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Sumner (Adrian). Dr J D Nunn (Julia) was Society activities in co-opted. contents 2005 – selections 2 Membership Society information from some Officers’ Membership of the Society at the end of Society website 2005 was 332. There were 17 new members 3 Reports presented in the year, but 25 members resigned or Land molluscs at Sandy Warren lapsed through non-payment, giving a net Peter Topley at the Annual loss of 8 members for the year. Mollusc 4-5 General Meeting During the year there were 79 subscribers Field visit to Greetwell to the Journal of Conchology which is one Hollow & Whisby Nature less than in 2004. Please take every Park, Lincoln Six Council meetings were held in a very opportunity to recruit new members. Either Chris du Feu active year for the Society. Considerable pass their details to Mike Weideli or 6 discussion and activity centred around the Cepea hortensis L. encourage them to join via the website. website (www.conchsoc.org) and included collected by H.E.J. Biggs an internet subscription facility to encourage Peter Topley World ISSUE No.12 New Society Display Poster Poem recruitment of new members and plans for Pryce Buckle and Terry Wimbleton Liz Biles an online marine identification guide. If you contacted a graphic designer, to consider 8-9 NoVEMBER 2006 have not yet visited the Society’s website it some ideas for the content of a membership Ted Phorson is well worth taking a look at what is now Jan Light recruitment poster as a more convenient on offer. Please send any ideas for content to 10 advertising medium than the Display Pryce Buckle. The implications to the Beachcomber’s breakfast Boards. After consideration of several Society of the Freedom of Information Act John. E Llewellyn-Jones proofs, an eye-catching, colourful and and the Environmental Information 11 informative design was agreed by Council Regulations, procedures relating to Officers’ Land snails & slugs of the and will be available to members organising northern Yorkshire Dales reports, and committee membership exhibitions or events promoting the Society. Michael J. Murphy approval were discussed. No applications for These posters are also suitable for Visitor 15 research grants were received during 2005, Centres such as those at Country Parks and Loss of periostracum but the grant awarded to Harriet Wood at the in living snails Wildlife Trusts. If you need to be sent a end of 2004 was paid at the beginning of Adrian T. Sumner copy of the poster please contact Terry 2005. alderi Malham, Wimbleton specifying whether you need A3 Yorkshire or A2 size. Adrian Norris Programme 16 The programme for 2005 consisted of six Field meeting report, Publications indoor meetings held at the Natural History Roxburghshire Two issues of the Journal of Conchology Museum in London, ten field meetings and Adrian T. Sumner (Volume 38: 5-6) and three issues of three indoor workshops. Health and Safety 18 Mollusc World (Numbers 7-9, March, July Risk Assessment documentation was drawn Fanny M. Hele and and November) were published. the var. exalbida up for all the field meetings and there are no S. Peter Dance incidents to report. The Society's nineteenth Legacies 19 Molluscan Workshop was on the subjects of Cockle frock The Society is most grateful to the late the preparation and examination of marine Jan Light Jennifer Crowley for her legacy of books gastropod radulae and slug identification by 20 and shells to the Society; these have raised dissection (tutors: Adrian Rundle and Brian Variations in £4700 to date. The Society would also like Sphenia binghami Eversham). The other workshops were an to thank Eleanor Fogan for her generous Anna Holmes informal session on recognition of New donation of £1200 from the sale of books 21 Zealand mollusc , and on molluscs in that had belonged to her late mother Ship-worm inspires Brunel microfossil samples (tutor: Adrian Rundle). S. Peter Dance Marjorie Fogan. Total donations and Ron Boyce would welcome ideas for Hygromia cinctella legacies for the year amounted to £4991. meetings of all kinds and for speakers for Eobania vermiculata Adrian Norris the indoor meetings. Thanks are due to all members of Council 22 and Society volunteers for their many and A history of a shell artifact Council Positions John. E Llewellyn-Jones varied contributions to the Society during Dr J M Light (Jan) began her third year as the year. 23 President of the Society. New Ordinary Diary ISSN 1740-1070 members of Council were Mrs C J Pain 24 (Celia), Mr B Rowson (Ben) and Dr A T Society activities in 2005 THE MAGAziNE oF THE CoNCHoLoGiCAL SoCiETY oF GREAT BRiTAiN & iRELAND 24 MW12 visual:MW12 Art for PS 15/10/2009 17:48 Page 2

