Impact Study RenewableEnergy Facebook’s U.S. May 2021
• 1 Research Triangle NC27709 Park, Project Director: Sara VanLear Research conductedby: Menlo Park, CAMenlo Park, 94025
Renewable Energy Impact Study Acknowledgements appreciate your inputto ouranalysis here. andthefindingsdetailed in thisresearch—both listed andanonymous below those contributors. We RTI International would like to acknowledge theindividualswhoparticipated • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • National Laboratory Ryan Wiser, Markets SeniorScientist andElectricity andPolicy Lead, Department Lawrence Berkeley Vice PresidentVice ofOrigination andRenewables, Tennessee Valley Authority Gregory Wetstone, President and ChiefExecutive Officer, AmericanCouncilon Renewable Energy Gary Tonjes, retired president ofAlbuquerque Inc. Economic Development, Rikki Executive Director, Seguin, Interwest Energy Alliance Tony Richman,Engineering Manager, Energy Engineering, Nashville Services Service Electric Rentfrow,Robert President SeniorVice ofPower Supply, Walton Membership Cooperative Electric Pat O’Connell, SeniorCleanEnergy Policy Western Analyst, Resource Advocates Caitlin Marquis, Director, Energy Advanced Economy Eric Kopstain, for Chancellor Vice Administration, Vanderbilt University Norma Hutchinson, Research World Analyst, Resources Institute ChiefExecutive Officer,Gary Hoogeveen, Rocky Mountain Power Gil Hough,Executive Director, TenneSEIA Kyle Corporate Harrison, BloombergNEF Analyst, Sustainability Reagan Farr, President andChiefExecutive Officer, RanchCorporation Silicon Tom Fallgren, President Vice ofGeneration, Company PublicService ofNew Mexico Stephanie Dzur, Coalitionfor Counsel, CleanandAffordable Energy Ron President Darnell,Senior Vice ofPublicPolicy, Company PublicService ofNew Mexico Dianne Corsello, Director, Energy Dominion Business Development, Public andEnvironmental Affairs, IndianaUniversity Sanya Carley, Paul H.O’NeillProfessor andDirector, Master ofPublicAffairs programs, of O’NeillSchool Celina Bonugli, Associate, CleanEnergy Innovation, World Resources Institute Scott Bolton, President SeniorVice ofExternal Affairs andCustomer Solutions, Pacific Power Stan Blackwell, Director, Customer &Strategic Service Partnerships, Energy Dominion Matt Beasley, ChiefCommercial Officer, RanchCorporation Silicon Kow Atta-Mensah, ManagingDirector, Division,Morgan FixedIncome Stanley CapitalGroup Manager, Direct Serve Customers, Tennessee Valley Authority Target Energy Market Specialist, Intensive Tennessee Industries, Valley Authority • 2
Renewable Energy Impact Study Table ofContents 5. APPENDICES 4. 3. 2. 1. SECTION 5 4 3 2 1 andtheevolution ofrenewableeconomies energy markets. examples ofhow renewablein-depth energy development hasaffected Two Tennessee studies—the case Valley region andNew Mexico—offer DEMONSTRATING FACEBOOK’S REGIONAL IMPACTS and windoutcomes, andadditionalstate-level results. details impacts,targeted thenationalThis section economic solar RENEWABLE ENERGY PROJECTS ECONOMIC IMPACTS OFFACEBOOK-SUPPORTED states across thecountry. to thetools andwindenergy used addnew solar describes in Facebook’s renewable outlines This section energy goalsand U.S. DATA CENTERS WITH RENEWABLE ENERGY FACEBOOK’S APPROACH TO POWERING EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Referenced citations andreport notations List ofallrenewable projects inthisreport included methodologyEconomic modeling ofkeyGlossary terms throughout used thisreport Facebook’s dataserving centers regional ontherenewable summaries One-page energy projects
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Renewable Energy Impact Study • • • Projects Key Renewable Energy Economic ImpactsofFacebook-Supported Findings: of theU.S. impactswhileadvancing renewablehad economic energy inmany capacity regions This report provides that evidence Facebook’s renewable energy commitments have insightsanalysis, from alongwithspecific 30energy experts. thecompany’ssupport 13U.S. data centers. Thisreport presents findingsfrom that analysis ofFacebook’s U.S. of5,763MW andwindprojects portfolio ofsolar that International, anindependent nonprofit research institute, economic conduct an to renewable energy efforts intheUnited States,company the contracted RTI zero emissionsgoal.To carbon better impactofFacebook’s understand theeconomic broader initiatives sustainability Facebook’s renewable energy commitment isakey ofthecompany’s component toadding 5,763megawatts theU.S. grid. ofcleanelectricity (MW) procurement, whichto date hasresulted in55new andwindprojects solar commitment isinlarge dueto approach part itspioneering to renewable energy future data center developments andexpansions. by 100%renewable energy, isontrack andFacebook to maintain thiscommitment for with 100%renewable energy. Today, thecompany’s U.S. data center issupported fleet was oneofthefirst companies its commit In 2011,Facebook to facilities to supporting Executive Summary U.S. GDPannually across thecountry. energy projects willsustainnearly1,000 U.S. operations jobs and$157millionin year,In atypical inthis as 2023, theoperation defined report ofnew renewable economy. throughout Productjobs and$4.2billioninGross (GDP) Domestic theU.S. projects over have 40,000 (2014–2022),these During construction orwillsupport from annual operations andon-site maintenance. and installation impacts duringconstruction aswell asongoingbenefits economic sourced withintheUnited States.will be generate Development costs one-time $7.4 billionindevelopment capitalexpenditures, ofwhichanestimated $3.1billion U.S. renewableFacebook-supported energy projects willresult inanestimated › › › › new projects are located. 2,000 jobsin6states 4-state andthecombined Tennessee Valley region where The average state-level exceeding impactwas 1,318jobsduringconstruction, jobs statewide for every 100MW ofcontracted capacity. On average, 412total projects ofFacebook-supported supports theconstruction range from 100MW to over 700MW. State renewable energy additionsfrom projects capacity Facebook-supported data centers operate. new renewable added Facebook energy inallU.S. regions capacity where its , includingitssustainabledata center andnet- design Facebook’s ability toFacebook’s achieve ability this • 4 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase Total MW Total GDP ConstructionPhase Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase 5,763 55 $4.2 billion $2.6 billion 40,000 40,000 Over Over Solarand Utility-Scale (2014–2022) Wind Projects
Renewable Energy Impact Study Centers withRenewable Energy Facebook’s Approach to Powering U.S. Data • 5
Renewable Energy Impact Study Over the past 4 years, corporate sustainability initiatives have helped boost the renewable energy industry through rapid increases in renewable energy procurement. In 2020, corporations purchased a record of 24 gigawatts (GW) of renewable energy, almost 4 times the amount purchased in 2017.1 In 2018 and 2019, Facebook was recognized as the number-one corporate buyer of renewable energy in the United States by the Renewable Energy Buyers Alliance.2
In working to achieve its 100% renewable energy commitment, Facebook has led private-sector efforts to increase renewable energy capacity in the United States while also expanding renewable energy access for other buyers.
Renewable energy is a key component of Facebook’s strategy to build and operate sustainable data centers in the United States.
Data centers are energy-intensive buildings, using large amounts of electricity to power servers and cooling equipment. The development of data centers across the United States has grown significantly due to rising demands for data center services.3 Facebook’s U.S. fleet of data centers, which power Facebook for billions of users around the world, has grown from 1 to 13 over the last decade. And over the last 10 years, through partnerships with local stakeholders across the United States, Facebook has translated its data center growth and renewable energy commitment into a model for clean energy-based development.
Today, the company’s U.S. data center fleet is supported by 100% renewable energy, and Facebook is on track to maintain this commitment for future data center developments and expansions.4 To reach this commitment, Facebook established 2 overarching goals associated with electricity procurement for each data center it builds and operates:
Add new renewable energy capacity to the grid equivalent to the New renewable energy means that Facebook added solar and wind amount of electricity consumed by the company’s data center generation that was not already operations. This goal is important because Facebook committed to available or planned to be added to meeting the company’s energy demands through clean energy and
Goal 1 an electrical grid as part of the criteria wants to contribute to a cleaner U.S. grid. for involvement in a renewable energy project.
Ensure all Facebook-supported renewable energy projects are Renewable energy in the same located in the same electric grids as its data centers. This goal electrical grid means that renewable energy generation occurs where the is important because Facebook wants the benefits of increased new energy demand is geographically renewable energy capacity and the associated economic impacts to
Goal 2 located. benefit the communities and states where the company operates.
