hous- it was clearly a major victory for The vote came as a result of a petition ton a homosexual mecca, which would Houston's Gay Political Caucus (GPC). drive which followed the council's bring about health and social problems Active for the last ten years, the GPC action last June. Led by conservative of major proportions. The Committee has generally been acknowledged as one city councilman John Goodner, anti-gay also brought in Dr. Paul Cameron, a of the fastest growing voting blocs in forces gathered over 60,000 signatures, Nebraska psychologist, well-known for city politics, and the anti-discrimination more than enough to force a referendum his anti-gay activism, who called for a vote was, if not a political payoff to the on the anti-discrimination measures. national quarantine of all gays until a gay community, at least a gesture of From the outset, it was apparent that cure can be found for A.I.D.S. "Twenty good will on behalf of the city council. opponents were going to make the years ago San Francisco made the Now, after Houston voters turned out homosexual lifestyle, rather than job mistake of encouraging homosexuals," Cameron told the council. "Today the in record numbers on January 19 to protection, the main issue in the cam- city faces public health costs that defeat the anti-discrimination measures paign. by an astounding 82 percent to 18 Councilman John Goodner was joined threaten to break the city's bank." percent margin, the GPC is faced with by Russ Mather, Chairman of the Harris As the campaign progressed, the challenge of trying to maintain some County Republican Party, in forming the Klansmen marched on city hall, while semblance of political strength. Progres- Committee for Public Awareness. The many ministers across the city turned committee, along with a number of other their church pulpits into political podi- Bob Sablatura is a freelance writer conservative anti-gay groups, built an ums to preach the evils of homosexual- living in Houston. unlikely coalition of religious, political, ity.

6 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 Proponents of the measures, such as waving a red flag. He took out full page Observer Bequests Mayor Kathy Whitmire and Councilman ads in both the Houston Chronicle and Austin attorney Vivian Mahiab has Anthony Hall, argued that the true issue Houston Post. He urged citizens to agreed to consult with those in- was one of basic human rights and that attend the next council meeting to terested in including the Observer in a vote for the referendum was not a vote protest, which led to a loud disruptive their estate planning. For further in- to condone homosexuality. They went council session the day the measures formation, contact Vivian Mahiab, were approved by a narrow margin. on to stress that an anti-discrimination attorney-at-law, P.C., at 617 Blanco, ordinance would protect not only gays Thus, the issue was born amidst a but all employees of city government Austin, Texas 78703, or call public outcry of hate and vengeance 512-477-1700. from being harassed due to their sexual against the gays, which helped set the lifestyles. tone of the entire referendum campaign. When the vote came, the gay commu- Had the council members allowed the nity and many council members were public adequate time to offer their stunned by the more than 4-to-1 defeat. comments to the council in public .N\AI and Associates hearings, emotions may not have played 2306 Lake Austin Blvd. The gay vote, which was expected to E Austin, Texas 78703 make up a sizable portion of the total, as large a role in the ensuing debate, REALTOR 45 (I) Representing all types of properties did not materialize. Although gay voting and proponents of the measures might in Austin and Central Texas strength within the city has been esti- have had more opportunity to explain Interesting & unusual property a specialty mated at 120,000, less than 45,000 votes the true impact of the changes. 477-3651 were cast in favor of the measures. In Proponents on the city council obvi- the ten precincts within the Montrose ously misread the public mood, and by area of the city, which has long been trying to circumvent public debate, they considered a gay stronghold, less than succeeded only in heightening it. 6,000 favorable votes were cast. Although Mayor Whitmire and other This has led opponents to question the proponents of the referendum tried to true strength of the gay community. keep the debate centered solely on the "This vote has exposed the Gay Political issue of discrimination, they failed to Caucus," said John Goodner. "It has convince voters that the measures were removed the perception that the gay vote necessary. Time after time, opponents is more powerful than it actually is." demanded to see examples of abuses in Bob Stein, a political science profes- city hiring or firing because of sexual sor at Rice University, who conducted orientation, but proponents never pro- a poll for KTRH radio prior to the duced anything more than vague assur- January 19 election, believes an analysis ances that abuses were occurring. BEHIND THE TARPON INN of voting results bears out this conclu- When pressed, in a Houston Post PORT ARANSAS — OPEN DAILY sion. Based on his studies of both this interview, for specific examples of (512) 749-5555 election and the past presidential race, abuses, Sue Lovell, president of the he estimates gay voting strength in the city is close to 25,000 voters, far below previous estimates. In light of the poor showing of the gay community, the GPC may have Life Insurance and Annuities lost some of its influence in municipal Martin Elfant, CLU politics. For the past several election 4223 Richmond, Suite 213, Houston, TX 77027 Stplifeo seasons, mayoral and city council (713) 621-0415 candidates have lined up to seek the GPC endorsement. Now, candidates may not be so eager to seek gay support. Even council members who have tradi- tionally been identified as having strong gay support may decide to put some COMPUTER CAMPAIGN CONSULTANTS distance between themselves and the gay community. Prepare NOW for your Spring Campaign

HEN COUNCILMAN An- Consultation / Training /Programming-4— thony Hall first proposed the W measures last year, he and —0--for all your Hardware /Software Needs other council members who realized that the issue was potentially volatile decided to try to get the measures past the council with as little public debate as Call or Write for details: possible. Had it not been for councilman John Goodner, the changes might have intellectronics, inc./dale napier gone through virtually unnoticed. 403 NASA Road 1 East, Suite 116 • Houston 77598 Goodner, however, upset by both the content of the changes and the manner (713) 486-6552 in which they were offered, began THE TEXAS OBSERVER 7 GPC, could only point to the case of may well face an uphill battle to retain mayor, yet her unfavorable rating is less an elderly woman who was afraid to take his seat on the council. than half that of Whitmire's. Since in a roommate because she feared that Although no candidate has formally Tinsley is considered a liberal member if fellow city employees thought she was announced against Mayor Kathy Whit- of the council, she shares basically the "funny" she might lose her job — not mire, it is expected that she will face same constituency as Whitmire, which exactly the kind of horror story that major opposition in her bid for reelec- makes her a prime candidate should the shakes the conscience of a society. tion later this year. That opposition mayor's support begin to falter. This kind of documentation enabled could come from Councilman John Whatever the outcome, it is clear that John Goodner to go around proclaiming, Goodner, who has announced that it is the referendum campaign has polarized "If it ain't broke, don't fix it." In "very possible" he will challenge voters, which will result in more clearly addition, Goodner pointed out that Whitmire if his supporters can match defined liberal/conservative battles in several years ago Mayor McConn issued the $300,000 the mayor has in her the future. an executive letter which prohibited campaign chest. He has also indicated In addition to city politics, the effects discrimination due to sexual orientation; that he believes he could beat Whitmire of the referendum vote could easily spill official city policy, he said, therefore if he were to focus on such issues as over into other areas as right-wing already banned that type of discrimina- the city's personnel problems and her moralists push for stronger laws against tion. lack of leadership. pornography, adult bookstores, and Bob Stein says his poll results indicate nude modeling studios, in an effort to HETHER THE strong emo- that the voters will not hold Whitmire's clean up local neighborhoods. tions stirred up in this cam- support of the referendum against her. Harris County Republican party paign will become a factor in W He also indicated, however, that the chairman Russ Mather has even ex- the upcoming municipal elections (set mere fact that people believe Whitmire pressed dismay that Texas' sodomy law for April) is yet to be seen. is in potential trouble may itself become was judged unconstitutional, and conser- When Councilman Anthony Hall first a factor in the upcoming race. He vatives might begin pushing for a new brought up the anti-discrimination meas- believes if a strong conservative candi- law which could possibly pass a judicial ures last year, he was quickly accused date opposes her, her base of support test. by his political opponents of trying to could be weakened to the point that a In trying to pass anti-discriminatory buy gay support for an upcoming third candidate could step in and become policy, members of the Houston City mayoral bid. Hall has, on occasion, elected. Council have been caught in a politically expressed a desire to become the city's Poll results even suggest who that disastrous position, with the anti-gay first black mayor. Now, with the high potential third candidate could be. conservatives_claiming a public mandate visibility he received as the sponsor of According to Stein, city council member for their programs. The outcome of this the measures, he may become a prime Eleanor Tinsley, a two-term incumbent, battle promises to have a lasting impact. target for anti-gay conservatives and has as high a favorable rating as the gest academic freedom violations and recommended convening a special panel to hear Martin's allegations. But Cava- Showdown At Texas Tech zos balked, claiming that T&P was not allowed to determine probable cause. (The rule requiring T&P to investigate By Brett Campbell and Paul Prick had been inadvertently left out of the 1976 reprint of the rulebook. But no one noticed until the Martin case.) The entire Lubbock, Austin professor as "seething with rest" even T&P committee resigned in protest after during the 1960s. The culprit: a new Cavazos refused even to negotiate. T TAKES A LOT to wake up Texas tenure policy written by the administra- Martin sued Tech, but settled out of Tech, a quiet, orderly school em- tion and imposed by the Board of Milt I bedded in quiet, orderly Lubbock. Regents that appears to violate tradi- But the incident brought the tenure But that orderly quiet was shattered on tional standards of academic freedom. policy to the president's attention, and Wednesday, October 10, when 545 The tenure flap is but the latest in a he set out to replace it with another more professors — 81.1 percent of those string of disputes that have shaken Tech to his liking. After a year-long struggle, voting — opened a ballot and checked since Cavazos arrived in 1980. This one, the policy that emerged — described by this statement: "I do not have confi- though, may be the final straw: already one prof as "one-half of enlightened dence in Lauro Cavazos as President of the controversy has driven off some despotism" — ignored most faculty Texas Tech University." prospective professors and prompted concerns while incorporating some Nor were these merely a few insomni- other universities to recruit actively authoritarian ideas probably suggested acs disturbing the majority's contented some of this sleepy school's best faculty. by members of the Board of Regents, sleep. The 672 professors who voted Texas Tech is in trouble. the ultimate authority on policy matters. represent 83 percent of the tenured or Yet, despite drawing fire from every tenure-track faculty. Clearly, something The John Martin Case quarter — including many Tech faculty must be very wrong to kick up so much It started back in 1980 when a groups, the academic deans, three dust on a campus characterized by one nutrition professor, John Martin, was statewide faculty governance organiza- denied tenure. He appealed the decision, tions, the Association of American Brett Campbell, an Austin freelance and, as always in the past, the faculty Colleges, and 88 percent of the faculty, writer, is on leave from UT Law School. Tenure and Privilege (T&P) committee the new policy was approved by the Paul Price is a Master's candidate in investigated. For the first time in regents with minor revisions on Septem- geology at Texas Tech. memory, T&P found evidence to sug- ber 28.

