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Democratic Republic of the Congo -December 2002

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Democratic Republic of the Congo -December 2002 PROFILE OF INTERNAL DISPLACEMENT : DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO Compilation of the information available in the Global IDP Database of the Norwegian Refugee Council (as of 19 December, 2002) Also available at http://www.idpproject.org Users of this document are welcome to credit the Global IDP Database for the collection of information. The opinions expressed here are those of the sources and are not necessarily shared by the Global IDP Project or NRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDP Project Chemin Moïse Duboule, 59 1209 Geneva - Switzerland Tel: + 41 22 799 07 00 Fax: + 41 22 799 07 01 E-mail : [email protected] CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PROFILE SUMMARY 8 HALF A MILLION DISPLACED IN LATEST DR CONGO VIOLENCE 8 CAUSES AND BACKGROUND OF DISPLACEMENT 12 POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS 12 DRC POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS- CHRONOLOGY: 1870-2002 12 SIX FOREIGN ARMIES FROM NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN WAR IN DRC (1996-1999) 13 LUSAKA CEASE-FIRE AGREEMENT AND NEW PRESIDENT FOLLOWING ASSASSINATION OF LAURENT KABILA IN JANUARY 2001 (1999-2001) 13 ONE OF THE DRIVING FORCES BEHIND THE CONFLICT IS CONTROL OVER DRC'S NATURAL RESOURCES (2001-2002) 15 PROGRESS IN THE DISARMING OF THE MILITIA AND WITHDRAWAL OF FOREIGN FORCES (2001- 2002) 18 POWER-SHARING DEAL SIGNED BY REPRESENTATIVES OF THE GOVERNMENT, REBEL MOVEMENTS, MILITIAS, OPPOSITION PARTIES AND CIVIL SOCIETY (DEC 02) 20 MUTINY AGAINST RCD AUTHORITY IN KISANGANI (2002) 21 CONFLICT IN DRC CONSISTS OF THREE DIFFERENT SETS OF DYNAMICS INVOLVING SECURITY REASONS AND SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC SURVIVAL (OCT 2002) 21 OVERVIEW OF ARMED GROUPS 22 COMPLEX MULTI-LEVEL CONFLICT IN THE EAST (2001-2002) 22 FIGHTING BETWEEN SPLINTER GROUPS AND ETHNIC VIOLENCE CAUSES TOTAL COLLAPSE OF PUBLIC AUTHORITY IN ITURI AND ORIENTALE PROVINCES (2002) 23 MAIN PARTIES TO CURRENT CRISIS IN SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE (OCT 02) 25 FIGHTING BETWEEN KABILA'S CONGOLESE ARMED FORCES (FAC) AND MAI MAI (2002) 26 WARRING PARTIES INVOLVED IN THE POST -AUGUST 1998 CONFLICT: AN OVERVIEW 27 MAIN CAUSES FOR DISPLACEMENT 32 FIGHTING BETWEEN VARIOUS ARMED GROUPS CAUSES DESPERATE DISPLACEMENT SITUATION IN THE KIVUS ( 2000-2002) 32 IN THE