• 6 • in theirstate at thetime. Several data centers renewable Facebook oftheannounced were projects supporting thelargest also energy forecasted capacity by thestate 2021and2023. between will leadto renewable energy additionsthat are to capacity close orhigherthanthetotal renewable In states withhistorically low renewable energy capacity, Facebook’s renewable energy procurement 2018. 227 MW in announced project solar County Colbert Alabama 6 State EIA Forecast • • at advancingsuccessful renewable energy inmany states. forecasts for capacity planned Project data, state-level annual statistics for (2019),andstate-level existing andwindcapacity solar little ornorenewable previously capacity existed, suchasKentucky, Tennessee andMontana. renewableestablished energy track records, suchasTexas Carolina, andNorth andinstates where projectsFacebook-supported have significant added renewable energyboth instates capacity with operate. new renewable added Facebook energy inallU.S. regions where capacity itsdata centers 297 MW Georgia, Carolina, Indiana,Montana, North New Mexico, Ohio,Oregon, Texas, Utah,andVirginia. wind capacity. andemerging The10states amixofestablished renewable included markets: states completed projects, withthese theadditionsmadeup15%offorecasted and 2020solar operational became in2020.Inthe10 capacity 2,280 megawatts ofFacebook-supported (MW) ofdeveloping windenergywas intheearlierstages capacity. Nebraska’s windcapacity. Carolina North states, was oneofthetop capacity whileNebraska solar As of2019,Facebook’s projects represented Carolina’s 6%ofNorth and15%of capacity solar 2021–2023 2021–2023
Tennessee (solar) 2018. 150 MW in announced project solar County Lincoln Tennessee Facebook Planned or Under orUnder Planned Facebook 7 5 220 MW Construction provide that evidence Facebook’s renewable energy goalshave been • 7 2018. 150 MW in announced Hardin project solar County Ohio 8 State EIA Forecast Kentucky (solar) 80 MW 2021–2023 2021–2023
2019. 239 MW in announced windproject County Carbon Montana Facebook Planned or or Planned Facebook Under Construction 145 MW 9
Renewable Energy Impact Study Source: Facebook ensured that allnew renewableFacebook energy gridsasitsdata projects are electric centers. located inthesame supported by Facebook: supported with fewer than10,000residents. the suburbsofAlbuquerque, NM,to rural inGeorgia counties andNebraska Facebook’s renewable energy spans18states portfolio from and46counties, distressed. are economically outcomes innumerouseconomic data center locations, many ofwhich andoperationsgrids, construction andwindprojects support ofsolar In additionto adding5,763MW ofrenewable energy to local capacity constructed andare operating. impactswithintheregions whereeconomic therenewable projects are renewable resource andconcentrate capacity direct andlong-term short- data centers, demonstrated Facebook increase how thisgoalcould local By addingrenewable gridsasits energy electrical inthesame capacity • • • Oregon losses from ofoveralllosses 2014to 2019,aperiod growth. U.S. economic netNearly one-third oftheproject employment experienced counties average, and rates82% are located withpoverty incounties thenational above 96% are located outsideofmajormetropolitan areas, Utah Montana New Mexico 10 Ofthe55renewable energy projects Nebraska Texas Kansas • 8 Iowa Mississippi Illinois Tennessee � � Across 18states, there are atotal of: Indiana Alabama
Kentucky 13 Data Centers 55 Renewable Energy Projects Ohio • • employs: project of100MW A typical • Georgia located. where oftheprojects most are inthecounties income household nearly doublethe2019median an operations jobisover $89,000, The average for compensation 5 on-site jobsduringoperations construction construction 270 on-site jobsduring North CarolinaNorth Virgina
Renewable Energy Impact Study • • option was not previously possible. for new renewable procurement for qualifyingcustomers where the green tariffprograms, programs andeachofthese laidthe foundation The company was thefirst customer to participate in7new orupdated by example. led Facebook generation. theirenergyconnect source to of spending aspecific renewable electricity predictable rates programs savings. These andcost allow customers also to incentives. “green programsof utility power” that thetraditional gobeyond programs and In regulated markets, participated in thenext generation electricity Facebook project throughspecific tariff auniqueutility rate. by regulators customers that allow utility to buyrenewable from a electricity programs inregulated markets electricity offered andapproved by utilities topartnerships renewable meet energy goals. Green tariffs ofprocurement aretype anew that public-privatetool uses financial,orenergy legal, in-house sector experience. renewable that energy didnot those have level of thesame goals,especially agreement terms informed andconditions other energy customers with developers, regulators, andcustomers. process and Thiscollective to project thegoalsofutilities, meet the terms necessary andconditions Long-term agreements involve complex negotiations associated with on long-term demandfor cleanelectricity. agreementsthese orwindprojects enablenew solar to constructed based be energy project over many years. owner and customer that offer apredictable cashflow toa renewable Long-term agreements are arenewable contracts between energy strategy key usingtwo long-term tools: agreements andgreen tariffs. to achieve renewable energy tailored itsown procurement goals,Facebook Although there are various corporate approaches sustainability designed the way for other purchasers. Facebook’s approach pioneering to procuring renewable energy paved and Nestlé PurinaPetCareand Nestlé Company. separate renewable large-scale energy agreement Walton between EMC Corporation (Walton inGeorgia created EMC) aframework that inspired a energyFacebook’s solar partnership withWalton Membership Electric investment generatedsolar hasbeen theprogram’s since inception. Power Market andTVA Development, estimated that nearly$2.7billionin program, the2020Green whichearned Power Leadership Award for Green participated inTennesseeFacebook Valley Authority’s Green (TVA) Invest 13 14 New alternatives are to designed provide customers withmore By oftools inthedesign suchasgreen participating tariffs,
By providing asteady revenue stream, 15 17 For example: 12 Green tariffs are optional • 9 11 16 “ have anaverage term of18years. Facebook’s long-term agreements and scalable.” that were replicableaccessibility change for renewable energy of planted seeds Facebook the endof2023. MW ofnew renewable energy by will result intheadditionof5,763 oflong-termThe use agreements —Interviewee
Renewable Energy Impact Study agreement is established. Dataagreement centers isestablished. often involve more than1renewable energy Source: Facebook project. Note: Figure onannouncement year. based Renewable energy projects take 2and3years operational to between along-term once become Cumulative U.S. Data Center andRenewable Energy Megawatts by Announcement Year 2010 20112012201320142015 201620172018201920202021 2 Data Centers agreements andgreen tariffs—promoted greater renewable energy accessibility. energy. Facebook’s transparency, technical skills, to andwillingness tools—such use aslong-term as itsdata centers offers amodel for how significantto meet energy demands through clean Facebook’s approach to addingnew renewable energy projects grids to electrical thesame andpolicymakersAs utilities transitions consider away from energy fossil fuel-based sources, every region where thecompany located. rapidly itssourcing increased Facebook ofnew renewable energy to data meet center demandsin
3 Data Centers
4 Data Centers • 10 •
5 Data Centers
8 Data Centers
11 Data Centers 18
13 Data Centers
5,763 MW
Renewable Energy Impact Study Renewable Energy Projects Economic ImpactsofFacebook-Supported Rattlesnake Photo Creek WindProject. courtesy ofEnel. • 11 •
Renewable Energy Impact Study power generation.power andinverters,turbines and electric manufacturing equipment suchas plants, Construction ofnew power Project ConstructionandOperations Direct New renewable creates capacity cycles asspending jobs andincome through theeconomy. * Jobs•: Typical TimeFrame: Construction Operations supplychain. domestic renewableFacebook-supported energy projects are located andthroughout the were quantified by jobcreation, andGDPinthestates income, labor where economic impacts effects). The (indirect (induced effects) spending andemployee expenditures (direct effects), impacts generated from estimated on-site project andoperations construction andoperations.construction Each project generates impactsthrough andlong-term economic short- period. that two-year projects are impactsofthese and 2022.Theeconomic projected to during occur projects 2021 completed are andwillbe between orunderconstruction planned projects were ofannounced end 2020,two-thirds operational. Theremaining 18 resulted and wind projects in55new solar intheUnited States alone.At year- To date, Facebook’s long-term agreements to purchase renewable energy have economy. provided 40,000+jobsand$4.2billion+inGDPthroughout theU.S. U.S.By renewable 2023,Facebook-supported energy projects willhave the construction andoperationsthe construction phases. Throughout the report, jobsaresame ordifferent Throughout filled expressedby the asthetotal jobscanbe thereport, These number ofjob-years. individuals both over 19 aswell astheimpactsofsupplychainpurchasing RTI International calculated theeconomic electricity transmissionelectricity anddistribution. manufacturing, component and building Engineering services, Supply Chain Indirect One-Time Ongoing, 1 Annual year 15-25 years • 12 • personal services. services. personal stores, healthcare providers, and theirmoney atspend retailers, grocery people incomes, As new jobsboost Households Induced Project Portfolio Facebook’s U.S. Renewable Energy 37 projects; 3,612 MW projects; 37 Operational 2,15118 projects; MW Planned or Under Construction
