012 ISSN Online 2285-5793; ISSN-L 2285-5785
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Scientific Papers. Series A. Agronomy, Vol. LV-2012 ISSN Online 2285-5793; ISSN-L 2285-5785 RESEARCH FOR OPTIMIZATION OF GREEN SPACES DESIGN AND IRRIGATION IN BUCHAREST’S PLAIN Alexandru-Marian CHIPER1, Sorin-Mihai CÎMPEANU1, Alina NIğU1, Ionel JINGA1, Valentina CHIPER (MIHALCEA)2 1University of Agronomic Science and Veterinary Medicine of Bucharest, Faculty of Land Reclamation and Environmental Engineering, 59 Mărăúti Blvd., Bucharest 011464, Romania, Phone: +40.723.283.141, Fax: +40.21.318.28.88, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2University of Craiova, Faculty of Law and Administrative Sciences, 13 A.I. Cuza Street, Craiova 200585, Romania, Phone: +40.724.622.142, Fax: +40.251.411.688, E-mail: [email protected] Corresponding author e-mail: [email protected] Abstract Turf and ornamental plants are considered an integral part of worldwide ecological landscape. Since antiquity, they are used by people to enhance the form and value of their environment. In these meaning green spaces industry and its irrigation must prove the ability to manage the efficiently and effectively administration of water to the plants. Irrigation water management depends on the soil and climatic conditions, landscape plants type and type of irrigation system. The purpose of the research, namely the development of green areas with irrigation systems in Dobroieúti park in Bucharest, have been the depth study and analysis of soil parameters, climatic conditions (rainfall) and water consumption (ETRO) of outdoor ornamental plants in Bucharest Plain. These results were correlated to the topography of the site in order to develop a technical project for landscape construction, to set the elements of the irrigation regime and to determine the optimal plants watering program. The results have been materialized, in establishing by water balance in soil method, the values of the irrigation norm for lawn, floral elements, trees and shrubs, the optimal timing for application of irrigation, the design of the technical elements of irrigation system and its running parameters for a sustainable exploitation. Key words: design, evapotranspiration, irrigation, green spaces, sprinkler. INTRODUCTION The purpose of the research study was the landscaping development with irrigation The development of green spaces constitutes a systems of a land located in the 2nd District, major and indispensable chapter in the Bucharest, in the public domain, alongside the evolution of urban and rural development, Dobroiesti Lake in Pantelimon neighbourhood, both globally and nationally for Romania, with an area of 21,900 square meters. The land being treated as a long-term national strategy is characterized by a marked level difference for improving the environmental quality in from south to north, towards the lake plane, of populated areas [1, 2, 3]. about 10 m, according to the surveying study. In the last years’ Romania, by adopting and The maximum altitude is about 74 m and the implementing the European strategies on the minimum about 64 m. Community environmental policies, the In terms of this research study, we were national efforts were intensified both concerned that of the portion allocated to the administratively and economically and socially global freshwater consumption of the capital, a regarding the programming, design and green part thereof, related to the water for domestic spaces development activities in cities, both as use (drinkable and household water) and the new sites and rehabilitation and expansion of industrial water, must be responsibly used for the existing ones [4]. irrigating the green spaces [5]. 349 According to the studies made by John H. where: Lowry Jr. et al. in 2011, the estimates of water ¦m - is the annual demand (irrigation consumption vary greatly depending on rate) of irrigation water in m3/ha; climate, evapotranspiration, soil conditions, ETRO - optimal real evapo-transpiration economic and social specificities of the or total water consumption region. In this regard the irrigation system during the growing season must be designed and operated in optimal through the plant transpiration hydrodynamic parameters and to provide the and evaporation at the soil necessary irrigation water needed for the plant surface of an ecosystem, development [6]. cultivated in a soil moisture which ensures the viability and MATERIAL AND METHOD normal development of plants, in m3/ha; During the research study, many working Pv - useful amount of rainfall during methods have been applied, such as: the growing season to ensure consulting the specialized references, maps, 80%, in m3/ha; geographical and surveying studies, evaluating Af - water input of underground the initial site