8 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 Citing Cavazos' mishandling of the What so upsets professors at Tech — are often seen as a society's last bastion Martin case, the Crosbyton Solar Power and many other schools about of truth, they must protect professors' Project (see box), his disregard of augmenting administrative control over ability to seek and teach the truth as they faculty input, and the new tenure policy the faculty? What's so important about find it, to give society the answers — as justification, the Faculty Senate this academic freedom that many are or at least the questions — that are most (composed of elected faculty representa- willing to pull up roots and go elsewhere correct, not merely most convenient to tives) called for the no-confidence rather than lose it? their superiors or the surrounding motion that afternoon. The senate also Tenure policy invites controversy community. At times — the conflict asked him to meet with them to discuss because it must balance two often- extends back through Galileo, Coperni- the crisis. But on October 19 the regents conflicting imperatives. On one hand, cus, and Socrates -- truth and tranquility backed Cavazos and ordered him not to like any enterprise, a university must clash. At these moments academic meet with the senate. One professor establish incentives to maximize produc- freedom must be protected, else society called that action "close to a declaration tivity: the better teachers and research- will be unable to adjust to new realities, of war upon the faculty." The battle ers rewarded, the indolent or incompe- meet rrzw challenges. lines were drawn. tent sent packing. But since universities Tech's previous policy, like most

of-town appointments for the day of the nous sins as Democratic party activism The Cavazos regular monthly Faculty Senate meeting. and study of discrimination against the (He chose to attend a press conference handicapped) without due process, hear- opening Tech's celebrity tennis tourna- ings, or any of the other bothersome Ranch ment instead of the senate meeting when technicalities present in more enlight- Who is responsible for this crisis of the policy was first introduced.) When ened tenure policies. Prof. Neale Pear- confidence? Lauro Cavazos came to the he does deign to accept a faculty group's son: "[Regent and Texas Instruments presidency of Tech (where he received invitation — rarely — he chooses a president J. Fred] Bucy has said on his B.S. and M.S.) from Tufts medical format designed to avoid substantive numerous occasions he thinks the uni- school. His father had been a foreman discussion and two-way exchange of versity ought to produce more conserva- at the King Ranch, and Cavazos made ideas. (Cavazos' most recent State-of- tive political and social scientists [who] it clear that he would run his new ranch the-University message dropped the don't criticize the so-called laissez-faire his own way. When he disliked the traditional question-and-answer period corporate capitalist economic system of manner in which director John Reichert at the end.) The Tech self-study, while the U.S." (Indeed, this seems to be an ran the Crosbyton Solar Power Project, praising the previous tenure policy, obsession with Mr. Bucy, who opposed he told Reichert's dean to "take care condemned central administration inter- opening . a tavern at Tech because alcohol of the problem." The dean simply ference in departmental research and on campus "would lead to liberalism, removed Reichert without discussion or tenure review, and noted the "rapidly which would lead to communism, which warning. Never mind that Reichert had increasing inflexibility of operating would lead to socialism." In that order.) conceived and run the project for seven procedures." The procedures manual Darling acknowledges that Cavazos years, or that he was one of Texas' most has more than doubled in size since spends "enormous amounts of time" .on renowned engineering professors, or Cavazos' arrival. The report confirmed external relations, meeting with state that such a drastic move would decimate faculty discontent with Cavazos' "top- and local powerbrokers and influential department personnel, morale, and down" management style, summed up exes. But in gazing only outward, he's funding. Cavazos ignored subsequent by one prof as that of a "divine-right turned his back upon the faculty, the student and faculty outcry. He abolished monarchist." group most threatened by his recent the vice-presidency for research and In contrast to his dictatorial posture actions, the group most essential to any graduate studies, whose occupant, Knox university's status. When informed of Jones, was considered by many to be toward subordinates, Cavazos is a positive pushover to regental whim. the possibility of another censure by the Tech's, best administrator. Besides ap- AAUP, as a result of the new policy, pearing to endanger Tech's commitment "The Tech regents are much too involved in running the administration," he rejoined, "Censure does not concern to research — a vital part of any school us . . . it doesn't mean anything." that desires to enter the big leagues — Newcomb argues. "They should be the "streamlining" silenced an inde- adjudicators . . . the Board should not What it means, of course, is that when pendent administrative voice and sig- take it upon itself to draft its own tenure promising professors and graduate stu- naled the trend toward shifting responsi- policy and ram it down the faculty's dents decide where they want to work, bility from the local department level throat." Even Darling concedes the they will take into account their peers' to upper administration. "This is part unusual power of the Board, and low regard for Cavazos' ranch. Nation- of the reason we're so scared of this attributes some of Cavazos' actions to ally respected schools rightly avoid new policy," maintains Elbow. "This its influence. The problem is that, censure. The few good schools who suggests to you the way the administra- especially in recent years, the regents have slipped, such as Texas A&M, tion operates." Though productivity is —, and Tech's powerful private donors undertook extensive remedial measures likely to be greater where faculty — have largely been business-oriented to have the censure removed. Most of participate meaningfully in decisions non-academics with little sensitivity to the others are backwaters like, Camden that affect their careers, policy at Tech the tensions and conflicts inherent in County College, South Dakota State, seems increasingly to be imposed by fiat university administration. Tech's history and Illinois College of Optometry. As and implemented by confrontation rather of outside coercion fuels faculty con- Dr. Elbow concludes, "If he wants to than consultation. Despite a professed cern. The school was censured by the compare us to those colleges, that tells open-door policy, professors find it American Association of University you something about his image of Texas difficult to schedule an appointment with Professors in 1957 when the regents Tech and where he's leading us, doesn't Cavazos, and he often seems to plan out- fired tenured professors (for such hei- it?" B.C.

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 9 schools' , negotiated this thin line be- Quotas: "The Board of Regents will of academic freedom. John Darling, tween incompetence and intolerance by annually review tenure levels and trends Vice President for Academic Affairs, establishing termination and appeals throughout the university, and, where claimed that they duplicated U.S. Con- procedures that attempted — with some problems [all italics added] are indi- stitutional protections. But Tech counsel success — to guarantee that professors cated, will direct the President to take Marilyn Phelan testified to the Regents would be removed only for poor per- the necessary steps to keep tenure levels that untenured profs have no such due formance, and not for offending the within desirable range." "Necessary process right. The original appeals wrong people in their quest for truth. steps" are nowhere defined. Cavazos procedure, whereby elected faculty The new policy's vague and ambiguous rebuffed provisions for faculty consulta- members ferreted out irregularities, not phrasing vitiates these protections — and tion in this vital process. only protected professors from coercion, academic freedom — by giving the "If that's not quotas, I don't know it also prevented disgruntled professors administration virtually untrammeled what is," charges Prof. Briggs justifiably denied tenure from falsely power to deny tenure arbitrarily to profs Twyman. Academic organizations unan- accusing Tech of repression and endan- who don't have it and fire those who imously oppose quotas because they gering its reputation. The new policy do. Cavazos rationalized this by raising decrease flexibility by basing hiring gives Darling — who might well be the specter of departments choked with upon arbitrary numbers instead of merit. responsible for denying tenure to a tenured faculty, jealously guarding Virtually all schools shun them. candidate — absolute discretion as to lifetime guaranteed contracts. If each Except, perhaps, Tech. "What else whether to convene a hearing panel to department's limited number of tenure- could they be?" Prof. Benjamin New- evaluate that professor's allegations of track positions is already filled with comb demanded. "The aim before [in impropriety. Darling promises that "as tenured professors, Cavazos asserted, Cavazos' first draft] was to impose a long as I am in this chair and President then new professors can't be offered 60 percent quota. We could get the same Cavazos is in his office, the administra- tenure, and students will be deprived of quota under this policy." tion will not do this [abuse performance "new blood," new ideas: review]." Five-Year Performance Reviews: The Invented Crisis "This evaluation is to be reviewed by "The fox guarding the henhouse," says Elbow. Cavazos has demonstrated "Poppycock," retorts Professor the dean, and when unsatisfactory performance or other problems are that not only will he disregard the faculty 0. F. Nelson. "It's a justification for in writing new rules but also that he doing things that aren't really justifia- evident, the evaluation is to be for- warded to the VPAAR [Vice President won't hesitate to break even those rules ble." The figures back him up. While already set in type, such as the require- it's true that nine departments — out of for Academic Affairs and Research] for appropriate action." Performance ment that he meet with the Faculty 61 — are 100 percent tenured, the Senate upon their request. college-wide figure is 57 percent, only review can be a useful guarantor of con- .3 percent above Tech's 1974-84 aver- tinuing productivity. But annual faculty Academic freedom is indeed rendered age and well below the national average review already exists at Tech. And since merely academic if faculty speak freely of 65.7 percent. A February 1984 the final policy never spells out what but are nonetheless ignored, or are university self-study, written by faculty "appropriate action" is, faculty fear they terminated in a "necessary step" to and administration personnel and ap- might be fired without even a hearing reduce tenure levels, or fired for proved by Cavazos, foresaw no tenure where they could respond to administra- something like "poor attitude" as an crisis and firmly concluded that Tech tion complaints. Furthermore, " 'other "appropriate action." The rest would was not overtenured. problems' cannot be related to unsatisfac- quickly get the message not to make tory performance," senate vice-president waves in Cavazos' calm pond. As John Every professor must be approved for Ernest Sullivan points out; they could tenure by the president. If Cavazos truly Martin said in a letter to the faculty range from supporting the wrong political Senate: "My concern now is for you saw a tenure crisis in the offing, he had candidate to teaching. evolution. No the power to prevent it — under the old . . . If the administration can operate documentation or due process re- in such a fashion to suspend the policy. Even then, if a laggard did quirements exist to forestall such abuses. somehow slip through, "there's nothing University's own rules and regulations in the old tenure policy anywhere that and get away with it, what happened says you can't fire someone who's not to me this time could happen to one of doing his or her job. Never has been," Academic freedom is in- you next time." according to veteran Tech geography deed academic if faculty Faculty Flight: Most destructive — professor Gary Elbow. and ironic — of all, the policy designed In light of the flimsy justifications desires are ignored. to improve faculty quality sets up a sort offered, and the administrative strong- of natural selection for the least fit. As arm tactics employed to develop and law faculty wrote Cavazos last May, the implement it, faculty fear that the new "In effect [the reviews] keep [faculty] in- elimination of effective, court-tested due timidated. Fear is no way to run any kind process forces aggrieved faculty to policy constitutes a sword with which of enterprise, from a . . . university to he intends to eviscerate the protections resort to the courts for redress. Few tenure offers, and which he then will a nation," wrote one student columnist. profs can afford a court battle with the hold over the head of those unwilling No recourse: [For professors denied university; fewer would bother. The to march lockstep with presidential tenure who allege academic freedom better faculty are likely to vote again, command or regental opinion. Most violations]: "If considered appropriate this time with their feet. In fact, some faculty suspect that Cavazos says he by the VPAAR, a hearing will be believe the migration has already com- wants to control the number of profes- conducted by the Hearing Committee. . menced; all agree that the tenure policy 9 9 sors when he really wants to control and the coercive process by which it was what they say. The following excerpts This section replaced automatic hear- adopted were for many the final from the new policy appear to bear them ings for candidates claiming that they straw. Good professors can and will find out. were denied tenure for reasons violative positions at universities where they'll be