projects 55 55
Renewable Energy Impact Study Number of Jobs; Millionsof2020Dollars, Undiscounted ofJobs; Number Agreements: 2014–2023 Economic Impactsfor by U.S. SolarandWindProjects Supported Facebook’s Portfolio ofLong-Term • • year: typical Together, theprojects result inthefollowing impactsina recurring economic spent each year tomillion willbe operate and provide to the grid. electricity After alltheprojects are operational in2023,anestimated total of$119 Operations willprovide nearly1,000jobsannually. • • • phase: following impactsduringtheconstruction economic primarily for installation andmaterials. labor ofcurrent costs construction renewable andplanned energy projects are approximately sourced withintheUnited States. $3.1billionwillbe The expendituresconstruction from that willoccur 2014through 2022,ofwhich anestimated includes $7.4billionintotal phase The construction over 9years. By willhave 2022,construction provided over 40,000total jobs 8 total U.S. jobsfor every $1millioninU.S. operating expenditures. 3.5x employment multiplier: 2.5additionaljobsfor on-site eachdirect, job 700 total U.S. j 2.6x employment multiplier: 1.6additionaljobsfor eachon-site job on-site270 direct, jobsfor every 100MW incontracted capacity Labor Income Labor obs for every 100MW incontracted capacity GDP Jobs $1,585 $1,011 15,770 Direct Construction (Cumulative) Indirect $1,175 9,736 $704 20 The expenses result Theexpenses inthe Induced $1,481 15,187 $839 • 13 • $4,240 $2,554 40,694 Total
Direct $68 $24 272 $4.2 billion in U.S. GDP U.S. in billion $4.2 Income Labor in billion $2.6 Total Jobs 40,694 $157 GDP U.S. in million Income Labor in $70 million 952 Total Jobs Glance: 2014–2022 (9Years)Glance: ImpactsatConstruction Phase a a Glance: 2023(Typicala Glance: Year) Total Operations Impactsat Phase Indirect Operations (Annual) $49 $23 269 Induced $40 $23 411 $157 Total $70 952
Renewable Energy Impact Study Number of Jobs; Millionsof2020Dollars, Undiscounted ofJobs; Number Long-Term Agreements: 2017–2023 Economic Impactsfor by U.S. SolarProjects Supported Facebook’s Portfolio of intensive. operations generation solar power are utility-scale andsuggests more labor onaverage.$1 millioninsales, terms intensity, oflabor operations utility-scale require solar 3.3jobsper andotherexcludes industryjobsinconstruction supplychains.In solar operations solar 3,700people. employed In 2019,utility-scale • • equipment. ismore equipment (e.g.,modules) likelysolar thanwind to imported be supplychainimpacts.Forindustries’ example, national trends show that vendors intheUnited States, there aresolar andwind differences between toWhen itcomes sourcing therenewable equipment from suppliers and substantial contributions to nationwide jobgrowth. projects Facebook’s construction datasolar that centers support have made employment was over 31,000—a44%increase from 2018. thatIn 2019,industrydata showed overall also construction utility-scale afourfoldexperienced growth employment in construction 2010. since States. Industry-wideresidential, has non-residential, solar andutility-scale industryisoneofthefastest-growingThe solar jobsectors intheUnited ofFacebook’s68% oftheportfolio long-term agreements. forSolar projects account 3,940MW ofrenewable project capacity, or 2.4x total jobsfor every on-site job. construction hasanemployment construction solar multiplier of Facebook-supported industries. and target manufacturing local equipment supplychainsto domestic boost projects, projectsFor Facebook-supported goagainstnational select trends Labor Income Labor 26 23 GDP Jobs Direct 9,179 $940 $562 25 Theaverage ishigherthanwindelectric Construction (Cumulative) Indirect 4,525 $551 $330 Induced 7,906 $771 $437
• 14 • 22 Utility-scale Utility-scale $2,262 $1,329 21,610 24 Total Theestimate 21
Direct $41 $19 235 management specialists. management and project supervisors, operations general supervisors, construction first-line occupations: Example occupations. generation power all solar electric across wage average annual $98,000 Total GDP ConstructionPhase $2.3 billion Income Total Labor ConstructionPhase $1.3 billion (2017–2022) Total Jobs ConstructionPhase 21,610 MW 3,940 (2023) Annual Operations Jobs Phase 682 Indirect Operations (Annual) $29 $13 156 27
Induced $28 $16 291 28 Total $98 $48 682
Renewable Energy Impact Study Number of Jobs; Millionsof2020Dollars, Undiscounted ofJobs; Number Long-Term Agreements: 2014–2023 Economic Impactsfor by U.S. WindProjects Supported Facebook’s Portfolio of requires $1millioninsales. 0.9jobsper operations,contrast utility-scale intensive windisnot withsolar aslabor asit excludes orother windindustryjobsinconstruction supplychains.In windoperations 6,400people. In 2019,utility-scale employed • • forecasted to grow by 2%in2020. manufacturing sectors over 26,000jobs,andthesector was supported as towers, andother wind-related In2019,these andturbines. blades, and astrong equipment supplychainexists domestic for items such Major windsystem are components often also manufactured domestically, MW capacity. jobsper ofinstalled construction intensive relative to andrequires solar thenumber ofdirect 1.6times ismore windconstruction phase, During thewindconstruction labor third jobs—nearly38,000—represented ofthese employment. construction of sectors intheU.S. economy, anincrease of3%from 2018. sector provided power In 2019,thewindelectric 115,000jobsacross avariety ofFacebook’s32% oftheportfolio long-term agreements. forWind projects account 1,823MW ofrenewable project capacity, or 2.9x total jobsfor every on-site job. construction hasanemployment windconstruction multiplierFacebook-supported of jobs for every 100MW capacity. ofinstalled 362direct construction supports windconstruction Facebook-supported Labor Income Labor GDP Jobs Direct 6,592 $645 $449 31 Construction (Cumulative) Indirect 5,211 $624 $375 33 Induced 7,281 $710 $402 • 15 • 29 32 $1,978 $1,225 19,084 Over one- Total Theestimate Direct $26 $5 37 30
as operations and business specialists. specialists. business and operations as well as technicians turbine wind as such maintenance, and repair occupations installation, occupations: Example occupations. generation power all wind electric across wage average annual $85,000 Annual Operations Jobs Phase 270 Total GDP ConstructionPhase $2 billion Income Total Labor ConstructionPhase $1.2 billion (2014–2021) Total Jobs ConstructionPhase 19,084 MW 1,823 (2023) Indirect Operations (Annual) $21 $10 113 3 4
Induced $12 120 $7 Total $59 $22 270 3 5
Renewable Energy Impact Study Regional Impacts Regional Impacts Demonstrating Facebook’s Rattlesnake Photo Creek WindProject. courtesy ofEnel.
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Case Studies
Renewable Energy Impact Study *The Tennessee*The Valley region renewable includes energy projects inAlabama,Tennessee, Kentucky, andMississippi. Tennessee Valley region* continues to support local economies, many ofwhichare economies, distressed. continues local to economically support inspirehow earlycommitments helped momentum for additionalrenewable energy growth that andoperations duringtheconstruction shows Additional evidence activity phases. economic local additionsandillustratecapacity how Facebook’s approach to itsdata powering centers increases Tennessee Valley region Facebook’s commitments andtheevolutiondescribe ofrenewable energy markets inthe To impactsinto studies case two additionsandeconomic context, theregional capacity place phase. construction jobs.In7locations, moreconstruction than2,000cumulative jobswere duringthe supported state. Thestudyrevealed anaverage that every supported 100MW ofnew capacity of412statewide renewableFacebook-supported energy additionsrange capacity from 100MW to over 700MW per jobsin18differentof 1,318construction state economies. U.S. renewableFacebook energy projects strengthened regional jobmarkets withanaverage North CarolinaNorth New Mexico Georgia Virginia Texas Utah 435 MW 540 MW 694 MW 410 MW 635 MW 742 MW 704 MW Average across allstates: Total Jobs(2014–2022) ConstructionPhase 3 6 andNew Mexico.