Editorial of Society recorders; Recording schemes; existing species have been dropped from the Publications; Membership; Meetings; list, a few species have been added (e.g. Appraisal of land molluscs at Sandy Warren By the time Members (hopefully) read this Publicity; Conservation; Society projects; Omphiscola glabra, Truncatellina cylindrica, editorial, the Society would have held a major Research; Heritage Lottery Fund application. Sphaerium solidum) and some proposed RSPB reserve, Bedfordshire Peter Topley review meeting to discuss the future of the We hope to be able to summarise the candidates have been rejected as not Society. All of Council is meeting in London outcome of these discussions in the next issue satisfying the qualifying criteria. Hopefully on 11th November. The President Julia Nunn of Mollusc World. we will be able to publish the definitive new The RSPB headquarters at The Lodge, Sandy in Bedfordshire is The RSPB planned to fell the majority of the plantation area to has put together an ambitious document for list in the nest issue. situated on land that was originally lowland heathland begin a major restoration project with the aim of eventually discussion covering all aspects of the running This summer has also seen a major review of dominated by dwarf shrub vegetation such as heather, a rare restoring the lowland heath habitat. Following my visits, during of the Society and subjects relating to its the invertebrate species listed as Priority on In the meantime, Happy Christmas to all. the UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The current habitat in the UK. Small areas of heathland remain on the site the winter of 2005/2006 20 hectares of mature Scots Pine and Members. These topics are: Financial review; Ian Killeen and the RSPB over a number of years has sought to manage the Douglas Fir were felled and a bordering belt of sycamores was Society data policy for species records; Role information I have indicates that none of the area and restrict the growth of birch and pine. A few years ago heavily thinned (c). Neil has provided the following description the trust purchased further adjacent land, including an area of of current restoration work taking place:- “The timber from the Mollusc World Society Notes Please pay by one of: around 40 acres known as Sandy Warren, which consisted of felled trees was sold and the waste – known as lop-and-top, was dense pine plantations (a) together with smaller areas of mixed mulched. This autumn, due to the proximity of a fuel depot the Mollusc World is published 3 times a year by the Founded in 1876 the Sterling cheque drawn on a UK woodland (b) and including a small disused quarry and an iron lop-and-top will not be burned but will be scraped off, together Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland at the Conchological Society of Great bank and made out to “The age hill fort. In 2005 I was asked by Neil Renwick, the RSPB with a layer of pine needles and bracken that had built up since end of March, July and November, and is issued free of Britain & Ireland is one of the Conchological Society” to Sandy Heathlands Awareness Officer, if I would carry out an the trees were planted around 90 years ago. Heather seeds, oldest existing societies devoted charge to members. Honorary Membership Secretary: appraisal of mollusc species found in this newly acquired area. harvested from the Lodge area in 2005 have been primed for to the study of molluscs. The Mike Weideli, 35 Bartlemy Road, Since the area is fairly large and I had limited time at my germination and are to be spread across the bared areas. Some Society promotes the study of We invite all members to contribute to Mollusc World. Newbury, Berks., RG14 6LD. Tel: disposal, I concentrated on sampling from a range of habitats old oak and sweet chestnut trees have survived the forestry molluscs and their conservation In addition to the traditional articles, field meeting 