KIVUS RCD-GOMA TROOPS AND HUTU ARMED GROUPS CAUSE MASSIVE DISPLACEM ENT TO EXPLOIT RESOURCES MORE EASILY (2001) 33 WOMEN AND GIRLS FROM EASTERN CONGO FLEE TO ESCAPE SEXUAL VIOLENCE (2002) 34 IN MANIEMA PEOPLE FLEE VIOLENT CLASHES BETWEEN MAYI MAYI AND RCD FORCES (2001- 2002) 34 VIOLENT CONFLICT BETWEEN THE HEMA AND LENDU PEOPLE IN THE ORIENTALE PROVINCE HAS CAUSED MAJOR DISPLACEMENTS SINCE JUNE 1999 (1999-2002) 35 PEOPLE FLEE FIGHTING AT THE FRONTLINE IN THE KATANGA PROVINCE (1998-2002) 38 MANY DISPLACED WHO HAD FOUND REFUGE IN GOMA HAD TO FLEE AGAIN WHEN THE NYIRAGONGO VOLCANO ERUPTED (2002) 38 POPULATION PROFILE AND FIGURES 40 TOTAL NATIONAL FIGURES 40 OVER 2.5 MILLION IDPS, MAINLY IN EASTERN DRC (DECEMBER 2002) 40 2,275,000 IDPS AS OF AUGUST 2002 40 OTHER VULNERABLE GROUPS INCLUDE ABOUT 200,000 PEOPLE WHO LIVE HIDDEN AND ARE TOTALLY DESTITUTE (FEB 2002) 41 OVER 2 MILLION IDP S IN DRC BY END OF SEPTEMBER 2001 41 960,000 IDPS IN DRC BY END OF 1999 42 500,000 IDPS IN DRC BY END OF 1998 42 100,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1997 43 400,000 BELIEVED TO BE DISPLACED BY THE END OF 1996 44 UN OCHA'S RENEWED EFFORTS TO GATHER PRECISE DATA ON THE NUMBER OF IDPS DESPITE DIFFICULTIES (2001) 44 DISAGGREGATED FIGURES 45 DISTRIBUTION OF IDP S BY PROVINCE (JULY 99-FEB 2002) 45 DISPLACEMENT IN THE MANIEMA PROVINCE (2001-2002) 46 DISPLACEMENT IN THE KATANGA PROVINCE (2000-2002) 47 DISPLACEMENT IN THE ORIENTALE PROVINCE (2001-2002) 48 DISPLACEMENT IN THE NORTH KIVU PROVINCE (2001-2002) 49 DISPLACEMENT IN THE SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE (2001-2002) 49 DISP LACEMENT IN THE EQUATEUR PROVINCE (2001-2002) 51 DISPLACEMENT IN THE EASTERN KASAI PROVINCE (2000-2002) 51 DISPLACEMENT IN THE WESTERN KASAI PROVINCE (2001-2002) 52 DISP LACEMENT IN KINSHASA PROVINCE (2001-2002) 52 THE CIVIL WAR HAS CAUSED A LARGE NUMBER OF DISPLACED AND UNACCOMPANIED CHILDREN (1999-2000) 53 PATTERNS OF DISPLACEMENT 54 GENERAL 54 PEOPLE OF MALEMBA-NKULU, KATANGA, HAVE FLED TO URBAN AREAS OR FOREST (NOV 2002) 54 SPONTANEOUS FLIGHT AND FORCIBLE REGROUPMENT FOLLOWING INTENSE FIGHTING IN SOUTH- KIVU (JULY 2002) 54 FORCED DISPLACEMENT FROM AREAS RICH IN MINERAL WEALTH IN THE KIVUS AND IN MANIEMA (2001-2002) 54 CHANGED FRONTLINE AND STRATEGY BY ARMED GROUPS IN SOUTH KIVU MAKE THE DISPLACED FLEE GREATER DISTANCES (2000-2001) 55 IDPS REMAIN CLOSE TO THEIR PLACES OF ORIGIN (1999-2000) 56 PHYSICAL SECURITY & FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT 58 GENERAL 58 2 LANDMINES ARE DIFFICULT TO LOCATE BUT PRESENT DANGER FOR CIVILIAN POPULATION