1,318
Both case studies report therelativeBoth studies case size ofnew • 17 • 2,147 2,163 2,206 2,269 2,283 2,618 3,001
Case Studies
Renewable Energy Impact Study Note: Total for more andoperations glossary results phase theconstruction results See detail inboth phase. onhow andinduced are these indirect, estimated defined. impacts includedirect, Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number SolarProjects in Alabama,Kentucky,Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Mississippi,andTennessee and Gallatin, TN, Data Centers Tennessee Valley Region:Huntsville, AL, activities atactivities eachrenewable energy project site. andongoingoperational ontheimpactsofconstruction importance and national levels. rate thenational above average state below income household andmedian All projects are inrural andare counties, located inareas that have apoverty and $14millionintotal regional GDP. ongoingannual impacts,including$5millionintotal support income labor anestimated includes $14millioninoperatingphase expenditures that earning over $75,000annually inwages andbenefits. on-site operations nearly40direct, Operations jobs,each willsupport MW incontracted capacity. sourced locally. expenditures These willresult in353total jobsfor every 100 expendituresconstruction withapproximately $243millionthat will be region. on-site over jobsinthe4-state 1,500direct, Construction willsupport operational 2021and2023. to between become scheduled Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi,andTennessee. projects are These a total projects of5solar across 4states intheTennessee Valley region: projectssolar contracted states. inboth Tennessee, totaling 377MW. At that time,the2projects were thelargest itsfirstsolar projects 2 announced inAlabamaand In 2018,Facebook Georgia, Carolina, North andVirginia. states includingTennessee ofAlabama,Mississippi,Kentucky, andportions of7southeastern inparts nearly10millionpeople serving companies power the United States that for provides customers business electricity andlocal location for theHuntsville, Data AL, Center. TVA isacorporate agency of for was considering adataFacebook center. the Thissite would become in 2017to determine arenewable energy andtheTennesseeFacebook Valley working together began Authority (TVA) The construction phase includes anestimated includes $805millionin phase Theconstruction Labor Income Labor GDP Jobs 39 These types of economic challenges place even more place challenges ofeconomic types These Direct 1,566 $130 $87 Construction (Cumulative) 3 8 3 To date, hasannounced Facebook 7 solution for solution anew site that • 18 • 2,618 $222 $140 Total Theoperations Direct $3 38 $9 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 742 SolarProjects Utility-Scale 5 Total regional ConstructionPhase GDP $222 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $140 million 2,600 2,600 Over Over (2020–2022) Operations (Annual) million Total $14 $5 79
Case Study
Renewable Energy Impact Study TVA Facebook Timeline ofKey andTVA Facebook Activities from 2015to 2021 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2033. new renewables by MW to 5,600 MW of plansforincluded 3,700 In January, TVA’s IRP since theprogram’ssince inception. estimated that investment generated nearly $2.7billioninsolar hasbeen battery storage. toadditions led 964MW ofnew contracted capacity, solar plus130MW of Distillery, andGeneral Motors have utilized Green since Invest. Board, Vanderbilt University, Metro Government ofNashville, JackDaniels program. Several TVA customers, theKnoxville including Google, Utilities was priorto 2017. Today, therenewable energy isstrikingly different landscape thanit TN. additional Green Invest data center projects asecond to inGallatin, support TVA area. service Theprogram continues to announced grow: Facebook an industry-leadingapproach to expand renewable energy across the renewable energy procurement, theGreen Invest program as evolved Green Investbecame in2018.WithTVA’s competency incompetitive resources at scale. industry knowledge that hasinformed thecreation ofrenewable energy shared extensiveOver Facebook thelast5years engagement, oflocal for TVA other utility-scale customers. 742 MW ofnew andinformed solar therenewable energy opportunities Facebook’s intheTennessee activities Valley region have resulted in partnership withTVA. began Facebook solar. MW ofnew resulted in524 energy which renewable 200 MW of an RFPfor TVA issued 4 2 As aresult ofthisinflux ofGreen Invest TVA participation, 4
0 Facebook was thefirst customerFacebook for TVA’s Green Invest TVA pioneered theframework andFacebook that Center. for(377 MW) Huntsville Data County, andLincoln AL, TN County,projects inColbert 2solar announced Facebook center inHuntsville, AL. data announced Facebook projects for Facebook. first Green Investsolar Announcement ofthe 4 3
TN. at Yumproject withGoogle Yum, Announcement ofGreen Invest bynew solar 2038. by 2028andupto 14,000MW of MW to 8,000MW ofnew solar TVA plansfor IRPincluded 1,500 of renewable energy. TVA anRFPfor issued 200MW • 19 • 4 1 These These TVA. partnership with renewables in alongside additional in Gallatin, TN, center development data announced Facebook Award. Market Development theGreen Powerearned TVA Green Invest program General Motors. Vanderbilt University, and Knoxville Board, Utilities the Google, projects: Green Invest customer TVA new announced 651 MW ofnew solar. customers that resulted in energy for Green Invest 200 MW ofrenewable TVA anRFPfor issued County, Mississippi. and Lowndes County, Kentucky projects inLogan additional solar 2 announced Facebook Utilties. Daniels, andStarkville Board,Utilities Jack University, Knoxville Nashville, Vanderbilt Metro Government of customers: Facebook, for Green Invest of battery storage system and130MW ontheTVAcapacity contracted solar 964 MW ofnew of a2020RFP: TVA released results
Case Study
Renewable Energy Impact Study Colbert County,Colbert AL Photo SolarProject. courtesy ofOrsted. start theregion’sstart renewable energy market Facebook. beyond Demonstrating ofrenewables to thisviability was thecatalyst kick- needed theenvironmentalboth ofrenewables viability intheregion. andeconomic with itsapproach to itsrenewable meeting energy requirements, illustrated dataFacebook’s benefits. centerregional economic along development, a similarlylarge customer to validate renewables at andrealize scale the development economic context. renewable ofutility-scale energycost-effectiveness withinagreater to renewable secure ability energy prove helped thefeasibility and stakeholdersLocal that acknowledged Facebook’s demonstrated growing from anaverage of81MW to anaverage of176MW. In terms ofsize, theapplications more inaverage thandoubled project size— applications in TVA’s area service went from 7 to 33, a nearly fivefold increase. of future renewable resource expansion. 2017,interconnection Since generation to applications provide thegrid. As these aresult, anindicator Interconnection applications are required before new renewable connecting 14,000 MW inrenewable energy capacity. one of whichisupto by power 2033—andincludeadditional2038scenarios, 2019 IRPprojections are doublethisamount—10,000 MW andwind insolar 2015 IRPprojected over 5,000MW tochanges renewable resource projections compared to the2015IRP. The energy throughout theregion. TVA’s recent most 2019IRPreflects significant interconnection application queuesignalcontinued growth inrenewable inTVA’sAdditional changes integrated resource plans(IRPs)and 4 TVA’s large anduniquestructure required 4 of solar and wind power by andwindpower 2033.The ofsolar 4 5 • 20 • 4 6 4 7 “ region.” oncleanenergyneedle inthis but ultimately inmoving the anditsoperations,themselves impactfulnot justhas been for and apioneer was Facebook —Local interviewee
Case Study
Renewable Energy Impact Study Note: Total for more andoperations glossary results phase theconstruction results See detail inboth phase. onhow andinduced are these indirect, estimated defined. impacts includedirect, Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inNew Mexico Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported New Mexico: Los Lunas Data Center across thestate. affirmed how significant locationsFacebook’s been impacts these for have Facebook’s data center andthetransition ofthestate’s sector electricity and FinancialAnalysis that documented the“nearovernight boom” of the national average). $38,000 across where the6counties projects are these located (33%below thenational below average.income unemployment rates higherthanthenational average household andmedian All theprojects are and areas distressed located ineconomically withpoverty million intotal state GDP. ongoing annual impacts,including$5millionintotal and$14 income labor anestimatedincludes $16millioninoperating expenditures that support over $86,000annually inwages andbenefits. on-site operations 36direct, Operations jobs,eachearning willsupport every 100MW incontracted capacity. expenditures impacts.These willresultproduce in360total one-time jobsfor expenditures withapproximately to $238million that sourcedlocally willbe anestimated includes $834millioninconstruction phase The construction on-site over jobsinNew 1,400direct, Mexico. Construction willsupport resources. with approximately athird ofthat to tied Facebook’s contracted renewable generation installed the utility’s from willcome andwind, capacity solar ofFacebook’s data centers. insupport electricity By 2023,over 50%of Today, alarge share ofPNM’s renewable resource represents portfolio projects operational 2021and2023. to are between become scheduled Mexico. andwindprojects 10solar inNew hasannounced then,Facebook Since energy, aimingfor a100%renewable commitment was anew concept. itsLos Lunas supporting Data(PNM) in2016about Center with renewable approached Company thePublicService When Facebook ofNew Mexico Labor Income Labor 49 Seven projects are currently operational, andtheremaining 3 5 0 5 GDP Jobs 3 5 2 Arecent report by theInstitute for Energy Economics Direct 1,416 $134 $83 Construction (Cumulative) 5 1 In 2019, income per capitaaveraged per In2019,income Theoperations phase • 21 • 2,283 $207 $120 Total 4 8
Direct $10 $3 36 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 635 Projects Utility-Scale 10 Total state ConstructionPhase GDP $207 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $120 million 2,200 2,200 Over Over (2017–2022) Operations (Annual) million Total $14 $5 77