01635 42190, email: over four visits during May and June of 2005. The soil is regime, and some oaks have self-seeded into gaps in the pines. through meetings, publications reports, diary of events and so on, we will be including [email protected] generally acidic, overlain in some areas with poorly draining These have been retained, along with some silver birches, to and distribution recording features, profiles, news from recorders, and clay providing damp areas of small pools or in ditches, but I provide the woodland element to the heathland mosaic. schemes. The Society publishes Eurocheques are no longer identification keys. Do not feel that you have to write recorded twenty four species in what was really a very brief Broadleaf saplings, grown from seeds collected on the Lower Journal of Conchology (twice a accepted by UK banks. long or full page articles. We would particularly sampling and in no way a structured survey. The species Greensand Ridge in Bedfordshire were planted in early 2006 – year) and Mollusc World (three welcome short pieces, snippets, pictures, observations, recorded are listed below and detailed records, together with among the thinned sycamore areas, and under retained stands of times per year). Sterling direct transfer in favour new records, book reviews, mollusc recipes, cartoons, habitat details, have been submitted to this Society and to the pines. Some of the old pine stumps have been retained, to of “The Conchological Society” requests for information - anything on molluscs! RSPB:- provide for fungi and invertebrates.” It will be useful to see how The Conchological Society of to National Westminister Bank Mollusc World will become an important means of this work will affect the molluscs of the area and I intend to pay Great Britain & Ireland is plc, Bolton Branch, PO Box 2, staying in touch with the membership and Arion ater (Linn., 1758) agg. return visits in the future to this interesting reserve. communicating information to the conservation agencies Registered Charity No. 208205 24 Deansgate, Bolton, Lancs., BL1 1BN (IBAN: GB12 NWBK Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud, 1805) and promoting molluscs to the wider biological Acknowledgement The Society’s Web Site is at: 0130 9906 5238 46, BIC: NWBK Arion fasciatus (Nilsson, 1823) community. So, please contribute! My thanks to Neil Renwick of the RSPB for suggesting this http://www.conchsoc.org GB2L); Cochlicopa cf. lubrica (Müller, 1774) appraisal and for providing information and guidance. Copy is acceptable in any format - electronic, typed or Cochlicopa cf. lubricella (Rossmässler, 1834) legible hand-written. When sending copy by email, Standing order if you have a UK Discus rotundatus (Müller, 1774) please ensure that you include Mollusc World in the Subscriptions bank account. email title and also include a few lines of text in your These cover 1 January to Euconulus cf. fulvus (Müller, 1774) message as well as an attachment. Unidentified 31 December and are due on If you pay UK income tax at the Cepaea nemoralis (Linn., 1758) standard rate the Society attachments may not be opened! Please do not include 1 January each year: Cornu aspersum (Müller, 1774) encourages you to sign a Gift Aid diagrams or pictures embedded in the text - send them declaration. Trochulus striolatus (C. Pfeiffer, 1828) as separate attachments. To enable the best reproduction Ordinary Membership £33.00 Lauria cylindracea (Da Costa, 1778) and resolution, any original artwork, diagrams, colour Family/joint membership © Conchological Society of Great prints or slides should also be sent by ‘snail’ mail. All Limax maximus Linn., 1758 (open to two people Britain & Ireland will be treated with care and returned. At the present living at the same Aegopinella pura (Alder, 1830) time, we are unable to give precise copy deadlines until address) £35.00 Design by: Emma Pitrakou and Aegopinella nitidula (Draparnaud, 1805) we are up and running, but contributors should assume Institutional Membership Michael Clark , I Upper Green, Nesovitrea hammonis (Ström, 1765) that copy date is a minimum of 8 weeks before Tewin Orchard, Tewin, Welwyn, (GB and Ireland) £47.00 alliarius (Miller, 1822) publication date. Hertfordshire AL6 0LX Institutional Membership email:[email protected] s. helveticus (Blum, 1881) (Overseas address) £50.00 Neither the Hon. Editor nor the Conchological Society Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud, 1801) of Great Britain & Ireland accept responsibility for any Student Printed by: Acanthinula aculeata (Müller, 1774) opinions expressed by contributors. (in full-time education) £15.00 Henry Ling Ltd, The Dorset Press, Columella aspera Waldén, 1966 Please send articles to: Dorchester DT1 1HD Columella edentula (Draparnaud, 1805) Ian Killeen, 53 Charleville Square, Vitrina pellucida (Müller, 1774) Rathfarnham, Dublin 14 Ireland. Email: [email protected]

