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PROPOSAL Nlaka'pamux Survey of Traditional Cultural Sites in Upper

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PROPOSAL Nlaka'pamux Survey of Traditional Cultural Sites in Upper Proposal to the Skagit Environmental Endowment Commission for the NLAKA’PAMUX SURVEY OF TRADITIONAL CULTURAL SITES IN UPPER SKAGIT RIVER VALLEY, B.C. By Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council, December 2020. Nlaka’pamux Survey of Traditional Cultural Sites in Upper Skagit River Valley, B.C. We submit below a proposal for the survey of Nlaka’pamux traditional cultural sites around the area of the Ross Lake Reservoir that lies in British Columbia and continuing for some miles north along the traditional trail corridor that leads from the Methow Trail junction at Ruby Creek up the east side of the Skagit River and into the heart of the Nlaka’pamux territory. The objective is to identify the relevant information to bring forward to the appropriate agencies in order to collaborate on the protection of these cultural sites. An initial survey of the narrow ribbon of land around that part of the Ross Lake reservoir within Washington State by the Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council [“NNTC”] identified the Nlaka’pamux traditional trail corridor, with ten associated sites as a Traditional Cultural Property (as defined in U.S. terms), along the eastern edge of the reservoir shore. It was clear both from the NNTC ground survey and from journals and maps from the U.S/Canada Boundary Commission and others held at the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia that the traditional principal trail along the east bank of the Skagit River continues north into British Columbia. That so many different types of cultural sites were identified on or close to this main trail south of the border in the space of a short survey suggests that there are likely as many north of the border along this trail. In their preparations for the relicensing of their hydroelectric operations on the Skagit River, Seattle City Light (“SCL”) has developed many Study Plans but at this stage they include no detailed Cultural Site/Landscape Study Plans at Ross Lake, and certainly no study plans at all for areas north of the border. As the existence of a reservoir has long-term direct, indirect and cumulative effects on the lands surrounding it and therefore on surrounding Nlaka’pamux cultural sites, Nlaka’pamux Elders want to be certain that this area is included at least in a cultural survey. We understand that this work is within the mandate of the Skagit Environment Endowment Commission. The most urgent rationale for identifying Nlaka’pamux cultural history here is to protect cultural sites from the impacts of the reservoir. Erosion of reservoir shorelines is one of the main problems facing preservation of critical sites. Erosion on Ross Lake is widespread, with approximately 38 kilometers of shoreline “in some stage of retreat” (Riedel 1990:37). Shoreline is in a constant state of flux with the beach zone continually readjusting (Nicken 1991:58). The annual raising and lowering of lake levels, wind and wave action, cyclic freezing causes different kinds of erosion of the shoreline, from liquidity of the soil, tree and slope instability, vegetation changes to build up of woody debris. A second strong impetus is to identify and protect the Nlaka’pamux trail and associated cultural sites along the Skagit River from the impacts of recreational use. The area is beautiful and there is a large excellent campground at the head of the reservoir: this large campground is located here because of the reservoir. The Skagit Valley Provincial Park has a number of other small campgrounds along the Skagit River. The shores of the reservoir have been promoted by both USA and the B.C. Provincial Parks services as a destination for boaters, campers and hikers and the area is becoming very popular for recreation. However an important factor to emerge from the initial NNTC survey at Ross Lake in Washington State was the unanticipated co-incidence that the Nlaka’pamux trail corridor also comprises the highest density areas used for recreation activities. Traditional cultural landscapes and sites are challenging to manage for large land managers as the nature of their existence is inherently difficult to identify for people outside of the culture who also use the place and who don’t understand what the important characteristics are to each place. These place are obviously difficult for outsiders to protect. The intention for the Nlaka’pamux Nation Tribal Council (“NNTC)” is that the report will be helpful in initiating co- operation and collaboration with the B.C. government in the Upper Skagit Valley. Finally it is of general historical import and interest to identify and document an ancient trail that is part of a significant network of indigenous travel and trade routes in British Columbia. Area of Specific