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Renewable Energy Impact Study PNM Facebook Timeline ofKey andPNMActivities from 2014to Facebook 2021 2014 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2014 201620172018 201920202021 energy projects. MW ofrenewable to theexisting 244 2033 inaddition resources through of renewable plan to add485MW 2033 IRPwitha its2014– PNM filed standard for by investor-owned 2045. utilities Energy Transition Act (ETA) into law, emission whichsetsa100%zero-carbon In March 2019,New Mexico Governor MichelleLujan the Grishamsigned renewable standards portfolio andsetting acarbon-free energy standard. steps to increase thefuture deployment ofrenewable energy, expanding its future. 2014and2017IRPstoutility’s fullycommitted to being a renewable energy significant from shift relatively modest renewable growth projections inthe free 100%carbon byan ambitiousgoalofbeing 2040. its commitments for additionalrenewable resources in2019 andannounced itsinitialconversationSince in2016,PNMsteadily withFacebook increased capacity. to more than$1billionandprompting for additionalrenewable aneed energy center expansion, raising thetotal expenditures construction planned on-site Facebook’s Los Lunas Data Center. adata announced In2017,Facebook approvedCommission (PRC) thefirstsolar project PNM to supplyenergy for in PNM’s area. service a green tariff, asthefirstmodelserved whichhas forsupplying renewables and at thestate level. demand for renewable energy, resulted insignificant changes at PNM Facebook’s inNew activities Mexico, alongwiththegrowing public 5 7 Simultaneously, New Mexico’s state taking government hadbeen 5 5 in Los Lunas, NM. data center to built be announced Facebook Los Lunas data center. Facebook’sto support agreementsof solar PNM andinitial30MW and Facebook between ContractService PRC approved Special established rates.established to acquire energy through PNMat “Rider No.47”enablingcustomers including theGreen Energy Rider and PNMcollaborated to develop, energy tariffonwhich Facebook PRC approved anew renewable 5 In2016,PNMcollaborated to withFacebook establish 4 In the same year, Inthesame theNew Mexico PublicRegulation Units 1and4. from SanJuanGenerating Station resources for 497MW ofcoal RFP for potential replacement an“allresources”PNM issued a planto free coal by be 2032. its2017–2036IRPwith PNM filed 5 8 center expansion. Facebook’s Los Lunas data projectsnew solar to support agreements for 100MW of PRC approved 2additional projects Facebook. to support 267 MW ofnew windandsolar PRC approved agreements for • 22 • 5 6 Thisrepresented a by 2040. emissionsenergyzero-carbon energy by 2032and100% emissions 70% zero-carbon goaltoPNM announced supply 2045 for investor-owned utilities. emissionstandardcarbon by into law, whichset a100%zero- the Energy Transition Act (ETA) New Mexico’s governor signed “ needed to pushtowardneeded theETA.” onekeywas source of evidence concrete progress, andthis made Facebook byCase case, measures. management its demand-side of 40 MW aspart RFP for at least an PNM issued —Local interviewee 2040. free production by achieve 100%carbon- release withplanto PNM 2020IRP center. Facebook’s data to support energy storage MW of4-hour projects and100 240 ofnew solar agreements for approval of PNM filed for
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Renewable Energy Impact Study Bernalillo County Solar Project. Photo SolarProject. courtesyBernalillo County of PNM. New Mexico asanational leaderinthetransition to grid. azero-carbon renewablea new mindset about energy across thestate establish andhelped renewable energy inPNM’s area. service large customers, ofAlbuquerque includingtheCity andWalmart, to source fundamentals of theGreen Energy Ridertariffled to similar offerings for other development andrenewable resource expansion. of both Facebook’s work inNewbenefits Mexico in economic terms of ongoing work withPNMandtheNew Mexico PRC, demonstrated theoverall establishment ofPNM’s Green Energy Ridertariff,company’s alongwiththe stated that Facebook’s role inthestate was asa“game changer.” The of therenewable energy market inNew Mexico. thelong-term transformation hadaleadingrole insupporting Facebook in 2019and2,2102020. total interconnection solar application megawatts 2,532 years: inthelasttwo average to 143 MW jumped from 2017to thelargest 2020.PNMhasseen average MW size PNMapplication per from 2008to 2016was 11MW. The for ofdevelopers andlower onbehalf prices customers.competition expansion. Increased interconnection applications canleadto more interconnection applications are anindicator offuture renewable resource interconnection applications increased. As noted intheprevious section, its renewable energy agreements in2016,solar withPNMstarting theLos LunasAfter announced Data Center Facebook andnegotiated MW, or7%ofthestate’s generation power capacity. withfossilcompetitive fuelresources, accounted andby for 2019,solar 675 demonstrate helped Facebook that resources inarange solar be could from 2010to 2015. reported inNew Mexico capacity beforeno solar 2010,anditgrew slowly U.S. Energy Information Administration generation data, there capacity was too expensive to renewable meet standards. portfolio according Infact, to stakeholders interviewed amindset that was solar for thisstudydescribed market power advance thesolar inthestate. Before Facebook’s arrival, The company’s long-term agreements for projects new solar have helped grew from than3%ofstate less to capacity more than20%by 2019. industry inthestate. inNew Mexico Windpower dates backto 2003and agreements for new windprojects to added analready wind established industryinNewan early-stagesolar Mexico. to projects added amaturing windindustryandstrengthened Facebook 6 0 Even were that withrecognition costs solar declining, 6 2 6 4 For many, contributed to Facebook Facebook’s long-term 6 3 Additionally, the Every interviewee local • 23 • 59 6 1
The 6 5 “ set arecord at that time.” Facebook theevidence. seeing renewables,cheaper butnot talking was Everyone about —Local interviewee
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Renewable Energy Impact Study Appendices 1–5 Appendices • 24 •
Renewable Energy Impact Study Appendix 1:Regional Fact Sheets Appendix and impacts. explore for thefullreport arobust understanding ofFacebook’s U.S. renewable energy efforts pagers are intended to to andare serve asstand-alonedocuments designed invite readers to onthelocation ofitsdata centers. based by Thefollowingprojects supported Facebook one- andwind impactsofsolar providesThis appendix oftheeconomic regional summaries • 25 •
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inIllinoisandIowa Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Illinois andIowa million inregional GDP. produce and$7 ongoingannual income impacts,including$2millioninlabor anestimated includes $8millioninoperatingphase expenditures that on-site operations 6direct, Operations jobs. willsupport impacts. expenditures with$164millionsourcedwithintheregion to produce one-time anestimated includes $548millioninconstruction phase The construction on-site jobs. 900direct, projects willsupport Construction ofthese • • and Iowa: 2projects that supports totalFacebook 311MW ofwindenergy across Illinois 2019 reported windcapacity. The 170MW windfarm inMorgan County, represents IL, 3%ofthestate’s with MidAmericanEnergy. The 140MW windfarm inGrundyCounty, IA,istheresult ofapartnership Labor Income Labor GDP Jobs 6 6 Direct $59 900 $89 Construction (Cumulative) • 26 • 1,622 $158 Total $98 Theoperations
Direct $1 $5 6 1,600 1,600 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 311 WindProjects Utility-Scale 2 Total RegionalGDP ConstructionPhase $158 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $98 million Over Over (2014–2021) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers Iowa million �
� Total $7 $2 25 Illinois
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inMontana, Oregon, andUtah Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Montana, Oregon, andUtah and $18millioninregional GDP. that produce ongoingannual income impacts,including$8millioninlabor operations anestimated includes $21million inoperating phase expenditures on-site operations nearly60direct, Operations jobs. willsupport region to impacts. produce one-time expendituresconstruction withapproximately $355millionsourced withinthe site jobs. on- over 1,900direct, projects willsupport Construction ofthese • • • inMontana,counties Oregon, andUtah. projects 10solar and1windproject located supports acrossFacebook 8 capacity. largest inthestate andrepresents 30%ofthestate’s 2019reported wind additionof239MW inMontana theFacebook was the When announced, inthestate.produced isequivalent to capacity energyadditional solar 63%ofthesolar currently long-term According fixedprices. to MountainRocky Power, Facebook’s 34 paved theway for to to utilities green customers sell electricity at stable an innovative new renewable energy 34.Schedule Schedule tariffcalled andRocky Mountain PowerIn Utah,Facebook to worked closely develop 272RenewableSchedule Energy Rider. Prineville Data Center with100%renewable energy through Pacific Power’s andPacificIn Oregon, Facebook Power have the partnered to support Labor Income Labor
The construction phase includes anestimated includes $1.2billionin phase The construction 6 8 GDP Jobs 6 7 Direct 1,941 $117 $213 Construction (Cumulative) • 27 • 3,504 $349 $195 Total The
Direct $10 $4 56 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 1,033 Projects Utility-Scale 11 Total regional ConstructionPhase GDP $350 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $195 million 3,500 3,500 Over Over (2020–2022) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers � � Oregon million
� � � � � Utah � Total $18 133 $8 � � Montana
�
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Carolina Projects andVirginia inNorth Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported CarolinaNorth andVirginia and $15millioninregional GDP. that produce ongoingannual income impacts,including$8millioninlabor operations anestimated includes $16million inoperating phase expenditures on-site overOperations operations 60direct, supports jobs. impacts. produce one-time expenditures withapproximately $429million sourced withintheregion to anestimated includes $1.4billioninconstruction phase The construction on-site jobs. 2,600direct, projects supported Construction ofthese • • and Virginia. projects 13solar that total supports Facebook 950MW across Carolina North reported capacity. solar projectsFacebook-supported inVirginia represent 86%ofthestate’s 2019 RF. havecompanies executed over 340MW projects ofsolar underSchedule customers new renewable theoptionto support energy sources. The renewable rate RF, Schedule optioncalled whichallows business worked Energy withDominion Facebook to develop aninnovative Labor Income Labor GDP Jobs 69 Direct 2,600 $148 $241 Construction (Cumulative) • 28 • 4,432 $415 $247 Total The
Direct $4 62 $8 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 950 SolarProjects Utility-Scale 13 Total regional ConstructionPhase GDP $415 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $247 million 4,400 4,400 Over Over (2017–2020) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers million
� Virginia � Carolina North � � Total $15 120 $8 � � � � � �
� � �
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inTexasEconomic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Texas and $16millioninregional GDP. that produce ongoingannual income impacts,including$6millioninlabor operations anestimated includes $15million inoperating phase expenditures on-site overOperations operations 20direct, supports jobs. state to impacts. produce one-time expendituresconstruction withapproximately $290millionsourced withinthe site jobs. on- over 1,400direct, projects supported Construction ofthese • • 2windprojects project and1solar inTexas. supports Facebook capacity. projectThis solar represents 12%ofthestate’s 2019reported solar announcement. project was oneofthelargest projects solar inthenation at thetimeofits financingagreement. The300 ataxMW company equity established Texas ishometo Facebook’s first andonlycurrent project where the Labor Income Labor
The construction phase includes anestimated includes $869millionin phase The construction 7 1 GDP Jobs 7 0 Direct 1,480 $106 $161 Construction (Cumulative) • 29 • 3,001
$311 $193 Total
The Direct $3 21 $9 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 704 Projects Utility-Scale 3 Total state ConstructionPhase GDP $311 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $193 million 3,000 3,000 Over Over (2014–2019) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers � million
� Texas Total � $16 $6 75
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inIndianaandOhio Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Indiana andOhio and $7millioninregional GDP. that produce ongoingannual income impacts,including$3millioninlabor operations anestimated includes $8millioninoperating phase expenditures on-site operations nearly20direct, Operations jobs. willsupport region to impacts. produce one-time expendituresconstruction withapproximately $174millionsourced withinthe site jobs. on- over 1,000direct, projects willsupport Construction ofthese • 3projects that supports totalFacebook 439MW across IndianaandOhio. supported 300MW triplethestate’s would almost supported capacity. solar According to Ohio’s in2019,theFacebook- reported capacity solar Labor Income Labor
The construction phase includes anestimated includes $589millionin phase The construction GDP Jobs Direct 1,025 $69 $99 Construction (Cumulative) • 30 • 1,944 $186 $118 Total 7
2 The Direct $1 19 $3 1,900 1,900 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 439 Projects Utility-Scale 3 Total regional ConstructionPhase GDP $186 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $118 million Over Over (2020–2022) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers Indiana million �
� � Ohio Total $7 $3 48
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inGeorgia Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Georgia and $7millioninregional GDP. that produce ongoingannual income impacts,including$4millioninlabor operations anestimated includes $7millioninoperating phase expenditures on-site operations nearly30direct, Operations jobs. willsupport state to impacts. produce one-time expendituresconstruction withapproximately $228millionsourced withinthe site jobs. on- over 1,000direct, projects willsupport Construction ofthese • • projects 6solar that total supports Facebook 435MW inGeorgia. solar capacity.solar projectsFacebook-supported represent 28%ofGeorgia’s 2019reported of thelargest producers panelsinthewestern ofsolar hemisphere. manufacturedmore modules than350,000solar by Hanwha QCELLS,one A 103MW theregional project economy through supports itspurchase of Labor Income Labor The construction phase includes anestimated includes $479millionin phase Theconstruction 7 GDP Jobs 4 Direct 1,078 $126 $68 Construction (Cumulative) • 31 • 2,147 $228 $127 Total
7
3 The Direct $2 28 $4 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 435 SolarProjects Utility-Scale 6 Total state ConstructionPhase GDP $228 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $127 million 2,100 2,100 Over Over (2019–2022) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers � � � million
� Georgia Total � $7 $4 60 �
Renewable Energy Impact Study Millions of 2020 Dollars, Undiscounted; Number ofJobs Millions of2020Dollars, Undiscounted; Number Projects inKansas andNebraska Economic Impactsfor Facebook-Supported Kansas andNebraska $14 millioninregional GDP. produce and ongoingannual income impacts,including$5millioninlabor anestimated includes $13millioninoperatingphase expenditures that on-site operations 5direct, Operations jobs. willsupport region to impacts. produce one-time expendituresconstruction withapproximately $193millionsourced withinthe site jobs. on- nearly1,300direct, project willsupport Construction ofthese • • • and Nebraska. 2projects that supports totalFacebook 515MW ofwindenergy inKansas 2019 reported windcapacity. projectThe Facebook-supported inKansas represents 3%ofthestate’s the state that year. windcapacity 2,000MW.exceeded project TheFacebook-supported represented 15%of In 2019,Nebraska was 1of15states that withexisting windcapacity renewable energy solutions. customers to261M, whichwas designed support whoare seeking partnered withOmahaPublicPower DistricttoFacebook theRate use Labor Income Labor The construction phase includes anestimated includes $691millionin phase Theconstruction GDP Jobs 7 6 Direct 1,296 $73 $93 7 5 Construction (Cumulative) • 32 • 2,181 $170 $117 Total Theoperations
Direct $10 $3 5 Total Jobs ConstructionPhase total MW MW total 515 WindProjects Utility-Scale 2 Total regional ConstructionPhase GDP $170 Total Income Labor ConstructionPhase $117 million 2,100 2,100 Over Over (2018–2021) � Operations (Annual) Energy Projects Renewable Data Centers Nebraska million
Kansas Total $14 $5 34 �
�
Renewable Energy Impact Study Appendix 2:Glossary Appendix includes payments individualsand unincorporatedincludes owners. received by business self-employed unemployment insurance taxes). Payroll are costs referred also to payroll. asfullyloaded also income Labor (e.g.,health, allbenefits retirement), andsalaries, wages andpayrollsecurity, social taxesboth of sides (e.g., Income: Labor of Economic Analysis. InIMPLAN, jobimpacts are to not equal equivalent full-time positions. andfollowsby the Bureau definition used foraccounts thesame seasonality StatisticsLabor andthe of Bureau Jobs: andoperationsconstruction phases. includingretailers,households, both the during occur grocery effects stores, Induced services. andpersonal Purchase orHousehold Impacts(orEffects): Induced transmission anddistribution,water, andother sewage systems, andbusiness-related services. equipment rental, andrelated andengineering includeelectricity Duringtheoperations sales services. phase, concrete, includebuildingcomponents, sales phase, During theconstruction screws, nuts, machineryand bolts, Indirect orSupplyChainImpacts(orEffects): from suppliers third-party (intermediate goods). taxes. andproperty andsales income, payroll benefits, salaries, taxes). (e.g.,wages, income GDPaddsitemsjust labor likecorporate profits, rental Product: Gross Domestic that provide generation power electric (operations phase). communication structures andinverters andequipment suchasturbines andindustries phase) (construction Direct Impacts(orEffects): KeyEconomic Impact: Terms Scale: Utility availability unitoftime. per Renewable Energy: Offtaker: installations require inverters to from produced convert to thepower AC. DC panels generate intheform ofdirect electricity currents, gridsrunonalternating andelectricity currents. Solar current, refers andmegawatt DC to direct current. for energy Thisdistinctionisimportant solar solar because Megawatt (MW): usually implemented at thestate level. requirements andprocedures to that isused ensure that anew project interconnection meets standards that are renewable energy ofaset grid.Theapplication to isoneaspect connected project legally anelectricity canbe Interconnection Application: resourceproposed (includingcustomer-side choices preferred resources). that utilities detailpublicly owned theirresource goals,physical policy needs, andoperational constraints, and Integrated Resource Plan: anddistributiontransformers lines, voltage power nationwide. generated andtransported to endusers. Gridsare low- plants, madeupofpower lines, high-voltage power PowerElectric Grid: Renewable Energy: Key Terms Jobs include an industry-specific mix of full-time, part-time, and seasonal employment. An annual employment. seasonal and average part-time, mixoffull-time, Jobsincludeanindustry-specific Anenergy whohasagreed offtaker costumer isa to purchase adesignated amount ofenergy. Utility-scale renewable Utility-scale energy projects are as10 usuallydefined MWorlarger. Labor income measures income the total Labor payroll employee for costs theemployer. Payroll include costs A megawatt is a unit of electric capacity or electric load.Megawatt orelectric AC Amegawatt capacity isaunitofelectric refers to alternating Renewable energy isenergy from sources that are naturally replenished butlimited in Electric power gridsintheUnited power States Electric are complex systems is inwhichpower 8 GDPmeasures thetotal national not from income andservices, producing goods 0 Throughout thisstudy, renewable energy refers to andwindenergy. solar Integrated resource system plansare electricity by planningdocuments developed These impactsresult These from thatand new power in industries construct spending Aninterconnection application to isadocument that isused determine ifa 8 79 2 GDP is also equivalent GDPisalso to (revenues), total purchases sales less business These impacts include industries that to impactsincludeindustries sell other These businesses. These impacts include industries that to impactsincludeindustries sell These • 33 • 7 7 7 8 81
Renewable Energy Impact Study Data Sources, Assumptions, Approach Appendix: Economic ImpactModeling 3: Appendix unless specific local purchase local information specific unless was provided. purchase local information.specific wereFor example, solar modules be imported assumed to historical except trends whenaproject andwindequipment imports provided developer onsolar rel. WindModel W6.28.19).TheJEDIdefault (JEDILand-Based their WindModel data rely on fromderived default values from NREL’s andfrom versions model JEDIunpublished oftheirsolar Engineering characteristics materials, (e.g.,construction labor, shares) andequipment cost were • • • • • andoperations)(construction usinghistorical data andtrends from publiclyavailable sources. provision andongoingoperations. ofequipment and includingconstruction activities, directProject economic development supports currently itsU.S. serve data centers. information thesize about ofitscommitments andtheU.S. location for eachofthe55projects that andrevenues costs overperiod. electricity afixed energy megawatts to generate power for itsdata center operations, predictable establishing entersFacebook into long-term thedevelopment agreements that ofnew support renewable approach. Asummaryoftheanalysis steps provided isalso for quickreference inthefollowing pages. providesThe appendix additionalinformation thestudy’s about data sources, assumptions,and All costs areAll costs expressed in2020dollars. reduction of3.9%for and1.8%for solar wind. NREL’s 2020Annual Technology reports, which estimate Baseline anaverage annual cost For projections andoperations for costs installed for RTI 2020andbeyond, International used $31/kW for operations. project development and operations andmaintenance. Onaverage, intheUnited States were in2018,costs $1,325/kW for International the4-hour, used moderate for costs battery scenario andfixed construction Battery storage camefrom costs theNREL’s 2020Annual Technology report; Baseline werecosts $1,465/kW for project development and$34/kW for operations. differences andproject size by Berkeleyreported Labs. On average, intheUnited States in2019, update windtechnology data ofland-based andtrends. andoperations trends cost Wind installed cost data ($/kW) camefrom theBerkeley Lab’s 2020 usinganInverter estimated to capacity capacity DC Loading Ratio (ILR)of1.3. kW for project development and$16/kW for operations. RTI International converted AC nameplate data solar andtrends.of utility-scale andoperations trends cost Solar installed cost ($/watt camefrom Berkeley DC) Lab’s 2020update