10 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 judged according to their ability. This Even proficient professors who want relatively low on the national pay scale is what happened in Electrical Engineer- to stay .might be driven out anyway. — at an even greater competitive ing in the wake of Crosbyton. Ten of Centralizing tenure-granting power in disadvantage relative both to other 31 professors, including the respected upper levels reduces the influence of the schools and to the private sector. longtime chairman, have left in the past best qualified judges — other professors Unable to reach the current regime, two years. Elbow contends that the in the candidate's field. Too, the absence faculty members are writing Governor program — formerly Tech's most re- of standards opens the door to covert Mark White to ask him to appoint more nowned — is permanently damaged: racial, sexual, and other invidious academically-oriented regents. The "Twenty years from now that depart- discrimination. The result: faculty will terms of three regents expired in ment won't be back where it was two no longer be judged upon their intellec- January. Meanwhile, the administration years ago — even if this tenure incident tual honesty and performance but on digs in, professors type resumes, and had never occurred." Some predict that their ability to accommodate administra- a mood of sullen disillusionment settles Tech will become a training school for tors' prevailing notions no matter how over the campus like the ever-present other universities, where worthwhile wrongheaded. This may in fact be what West Texas dust. Talk of paring down faculty will depart as soon as a position Cavazos wants; if he succeeds in state support for Texas universities has opens at a college with a standard tenure disposing of present faculty, he can hire further discouraged some faculty mem- policy. The best students will follow new professors more in line with his bers. Shortly, the spring winds will them there. Inasmuch as faculty quality thinking, who command lower salaries, begin to sweep away the best faculty directly affects their education and the and who are unlikely to raise a ruckus and students, taking with them the bright value of their degrees, students have the over the tenure policy — or anything promise of a University that had so most to lose. "I think we're seeing that else. Overall, the absence of job security recently seemed ready to enter the ranks in EE, and I'm sure we're seeing it or and merit evaluation places Tech — with of Texas' best. Soon, it will be quiet will be seeing it in other areas," Elbow few natural attractions, isolated, and enough for Lauro Cavazos. says. ❑

grams. New Education Secretary But Bennett is not a man to be balked by a simple run-in with Congress. He is used to it, having asked for lower funding levels every year for the NEH. He claims to champion old-fashioned Mr. Bennett's Humanities values of scholarship in a period when the humanities have been "shattered" by a professoriate beset by liberal guilt By Pat Aufderheide and by administrators bowing to special interests, such as feminists studying women's history and labor unions William Bennett, as a grad student, In his three-year tenure at the Endow- producing plays for workers. was a protege of John Silber at UT and ment, Bennett radically refocused the later served as Silber's assistant at Bennett says it is high time to return $132 million agency (staffed by 240 the humanities to the perspective of the Boston University. Pat Aufderheide has employees), noted in its 16-year history analyzed Bennett's tenure as head of the ancient Greeks, who knew that "the for funding projects as diverse as the most important thing is to live well and National Endowment for the Humanities traveling King Tut exhibit, the films to die with honor. - What does it mean in order to see what his future as Heartland and Rosie the Riveter, and Education Secretary may hold. — Ed. to live well? "Not to betray your town-hall-type meetings on public issues friends, your God or your country," as during the Bicentennial. Over the years, Washington, D. C. he expressed it succinctly to me. Or, the agency has been a spark to make as he phrased it to academic administra- 4 4 T he greatest advances in the the humanities part of working people's tors recently, it is to find answers to humanities have already lives, not just a classroom subject. And the fundamental questions: "Who am I? been made" pronounces it has funded academic innovation, What's it all about? What do I owe my William Bennett, head of the National especially in programs for minorities country? What is courage? What is and women. Bennett, however, cut Endowment for the Humanities and friendship?" Ronald Reagan's Secretary of Education- experimental and public programs, designate. boosting the emphasis on academic But recent revelations put in doubt programs and trimming the overall whether Bennett has in fact been a good Bennett's confirmation hearing on student. In 1980, Bennett had argued in January 28 before a committee whose budget. His rubric for the new era was "excellence in education." the Heritage Foundation's Mandate for membership includes Republicans Orrin Leadership that the NEH should narrow Hatch, John East, Paula Hawkins and The shift was so dramatic that a report its focus and streamline its operations. Jeremiah Denton, ran without a hitch. accompanying the 1984 House appropri- Under his direction, however, the As head of the Department of Education, ations bill • noted that, while improving refocusing and streamlining had a Bennett will have a $17.9 billion budget education is desirable, "it is not the peculiarly personalist orientation. The and 5,000 staffers. His actions could principal responsibility of the Endow- results may be less a restructuring of affect 60 million students. ment," which should recognize that "improvement of humanities — the the NEH than a gutting of it. quality of life — occurs outside of the In his first year at NEH, Bennett Pat Aufderheide is a freelance writer classrooms also." Putting teeth in its returned nearly a million dollars rather living in Washington, D. C. , and culture criticisms, the report recommended than spend it on public projects. Mean- editor for In These Times. shifting funds back into public pro- while, he used his own public affairs

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 11 department to tout him in press releases — on NEH travel money — flew out authoritarian regimes keep telling us, is as "a prominent Reagan Administration to San Francisco during the Democratic often that of social critic.) Agresto, the spokesman on education." The tactic Convention to give his education reform ex-staffer remembers, asked with his was so bold that Illinois Democrat speech to Jerry Falwell's Family Forum. characteristic ebullience, "Isn't there Sidney Yates, father of the NEH, Even Republicans were taken aback; a some way we can get these people not protested in appropriations hearings last conservative gays-for-Reagan group to apply?" March. Bennett told him that the billing sent a telegram to the President calling The NEH did discover some effective was attributable to excessive zeal on the the appearance a hostile signal to gays, ways to at least inhibit "these people." part of his staff (something the staff was but it was met with silence. Indeed, New guidelines for the division of reportedly surprised to hear). However, Bennett did the same thing — again, on general programs state that projects he added, "a public affairs office is NEH funds — during the Republican "directed at persuading an audience to supposed to make you look good, so Convention. a particular political, philosophical, ... " To help them, Bennett added two Bennett found at the NEH an ideal religious or ideological point of view" people and gave the department a larger platform to express his personal anxiety or examining issues of current contro- budget. While the NEH's finance staff about the loss of values in the modern versy without the balance of competing noted that much of the public affairs world. Concerned with the universal and perspective" are ineligible. department's work is in preparing enduring in human nature, he abhors the Like "excellence in education," this guidelines for grants, at least one of the notion that the humanities could be rhetoric sounds as agreeable as apple staff additions was a personal assistant corrupted by giving NEH grants to pie. But the practice is often more to Bennett's own press liaison. projects focusing on topical or public contentious. A 1982 proposal to make Last spring, the NEH hastily threw policy issues. a film on the World War I peace together four university conferences on Therein lies the logic in what looks, movement was rejected because it ran the Bicentennial of the U.S. Constitu- on the face of it, like a blatantly political "the risk of becoming a celebratory tion. Since the conferences "should take rather than critical treatment of the place as soon as possible," wrote the material." There was. apparently , not project coordinator Edward Erler (a The NEH provided nearly enough pro-war material in it. When Bennett appointee) in an internal memo, half a million dollars in Bennett commented in a meeting that he "it will be necessary to depart from hoped the NEH could fund modern-day regular contractual procedures." Since 1982 and 1983 to the John Lockes, someone pointed out that the Bicentennial continues into 1987, not conservative-backed think Locke would be ineligible under current everyone would consider this an emer- guidelines. gency item. But one disaffected NEH tank Public Research Syn- Some people think the guidelines are staffer noted, "These people don't know based less on the ultimate values Bennett where they'll be in 1984" — after the dicated, which distributes celebrates in speeches than on personal election. Three of the conferences pro-administration articles. loyalties and enmities. They point to the featured Bennett as keynote speaker, and fate of the Organization of American the fourth featured John Agresto, the move — using his chairman's right to Historians, whose executive secretary, man Bennett brought with him from his grant $30,000 on an emergency basis Joan Hoff-Wilson, a prominent histo- neo-conservative think tank at the to fund a project by conservative media rian, had pointed out in congressional National Humanities Center. watchdog group Accuracy in Media, testimony that "balance" and criticizing the PBS Vietnam series. The "intellectual integrity" could turn out ENNETT'S PERSONAL loyal- series had received partial NEH funding to be code words to reject politically ties may explain some NEH before Bennett's arrival. When members unpalatable projects. Since her testi- B actions that have been widely of the National Council raised questions mony, the OAH has not , received interpreted as politicizing the cultural in their August meeting, Bennett ex- another NEH grant. agency. Take, for instance, recent recess plained that it was an emergency On the other hand, some people and appointments to the National Council of because AIM wanted to produce a TV projects found special favors. A Nation the Humanities. The National Council, special in time to respond to the Vietnam article by John Friedman and Eric an advisory group, is supposed to be series rerun this summer. (The staff, on Nadler pointed out, on the basis of composed of scholars and experts in the review, had given it a decidedly mixed documents leaked by unhappy staffers, humanities. assessment.) Besides, he said, once the that the NEH had provided nearly half "The chief common thread [among NEH had undertaken the grave risk of a million dollars in 1982 and 1983 to the appointees] seems to be working for funding a politically hot topic, it was the conservative-backed think tank Pub- the right-to-life movement," com- only responsible to let the other side lic Research Syndicated, which mented Richard W. Lyman, Rockefeller "have their shot." In short, Bennett was distributes pro-administration articles Foundation president and former Na- teaching a lesson..Controversy is expen- and for which two of Bennett's division tional Council member. Three of them sive; if you stick to the classics, you heads had written. Another conservative have no academic qualifications. Among avoid trouble. think tank, the Claremont Institute (for the appointees are Helen Marie Taylor, The AIM grant was only one example which one of the division heads had also former actress and co-chair of Virginia of the NEH's top-down policies. One worked) received more than $300,000 state Moral Majority; Mary Jo ("Call Carter-era staffer who has since left for conferences and lectures on the me Jo!") Cresimore, a homemaker and recalls that on their arrival Bennett and constitutional bicentennial. Republican Party activist; and Kathleen Agresto perused the list of grant appli- The NEH has had remarkable success S. Kilpatrick, publisher of the conserva- cants. As usual, a number of public over the years with peer and expert panel tive Yale Literary Magazine (which Yale interest groups and socially critical reviews, but under Bennett, the opinion University is suing for using its name). projects had submitted proposals. (The of the chairman had unprecedented In what may have been an effort to role of the artist and of the intellectual force. One ex-staffer recalls Bennett's win support among the far right, Bennett in modern society, as exiles from reassessment of a project to fund a