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Field Visit to Greetwell household I turned my deaf ear to this The afternoon was spent as Whisby. matter) and there was an optimistic Again, this is an LWT reserve, on former Greetwell Hollow TF07 Whisby SK96 Hollow and Whisby suggestion of 30. After the 30 species gravel pits. Phil Porter, the warden, Species recorded New 10km record? SK9066 SK9166 Old Whisby 10 km new Nature Park, Lincoln. mark had been passed speculation showed us round. Whisby is very popular List mounted about the magic 40. With a with local people because of its proximity Potamopyrgus antipodarum Bithynia tentaculata + mathematical background I could see to the city and its abundance of wildlife. June 24th 2006 Deroceras laeve Bithynia leachii * nothing particularly special about 40 (I Habitats include lagoons, grassland, Chris du Feu know it is the smallest integer for which meadows, swamps and woodland. Phil Deroceras panormitanum N Potamopyrgus antipodarum +* the quadratic expression n2 + n + 1 has a conducted us from one potentially Deroceras reticulatum Valvata piscinalis * Greetwell Hollow is a name which may non-prime value, but that seems to have interesting site to another. I think he was Arion ater Deroceras laeve +* conjure visions of an untouched, little relevance to conchological pursuits). surprised as he shepherded us from our Arion circumscriptus N Deroceras reticulatum +* On enquiry I was told that 40 species pond dipping session to the next point of enchanted glen remote from all traces of Arion distinctus N Arion ater +* human activity. In fact, it is a brownfield entitle you to the next largest size of blob interest, when the whole group, as one, Arion intermedius N Arion intermedius * site adjacent to light industrial, retail and on the 10 km maps. (I have since checked diverted to a not-apparently-interesting residential areas of the city of Lincoln. Its on this and find it is true for the 1976 pile of logs and started rolling them over. Arion subfuscus N Carychium minimum * iron-ore extraction history was described atlas, but it is 46 in the 1999 atlas. Adrian Good tactics with several species lurking Boettgerilla pallens N Cochlicopa cf lubrica +* - how can you be so up-to-date with below, taking shelter from the heat and in the notes about this meeting in Mollusc Carychium minimum Euconulus cf fulvus 1 World 10. Brownfield sites are much molluscan nomenclature but so out-of- dryness. Whisby straddles the boundary Cochlicopa cf lubrica Arianta arbustorum 1 under-rated hunting grounds for the date with dot size conventions?) We of a 1 km square, and the species list naturalist. Often they have much higher ended the morning with 39 species for the separates these two. Whisby, with its Discus rotundatus Cepaea nemoralis * biodiversity than nearby greenfield sites. reserve. Fortunately for the resident warden and visitor centre also Merdigera obscura Cepaea hortensis * N quarantephiles, we now have three more boasted a species list. We managed to add Species often include colonists which are Cepaea nemoralis Candidula intersecta +* not known elsewhere in the area and records - one slug seen on my preliminary considerably to this and to find some new Cornu aspersum Cernuella virgata 1 which are able to cope with the unusual visit in the spring and two small snails 10 km records. David commented that, habitats created by industrial activity. found in samples taken for examination at whilst fewer species were found at Wisby, Candidula intersecta Monacha cantiana +* Greetwell Hollow has been derelict for home. This total included 42 species it is fair to say we spent less time there Cernuella virgata Trochulus hispidus +* many years and, from the interior it is newly