8 3 Onaverage, intheUnited States were in2019,costs $1,173/ 8 6
• 34 • RTI International estimated overall project costs Facebook provided RTI Facebook International with 8 4 Adjustments were madeto reflect regional
8 5 RTI RTI
Renewable Energy Impact Study Data Sources, Assumptions, Approach Appendix: Economic ImpactModeling projects thenationwide willnot equal impacttotal. multipliers.using national economic As thesumofstate-level aresult, impactsfor states with Therefore, state-level multipliers donot for account thetrade states between that iscaptured by State-level onlycapture analyses that withinstate occurs theimpactsofactivity boundaries. cross-state differences inthedirect andintermediate labor withinagiven IMPLAN use sector. among allU.S. states. Separateeconomic multipliers that state-specific account runsused for model multipliers thenationalimpact results economic used that includetrade interactions andincome The analysis evaluated impactsusingU.S. andstate economic multipliers. IMPLAN 281:Turbine code andturbinegenerator set unitsmanufacturing. impacts. For example, (excluding estimated andtowers) costs blades turbines were to mapped to eachproject component oneofIMPLAN’s cost mapped to 546industries theeconomic model 2jobsinthetotaldirect theoriginaljoband 1additionaljob.RTI jobsupports economy: International total jobsgenerated of1jobinthetarget because industry. Ifanemployment every multiplier is2x, indicators.change for economic example Atypical isanemployment the multiplier that describes multipliers. expressed aseconomic model, economic effects are usingtheIMPLAN (I-O) Indirect andinduced quantified input-output • • effects). (indirect andinduced throughout theeconomy activity results fromAdditional economic thedirect activities operations phases. retailers,construction and during occur grocery effects stores, Induced services. andpersonal purchase orhousehold effectsInduced include water, andother sewage systems, andbusiness-related services. and equipment rental, andrelated andengineering Duringtheoperations sales services. phase, concrete, includebuildingcomponents, sales phase, construction screws, nuts, machinery bolts, Indirect orsupplychaineffects include industries that to Duringthe includeindustries sell other businesses. include industries that to includeindustries sell including households,
IMPLAN’s therates multipliers economic describe of • 35 •
The U.S. economic TheU.S. economic
Renewable Energy Impact Study Data Sources, Assumptions, Approach Appendix: Economic ImpactModeling determine direct, indirect, and induced effectsdetermine and induced for theoperations indirect, direct, phase. Step 5: wind. For operations expenditures, to on-site 100% was assumed occur at thefacility. Step 4: effects construction phase. andinduced for the indirect, direct, Step 3: equipment expenditures. purchase aproject local unless provided information developer specific equipment imports for projectconstruction takes JEDIdefault place. information historical used trends andwind on solar sectors. For expenditures, construction to inthestate 100% was assumed occur where the Step 2: operations costs. Step 1: Summary ofAnalysis Steps: • • • impactresults: economic The reader aware shouldbe ofthefollowing limitations model wheninterpreting the Input-output model limitations model andassumptions: Input-output characteristics, size, andregional differences andmaterial inlabor costs. renewable energy statistics. Actual investment for eachproject engineering willvary by specific International industrybenchmarks onpublished andpubliclyavailable based government estimates: Project cost impact. the fullstate-level economic foraccount interstate trade flows. state-levelAs a result, totals provideestimatebound alower of states.between State multipliers economic onlycapture anddonot within-state activity economic totals rippleeffects for account across theadditionaleconomic allstates associated withtrade Differences inthe U.S. andstate-level impact economic totals: > > > and industryaverages. Worker were andwages productivity onIMPLAN data based model andreflect historical state the state andnational estimates. equipment sourcing information for several Georgia projects, andRTI International incorporated onhistoricalbased industrydata ineachstate andtheUnited States. provided Thedeveloper andwindequipment purchases supplychainimpactsassociated withsolar are cases, In most location. Job impactsare reported by work location,whichmay ormay not reflect worker residence IMPLAN national andstate multipliers economic were to applied operations to spending Operations were to IMPLAN’s mapped sectors generation for power electric from and solar IMPLAN national andstate multipliers economic were to to applied spending determine Project size andlocation information were to used estimate overall and construction Engineering information to to was used mapspending IMPLAN andequipment construction Project development andoperations were costs estimated by RTI • 36 •
The U.S. economic impact TheU.S. economic
Renewable Energy Impact Study Projects by Listed Alphabetically State Renewable EnergyFacebook-Supported Project List 4: Appendix
Project contracted through agreen tariff. Logan Solar County Jayhawk Wind Headwaters IIWind Wind Land Lincoln Wellsburg Wind Lumpkin Solar IISolar Snipesville Bancroft Station Solar Solar Colquitt County Solar Calhoun County Appling Solar Solar County Colbert Project Name Encino Solar Mesa Casa Route 66Solar Solar2 Bernalillo County Solar1 Bernalillo County Rattlesnake Creek Wind Washington Solar County Warren Solar County Pecan Solar Gutenberg Solar Chestnut Solar Solar Bladen County Pryor Mountain Wind Lowndes Solar County Project Type Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Wind Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar • 37 • Size (MW) 100 107 103 227 318 239 150 145 197 139 170 141 20 80 25 50 50 50 10 10 80 50 75 80 75 50 Bourbon andCrawfordBourbon Northampton Northampton Washington Randolph Bernalillo Bernalillo Jeff Davis Sandoval Lowndes Calhoun Morgan Colquitt Appling County Stewart Carbon Colbert Grundy Warren Bladen Halifax Cibola Logan Dixon Quay Early Location State NM NM NM NM NM MS MT NC NC NC NC NC NC GA GA GA GA GA GA NE AL KY KS IN IA IL
Renewable Energy Impact Study
Project contracted through agreen tariff. Beaver Solar County Aviator WindEast Shannon Wind Prospero Solar Solar County Madison Solar County Lincoln Prineville Solar Millican Solar Hardin Solar Ohio Solar Valencia Solar2 County Valencia Solar County JoyaLa Wind Britton Solar Sandoval Solar County Project Name Montross Solar Spring Grove 1Solar Colonial Trail West Grasshopper Solar Sadler Solar Gloucester Solar Altavista Solar Solar Horseshoe Solar Sevier County Cove Mountain Solar2 Cove Mountain Solar Emery Solar County Graphite Solar Rocket Solar Project Type Wind Wind Wind Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar Solar • 38 • Size (MW) 150 150 150 190 165 142 100 122 100 200 204 300 40 60 10 50 50 20 98 80 20 80 75 80 58 80 80 99 70 Westmoreland Mecklenburg Confidential Greensville Gloucester Campbell Box Elder Sandoval Andrews Torrance Torrance Madison Valencia Valencia County Carbon Lincoln Beaver Hardin Tooele Emery Sevier Crook Crook Surry Surry Coke Clay Iron Iron Location State NM NM NM NM NM OH OH OR OR TN TN UT UT UT UT UT UT UT UT VA VA VA VA VA VA VA TX TX TX
Renewable Energy Impact Study 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Referenced Notations Citations andReport 5: Appendix
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International purchases. verify domestic could whichare except tomodules, imported whenRTI assumed be solar projectsfor of is expenses A significantportion solar panels/ for data. Theresults are financial onproject-specific the appendix. not based thehow project were about Details costs in estimated are described 2020. and December Interviews conducted by RTI International September 2020 between the-envi throughout thisstudy. ofTVA, RTI Inthecase International recognizes notePlease that renewable energy refers to andwind solar Mississippi, andTennessee. Inclusive ofrenewable energy projects inAlabama,Kentucky, differentoccupations withinthisindustry. The latest shows report also thevariation inaverage across wages Accessed: NAICSwage estimates: Power 221115-WindElectric Generation.” occupational employment“May and 2020national industry-specific U.S. Bureau Statistics. Power WindElectric Generation. ofLabor differentoccupations withinthisindustry. The latest shows report also thevariation inaverage across wages Accessed: NAICSwage estimates: Power 221115-WindElectric Generation.” occupational employment“May and 2020national industry-specific U.S. Bureau Statistics. Power WindElectric Generation. ofLabor IMPLAN 2018Multipliers. org/ 2020 U.S. Energy andEmployment Report. org/ 2020 U.S. Energy andEmployment Report. org/ 2020 U.S. Energy andEmployment Report. org/ 2020 U.S. Energy andEmployment Report. differentoccupations withinthisindustry. The latest shows report also thevariation inaverage across wages Accessed: NAICSwage estimates: Power 221114-SolarElectric Generation.” occupational employment“May and 2020National industry-specific U.S. Bureau Statistics. Power SolarElectric Generation. ofLabor differentoccupations withinthisindustry. The latest shows report also thevariation inaverage across wages Accessed: NAICSwage estimates: Power 221114-SolarElectric Generation.” occupational employment“May and 2020National industry-specific U.S. Bureau Statistics. Power SolarElectric Generation. ofLabor IMPLAN 2018Multipliers...... https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics5_221115.htm https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics5_221115.htm https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics5_221114.htm https://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics5_221114.htm https://www.thesolarfoundation.org/national/ https://www.thesolarfoundation.org/national/ https://www.thesolarfoundation.org/national/ https://www.implan.com/ https://www.implan.com/ https://www.implan.com/ https://www.usenergyjobs. https://www.usenergyjobs. https://www.usenergyjobs. https://www.usenergyjobs. https://www.usenergyjobs......