12 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 National Public Radio series on Latin ties councils got special training in what presented last year a series of lectures American writers such as Gabriel Garcia is and is not the humanities these days, on the death of Socrates, also had doubts Marquez and Juan Rulfo. Following an from NEH staffers in seminars whose about Bennett's methods. "People are enthusiastically positive panel review, funds come from the state councils' reading so little about the past that I Bennett demanded of the staff: "Just budget. (A fifth of the NEH's budget wouldn't want to denigrate anyone what does this have to do with the goes to the state councils.) Early on, encouraging them. But you can't force humanities?" A lengthy staff memo Bennett spelled out priorities for them, them to either. spelled out to the chairman the impor- in a speech warning against using the "People get what they bring to a tance of literature, even in Latin Amer- committees "as a pretext for partisan, classic," he says, warning that ica. The project, already in the pipeline, political tendentiousness." listmaking isn't enough. "The classic went ahead and in the long run publicity Most of the members caught his drift, authors were intensely human beings. won out over principle. Or so it seems since 34 per cent of the state funds are Plato's a great charmer, but I feel never from a comment Bennett made to the at the chairman's discretion. And they did anyone use charm to get away with same ex-staffer when Marquez won the had evidence that Bennett was keeping such arrant nonsense. Totalitarianism Nobel prize: "Now I'm glad we funded a close watch. It was with the chairman's and Hitlerian eugenics — they're right that project." blessing that two conservative congress- there in The Republic." Complaints of unbalanced panels and men began a Government Accounting Some members of the National Coun- sidestepping or overruling panel judg- Office investigation after their state cil have sharply criticized the direction ments have been flooding out of the councils sponsored events related to of the new NEH. Mary Beth Norton, Endowment. understanding the Soviets. One was a leading historian of women's history "Grants by minorities and women are called "Russia Awareness Week." and outgoing Council member, thinks being reviewed to death," says James Representative Yates was particularly the Bennett era has been "a disaster for Early, a black cultural administrator curious about this flap, and asked the humanities." The reason is not who has since left the NEH to work at Bennett if we weren't supposed to be because NEH controls large amounts of the Smithsonian Institution. "It's a aware of Russia. "Politics is part of the money — in the culture funding business tactic. If the panel approves a proposal, humanities, isn't it?" he asked. Bennett it's a modest little pool — but because then you send it for outside expert replied, "It all depends on how it is it provided start-up funds for pioneering review. If you keep doing that long done." scholars and popularizers. "One of the enough, enough qualifications will The words "caution," "concern" and great traditions of the Endowment," she mount up to let you build an argument "careful" now dot the language of state told me, "is that this is where people against the project." council meetings. As one member in doing research in new and exciting areas Oregon put it, "Maybe we have become — oral history, black history, women's HE RARE instance of press skittish after all this." In California, a history to name areas I am familiar with criticism seems to wound and grant proposal for assembling a list of — can turn to for funding. Now, people T provoke Bennett as sharply as humanities experts on computer was not on the cutting edge are not being funded does policy criticism or pressure from approved; its disappointed authors be- any more." constituents. He has instructed his public lieve insider gossip that committee Asked to assess the NEH as a national affairs staff to strongly urge journalists members feared the list would list to the institution, Bennett told me, "We don't to send galley proofs of their stories to left. It is not an entirely paranoid need it." A moment later he qualified the Endowment. "It's really for your assumption; as Bennett himself is fond that statement; "I have mixed feelings own protection," staffer Marion Blakey of pointing out in public, one problem about us [it] continuing. I'm enough of told me. "The chairman is extremely with the humanities is that it tends to a realist, though, to know it will concerned about accuracy." In the wake attract liberals. continue." That is why he advocated a of the Nation article and others based William Bennett has been blessed more "modest" role for the agency, on inside documents, the staff received with extraordinarily positive press, but embodied in requests both for a lower a memo May 15 detailing restrictions he has his critics, and not only in budget and a high proportion of the on information to the public and warn- Congress (where Yates is said to be "as budget dedicated to academic programs. ing, "Failure to maintain confidentiality upset as he has ever been" about the If William Bennett isn't convinced is grounds for adverse personnel ac- NEH). There are also scholarly objec- there should be an NEH, why was he tion." tions to his redefinition of the humani- in charge of it? From an administration Bennett has refused to file affirmative ties. In a workshop that Bennett con- point of view, it makes as much sense action goals as required by the Equal vened — at a cost of some $60,000 plus as appointing a subscriber to Thomas Employment Opportunity Commission, staff costs — to advise him in writing Sowell's views on affirmative action to under the theory that it would be an act a paper on college curricula, Bennett head the Equal Employment Opportu- of reverse discrimination, but his minor- faced near-universal criticism for his nity Commission, or staffing the Civil ity recruitment efforts apparently take idea of setting up a great-books list all Rights Commission with disbelievers. second place to personal connections. college students should read by gradua- From Bennett's perspective, though, the After giving his public affairs director tion. The important thing, said Paul NEH has been a launching pad. an unprecedented year leave-of-absence, Oskar Kristeller, professor emeritus of Many Washington spectators suggest for instance, he hired in her place a philosophy at Columbia University, was that Bennett raised so many hackles in woman from Bennett's home institution, not the title of any particular book but his three years in office quite simply the National Humanities Center. "how to use it, how to understand it." because he liked the publicity. Every Of all the areas in the NEH, the one Hannah Gray, president of the Univer- controversy labeled him a fearless that administers state humanities coun- sity of Chicago, told him with asperity, educational reformer. And that put him cils — which have grant-giving auton- "a curriculum fight is always about in line to become the next Secretary of omy — may be most vivid testimony ideology and politics." Education. to the style of the new era. Under I. F. Stone, veteran investigative Will William Bennett now be in a posi- Bennett, members of the state humani- journalist and amateur classicist, having tion to bring us all back to the basics?El

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 13 • PRIVATE INVESTIGATIONS •

reads Oedipus or Agamemnon or MacBeth consorting with Reagan or Jeane Kirkpatrick? (How can you Reading with William Bennett explain someone who reads anything consorting with Reagan?) How can you explain someone who is supposed to be By Geoffrey Rips steeped in the literature of hubris and know the agony of Lear getting along with the Jerry Falwells of the world? Austin there. It seemed to me then, and does It's difficult to figure. today, that what Antigone proves is that Part of it must be that, as a product HEN I WAS a college student the highest good, an act of the highest of the Great Books reading of civiliza- back in the radical late '60s, order, may not triumph, probably will I was confounded by a phi- not, but that the act of defiance of an tion, Bennett is more concerned with W hierarchies of knowledge than with what losophy professor's attempt to foist a illegitimate order and authority of the the books say. His must be a mind reading of Antigone on us in an effort state was ultimately in the state's best comfortable only with received knowl- — which he voiced all too clearly in interests and was the underlying human edge, with the rigid frame-work pro- his final summation — to steer us away (and humanist) message. The preserva- vided by a cultural ordering honed by from conscientious objection and oppo- tion of the state depended on the centuries of white, male elite scholars. sition to the war in Vietnam. You know preservation of a just society. The rest It is a safe bet that Mr. Bennett's classics the story: when Polynices dies trying to was housekeeping. take Thebes, once ruled by his father do not include classics of Asian litera- Oedipus, his uncle Creon becomes king ture or black or African literature, not and orders that the rebel Polynices not OW CONSIDER William the Tale of Genji, the poems of Li Po, be given a funeral. Antigone defies Bennett. It has been said that or Jean Toomer's Cane. Mr. Bennett's Creon, saying a higher good compelled some people with training in hierarchies must be a rigid framework N designed to prevent the mind from her to bury her brother. Creon, in order the humanities become neo-conserva- to preserve the authority of the state — tives as a result of what might be called roaming too freely. placing the order of the state before the classic liberal interpretations of the But that still does not explain the propriety due the gods — orders that classic works of western civilization. Bennett way of knowledge. You could Antigone be buried alive. When a seer (Gandhi once said he considered bound me in a nutshell of Great Books, informs Creon that his action spells "western civilization - an oxymoron.) In and still William Bennett and I would doom for the state and for his family, other words, the classic liberal interpre- not dream the same dreams. I think that Creon rescinds the order only to find tation, that of what might be labeled the is because Mr. Bennett is more preoccu- that Antigone has hanged herself in the "bourgeois humanist," focuses on the pied with the nutshell than with the cave in which she was sealed, once again plight of the individual at the expense meat. It is true that the creative act is not submitting to the orders of the state. of consideration of greater societal in many ways a conservative act. It is Creon's son, who was Antigone's lover, good. That is what is said to be at the an act of ordering, of creating or kills himself, as does Creon's wife, root of nineteenth and twentieth century highlighting correspondences and pat- Eurydice. preoccupation with Hamlet. Perhaps a terns among people and events that in Now this philosophy professor argued reading of history and literature as the real life occur in a more anarchic or that this was a tragedy of Creon, not triumph of the individual will is what haphazard manner. It is also true that of Antigone, because it was Creon who makes Mr. Bennett the misanthrope he the plays of Shakespeare, for example, had to decide whether to kill Antigone seems to be. But that is such a shallow end with the order of the state, of kings, in order to preserve the state. Antigone reading that it is probably not the case. intact, even if the occupants of the acted, instead, out of pure moral Antigone's triumph is not that she positions of power are new. Even if motivation with no regard for the removes herself from society but that Shakespeare or Sophocles had in mind preservation of the state. I could buy she confronts it head on, ultimately upsetting the political order of their day that up to a point. He went on to say transforming the view of the chorus. — which they probably did not — it that it was Creon's hubris, or overreach- Hamlet is little more than a smooth- would not be in their best interests to ing pride, that prevented him from doing talking, introspective prince until he shake too mightily the bedrock upon what was best for the state from the decides to end his self-imposed separa- which their patrons sat. In all these great outset. I couldn't argue with that. But tion from society and act to change works order is important. then he went on to say that the things. They are individual wills that But it is most important as a base, from preservation of state order is the highest find they must do battle for the greater which to launch the anarchic mind and order and ultimately part of the order good. spirit. How else to read King Lear? of the gods. He said Antigone was No, William Bennett is probably There is state order at the beginning and actually peripheral to the argument of trained in classic liberalism, but that end of the play. There is the interplay the play as the anti-war protests were doesn't quite explain him. Mr. Bennett's and perversion of all sorts of archetypal peripheral to the considerations of the philosophy probably has more to do with patterns. But, in the end, all is broken U.S. government. Determining how the brand of law-and-order humanism, down. All structure and order are best to preserve the state was the as self-contradictory as that may sound, disassembled. All lendings are thrown message of the play, he asserted. espoused by my philosophy professor. off to bare "the thing itself." I thought he took a sharp right turn How else can you explain someone who So it is not the ordering of great works

14 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 or great ideas that is of greatest In the late '60s, bearing Antigone's importance, as Mr. Bennett must think. pledge to honor "those things to which (As I. F. Stone says in the preceding honor truly belongs," we marched on article, one bend in the road from Plato's Pratt and Whitney, we staged sit-ins at Republic leads to the Third Reich.) It a submarine base, we charged the is the revolution of the spirit that is to Vietnamese Embassy in Washington, we be found in these works: the revolt walked from Arlington National Ceme- against fate, against mortality, against tery to the White House to the Capitol illegitimate authority, against limitations bearing candles and the names of the on the mind and on the ways life can dead. ❑ be lived.

ANDERSON & COMPANY' Sr. Carol Anne Messina, 1937-1985 COFFEE TEA SPICES TW() JEFFERSON 8(06JARE AUSTIN, TEXAS 7W/31 512 453-1533 A Sister of Compassion Send me your list. By James C. Harrington Name Street ANY PEOPLE will remember workers be allowed to develop them- City Zip Carol Anne Messina. There selves as leaders and organizers. M is the Texas representative Carol detested but accepted her work who told her that her time was better lobbying the Texas Legislature in 1981 spent in a convent and the state senator and 1983, calling it her "Babylonian who yelled at her in the elevator during exile." She could never accept balancing the '83 Session for insisting on workers' the fundamental injustice to farm work- compensation for farm laborers. ers on the scales of political pragmatism. COPYINGinnys SERVICE ' Or the Salvadoran refugees for whom The only time I saw Carol cry was she helped organize the Valley defense outside the Senate gallery when the 1983 g committee. And the male clerics with filibuster killed workers' compensation Copying • Binding whom she sparred. Or the farm workers for farm laborers. The only other time Printing • Color Copying who lined up at the San Juan Shrine last that I know she wept was over the winter to receive emergency disaster thousands of poor people lined up each Graphics •Word Processing food. day to collect food after the 1983 Carol came to South Texas from her Christmas freeze, facing the humiliating Austin • Lubbock • Son Marcos Italian family in New Jersey via Ken- cameras of the curious press. tucky, where she became a Sister of (Continued on Next Page) Charity of Nazareth and did social work. She spent almost 10 of her 47 years in the Valley. After doing church work in a Ray- ON REAGAN mondville parish, where she also regis- tered voters, helped with grand jury THE MAN AND HIS PRESIDENCY reform, and fought school segregation, Carol joined the staff of the United Farm Workers, AFL-CIO, in 1979 in San By RONNIE DINKIER Juan. "An extremely useful and an extremely frightening, book." — Carol's first public appearance for the Washington Post UFW was in a front-page picture in the McAllen Monitor organizing a "human "Sheds much light on the Reagan record . . . No one who reads Mr. billboard" line to protest (and eventually Dugger's illuminating book will be surprised again at the insensitivity to prevent) efforts led by Othal Brand of Ronald Reagan." — Anthony Lewis, New York Times to sell the city hospital. "It should be read by all who claim to be serious about what course Sister Carol was political to the core, but not ideological. She could be as this nation is going to take." — Houston Post comfortable with a conservative's com- passion as she was abhorrent of a liberal's paternalism. Send us $20 and we will send you an autographed Name _ More than any other organizer I've copy of Ronnie Dugger's acclaimed book on Address ever met, Carol believed in people and Ronald Reagan. (Postage included; Texas residents trusted them. She insisted that farm add $.95 sales tax.) City .State _ __ Zip James C. Harrington is legal director The Texas Observer • 600 West 7th • Austin, Texas 78701 of the Texas Civil Liberties Union.