Significance This proposal covers an area of specific significance for the Nlaka’pamux – and indigenous neighbours on all sides. Here is the crossing of important indigenous trails, east/west and north/south. The 1866 map below was produced from works of the British and USA Boundary Commissions who were marking the boundary here in 1859. (Note that the USA mappers included no trails at all, but that the British map included known trails.) The ancient east-west trade trail corridor between the coast and the interior (now modified somewhat and known as the Skyline Trail) crosses the Skagit River here: the Nlaka’pamux trail corridor following the Skagit between the southern boundary area and the Fraser River meets that trail within this area which is often broadly referred to a “Council Bowl”1. We’d all come through here and meet at one time or another. The Council Bowl used to be gathering place for all the people to come here – from down below and from Lytton and on the other side of this mountain is another sacred spot that is connected to here.2 An initial survey of part of the east/west trail3 here was conducted by archeologist Ian Franck on behalf of the Stolo 2000-2002, but there has been no systematic survey of the Nlaka’pamux trail or archaeological cultural sites here along their northsouth traditional trail between US neighbours in the south along the Skagit river to meet with more trails to east and north in the Nlaka’pamux territory. 1 The late Nathan Spinks, former chief of Lytton, at the SEEC Conference at Hozomeen in 2009 2 The late Clem Seymour, former Chief of Seabird Island, at the SEEC Conference at Hozomeen in 2009 3 The Skyline trail follows parts of the ancient east/west trail system at the south of what is now British Columbia. (Excerpt) U.S. North West Boundary Survey, Map of Western Section (1866), series 66, RG 76, U.S. National Archives and Records Service, Washington, D.C. The first effort to pull together the pieces of the story and articulate some of the narratives about the place was SEEC’s invitation to Washington Tribes and BC First Nations and to archaeologists, anthropologist and other interested people to gather at what Nlaka’pamux Elder (the late) Nathan Spinks remembered as “the Council Bowl”. U.S. National Parks Service Archaeologist Robert Mierendorf introduced “Hozomeen as a place where knowledge of such a rich past comes together to tell the long story of human involvement in this place, found in the place names, oral traditions and traditional activities and finally, in the earth, in the archaeological remains and the archaeological context”. He told how “we know that for 10,000 years at least aboriginal people have been using this valley. How do we know? … Because at a site in Cascade Pass, a great distance from here, which we dated as 9,600 years old, we found Hozomeen chert pieces, some sharp as a knife. Chert doesn’t occur there naturally.”4 A number of Nlaka’pamux attended this gathering. Joseph Dunstan of Skaywaynope (opposite Lytton) talked of their long connections with the valley: “we’ve always enjoyed this area, we came here and continued further south … as stewards of the land, our ancestors walked here, they hunted here, they had gatherings here, buried people here”. The proposed surveys are within the Nlaka’pamux territory. The 1990/91 Nlaka’pamux Nation submissions to FERC referred to the NPS archaeological and anthropological studies of 1987 and 1988 recognizing the aboriginal occupation of the Upper Skagit River Valley by the Nlaka’pamux Nation. The whole of the proposed survey area, at the head of the reservoir and thence following the Skagit River northeast to join with other Nlaka’pamux trails is contained within the Nlaka’pamux territory as shown on maps showing the location of the Nlaka’pamux in BC. The Map Showing the Location of the Thompson Indians5 and Neighbouring Tribes, was drawn by ethnographer James Teit, under the direction of Nlaka’pamux Elders and Chiefs, some of whom were adults at the time of the Treaties drawn up between Canada and the United States. 4 Hozomeen Gathering, Bear Image Productions, 2010 5 In the Introduction to this work, Teit wrote: “The Indians to be described in the following pages were called “Couteau” or “Knife” Indians by the employees of the Hudson Bay Company; but at the present day this name has been entirely superseded by that of the “Thompson” Indians, taken from the name of the river the neighbourhood of which they have their homes. They call their entire tribe Nlak’a’pamux. They are also so designated by all the neighboring Tribes of the Interior…” (emphasis added) Map showing location of the Thompson Indians (Nlaka’pamux) and Neighboring Tribes, James Teit. The Thompson Indians of British Columbia, 1900. A number of other maps showing the location of the Nlaka’pamux and neighbouring tribes held by the American Philosophical Society in Philadelphia show the same Nlaka’pamux locations.
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