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La Family Novel Inglesa Del Siglo Xix: El Modelo Femenino De Charlotte Yonge

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La Family Novel Inglesa Del Siglo Xix: El Modelo Femenino De Charlotte Yonge Universidad de Vigo Facultad de Filología y Traducción Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Francesa y Alemana LA FAMILY NOVEL INGLESA DEL SIGLO XIX: EL MODELO FEMENINO DE CHARLOTTE YONGE Ana Isabel Fernández Mosquera Vigo, julio 2015 Tesis doctoral presentada por Ana Isabel Fernández Mosquera para optar al grado de doctor LAURA LOJO RODRÍGUEZ, con , profesora titular en Filología Inglesade la universidad de santiagode compostela,y VELJKA RUZICKA KENFEL, qon , catedráticaen Filología Alemana de Ia Universidad de Vigo, como directoray codirectorade la tesisdoctoral "Lafamíly novel inglesadel siglo XIX: el modelo femenino de charlotte yonge" de la doctoranda añ¿ FERNiNDEZ MOSQUERA, con ,autorizan con la presentela presentaciónde dicha tesispara su lectura y defensapor partede la doctorandaarriba méncionadaque opta al S{o de doctor por la Universidad de Vigo, considerandoque cumple los requisitos exigielospor la normativa vigente. Fdo. LauraLojo Rodríguez Veljka Ruzicka Vigo,a 6 dejulio de2015 Universidad de Vigo Facultad de Filología y Traducción Departamento de Filología Inglesa, Francesa y Alemana LA FAMILY NOVEL INGLESA DEL SIGLO XIX: EL MODELO FEMENINO DE CHARLOTTE YONGE Tesis para optar al grado de doctor presentada por la Licenciada Ana Isabel Fernández Mosquera Directora: Dra. Laura Lojo Rodríguez (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela) Co-Directora: Dra. Veljka Ruzicka Kenfel (Universidad de Vigo) Vigo, julio de 2015 AGRADECIMIENTOS Durante el tiempo que ha durado esta larga investigación he recibido el apoyo y la ayuda de muchas personas. En primer lugar agradezco la posibilidad que me brindó el Centro Nacional de Investigación en Literatura Infantil y Juvenil de la Universidad de Roehampton en Londres de visitar su centro para acceder a sus fondos bibliográficos, en especial a la Profesora Kimberly Reynolds, antigua directora de este centro de investigación, que me regaló mi primer libro de la escritora Charlotte Yonge, asombrada de que en España alguien estuviese interesado en esta escritora olvidada. Tengo que manifestar mi gratitud por su apoyo también a mis compañeras de La Asociación Nacional de Investigación en Literatura Infantil y Juvenil (ANILIJ) con sede en la Universidad de Vigo, a Veljka Ruzicka, Blanca- Ana Roig, Celia Vázquez, Lourdes Lorenzo, Dolores Martínez, Isabel Mociño y Beatriz Rodríguez entre otras, con las que he colaborado a lo largo de los años y acudido a congresos en España y en el extranjero siempre con el objetivo de fomentar y divulgar nuestras investigaciones y aprender de las numerosas personas que hemos conocido en el mundo de la literatura infantil y juvenil. Agradezco también a los socios de ANILIJ que en muchas reuniones, conversaciones y debates que hemos compartido me han animado a seguir adelante y concluir mis investigaciones. La motivación, el aliento y la ayuda constante e inestimable le corresponde a las directoras de esta tesis doctoral, la Catedrática Veljka Ruzicka Kenfel de la Universidad de Vigo y la Dra. Laura Lojo Rodríguez de la Universidad de Santiago de Compostela. Gracias a su disponibilidad, amabilidad, consejos y orientaciones he podido concluir este trabajo. Por último quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a todas mis amigas que me animan desde la distancia y un océano de por medio, a mi familia, a mis padres y en especial a mi querido esposo por su apoyo incondicional, su ánimo, su amor y su compañía constante durante tantos años y a Nico, por comprender que la vida es una aventura aunque estemos a miles de kilómetros de casa y al que intento siempre “inocular” el virus de la maravillosa compañía de un buen libro. México, Julio 2015 Asset reference number: 2193 Caption: Charlotte Mary Yonge Credit line: © National Portrait Gallery, London Artist: George Richmond Be strong-minded, then. With all my might I say it. Be strong- minded enough to stand up for the right, to bear pain and danger in a good cause, to aid others in time of suffering, to venture on what is called mean or degrading, to withstand a foolish fashion, to use your own judgment, to weigh the value of compliments. In all these things be strong (Charlotte Yonge, Womankind, 1877) ÍNDICE INTRODUCCIÓN ............................................................................................ 13 CAPÍTULO I. CONSIDERACIONES GENERALES........................................... 33 CAPÍTULO II. PRECISIONES TERMINOLÓGICAS ......................................... 51 CAPÍTULO III. ANTECEDENTES E INFLUENCIAS LITERARIAS EN LA FAMILY NOVEL ........................................................................................ 