documented for the reserve and 16 and did not have time to visit all the Monacha cantiana Limax maximus * N new to the 10 km square TF07. We were habitats available. Certainly further easy to forget the proximity of the city. Trochulus hispidus Lymnaea stagnalis + The Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust is to be fortunate that Brian Eke, the LWT freshwater work could be carried out as Trochulus striolatus Radix balthica * congratulated on the way they have voluntary warden who has done so much there were some obvious species missing. managed to reduce the problems of litter, to make the reserve what it is, was able to The discovery of Pisidium pulchellum Limax maximus N Aegopinella nitidula +* vandalism and motorcycle disturbance to be with us for the morning and show us was interesting, once more it is not a Galba truncatula Aegopinella pura 1 where we might find molluscs. common species in this area though it is manageable proportions. Radix balthica Nesovitrea hammonis +* recorded from some 10km squares not too Tandonia budapestensis N * In his report on the field visit to Bredon David noted that it was interesting to find far away. Hill, Harry Green noted that one quality Vertigo antivertigo at Greetwell. A glance Aegopinella nitidula Oxychilus navarricus s. helveticus 1 required by the course leader was not any at the current atlas will show that it is not A final thought - one slug was found in a Aegopinella pura common in this area, there is a record dried, overgrown pond liberally strewn Physella acuta * N great ability to identify molluscs. Just as Nesovitrea hammonis N well. This is the third course I have been from the 10km square to the east and with debris from human activity. It Anisus leucostoma +* some old records further west - but that is reminded me of the description of the Oxychilus alliarius privileged to lead and on each occasion it Anisus vortex +* has been the enthusiasm and experience all. For it to have survived at such a site typical British pond given by Flanders Gyraulus albus + of the other members of the group which is interesting. It was found at one of the and Swann in their song - the Bedstead N Hippeutis complanatus +* has enabled such a thorough job to be spring heads which, even in the dry Men. What a pity their last line ended Physella acuta N weather, had remained very wet. The with 'and a broken bedstead there'. For Vitrea contracta +* done. I was particularly fortunate that Punctum pygmaeum same can also be said for Vertigo 'broken bedstead' substitute Boettgerilla Adrian Norris appeared. His ability to putris +* Pupilla muscorum N identify small species at a glance is pygmaea which was seen in good and you will be close to the truth. Vallonia costata * matched only by his ability to recognise numbers and easily found, though there elegans N Vallonia cf excentrica * incompetence when he sees it. I was are more records in Lincolnshire for this Vallonia costata species. It is also worth commenting upon The team Pisidium casertanum 1 rapidly relieved of the task of recording Vallonia cf excentrica species and I am grateful to Adrian for Pupilla muscorum which, again, was Pisidium milium +* N easily and quickly found. Is this species a Ron Boyce, Adrian Norris, David Vertigo antivertigo N compilation of the lists for both the sites Pisidium personatum * N we visited. I am also grateful to David good coloniser or has it survived the iron Lindley, Rosemary Hill, Chris du Feu, Vertigo pygmaea N Pisidium pulchellum + N Lindley for his comments below on the extraction? I tend to favour the latter; Jane Bonney, Brian Eke, Phil Porter. Vitrina pellucida there must have been areas within the site Pisidium subtruncatum + significance of some of the shelled Pisidium casertanum molluscs. that remained fairly free of disturbance, Species list. Sphaerium corneum +* which has allowed it to ‘cling on’ until Nomenclature is according to the Pisidium personatum N I believe there was a sweep on the such time as the site has become more annotated list in the Journal of number of species found (although having favourable. Conchology 38, Part 6, November 2005. being brought up in a strict non-gambling