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 15 But Carol was successful — and emblazoned with such slogans as "If persistent. The legislature did ban the Jesus Christ had had an ACLU lawyer, short-handle hoe and did finally extend things would have been different"? workers' compensation to the people she Religion for this Sister of Charity was loved more than any others. decidedly unhierarchical but amazingly Carol always kept her perpetual sense profound, drawn from the faith of those of outrage smoldering and directed to around her. strengthening the United Farm Workers As she lay dying, Carol was amazed Union, politically and organizationally. at the number of people who wrote and Her courage was remarkable. visited her; and she rejoiced in the court She sang at our weddings, cele- victory extending unemployment bene- fits to farm workers three days before brated our birthdays, helped baptize our kids, and gave us day-to-day support in her death. the grueling, thankless work of the Carol certainly would have found movement. She marched with us and ironic the poetic tribute paid her by the Texas Senate (the Senate passed a brought others with her. She organized Sr. Carol Anne Messina and Cesar Chavez the 1982 seven-day march across the resolution Jan. 16 honoring her mem- Valley protesting below-minimum wa- the 1983 freeze, Governor Mark White ory), but she would have been most ges paid to farm workers. became not only the first governor to proud of the UFW eagle she wore next Carol's personality and skills helped visit the union hall, but, accompanied to the emblem of her religious commu- the union develop its political clout in by Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby, he nity as she was buried with the final South Texas. Once shunned in the late also signed the workers' compensation rites of the church. '60s, the UFW, through voter registra- law in San Juan. Carol will be remembered as a good tion and get-out-the vote drives, won the Carol was fun, too — and personable. and decent woman, a religious woman, respect and the attention of state offi- How many nuns are there who smoke, who as Ted Kennedy said about Robert, cials, supreme court judges, and a make long distance collect calls from saw wrong and tried to right it and saw

myraid of area politicians. And, during "Mother Jones," or wear t-shirts suffering and tried to heal it. ❑ • POLITICAL INTELLIGENCE •

v Amarillo has just passed a city unto a populist. An unidentified "senior V The Ag Department's ballyhooed ordinance prohibiting known prostitutes Administration economist" described pesticide spraying rules went into effect from waving their arms at cars. City Baker as someone who "likes low January 21 — except on the South Texas Attorney Merril Nunn doesn't anticipate interest rates. That's a characteristic tomato farm of Tommy Helle. Helle has enforcement problems. "If they're a Texas position institutionalized by filed suit against the department, charg- prostitute — and generally the police and Wright Patman, and Lyndon Johnson ing that the economic impact of the the ladies know each other, sometimes had it as well." regulations on farmers was not taken on a first-name basis — and they see Then the Times goes to Sen. Lloyd into account. The rules will not be them doing that," Nunn says, the Bentsen, who describes Baker as a enforced on Helle's land until the case women are subject to arrest. "They'll "progressive capitalist," defined by is settled. Helle's attorney for the case give her a chance to explain who she Bentsen as "a free market person is Donald Allee, who is known for his was wavin' at," Nunn says, but tempered by the belief that we believe work on behalf of South Texas grower "generally, the police don't. have any there are some things the government Othal Brand. problem knowin' what's goin' on." has to do." (Does it take one to know V This was to be the month the one?) Department of Labor was to finally When in doubt, cut The article then went on to discuss come forth with federal standards re- V At work at his Capitol office on New the fact that Baker's father once ran the quiring toilets and drinking water for Year's Day, Senator Phil Gramm found Texas National Bank, which eventually farmworkers in the field (TO 5/18/84): some strange wires connected to his became part of Texas Commerce Bank. The department has resisted the move telephone, decided they were connected Baker, himself, was a director of Texas for 13 years but agreed in court in 1982 to an unnecessary buzzer system, and Commerce Bank. to promulgate the standards by February proceeded to pull out his scissors and Texas Commerce chairman Ben Love 16. Now officials with the Occupational snip them away. The Capitol police told the Times that Baker "grew up in Safety and Health Administration say the suddenly materialized at Gramm's door. a home where talk about financial rules won't be ready until April 16. It turns out Gramm had set off the alarm matters was as natural as talk about Members of the Congressional Hispanic system with his hasty snipping. baseball or football. He walks the walk Caucus are writing letters to Labor Stay tuned. It's a good bet Gramm and talks the talk [of banking]." Secretary Raymond Donovan to protest will continue to cut things in Washington It's enough to send Wright Patman the delay. without knowing what they're connected into permanent gyration. V The Texas Right-to-Lifers have been to. V Headline in the McAllen Monitor, making the rounds at the Capitol, V In a story headlined "Baker's Texas January 7, 1985: ZACARRO'S HUS- showing legislators and aides pictures Philosophy," the January 12 New York BAND PLEADS GUILTY. Must have of aborted fetuses and such. Rep. L. B. Times business section painted Secre- been caught up in an excited editorial Kubiak, D-Rockdale, was the first to file an anti-abortion bill (HB 67) but that tary of the Treasury James Baker as nigh rush. ,..01,1471.t,64posMaremr.■.$0,,,,,

16 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 will be ignored in committee as mem- v Rep. Tommy Adkisson, D-San An- ordered prison and mental health re- bers get behind a new one (HB 486) tonio, has filed a bill that would require forms. Speaker of the House Gib Lewis by Kubiak and Jan McKenna, R-Fort all closed meetings of governmental got a lot of attention when he accused Worth. That bill is the same as Senate bodies to be tape recorded. The tapes certain federal judges, meaning Judge Bill 129, by Sharp and McFarland. Pro- would be available in case of lawsuits. William Wayne Justice of course, of choice advocates are worried because The bill strengthens the state Open "siding with the criminal element." the Senate bill has been referred to Sen. Records Act and Open Meetings Act in Now Gov. Mark White has added his John Traeger's committee on Intergov- other ways, including allowing any ire to the fire, complaining about court- ernmental Relations. In the past, abor- person to sue for violations of the Act, ordered psychiatric care for mentally ill tion bills have been referred to Sen. and by clarifying what constitutes a prisoners. "We're not going to have a Oscar Mauzy's Committee on Jurispru- "meeting" of public officials. The latter psychiatrist sitting by the side of every dence and have not gone beyond there. question came up in late January, when prisoner," he said. "That's not The bills would impose many new Gov. Mark White met with the entire constitutionally required and we're not regulations on abortion in Texas, includ- board of the Lower Colorado River going to do it." He said he was willing ing banning them from public hospitals. Authority to discuss the upcoming water to go to the Supreme Court to prove battles in the legislature. The Governor that prisons are not required to provide argued that the meeting was not public V Rep. Kae Patrick's bill to make psychiatric care. ❑ English the official language of Texas as long as no business was conducted has been roundly ridiculed. Patrick, a by the board. The press was not allowed Correction Republican from San Antonio (that's in A bill filed by Rep. Don Lee, D- Saint Anthony to him) lamely argued Common Cause supports Adkisson's Harlingen, does not seek to include that his proposal was as sweet and legislation, calling it the first significant farmworkers in unemployment com- innocent as declaring an official state reform of the Act since 1973. pensation coverage, as reported in flower. Hispanic members of the House v No issue has made state officials the Observer (1/25/85). Lee's bill smelled more in it than that. quite so testy lately as the federal court- would do just the opposite. DIALOGUE •

Into the Arms of Reagan Avery's work in a Somalian refugee Because the young woman in ques- camp. The pictoral images of Dr. Avery I appreciate Bernard Rapoport's con- tion, a student at UT, was charged with feeding the starved, burying their dead a felony, she will probably have to prove tinuing support of the Observer — but and a beaming smile from a young did he have to go and devote two full that the charge was "made because of survivor, shall be a constant reminder mistake, false information, or other pages of paid advertisement (TO of Eric's dedication to a life free from similar reason indicating absence of 1/11/85) to the poisonous advice of suffering. Stuart E. Eizenstat, to fellow Demo- probable cause" before she can secure Best wishes to the Observer crats? Eizenstat, most will recall, was in 1985! expunction of the record. How ironical Jimmy Carter's right-centrist domestic Karen Bertonaschi that the State of Texas cannot deprive policy adviser, whose failed policies Galveston a person of a day's liberty or levy a small fine without proof beyond a drove working class Americans into the If It's Broke, Fix It arms of Reagan and Co. Now we should reasonable doubt, yet it can take some- follow his advice for "restoration of The recent 60 Minutes story about the thing even more precious — your Democratic supremacy?" Please Ber- young Austin woman who was arrested reputation and your future — by main- nard, spare us this empty preaching. At on a charge of child molestation and taining a permanent record of a felony arrest based on mere probable cause. least The Washington Post, which favors later no-billed by the grand jury points Eizenstat's realpolitick, balanced this up the need for revision of the existing It is important that the current Texas piece with the critical observations of Texas statute providing for the Legislature address the deficiencies in economist Jeff Faux. expunction of certain criminal arrest the expunction statute because the FBI records. One thing can be said for Mondale's is implementing its Interstate Identifica- defeat: it saved us from four more years of Eizenstat's "play it safe" policy. At least now we know who's friend and who is foe. CHEESE Robert Jacobson Sacramento, CA t CAKE Art and Life Many thanks to the Observer for including Eric Avery's artwork in your ON THE RIVERWALK previous two issues. Eric's art provides SERVING SANDWICHES TO SEAFOOD, Zble a valuable tool in a society in which art, FROM I I :30 UNTIL 11:30 in a political format, is seldom ex- EVERY DAY OF THE WEEK; 4kanproo pressed. OPEN TILL MIDNIGHT One shall never forget National IN THE METRO CENTER, SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS court Geographic magazine's coverage of Dr.

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 17 tion Index (Triple I). This is intended enlightened steps forward in the protec- available to the many presumptively to convert the FBI's National Crime tion of Texans' privacy by enacting the innocent citizens of Texas whose Information Center system into a cen- present expunction statute. As noted by "criminal records" will otherwise find tralized, computerized file of rap sheets the General Counsel of the Senate their way into the FBI's computer from the federal government and all 50 Jurisprudence Committee when the law system. was first passed, "Whatever merits there states. Experts estimate that 40 million The Legislature would also do well may be in making records of convictions Americans have arrest records and that in studying carefully the benefits, if any, available to interested persons, when the fully a third of those records lack of allowing Texas to sign up for this record merely consists of a charge which information about disposition of the latest federal "advance" in state of the was dismissed, the damage it can cause charges. Triple I has justifiably been art technology. Just because something to the individual cannot be justified by described as the most gigantic blacklist can be done does not mean that it should any supposed benefit to society." With in history and moves are afoot to allow be done. access by private employers in addition Triple I just around the corner, the 69th to law enforcement agencies. Legislature should refine the expunction Bob Atwood The 65th and 66th Legislatures took law and make its benefits readily Rockport • BOOKS AND THE CULTURE • ent neighborhoods most often express the conservative and protective needs of their residents. They oppose commercial development, organize neighborhood The Other Texas police watches, and protect real estate values." Of course, neighborhood By Joe R. Feagin groups in affluent areas can, and have, advpcated social reform, just as poor people's movements can be reactionary that go beyond the ideological smoke- illed as a conservative state or racist. kowtowing to the whims of free- screen of the (new or old) "conservatism" of America to examine Fisher distinguishes between three B wheeling capitalists, Texas has types of neighborhood organizing: the been viewed by its own citizens, as well the great progressive movements that have regularly punctuated the people- social-work approach, the political- as by outsiders, as a state with ancient activist approach, and the neighborhood- and untarnished conservative creden- level history of Texas and of the U.S. Fisher offers here a selected history of maintenance approach. The neighbor- tials. But these notions are an ideological hood-maintenance approach, the most smog concealing more complex political neighborhood movements since 1900. Slicing the 1900-1980 period into five conservative of the three, is reflected realities. Most Texans have somehow in neighborhood civic clubs and prop- forgotten that Texans helped invent the eras, he demonstrates that organizing has a vivid past. Aggressive organizing erty owners' groups that emphasize indigenous U.S. radicalism we usually preservation and property values; these called populism. We Texas high school did not spring forth with the New Left in the 1960s. are especially common in middle- and grads, as well as Yankee immigrants in upper-income communities. more recent times, have not been taught about the thousands of Texas farmers Social-work organizing focuses on who in the late 19th century created the LET THE PEOPLE DECIDE: building a sense of community, on Farmer's Alliance. With 100,000 Tex- Neighborhood Organizing in gathering together social service organi- ans in 2,000 local units, the Texas wing zations, on helping working- and lower- of the Farmer's Alliance protested the America class communities get services. The abuse of farmers and of urban workers By Robert Fisher approach is gradualist; the professional community or social worker is at the at the hands of powerful capitalists. Boston: G. K. Hall and Co., Twayne They organized collectivist enterprises heart of the program. The origins of this Division; 1984 and demanded the right of workers to social work approach go back to late 197 pp., $7.95 unionize; they called for stiff regulation 19th and early 20th century charity work of railroad capitalists (some favored and social engineering. Community nationalization of railroads), a federally Fisher lucidly explains that neighbor- centers, settlement houses, Community controlled (even nationalized) banking hoods are important territorial spaces Chests, and the United Way reflect this system, and abolition of real estate land within which people live out their lives. approach. This social-work strategy speculation. Out of this great movement, We live in neighborhoods and communi- dominated the 1880s-1920s period of this Texas radicalism, grew a number ties. These can be separate or parts of U.S. urban history. At its best, social- of populist, labor, and community the patchwork quilts we call cities. Poor work organizing has improved social movements in the late 1800s and in the or middle-income, people organize services for people of modest income. 1900s . neighborhood groups to conserve, re- At its worst, it became "elitist and manipulative, seeking to maintain exist- Looking at populism in the period store, and improve their neighborhoods. But there is no need to romanticize. Poor ing class arrangements of palliating since 1900, Robert Fisher, a professor social problems." at the University of Houston, has written neighborhoods face high unemploy- one of a tiny handful of available books ment, substandard housing, and racism. The political-activist approach differs People there organize around these from the social welfare approach by power bases. Joe Feagin is a professor of sociology issues. Fisher hammers home the related viewing communities as at the University of Texas at Austin. point that "organizations in more afflu- It seeks to build political power, to