71 3.1.Visión de la construcción cultural de la infancia hasta el siglo XIX a través de la literatura infantil y juvenil ........................................................................................... 74 3.2. Wiser and Better: Moral Tales (1760-1830) ............................................................. 89 3.3. Mild Obedient, Good As He: el movimiento evangélico ............................................ 98 3.4. O Dearest, Dearest Boy!: el romanticismo ............................................................... 107 3.5. Peasant Crudities: la fantasía ................................................................................... 123 CAPÍTULO IV. FACTORES SOCIALES QUE CONFLUYEN EN EL NACIMIENTO DE LA FAMILY NOVEL ........................................................................... 141 4.1. Breve panorama histórico ......................................................................................... 143 4.2. La consolidación de la burguesía .............................................................................. 148 4.3. The Domestic Ideal: el auge de lo doméstico .......................................................... 158 4.4. Lo doméstico y lo femenino ..................................................................................... 163 4.5. El imperialismo victoriano y la literatura infantil y juvenil para jóvenes ............... 175 CAPÍTULO V. LA FAMILY NOVEL EN LA TRADICIÓN LITERARIA DEL SIGLO XIX .......................................................................................................... 185 5.1. Cronología ................................................................................................................ 190 5.1.1. The Sensational Sixties: la family novel y las sensation novels ......................... 205 5.2. Lady Novelists: las autoras ...................................................................................... 213 5.3. The Awkward Age: el receptor ............................................................................... 223 5.4. La family novel de finales del siglo XIX: Edith Nesbit ............................................ 235 CAPÍTULO VI. C. YONGE: UNA VIDA DEDICADA AL OFICIO DE ESCRIBIR ..................................................................................................... 251 CAPÍTULO VII. CHARLOTTE YONGE Y EL TRACTARIANISMO ................... 273 7.1. El concepto tractariano del ethos en Yonge ............................................................. 282 7.2. El tractarianismo y la experiencia femenina ........................................................... 288 7.3. La filantropía y las buenas obras tractarianas ........................................................ 292 CAPÍTULO VIII. TO BE A GIRL: EL MODELO FEMENINO EN THE DAISY CHAIN (1856) ....................................................................................... 301 8.1. I Like Greek So Much: la educación ........................................................................ 306 8.2. Her Harum-Scarum Nature: la formación del carácter ........................................ 322 8.3. Domestic Felicity: lo doméstico y lo moral ............................................................. 329 8. 4. Making Good Wives and Mothers: el matrimonio ............................................... 338 8. 5. Good Works: la cuestión religiosa y la filantropía .................................................. 353 CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................ 369 BIBLIOGRAFÍA ........................................................................................... 387 INTRODUCCIÓN Introducción Introducción La presente tesis doctoral analiza la obra The Daisy Chain (1856) de la escritora inglesa Charlotte Yonge (1923-1901) como exponente de la novela doméstica (family novel), un género literario que tuvo su apogeo en la Inglaterra del siglo XIX, y mayoritariamente dirigido a un público de mujeres jóvenes, aunque no exclusivamente. Descubrí a la escritora Charlotte Yonge en una compilación de escritoras victorianas olvidadas y me llamó la atención el gran éxito que la autora tuvo en su época, no sólo entre el público femenino sino también entre lectores masculinos, como es el caso de los escritores Charles Kingsley, Alfred Tennyson, William Morris, Cristina Rosetti, Anthony Trollope o Lewis Carroll, políticos como William Gladstone y François Guizot o soldados, que públicamente mostraron su admiración por la obra de Yonge. En esta primera aproximación a la autora también me llamó la atención cómo una de sus novelas, The Heir of Redclyffe (1853), aparecía citada en Little Women (1868) de la autora norteamericana Louise May Alcott, precisamente en la famosa escena en la que Meg encuentra a su hermana Jo March “eating apples and crying over the Heir of Redclyffe wrapped up in a comforter on an old three-legged sofa in the garret” (Alcott,
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