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Varieties and forms of Bert Biggs appears to have found the References Cepea hortensis L. collected time to carry out a little of his own Crowley, T.E., (1973). Obituary: Herbert research into the determinants of variety Edwin James Biggs 1895-1973 Journal by H.E.J. Biggs (1895-1973). in this species, later to be researched by of Conchology 28:131-132 A.J. Cain and others. Here are some of Taylor, J.W., Monograph of the Land & Peter Topley the notes included with the specimens Freshwater of the British Isles (note that number series refer to the vol. 3, Leeds, Taylor Brothers, 1914 The Revd. Bert Biggs was a former shell banding). president of this Society who found time (a)“var. lurida -. 5 young examples taken Captions for image on page 7 for a lifelong interest in shells despite a at Yaxley 20/10/1946 (wet year). Kept in Plate (from top left to bottom right) very active life. Born in Edmonton, captivity, fed cabbage, lettuce and (Names refer to named “varieties”, many Middlesex, he saw active service in the submitted to very dry conditions. Killed of which are not recognized in recent 1914-18 war, becoming a teacher for the 5/10/1947 when adult.” literature). Church Missionary Society at Kerman in (b) “Upwood, Hunts., collected (a) 1:22345 Enfield, Middx. 1912; (b) what was then Persia. Following 19/10/1945 as 10345 young. Fed on subalbida Loc. Canal bank, Ypres, ordination in 1929 he returned to Kerman cabbage. Killed 6/10/1946 as 1:3(45) Belgium 1917; (c) arenicola Macgillivray. as pastor of the church there, followed adult.” Harlestone, Hants 1952; (d) baudona by a period of work in Cairo before (c)”Yaxley Cross Roads, Suffolk Moq. Tan. Scarborough (coll. Parrett) becoming rector of Mellis in Norfolk. His 2/6/1945. The only example amongst a 1931; (e) citrinozonata Taylor, Enfield final home in a very active “retirement” number of normally banded hortensis to Middx. 1916 fuscolabris Kreglinger, was a four storey Victorian terraced show lurida tendancies” Sussex, 1930; (f) hyalozona Baud. house in Bromley, Kent. His interests (d) “Taken as young shell Mellis, Suffolk France (= arenicola?) (old label, 19th ranged from Mollusca of the Near and 1946. Fed vegetables; found to be dead c.?); (g) lurida Moq. Tan.; (h) incarnata Middle East to archaeology but he was 19/10/1948. Last noted alive Picard, Hastings, Sussex, 1930; (i) interested in all aspects of conchology 11/10/1948”. incarnata Picard sub.var. fagorum; (j) cf. this was reflected in his large collection (e) “Taken at Yaxley 19/10/1947. Note hepatica Esmark 1886, Topsham, Devon, and library. continuance of lurida banding in a dry 1956; (k) lurida Moq. Tan. Yaxley, Suffolk Several of us who were Junior members year and in wild state.” 1946; (l) lutea Picard, Pas-de-Calais, of this society in the late 1960’s – early The specimens represent collections France, 1917; (m) michaudia Loc., Pas- 1970’s remember his encouragement of made at different periods of his life from de-Calais, France, 1917; (n) minor Moq. our fledgling interests. I was surprised his time at school in Enfield aged 16 and Tan. Leatherhead, Surrey, 1930; (o) and pleased that after his death at the even include snails collected during the moulinsiana Moq.Tan., Pas-de-Calais, beginning of 1973 (when I was 14) he third battle of Ypres, a few days prior to France, 1917; (p) nigrolabiata Taylor left me some shells that, for one reason the first battle of Passchendaele, in 1914. Harlestone, Northants, 1952; (q) or the other, he had not included in his October 1917 where he was serving as olivacea Taylor ?; (r) roseolabiata Taylor. main collection. Among them are a 2nd Lieutenant in the 10th West Riding Sutton Mandeville, Wilts, 1916; (s) series of varieties and forms of the Regiment! There are also snails roseozonata Cockerill. Burgess Hill, banded snail Cepaea hortensis L. Since collected near to his parish in Norfolk Sussex, 1944; (t) subalbida Loc. Mellis & they show a good range of the forms and in the 1960’s on day trips from his Yaxley, Suffolk, 1946; (u) astieria Moq. found in this very variable species and home in Bromley including Tan., minehead, Somerset, 1922; (v) var. many of them have their original labels, I representatives of shells with different ? Sussex, 1930; (w) repaired shell. thought a photograph of some of them numbers or combinations of bands (not Yaxley, Suffolk, 1946 may be of interest to readers of Mollusc illustrated here). World.