18 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 empower poor and working class com- peoples' movements have stopped urban through the conduits of U.S. banks, has munities. Organizers are confronta- renewal projects across the nation; urban brought high unemployment to the tional. They assume a conflict of interest homesteading groups have forced legis- Pittsburgh area. People simply can't between neighborhoods and the powers lation for the homeless; environmental leave communities as fast as can capital that be. At its best, this activist approach groups have brought major improve- seeking higher profits anywhere on the builds a strong political consciousness ments in community ecology across the globe. Detroit's people are finding that in poor and working-class communities. nation. Millions of neighborhood resi- out, as auto capital flows into higher- Conflict forces people to question the dents are involved in thousands of profit, sometimes nearly slave-labor, political system around them. Fisher progressive organizations. overseas plants. Ditto for Youngstown, reviews successful examples of political- Cleveland, and numerous northern cit- activist organizing, focusing on the Fisher is successful in bringing neigh- ies. Ditto for some Southern cities, too, 1929-1946 and 1960s-1970s periods. borhood movements to the center of like Birmingham. And other Southern Examples include the Communist Party attention, but he may have underesti- cities, even once-mighty Houston, are and the unemployed in the 1930s, mated the political-economic problem on the brink of finding out how fast Alinsky-inspired movements (for exam- increasingly facing American communi- capital can move to higher-profit over- ple, "Back of the Yards" in Chicago), ties, particularly since the 1970s. Neigh- seas plants. People live in neighborhood SNCC, and SDS. In the recent period, borhoods are indeed the life spaces spaces, where they put down roots, Fisher explains how some Great Society where most people are born, live and where they live for perhaps eight to programs (e.g., Community Action die. But they are also the spaces that eighty years. They build schools, Programs) coopted many activists into are severely challenged by the high- streets, homes, and churches. Much a type of organizing with elements of velocity profit logic of modern capital- capital, in contrast, lives in a world both the social-work and political- ism. Today capitalism is a world economic space, where it "lives" for activist approaches. economic system centered in high- perhaps eight to eighty months. The Populist movements since the late velocity capital which can move from increasing contradiction between neigh- 1960s are in the political-activist tradi- community to community, from nation borhood space and the world economic tion. While the mass media have focused to nation every few years, if not every space will continue to generate much public attention on the new conservatism few months. The ever quicker turnover hardship — and much community and in this period, they have neglected to time of capital since the 1960s has left neighborhood protest — in the decades tell us about the numerous successful many U.S. communities and neighbor- to come. It does seem unlikely, how- citizen's movements, from San hoods facing grim realities. Capital ever, that neighborhood-based organiz- Antonio's COPS to ACORN's 30,000 taken out of Pittsburgh steel and invested ing can cope with the fundamental members in two dozen states. Successful in more profitable Japanese projects, contradiction.

young woman from Alabama thinks he's from the South. The singer he becomes infatuated with (played with grace and Strangers in Strange Lands gusto by Dee Dee Bridgewater) puts her finger on it when she muses, "How By Elise Nakhnikian come I like you so much? You could be anybody." Then again, these are all sympathetic HEY CAME FROM opposite severed at the knee and dripping gore. people to begin with. The Brother ends sides of the track: the first He touches the wound gently; it glows up in Harlem, but this is a benevolent T emerged from one of and stops bleeding; by the next morning, Harlem. Cinematographer Ernest Hollywood's slickest, hottest production the rest of the leg has grown back. Dickerson can find beauty in a trashcan teams and the other was the creation of fire at night, and comic characters keep one of American film's most staunchly popping up to confide in the attentive idealistic, low-budget independent direc- THE BROTHER FROM Brother. A few are such easy marks or tors. They had very different styles and ANOTHER PLANET bald stereotypes they seem out of place, different messages; one was all mouth Directed by John Sayles like the high muckety-muck white drug and the other was mute. But both left dealer (who neither looks nor acts home this holiday season to triumph BEVERLY HILLS COP convincing) whom the Brother forces to over evil at our local theaters. Both even Directed by Martin Brest see the error of his ways before making bypassed formidable secretaries to con- him overdose on his own smack. Clunk. front big, bad-guy bosses dealing in Yet it takes no time at all to In a movie as light on its feet as this drugs. And the good guys were black: sympathize with this man, the Brother. one generally is, a plummet like that the brother from another planet and the Though his character can't speak, actor is disconcerting; it ruins the rhythm for brother from another city. Joe Morton's luminous smile, fluid sign a little while. It takes a little while to get oriented language and big, soft eyes bring to life But most of the monologues and in The Brother From Another Planet. this gentle being who is so empathetic dialogues work, especially the ones A spaceship hurtles to earth near Ellis he hears phantom screams when he which take place in the little bar where Island. A bewildered black man pulls touches a subway wall. We like him the Brother takes refuge. From the himself out of the harbor, one leg immediately — and so does everybody paunchy barfly always nosing into other in the movie. In fact, they all feel so people's business to the natty older man comfortable with him they assume he's complaining to nobody in particular Elise Nakhnikian's film reviews appear from their part of the world: a Puerto about the declining state of affairs (his regularly in the Observer. Rican thinks he's from Puerto Rico; a speech about the young men coming up

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 19 with "names like Rashib Quadruple-X" the suburbs and not from the streets). Hills Cop. It's such a cartoon movie I who have no sense of history was a neat But how is success handling him? couldn't take much of its violence way of giving a little background about From its first scene, which ends in seriously (the only killing that looked Harlem, too) to the bartender who sees a boring and gratuitous car chase, to its "real" was the murder of Axel's friend, everything and calls it like he sees it, last cocky punchline of a -freeze-frame, and that was treated as a tragedy). If the acting and dialogue are so good you Beverly Hills Cop is just the Eddie movies are like dreams, allowing us to forget you're on a movie seat and not Murphy vehicle you'd expect from work out some of our unspoken fears a barstool. Paramount and the producers of and hopes, it's no wonder so many movies — like so many dreams — This is unquestionably a John Sayles Flashdance: fast-paced, action-packed should be revenge fantasies. And it's not movie. Sayles, the bullheaded young and slick. Axel Foley (Murphy) is a until the fantasies become reality that writer/director of Return of the Secaucus young detective in the Detroit police you need to worry. Seven, Lianna, and Baby, It's You, not force whose unconventional methods only wrote, directed, edited and acted have already gained him a reputation for Despite the remarkable self-confi- in "Brother" but co-wrote some of the brilliance — and insubordination. When dence and charisma he projects — or songs. (Whew!) Yet Morton also de- a good friend returns from Beverly Hills maybe because of it — there's something serves a lot of credit for making this and is murdered, Axel is sure the desk universal about Eddie Murphy. Like the movie magical in a way E. T. , for all cops on the case won't solve it. He Brother, he has some essence nearly its expensive effects, never quite was. disobeys his chief and goes to L.A. to everybody can identify with, and that Brother may strain now and then to be do it himself. makes him fun to watch in Beverly Hills a feel-good film for guilty liberals, but In short, sort of a Dirty Harry movie Cop, whether he's creaking with laugh- in the end it succeeds on its own unique with Murphy playing Clint Eastwood's ter at two Californians in outlandish sci- terms: it's an enchanting sci-fi tragicom- part. Only Axel is a cop that talks — fi clothing or blowing away thugs. (The edy about life in Harlem. in fact, he hardly ever stops talking. supporting cast is also excellent.) And, Murphy's irreverent, almost bullying like Brother, Beverly Hills Cop is but ultimately generous wit is showcased essentially an optimistic fairy tale. ELL, THE MANTLE (or shamelessly: locked doors and armed Everyone has heard of Harlem and should we say cape?) for- guards mean nothing to Axel, who can Beverly Hills, but for most of us they W merly bestowed on Richard fast-talk or sweet-talk his way through are more legendary than real, and more Pryor as Hollywood's Resident Superne-. anything easily — maybe too easily. intimidating than either. Since most of gro seems to have been passed on to Beverly Hills Cop has drawn fire from us would feel like aliens in either place, Eddie Murphy. Murphy, who already some reviewers for being a vigilante it's easy to identify with aliens who has his own production company and movie that camouflages its message by show up there to find they're not so whose five-picture deal with Paramount having a black hero flaunt rules and scary after all. was recently renegotiated to include a regulations to nab a powerful white Throughout literature and film, the concert film and several millions more, villain, when in fact those rules were alien, the "other," serves as a means seems to be handling success better than often invented, and are still needed, to to see the society he/she/it has entered Pryor (it helps, no doubt, to come from protect minorities and the poor from through new eyes. It is not the alien who cops. I can see the point — any time stands out but society. And when the a movie makes me rejoice at the sound alien is not a threat but a brother — BED & BREAKFAST — CORPUS CHRISTI of a clip being loaded into a handgun, that may bring out the brotherhood in Take a break from the sameness of motel accom- I get nervous — but I enjoyed Beverly us all. modations. Over 20 listings, many within walking ❑ distance of the water. Friendly, hospitable hosts. Breakfasts — continental to Texas-size. Rates from $20. Sand Dollar Hospitality, 3605 Mendenhall, Cor- pus Christi, Texas 78415. (512) 853-1222. • SOCIAL CAUSE CALENDAR • with three major themes: the human body, .. --.f.-1,=1,=11c- Notices of future events must reach the Observer at least three weeks before the how different people live, and everyday etazteca 2600 E. 7th St. event. science and technology. The Museum's Austin, Texas "Magic of Faces" exhibit will be at the Northwest Recreation Center, Austin, 447-4701 ALL- NIGHT JAM A continuing series of free and open February 11-22. Call (512) 472-2494 for • exhibit times and to arrange group tours. /j;• vegetarian food performances and musical jam sessions, hosted by the San Antonio Musicians and Free. Performers Jam Session, will be held HANDY DANDY every other Wednesday, beginning "Handy Dandy, a comedy but . . . , February 6, Cine Mdxico, 319 Castroville by William Gibson (author of "The Rd., San Antonio, 7 p.m. The public is Miracle Worker" and "Two For the See OPEN MONDAY-SATURDAY 10-6 AND OPEN SUNDAY 10- 4 invited to listen, enjoy, and participate. Saw"), was written at the prompting of Call (512) 341-6324, Fr4nk Rodarte for a Boston group of non-violent peace details. activists in early 1984 and was made WATSON & COMPANY available to the anti-nuclear movement MAGIC OF FACES prior to professional use. This engaging The Austin Children's Museum, a non- conflict of judicial and religious conscious- profit corporation, is a hands-on museum ness on the subject of nuclear destruction BOOKS for children and their families, with and platonic love will continue at the Hyde programs, exhibits, and activities that Park Showplace, Austin, February 11, 8 p.m.; $5 donation 604 BLANCO STREET (PECAN SQUARE) 472.4190 invite participation by visitors of all ages, 12, 18, 19, and 20, backgrounds, skills, and learning styles. to benefit the nuclear freeze campaign. It focuses on the humanities and sciences, Call (512) 452-6688 for reservations.