AND HUMANITARIAN WORKERS (NOV 02) 58 NEED TO PROTECT CIVILIANS IN AREAS LEFT BY RWANDAN AND UGANDAN TROOPS (NOV 02) 58 RAPE OF GIRLS AND WOMEN OF ALL AGES HAS BEEN EXTENSIVELY USED BY ALL FORCES IN EASTERN DRC (2000-2002) 59 DISPLACED CHILDREN NEED PROTECTION FROM RECRUITMENT BY ARMED GROUPS (2001-2002) 61 REBEL AUTHORITIES AND ARMED GROUPED FIGHTING ON THE SIDE OF THE GOVERNMENT ALL COMMIT HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES (2000-2002) 64 GOVERNMENT TROOPS AND MAI MAI COMMIT HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN MALEMBA- NKULU, KATANGA (OCT 02) 66 THE BANYAMULENGE (TUTSI) COMMUNITY IN THE KIVUS IS THREATENED BUT RECEIVES LITTLE PROTECTION FROM RCD-GOMA (2001) 67 SEVERAL IDP GROUPS SUBJECTED TO FORCED LABOUR (2000-2002) 68 SUBSISTENCE NEEDS (HEALTH NUTRITION AND SHELTER) 69 GENERAL 69 CHOLERA EPIDEMIC IN KATANGA AND MANIEMA AND SEVERE MALNUTRITION CANNOT BE ADDRESSED DUE TO ONGOING FIGHTING AND DISPLACEMENT (NOV 2002) 69 UN AGENCIES AND PARTNERS REPORTED VERY WORRYING HUMANITARIAN SITUATION IN SOUTHERN MANIEMA (NOV 02) 69 UN AGENCIES AND PARTNERS REPORTED POSSIBLE WORSENING OF HUMANITARIAN SITUATION IN UVIRA, SOUTH KIVU (OCT 02) 70 REPORTS THAT HUMANITARIAN CRISIS IS UNFOLDING AMONG IDPS IN THE SOUTH OF SOUTH KIVU PROVINCE (JULY 2002) 71 THOUSANDS OF IDP FAMILIES IN URGENT NEED OF ASSISTANCE IN LUBERO (NORTH KIVU) (JULY 2002) 72 HIGH MORTALITY RATE A MONGST IDPS WHILE FOOD INSECURITY, HUNGER, MALNUTRITION AND DISEASE ARE DAILY PLIGHT (2001-2002) 72 CIVIL WAR INFLICTS UNBEARABLE HARDSHIP ON WOMEN AND CHILDREN (2000-2002) 74 HEALTH 76 CONFLICT CAUSES DEGRADATION OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM (1999-2002) 76 OUTBREAK OF CHOLERA IN KASAI ORIENTAL AND IN KATANGA PROVINCES (2001-2002) 78 COPING CAPACITIES OF HEALTH AUTHORITIES GREATLY REDUCED FOLLOWING VOLCANO ERUPTION NEAR GOMA (2002) 78 IDPS ARE MORE EXPOSED TO HIV/AIDS INFECTION AS A RESULT OF THE CONFLICT (2001-2002) 79 WHO SAYS CLEAR SHIFT TO PUBLIC HEALTH APPROACH NEEDED TO FOCUS ON THE MAIN KILLER CONDITIONS (2000-2001) 80 APPALLING HEALTH CONDITIONS AMONG IDPS IN SOUTH KIVU (2000-2002) 81 VIOLENCE MAKES FAMILIES MORE VULNERABLE TO DISEASES SAID SURVEYS IN EQUATEUR AND KATANGA PROVINCES (2001) 82 IDPS OFTEN LIVED IN PARTICULARLY INSANITARY CONDITIONS (2001) 84 NUTRITION AND FOOD 84 MALNUTRITION ON THE INCREASE AMONG IDPS IN EASTERN DRC (2001-2002) 84 FAO SURVEY IN KINSHASA, KASAI ORIENTAL AND KATANGA FOUND SIGNIFICANT SHORTFALL OF CALORIC AND PROTEIN INTAKE (JULY 2002) 85 MALNUTRITION OF SMALL CHILDREN IN BARAKA (TERRITORY OF