Poem from Liz Biles Bas was walking along the wave-washed strand Inspired by letters in MW11 Seeking new treasures in the golden sand When his serenity took a knock. There once was a Person from Porlock He's collected shells year upon year Who objected to shells gathered ad hoc From numerous places far and near, He preferred them to stay on the beach But he's never been put in the dock So as to stay within easy reach To answer the charge of spoiling pleasure for all Of the rest of the holiday flock. As he triumphantly homes with his molluscan haul To add to his precious stock. Or, with apologies to Bas, my 'epic' .... But the urge to collect is so strong (The next tide will bring more along) It seems odd to leave this little island Perhaps if he hid by this rock, Go half round the world and get to Thailand Then, after dark he could creep And meet a Person from Porlock. To the beach when all are asleep And smuggle them home in his sock! 6 7 MW12 visual:MW12 Art for PS 15/10/2009 17:48 Page 5

hence will be kept separately in slide cabinets rather than 1988 Neolepton sykesi and Neolepton sulcatulum in integrated into the systematic collections as most new Guernsey. No. 106 p.117 Ted Phorson: A personal acquisitions are. There is a new project starting at NMW in 1989 Observations on juvenile shells of Retusa truncatula, September, that will be able to make use of the Phorson Philine catena and Philine punctata. Conchologists’ collection. Graham Oliver and Anna Holmes will be working on Newsletter. No. 111 p.223 a new guide to British Marine Bivalves for the next three years. 1990 Philine angulata in NW Scotland Conchologists’ This guide will provide illustrations of bivalves at different Newsletter. No. 112 p.257 recollection by Jan Light stages from juvenile to adult, and hence the Phorson collection 1990 Some observations on the development of juvenile will be invaluable as a source for this project providing material shells of Trivia. Conchologists’ Newsletter. of many of the smaller British species. This will be a fitting No. 113 p.279 Ted Phorson died peacefully in April this year, at the age of 81. article: by sorting through shells and fragments gleaned from an tribute to Ted and the innumerable hours that he invested in his 1990 Some observations on juvenile shells: Chauvetia Ted had become a good friend in conchology and over the years interstitial sediment sample taken from a shingle beach at high juvenile delinquents. brunnea and Epitonium clathratulum. Conchologists’ we had corresponded and sent shells shuttling back and forth water mark, he retrieved enough examples to trace the process Newsletter. No.114 p.312 courtesy of Royal Mail in an attempt to seek each other’s of decollation that occurs during maturation of Truncatella Contributions to Conchologists’ Newsletter. 1991 Some observations on juveniles and growth series of opinion over problematic specimens. We had several things in subcylindrica. Ted was very willing to re-evaluate his own 1981 Janthina on the Quiberon Peninsula. No. 78. p.323 Leucophytia bidentata and Ovatella myosotis. common, both coming to conchology by a circuitous route identifications. He was also prepared to challenge more 1982 House repairs and alterations. No. 82 p.19 Conchologists’ Newsletter. No. 117 p.367 having started out as linguists specialising in French. Ted read authoritative determinations and could sometimes be quite 1984 The Trouble with those Juvenile Delinquents. 1996 Observations on the development of dentition in small French at Durham University but his studies were interrupted for stubborn! Others chimed in with their Newsletter contributions No. 89 p.161 juveniles of certain species of Mytilidae. Conchologists some years owing to wartime service as an Artillery Officer and to this line of enquiry, notably Phil’ Palmer who observed that 1988 Caecidae in France and Guernsey. No. 104 p.72 Newsletter. No. 136. p. 603 it was not until 1947 that he was able to return to Durham to “we should stop calling the puzzles ‘juvenile delinquents’ for complete what he had started in 1942. He met his wife Joyce at they are just juveniles while we are the delinquents for University and after their marriage they settled on the outskirts remaining in ignorance about an important part of molluscan of that city. Ted’s professional life was spent initially as a studies!” school-teacher and subsequently as a lecturer at Durham University for twenty years. Ted seldom travelled to meetings but he did attend a Molluscan Workshop in 1989 and brought examples of his growth series In Ted’s words, “It was the exploration of rock pools with my which impressed us all very much. Fortunately, this meeting was young daughter which aroused my interest in shells and the a foundation for conchological friendships that Ted maintained desire to know more about them.” Ted acquired some of the from his Durham outpost. Also at this meeting he met John standard texts to help identify his finds and Shelagh Smith Whittaker of the BM(NH) who helped him with some offered encouragement in those early days. unidentified ostracods and forams, two additional groups that Ted was beginning to working with. In succeeding years he Ted Phorson joined the Society in 1981, coincidentally the same widened his circle of correspondents in molluscan studies and year that I was elected