20 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 ELROY BODE TO READ The University of Texas at San Antonio Reading Series continues February 14, Teaching Gallery, UTSA campus, with a reading by non-fiction writer Elroy Bode, whose works include Texas Sketchbook and This Favored Place, as well as articles in the Nation, The Texas Observer, and Redbook. IN MARY'S HOUSE Composer and vocalist Tina Marsh will premiere an original cantata, "In Mary's House," Dougherty Art Center, Austin,

February 15 - 17. The multi-disciplinary event of music, by Collaborative Voices, and dance, by Heloise Gold, sponsored and produced by Austin Women and Their Work, is an examination of the "Spirit

that moves through woman in everyday e life." It draws from musical traditions of u

Celtic, African, Native American, Ameri- Pog can folk, and Gothic Plainsong. Call (512) n la A

477-1064 for times and reservations.

ART AT NADINE'S by to Nadine's, 1600 E. 6th St., Austin, will host the premier showing of fourteen oil Pho on-canvas paintings by multi-talented Ronnie Dugger and Walter Cronkite at Observer 30th Anniversary celebration, Austinite Kimmie Rhodes, through December 17, 1984. February 15. Call (512) 478-1481 for details. Austin, 6:30-9 p.m. An Open House for OBSERVANCES NO HOME PORT, those interested in learning more about the OR GO HOME, PORT! February 10, 1964 — House of APJC and its work for nuclear arms The Nuclear Safety League, formerly Representatives passed Civil reductions and an end to military interven- the Citizens Anti-Nuclear Information Rights Act. tion will be February 24, 2-5 p.m., 1022 Team of Houston (CAN IT), will present February 11, 1790 — First West 6th St., Austin. Call (512) 474-5877 Galveston community activist, Esther treaty with Iroquois was signed. for information. Gourley, speaking about the environmental February 11, 1978 — "Longest HOW TO DO WELL and nuclear accident hazards of a naval WHILE DOING GOOD home port for ships carrying nuclear Walk" to protect Iroquois treaty rights was made. Live Oak Fund for. Change, a non-profit warheads. Such a port may be located in public foundation providing financial Houston, Galveston, Brownsville, or February 17, 1909 — Geron- assistance for community activism in Corpus Christi. February 16, Autry imo, Native American leader, Texas, and the Social Investment Forum, House, 6265 Main, Houston, 2-4 p.m. died. a national trade organization of individuals Robert Alexander will also present an February 18, 1688 — Philadel- and organizations interested in expanding update on the Freeze Campaign and show the network of socially responsible invest- the film, "The Edge of History." Free phia Quakers made the first formal protest against slavery. ing, will co-sponsor "Socially Responsible admission. Contact (713) 522-3343 for Investing in the 1980's," or, for example, more information. February 21, 1828 — Publica- "how to take your bucks out of South FOXFIRE SPEAKER tion began on the Cherokee Africa and put 'em in community develop- Elliott Wigginton of Foxfire Books will Phoenix, the first Native Ameri- ment enterprises," March 10, Hyatt speak February 18, Forest Trail Elemen- can newspaper. Regency Hotel, Austin, 10 a.m.-4 p.m., tary School, Eanes Independent School February 27, 1973 — Wounded featuring Sissy Farenthold; Joan Bavaria, District. For more information call Dr. Knee, South Dakota, occupied Franklin Research and Development Cor- Laura Williams, (512) 328-1416. poration; Chuck Matthei, Institute for by Ogalala Sioux. Community Economics; and Jack Con- February 28, 1877 WRL: PROGRAMS AND MANUAL — U.S. way, Working Assets Money Fund. $60 seized Black Hills from Lakota registration fee covers lunch, conference The War Resisters League, a national Sioux in violation of a treaty. costs, and the Directory of Socially peace organization, will sponsor a national Responsible Investments. Contact LOF, conference for men and women, Box 4601, Austin, 78765, to register. "Feminism is for All of Us," February organizing, from using the media to fundraising to organizing demonstrations 22 - 24, YMCA Camp Letts Conference FUNDSEEKERS ALERT Center, Edgewater, MD, $43 per person; to public speaking to producing leaflets. $9, includes postage and handling; order The Live Oak Fund for Change will and, a "Training Program for Organizers" accept applications for the Spring funding in the nonviolent movement, to explore from WRL. cycle now until the postmark deadline . political philosophy, current issues, and ANNIVERSARY AND OPEN HOUSE March 17. Programs and organizations techniques of organizing, August 12 - 22, The Austin Peace and Justice Coalition supported by the Fund should be commit- East and West coast locations. To register will celebrate its third anniversary with a ted to the kind of change that will facilitate for both programs, contact WRL, 339 "Friends of APJC" month during the extension of democracy and promote Lafayette Street, New York. NY 10012, February. A phone bank to sign up new a more equitable distribution of power and (212) 228-0450. WRL also offers an supporters will run Mondays through resources in society. For details, contact Organizer's Manual on all aspects of Thursdays. February, 1022 West 6th St., Rob Lavis or Jane Porter, (512) 476-5714.

THE TEXAS OBSERVER 21 The issue is bigger than abortion. The issue is freedom. On January 22, 1973 the Supreme Court of the United States of America said, "We recognize the right of the individual, married or single, to be free from unwarranted governmental intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child. That right necessarily includes the right of a woman to decide whether or not to terminate her pregnancy."

We, the undersigned observe the 12th anniversary of this decision and affirm our dedication to the principles upon which this decision is based. We deplore the current reign of terror and violence against clinics providing family planning and abortion services. Those responsible for the violence are working outside our country's legislative system to achieve their political goals. We, the undersigned pledge to work within the American democratic system to protect the Constitutional rights of women to obtain legal and safe abortion without fear of harassment or injury.