condition, field measurements, water, in case of the closed hydrodynamic calculation and two- circuit balance (Rota de Jos), in dimensional technical design, to achieve the m3/ha; proposed objectives by the chosen theme. Thus, specific methods have been Ri - soil water reserve at the applied depending on the objectives pursued beginning of the growing season, for: in m3/ha; x researching the landscape; Rf - soil water reserve at the end of x establishing the irrigation elements for the growing season, in m3/ha." designing the landscape planning solution and the irrigation system [7]; RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS x specifying and analyzing the technical landscape development solutions and In the context of the site integration in the determining the technical watering reference pedoclimatic area, the natural elements required in the design and framework of the area, where they conducted operation of the green spaces in the studied researches, has been researched. The data have site [8]. been reported to relief, topoclimate, geological To calculate the irrigation and development, and pedological structure of soil, hydrology, "The Soil Water Balance Method" has been hydrogeology and social and economic applied [9]. The method has been established structure of the area. for the growing season of component Thus, the relief in Bucharest Plain presents in ecosystems, i.e. April 1 to September 30 for its majority as a river-lake plain, covered with lawn, trees and shrubs and April 15 to loesoid deposits with a tabular or undivided September 30 for herbaceous flowers. form and divagation and Holocene plain Thus, according to the method presented by looking as a major bed. The form of piedmont- Jinga et al. in 2009, using the hydrologic terminal plain, strongly provided with balance equations for the growing season, the earthworks and many tablelands bordered by monthly and annual irrigation water demand terse face and field is predominant in the city has been determined by the following general of Bucharest. It is slit at north by Colentina formula [10]: Lake meadow and in centre by the Dambovita meadow [11]. 3 “¦m = ETRO – Pv – Af – (Ri – Rf) (m /ha) From the climatic point of view, Bucharest Plain integrates in the specific nature of Vlasia Plain, similar to the topoclimate in Titu- 350 Potlogi divagation Plain, Titu-Sarata Plain them a concentric and circular form of respectively. Bucharest [12, 13]. In the Romanian Plain its central position is In the past 30 years, namely during 1980- definitely reflected by a transition character of 2011, the average annual air temperature in the climatic particularities from the attenuated Bucharest Plain and the city of Bucharest oceanic and sub-Mediterranean particularities strengthened around 10.7oC. The monthly with moderate nature to the eastern ones which values of average air temperature measured at are excessively continental and with character the Bucharest-Baneasa meteorological station, of aridity. On the other hand, Bucharest central between September 1, 2008 - December 31, presence in the plain provides an anthropical 2011 and the multi-annual values during 1980 climatic protection. Also the metropolis - 2010 are presented in Figure 1. changes the climatic parameters form, giving Fig. 1. Evolution of average air temperature (0C) in Bucharest Plain. Monthly average measured at the meteorological station Bucharest-Băneasa The annual average rainfall in Bucharest Plain, Colentina Rivers’ meadows in the downstream measured by the Bucharest-Baneasa of Dobroiesti is specific to the Bucharest Plain. meteorological station during the reference In the meadow of the chain of lakes of period 1980-2010, had values of 593.6 l/m2. Colentina River in the upstream of Dobroiesti, The average monthly rainfall values measured brown alluvial soils have been abundantly by Bucharest-Baneasa meteorological station identified [14]. between September 1, 2008 and December 31, In the west side of the city, in Ciorogarla and 2011 and the multi-annual values during Chitila localities and in the east side, in 1980-2010 are presented in Figure 2. Cernica, reddish brown podzolic soils have From the pedological point of view, the been identified. In the north-eastern side of the reddish brown soil streaked by two large capital city, in Afumati-Sindrilita area, alluvial soil strips along the Dambovita and chernozem-type soils (levigated chernozem), 351 and in the north side of the city, strong reddish brown and reddish brown podzolic levigated chernozems strongly alternating with soils have been identified in islands. Fig. 2. Monthly rainfall (l/m2) in Bucharest Plain. Monthly average, measured at the meteorological station Bucharest-Băneasa The hydrographic network of Bucharest Plain The hydrological regime of the main over- is