FIZI, SOUTH KIVU) (FEB 2002) 86 3 IN THE KIVUS NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT SHOWED THAT HOST FAMILIES AND IDPS ARE MALNOURISHED (OCT 2001) 86 UN AGENCIES ASSESS FOOD NEEDS IN CITY OF NORTH KIVU (2001) 86 IN KATANGA PROVINCE, WIDESPREAD MALNUTRITION REPORTED AMONG IDPS AND THE POPULATION IN GENERAL (2001) 87 CRITICAL FOOD SITUATION IN KINSHASA DUE TO THE WAR AND INFLUX OF IDPS (2001) 88 IN MANIEMA PROVINCE, SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG ADULTS AND CHILDREN (2001-2002) 90 EVIDENT SIGNS OF MALNUTRITION AMONG IDPS IN ITURI (MARCH 2000) 90 ALARMING HIGH MALNUTRITION RATES AMONG DISPLACED AND OTHER CHILDREN (2001-2002) 91 SHELTER 92 IDPS FROM BUNIA ARE REPORTED WITHOUT SHELTER IN THE TOWN OF BUMBA (JUNE 2002) 92 IDPS IN EASTERN DRC SEEK SHELTER IN TOWNS (2000) 93 MAJORITY OF IDPS ARE NOT HOUSED IN CAMPS BUT HAVE MERGED INTO HOST COMMUNITIES (1999-2000) 94 IDPS SEEKING SHELTER IN THE FOREST CONSTITUTE BE THE MOST VULNERABLE IDP GROUP (2000) 94 ACCESS TO EDUCATION 96 GENERAL 96 FOLLOWING VOLCANO IRRUPTION 45 SCHOOLS DESTROYED IN GOMA LEFT TEMPORARILY SOME 24,000 CHILDREN OUT OF SCHOOL (FEB 2002) 96 MOST DISPLACED CHILDREN HAVE NO ACCESS TO BASIC EDUCATION (2001-2002) 96 CONFLICT HAS HAD TERRIBLE IMPACT ON ALREA DY FAILING EDUCATION SYSTEM (2001-2002) 97 ISSUES OF SELF-RELIANCE AND PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 99 GENERAL 99 DETERIORATING SOCIO-ECONOMIC SITUATION D UE TO THE WAR (2001-2002) 99 MANY DISPLACED WOMEN HAVE BECOME THE HEAD OF THE HOUSEHOLD AND PAY AN VERY HEAVY PRICE (2001-2002) 101 ORPHANED AND SEPARATED CHILDREN, ESPECIALLY YOUNG GIRLS, ARE EXPOSED TO NEGLECT AND ABUSE (DECEMBER 2000) 102 DISRUPTION OF FOOD PRODUCTION AND COPING MECHANISMS 102 ISOLATION AND FOOD INSECURITY OF IDPS AND OTHER VULNERABLE PEOPLE IN KINDU, MANIEMA (SEPT 2002) 102 DISPLACEM ENT ADDS ADDITIONAL PRESSURE ON MECHANISMS FOR SELF-RELIANCE OF HOST FAMILIES (1997-2001) 103 COPING AND SURVIVAL MECHANISMS OF IDPS IN SOUTH KIVU (2000) 105 DOCUMENTATION NEEDS AND CITIZENSHIP 107 GENERAL 107 62% OF WOMEN IN DRC MARRY UNDER CUSTOMARY LAW AND CANNOT GET INHERITANCE PRIORITY (OCT 2001) 107 4 THE BANYAMULENGE OR BANYARWANDA HAVE BEEN STRIPPED OF THEIR CITIZENSHIP (JUNE 2001) 107 PROPERTY ISSUES 108 GENERAL 108 IDPS FROM BUNIA AREA (ORIENTALE PROVINCE) MAY LOSE THEIR LAND IF DO NOT RETURN HOME WITHIN A MONTH (2001) 108 PATTERNS OF RETURN AND RESETTLEMENT 109 GENERAL 109 IRC SURVEY SAYS THAT 43% OF DISPLACED PERSONS WHO FLED MT NYIRAGONGO ERUPTION DO
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