Austin Rape Crisis Center Judith Abernathy Diane I. Beecher Adrienne McFarland Judy Camps Diane Swisher Donald S. Strong Ruth McLean Bowers John J. Connell, Ill M. Ann Syptak Frances Light Barbara Gubbin Donna Descoteaux-Hugg Dr. Harry Martin Patricia G. O'Connell Beck Runte, C.S.W. Heather Becker Marcia M. Crowe R. M. Keating Glenda L. Alter Meg Wilson Mim Carlson Joe Feagin Kay Bedsole Claire McAdams Marsha R. O'Connor B. J. Friedman Bob Treppa Clairece Feagin Tracee Yeager-Lambert Linda Braswell Michelle Potter Gloria G. Ybanez H. Kolva Sandra Hurd Patricia Bastidas Teresa Mobley David Troop Thomas G. Mason Patricia Bernstein Joanne Richards Helen Fischer Ruth Ann McKinney Jennifer Wolfrun Virginia M. Whiddon Planned Parenthood of Hamilton Richards Judie Nichols Terry Masters Alice Andrews Claudia Stravato the Permian Basin Kathy Kidd Debbie F. Hatt Jennifer Masters Joy Sablatura Sharon McConnell Claire Ellen Weinstein Ms. Rita E. Percival Ruthie Macha National Council of Jewish Valerie Wenger Joseph Harrison Marilynn Machin Ginny Agrew Gary Barch Women, Texas Chantal Harrison James Machin Robin Herskowitz Margaret Johnsonbarch Paula Sfarche Peggy Tremble John Yeaman, M.S.W. Rabbi Sally Finestone Marianne Carney Rosanne French Helen Cox Margaret Galen Ellen Aiello Sarah Burnett Elizabeth Harris Betty Worthington Susan Askanase Cynthia A. Taylor Susan G. Alexander Selinda Stockton Glee Ingram Joni Carpenter H. Leftwich Karen R. Crawford Kathy Grandey Virginia Leininger Gerry King Jane Jatinen Ramona Mathis Constance Hill Concerned Women's Sandra River A. J. Grandey Cynthia F. Leigh Gail K. Miller Jeannie Gregory Mary Black Center, Houston Betty Mahone Planned Parenthood Peggy Kelley Womens Medical Center of of Austin Pat F-M Zitzman Dr. Phillip McClure Jenny Falkenberg Margaret Kennedy Northwest Houston Mrs. Sylvan R. Alter Suzanne K. Marshall Nikki R. Van Hightower Cheryl Bostick Leesa Sanders Robert P. Kaminsky, M.D. Sharon Ersch Linda Hack Larry Manter Kathryn Alexander Carrie Covington Linda B. Cooke Gardie R. Reed Susan S. Fairbanks Karen Templeman Clare Dyer Helen S. Hill Carol Pino Nancy Sasaki Kathy Macchi Don Burwell Nancy J. Farthing Dr. Robert E. Ledbetter Holly Hunter Phyllis Manns Robin Coiley Pam Leighton-Burwell Norma Fowler Christine Aubrey Shelly R. Nathan Laura Boas .Tom Fairclough Lilo Pomerleau Mary F. Frederick Kathleen House Albert J. Schnorr Steven Schott Robert Hamilton Katharyn Kuehner Steven J. Beachman Carl Pettijohn Harriet Bachner-Schnorr Austin N.O.W. Kristin ParsonS Leslie Marsh Haber, M.D. Greg Raskin Melinda Neal Martin Dallas Area Women's Victoria Hoft Worsham Cynthia Hoverson Megan Seaholm Teri Shahan Pamela Cook Kinney Political Caucus J. Leverette Carolyn V. Perkins J. Sandstad Donald S. Strong Carole Friedman Irene Konig Routh Street Women's Barbara L. Hill Katherine Cornehl Christine W. Kelso Mrs. Sue Rowan Pittman Texas National Organization Karen Elliott Fustes Virginia Leininger Clinic Anne McKinney Katherine Pope, Ph.D. Dallas County National for Women Manuel Fustes Claudette Daywood Sara Jo Mueller Diane Shisk Organization for Women Barbara L. Hill Mary Helen Moore Roxane C. Murph Leona G. Marcus Robert Twaddell Jill Nations Marty Teasdale Patricia Rice Pam Ramsey Diane Twaddell James Michael Moore Marc Hudson Carol A. Bates Anne Arthur Barbara J. Hennessy Peggy Romberg Sandra Leitner Roger A. Kallenberg Susie Crews Gladys Weintraub Barbara Morgan Mike Hennessy Ann Costilow R. Brent Shipe Barbara Cranford Rhymes James N. Rader Karin Sommer Alix Hornblower Sally and Terry Sullivan Simmons Linda T. Vaughn Martha S. Dickie Dr. Lawrence Claman The Women's Referral Ann Gara LaMarche Janetta S. Walls Arval Bohn Ann Denkler Mrs. Lawrence Claman Center Texas Civil Liberties Union Charlotte Taft Jan Friese Marjorie V. Adams Lynn Vaughan The Ladies Center Emily Untermeyer Austin Jan Horne Lee Brooks Wilson Judge Juan Duran B'nai B'rith Women, Debra S. Leff Cathie Mathews Jerry and Dawn Price Pam Fridrich • Betty Barnes Stacy L. Suits, Chapter Deborah Dunn Buford Pat Lysell Vickie C. Tatum Martina Loper Constable Pct. 5 Pat O'Neal Yvonne Harris Susan Beyer Haney, R.N. Susan K. Moore Judge Debra Ravel Augusta Gelfand Chris Anderson Kate Whealen Marilyn M. Farris, Ph.D. Kirk Kisinger Richard Moya, Travis Co. Norman Geltand Karen Pieper Hildebrand Sylvia S. Reher Vernon A. Farris John M. Holbert Betty Hoover-Cole Commissioner Cyral Miller Dan Frazee James L. Riggs Stephanie Frogge Daryl W. Cole Tarrant County American Fred Jones Pamela Black Wendy L. Eisenberg Norma Gene Bartholomew Ann Clarke Snell Linda Farin Association of University Carol Fox Schmucker University N.O.W. Planned Parenthood of Amy L. Ouate Barbara Grove Nathalie S. Eldridge Women Raphael Alvarez Janis Heine North Texas Mrs. Miguel Situentes, Sr. Helen D. Jackson David E. Soileau Deborah Speas Jeanna H. Stanberry Rev. Sarah Bentley Pam Reed, Travis County Val Allbritton Bennett Suzanne Mondy Beth Cox Kenneth B. Giles. III Stephen D. Houston, M.D. Commissioner Randy Bennett Nancy R. Jones. Pat Smothers Gene Stanberry Celeste Ann Peyton Charleene Dison Ellen Kelsey Judy Fleishman Bonnie Reed Texas Women for the Wendy Hale Davis Teri Shahan Karen A. Twitchell Helen D. Jackson Tess Giolna Eighties Kathy T. Rider, Ted L. Langford Kathryn W. Roberts Missy Boswell Lorraine Blancarte Jocelyn Gray Nancy L. Lewis C.S.W., A.C.P. Fran Snedeker Texas Women's Political Mary Barrow Margot Smith Lenore and Paul Weinberg Claire Gary Rosanne French Caucus Johnnie Demoss Ruth Berrier Mary Rocamora Andy Gray Regina Rogoft Deborah Thacker-Rose Kerry Anne Ridley Erica Black Grubb Nada Chandler Kay Lambert Pamela A. Lynn Steven D. Rose. M.D. Karen Jeanne Schaeffer Claire Halbert Laura E. Burt J. H. Wheeler David R. Throop Claudia Michalak Anna Lee Hicks Dr. Susan S. Corner Barbara Bellinghausen Joe D. Peak Judy Lundgren M. M. Lowenberg Carol Barger Betty Koster Bernice R. Waldman Alice T. Peak Melissa Allison Anne L. Schwartz Judge Guy Herman Bea Ann Smith Jane Nelson Dianne Duncan Mary Vance Patricia Cuney Deborah L. McNabb, M.D. B. J. Neal Texas Physicians for Choice Kevin Boone Faye Rozmaryn Marsha R. O'Connor Michelle R. Potter Anne M. Arthur Beverly Leach, R.N. Mary Ann Jasper Ardine Sindo Mary Gilmore Lois Carpenter Carol I. Kilgore Christine DeMoll Mary Frederick Beverly R. Taub CHOICE Ralph Blancarte Gay Williams G. K. Sprinkle Kayla Dean Linda Aronovsky Carolyn Carmines Sondra Kaplan Melody Purser Carolyn Szymanski Corpus Christi NOW Cynthia J. Archambault Diana Navarette D. Petershagen Debbie Moreno Nicki Aaron Lorraine Short Anna Lee Hicks Harryette Ehrhardt Michele M. Hornyak Sen. Oscar H. Mauzy Louise L. Chapman D. L. Szymanski C. J. Newman Ron Gernsbacher Anne Mauzy Margaret Benavides Rev. Clark Ross Martha Espinosa Susan C. Burroughs Catherine Fahringer Claudia Stravato Sara Jo Mueller Kita M. Laird Betty Lyn Collier Clare Dyer Barbara Siejak Wendy Hale Davis Joanne F. Cook Gina G. Arnold Eleanor W. Kennedy Andrea Michael, M.S.W. Mary Fine Ruth A. Baer Bertha Wolf David Simon Sokolow Karen Mink M. Lalor Sam D. Fine Patricia Stahl Suz Beth Miller Janet F. Harte L. Sterling Jana L. Herbert Deborah R. Steen Jane Hutstedler Reproductive Services Edward H. Harte Frances Gould Sue Muller Rose Ann Harrison Corpus Christi Tamar J. Rivers David T. Art Geary Hufstedler Bess Grevelle Rumi Fish Reproductive Services Austin Cathy Emrick Professor Terry Anderson, Dr. Harley L. Browning Andy Hufstedler Bob G. Laird Shelia Enid Cheaney Reproductive Services Miriam S. Nelson Rebecca J. Rogers Texas A&M David J. Butts Molly Anne Collins Christine R. Wells El Paso Sandra Leigh Sterba- Sue Havens-Drake Rose Eder, R.N. Reproductive Services Beverly Marmon Marian B. Davis Harriet Hall Boatright Mike Lovett Harlingen Amanda Kellar Will Dibrell Andrea Considine Joyce Hart Karen Lovett Reproductive Services Floyd Chapman Cindy Schindler. Charles Day Karen Atha Greg Cantrell San Antonio Bernice Hecker Debroah K. Dobbs Eve McArthur Steve Mencher Steven Haber Reproductive Services Ran Moran Reproductive Services Marie B. Hanna Susan Kidwell Neil Bischoff Debby Tucker Wichita Falls James M. Moore of Austin Suzanne Mondy Frank Kurzawa John Hildreth W. E. Lockhart, M.D. Ms. April C. Emmert B. Poole Mr. and Mrs. C. B. Reed Valerie L. Wenger Michael Hudson Lora Bell Lockhart Janet Lawson Lore Feldman Marylee F. Worley Marty Teasdale Marie Barnhart Deena Mersky Susan V. Lisk Kathy E. Beekley M. M. Hartley Judi Trezona Judith Kovacs-Long Cynthia K. Sarosdy Dr. Helen White Janis Berry For more information, contact Texas Abortion Rights Action League, 1200 Guadalupe, Austin, Texas 78701 • (512) 478-0094

22 FEBRUARY 8, 1985 • AFTERWORD •

been tamed and the city has emerged from its "Rip Van Winkle trance." We are said to be a city of the future. City of the Future (Imperfect) Now things are beginning to happen that seem a mite Houstonian. Nothing By Dave Denison could quite match — yet — the recent referendum in Houston, in which the Austin of Yankee heritage feel so firmly planted citizens turned out with zeal and sport to smite the homosexuals. But on that in the South as on the southern side of T THE TURN of the year, I same weekend in January, Austin citi- the Capitol (the north side is the moved downtown. It now takes zens engaged in a mean-spirited little neglected back yard; the Goddess of A me six minutes to walk to the vote against a plan to increase minority Capitol in the morning, nine minutes to Liberty, of course, points south, and so representation on the city council. One walk to work. But sometimes it takes do the remaining cannons). sensed that as soon as the plan became me longer. Lately, I've been coming DIED known as a plan "for the minorities" across points of interest that were not it became doomed for minority support. on the route when I got about by car. FOR STATE'S RIGHTS it says on the monument to the Civil There are, for example, signs of God War dead. Three doors west of my house grows to be found on, of all places, the grounds of the Texas Legislature. I'm speaking THE SOUTH, ANIMATED BY THE SPIRIT a structure to be named "The Merid- here of the Tyler Rose. A memorial OF 1776, TO PRESERVE THEIR RIGHTS, ian." It is now in that stage where clusters of steel rods protrude from plaque at the foot of a (now dormant) WITHDREW FROM THE FEDERAL COM- blocks of concrete, some rods protrud- garden describes the miracle of hybridi- PACT IN 1861. THE NORTH RESORTED ing horizontally like frayed wires, others zation that led to the Tyler Rose. The TO COERCION. THE SOUTH, AGAINST spiralling toward the sky. The bottom resultant beauty is "an example of what OVERWHELMING NUMBERS AND RE- level is dense with timber supports. The happens when God and Man work SOURCES, FOUGHT UNTIL EXHAUSTED. company sign informs us, in proud and together." So it says in brass. There doesn't seem to be anything dignified lettering, that what we have Less successful was God's collusion written about slavery here. here (potentially) is 59,000 square feet with Texans at the Alamo; nevertheless, Among all the green men with rifles of "luxury office space." Executive that is memorialized too. Along with the and green men on green horses one Plaza. With two levels of parking. names of the fallen dead inscribed upon begins to get the feeling that Texas has I think the principal boast of this the cenotaph marked HEROES OF THE been consistently on the wrong side of project is found, however, by reading ALAMO is the resolute motto "God and history, despite God's part in it. The between the proud and dignified lines. Texas, Victory or Death." In fact, God Alamo, the Confederacy, the ignoble I don't think it is named "The Merid- was in on Texas from the start. When uses of the term "state's rights" — this ian" in honor of the imaginary circles the Republic declared independence in is a history one ought to be leery about that pass through the earth's geophysical 1836, the issue was committed building on. poles. "The meridian" is also defined "fearlessly and confidently" to "the * * as "the highest point or stage of supreme arbiter of the destiny of The one place that has been most development of anything," and I think nations." So it says in foot-high letters consistently out of step with the worst that's how some people see luxury office inscribed in granite at the state archives. strains of Texas is Austin. It was a buildings. That's the kind of pluck that Other partnerships seem just as planned city from the first — a govern- is making our city what it is today. improbable: the Supreme Court Build- ment-made city, not a tycoon's town. * * ing, according to the cornerstone, was It stood against secession when the rest "Leveled by the Grand Lodge of Texas, of Texas voted 4 to 1 in favor. One The house I moved into is up for sale. AF & AM." The Boy Scouts fit in here secessionist denounced the city as The landlord will get a better price by somewhere; they have a special message "Yankeefied and Union-loving." It was waiting until a buyer is found for the buried on Capitol grounds, to be opened a New Deal town in the 1930s, voting entire block. The chiropractor next door by Boy Scouts in 2076, should anyone 6 to 1 for Roosevelt. It was liberal, not says he's not selling, but the problem still be scouting at that late date. merely Democratic. A New Deal struc- with that is that he is getting on in years. For a Midwesterner who has had brief ture — the University of Texas clock- I imagine by the time a new office flings with the cities of Chicago and tower — became a cherished landmark. building goes up where I now hang my Detroit, as I have, the south side of the The University of Texas became, in the hat most of the sidewalks in the city will Capitol is full of wonder. Let it be noted 1960s, a place to question established be paved. But will anyone be so whim- here, as it is noted on various plaques wisdom. sical as to want to take a walk? Will there there, that the architect who is responsi- The question one can't avoid when still be magnificent Live Oak trees to ble for the pinkish dome under which walking through Austin today is this: behold, and limestone mansions a hun- our laws are concocted was E. E. is Austin in the process of being dred years old? Or will the city of the Myers, of Detroit. And further, that the Texified? That is, has the conquer and future pave over its past? contractors were from Rock Island, plunder mentality begun to predomi- Oh well. There will always be the Illinois, and that the financing was nate, even here? Capitol, with all its history already made provided by Chicago bankers. The word goes out in the business up and made over, and made ready to And never does such a Midwesterner press that the unfriendly forces have build on. ❑

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24 FEBRUARY 8, 1985