Renewable Energy Impact Study 53 52 51 50 49 48 47 46 45 44 43 42 41 40 39 38 Speeding theTransitionSpeeding of New Mexico’s Sector. Electricity May Corporate Facebook’s Green Study: Energy Case GoalsAre Institute for Energy Economics andFinancialAnalysis (IEEFA). counties. Quay, Bernalillo,Cibola, Includes Sandoval, Torrance, andValencia Bureau Statistics. ofLabor U.S. CensusBureau, ACS 2015and20195-year averages andU.S. results from generation theinstalled capacity. match to isnot aone-to-one therenewablecapacity energy share that datesRegulation Commissionwithin-service by 12/31/2023.Installed resources currently to orproposed theNew Mexico Public inservice renewableinstalled generation ornameplate for capacity capacity all The percentages referenced here were provided by PNMandare review by thePublicRegulation CommissionasofFebruary 2021. contractedThis analysis 2Facebook includes projects currently under 2020. and December Interviews conducted by RTI International September 2020 between 2020. and December Interviews conducted by RTI International September 2020 between Accessed: Tennessee Valley Authority. 2020OATI webSmartOASIS platform. plan/2019-irp-background com/environment/environmental-stewardship/integrated-resource- plan stewardship/integrated-resource-plan/2015-integrated-resource- Accessed: Tennessee Valley Authority. 2015Integrated Resource Plan. RTI International thehighendofranges provided used ineachIRP. and-general-motors-use-the-sun-to-power-facilities Accessed: Tennessee Valley Authority. Press Release. March 25,2021. capacity-by-60-percent tva.com/newsroom/press-releases/tva-increases-contracted-solar- Tennessee Valley Authority. February 8,2021.Accessed: invest Accessed: MW): landmark-renewable-energy-deal press-releases/vanderbilt-nes-tva-and-silicon-ranch-partner-on- Vanderbilt Accessed: (35MW): html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2020/may/0514-springhill.html Accessed: data-centers-with-100-renewable-energy com/newsroom/press-releases/tva-origis-energy-to-power-google- customers Accessed: (100MW): include:Google Announcements related to additionalGreen Invest program 2020. and December Interviews conducted by RTI International September 2020 between Bureau Statistics. ofLabor U.S. CensusBureau, ACS 2015and20195-year averages andU.S. html solar-installation/article_6ca04986-e139-11e8-862d-ef5b87b845a5. elkvalleytimes.com/news/local/lincoln-county-wins-state-s-largest- largest installation.” solar 6,2018.Accessed: November in-huntsville.html business/2018/11/alabamas-largest-solar-farm-to-power-facebook- in Huntsville.” 2,2018.Accessed: November Gattis, Paul. “Alabama’s AL.com largest farm solar to Facebook power resources. solar energy findingsare in onchanges These portfolio. focused the extensive hydropower represented withinTVA’s resources ; and2019Integrated Resource Plan.Accessed: . . http://www.oatioasis.com/tva/ https://www.tva.com/environment/environmental- https://www.tva.com/newsroom/press-releases/facebook- https://media.gm.com/media/us/en/gm/news.detail. https://www.kub.org/about/environment/kubs-green- ; andElkValley winsstate’s County “Lincoln Times. . . https://www.tva.com/newsroom/ ; andKnoxville Board Utilities (502 ; General Motors (100MW): . https://www.al.com/ https://www.tva. . https://www.tva. https://www. https://www. ; • 40 • 58 57 56 55 54 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 63 62 61 60 59 governor-signs-landmark-energy-legislation-establishing-new-mexico- 22, 2019.Accessed: of Governor MichelleOffice Lujan Grisham. MarchPress Release. 7ea19cf39833?t=1498845725298 PNM+2017+IRP_Executive+Summary.pdf/992f1578-8eb1-4454-a51e- Accessed: 480b-b1d6-cf76c408fdfc documents/396023/396193/PNM+2014+IRP/bdccdd52-b0bc- Integrated Resource Plan.Accessed: CompanyPublic Service ofNew Mexico. 2014-2033 Accessed: CompanyPublic Service ofNew Mexico. “Theroadmap to tomorrow.” https://cloudscene.com/news/2017/11/facebook/ its Los Lunas Data Center Campusin$1bInvestment.” Accessed: to 17,2017.“Facebook Triple November Cloudscene. theSize of 73d9655f50db?t=1551995968369 Rider+47+-+Original+-+AN+535.pdf/b0de70c4-0d0c-4649-8e4a- Accessed: OriginalRiderNo.47.Green EnergyRider No.47.Cancelled Rider. Company 1stRevised Public Service Services. ofNew Mexico Electric 2020.pdf Facebooks-Green-Energy-Goals-Are-Speeding-NM-Transition_May- 2020. Accessed: Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information project-texas-63623348 go.com/Technology/wireStory/facebook-building-massive-solar- with Texas project.” solar June11,2019.Accessed: Contreras, Russell. ABC invests News. inrenewables “Facebook Administration existing 2019current inVirginia. capacity Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information Administration existing 2019current inMontana. capacity Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information html releases/rmp-adds-three-large-solar-facilities-in-utah-for-facebook. https://www.rockymountainpower.net/about/newsroom/news- facilitiessolar in rural Utahfor Facebook.” August 6,2020.Accessed: Rocky Mountain Power. “Rocky Mountain Power addsthree large Administration existing 2019current inIllinois. capacity Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information 2020. and December Interviews conducted by RTI International September 2020 between working-together-to-harvest-new-mexico-s-solar.html https://www.bizjournals.com/albuquerque/news/2019/10/04/ New Mexico’sharvest potential.” solar 2019.Accessed: October Yingling, Sara. Albuquerque “Working Business First. together to 2020. and December Interviews conducted by RTI International September 2020 between oasis.oati.com/PNM/ PNM. 2020OATI webSmartOASIS platform. Accessed: energyFacebook March management. 2021. state/ September 22,2020.Accessed: Information state Detailed Administration. data.” “Electricity: Measured by total according MW to installed capacity U.S. Energy state/ September 22,2020.Accessed: Information state Detailed Administration. data.” “Electricity: Measured by total according MW to installed capacity U.S. Energy as-a-national-leader-in-renewable-transition-efforts/ . . . . https://www.pnm.com/documents/396023/396193/ https://www.pnmforwardtogether.com/plan https://www.pnm.com/documents/396023/396197/ https://ieefa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/ https://www.governor.state.nm.us/2019/03/22/ . . ; and2017-2036Integrated Resource Plan. https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/ https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/ . . https://www.pnm.com/ . https://abcnews. . . . http://www.
Renewable Energy Impact Study 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 tables 2021.” 2020.Accessed: “Historical budget tables, oftheUnited States year fiscal government, GDP deflators inthe ofManagementU.S. Office reported and Budget. Basel National Renewable Energy Laboratory. “2020Annual Technology https://emp.lbl.gov/wind-technologies-market-report marketBerkley “Windtechnologies Lab. report.” 2020.Accessed: utility-scale-solar solar.” scale Berkley “Utility Lab. 2020.Accessed: Demand articles/115002815494-Measures-of-GDP-Value-Added-and-Final- No date. Accessed: IMPLAN. “Measures ofGDP:Value andfinaldemand.“ added Accessed: U.S. Energy Information Administration. Renewable energy explained. gov/eere/slsc/renewable-energy-utility-scale-policies-and-programs Policies andPrograms. Utility-Scale Accessed: ofOffice Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Renewable Energy: interconnection-standards.html Standards. Accessed: The National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Interconnection pollution-reduction-act-sb-350-0 rules-and-regulations/energy-suppliers-reporting/clean-energy-and- Resource Plans(IRPs).Accessed: California Energy Integrated Utility Commission.PubliclyOwned markets Accessed: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Grid&Markets. U.S. Electricity Admi Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information Administration existing 2019current inNebraska. capacity Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information Administration existing 2019current inGeorgia. capacity Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information siliconranch.com/portfolio-item/bancroft-station-solar-farm/ Ranch.BancroftSilicon Station SolarFarm. Accessed: Administration existing 2019current inOhio. capacity Percentage determined according to theU.S. Energy Information Administration existing 2019current inTexas. capacity nistration existing 2019current inKansas. capacity ine.” 2020.Accessed: . . . https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/renewable-sources/ https://www.epa.gov/greenpower/us-electricity-grid- . https://implanhelp.zendesk.com/hc/en-us/ https://www.nrel.gov/state-local-tribal/basics- https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/historical- https://atb.nrel.gov/ . . https://www.energy.ca.gov/ https://www.energy. . https://emp.lbl.gov/ . https://www. . . . • 41 •
Renewable Energy Impact Study Colbert County,Colbert AL Photo SolarProject. courtesy ofOrsted. Impact Study Renewable Energy Facebook’s U.S. May 2021 • 42 • Research Triangle NC27709 Park, Project Director: Sara VanLear Research conductedby: Menlo Park, CAMenlo Park, 94025
Renewable Energy Impact Study