to membership. (It would be 8 years published in a number of periodicals. before our paths crossed). In his first year as a member he published an article in which he recounted the excitement of Ted suffered a stroke in September 2000. In many respects he experiencing a beaching of Janthina and Velella on the Quiberon recovered well from this setback but it left his speech impaired. Peninsula (Phorson, 1981), the first of a series of contributions We continued to correspond and happily for Ted, Joyce was a to the Society’s publications. In the following year he wrote an willing participant in the 3-way conversations we had over the informative article on his observations of shell repair, but it was phone. His interest in his shells remained undiminished and he in 1984 that his article, The Trouble with those Juvenile continued working on his growth series. Delinquents, appeared in the Newsletter and was to foreshadow the strand of conchology that would absorb Ted for the When Harriet Wood and I visited Ted in 2004 to discuss his succeeding 22 years. The acquisition of a good binocular wish that the National Museum of Wales should be the microscope triggered the new area of interest, and he entered a beneficiary of his collection he produced a copy of his world of uncertainty when sorting a sample of shellsand with its catalogue. He had a good working collection of northeast resultant residue of unidentified specimens: a mélange of Atlantic marine molluscs but the highlight for me was the microspecies and juveniles and problems in distinguishing the collection of growth series for 160 marine mollusc species. I had two categories. Ted’s approach was to sort a small sample of seen certain species over the years when Ted loaned them to me Figure 1 Note: Phorson noted that the geometry of the manner in which the shellsand, perhaps a teaspoonful, grain by grain! Based on the to help with identification problems, but I had not seen the a. Whole shell of Truncatella subcylindrica just before decollation septum seals the hole is complicated, as is the line of abscission. molluscan composition Ted would often find that he could collection as a whole. It is beautifully curated and is testament to b and c: After abscission: in each case, the two parts are not the Specimens he examined showed that the greater part of the line of assemble a sufficiently large number of specimens of a particular the hours of patient dedication Ted applied to his quest for same shell, but matched for whorl size. abscission is a neat cut (or break) immediately above the suture but species, to build up a continuous series of shells that would greater understanding of microscopic shells. d. End view of the decollated shell showing sealed septum and this leads round to a more ragged break at the highest point of the ultimately bridge the gap between the puzzling juveniles (Ted’s geometry of the break. cut. The septum is not a regular dome but conforms to the geometry e. Decollated specimen in which the growth lines are exaggerated to of the cut spiral but what he found intriguing is that the forms delinquents) and the more familiar adult form. In that first article The staff of the Mollusca Section at the National Museum of become costae. not just a plain protective area of shell over the hole, but moulds it Ted shared some of his discoveries with the reader, drawing Wales in Cardiff where the Phorson collection will be housed are into a well-formed pseudo-protoconch. many with a camera lucida, and he published further articles keen to ensure that this exciting new bequest will be available to Figure 2 over the years thus expanding the range of species figured as his visitors. The collection is unusual in that the principal Enlarged view of Figure 1d. Colour photo of Ted Phorson on page 14, Figure 3. collection grew. An example of Ted’s drawings accompanies this component consists of shells mounted on microscope slides, and

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species in 25 families (Stanisic 1994; Another The land snails and slugs of Stanisic and Ponder 2004). The most speciose families are the Charopidae, beachcomber’s the northern Yorkshire Dales: Camaenidae and Helicarionidae (Stanisic 1994). Most Australian species occur in breakfast an Australian’s perspective moister coastal and subcoastal areas, but some are found in semi-arid and arid J.E.Llewellyn-Jones habitats of the interior. About 90% of Michael J. Murphy (Coonabarabran, New South Wales, Australia) species occur in rainforest (Stanisic 1994), which today covers only about 1% In the last edition of Mollusc World in the Marine of the continent. It is estimated that about Recorders report 2005 the shipworm Lyrodus pedicellatus In 2005 I made an extended visit to the Arionidae (7 species). Average species two thirds of the Australian Quatrefages was recorded for Sandwich, Kent living in the United Kingdom and Ireland from my richness per site was 19 species, with the species have not yet been formally rotting wooden ribs of a wrecked sailing ship. It is a home in Australia, including several highest recorded diversity (30 species) in species closely related to Teredo and is known as the described (Stanisic and Ponder 2004), months living in the village of woodland and the lowest (7 species) in Siamese shipworm. This species is first mentioned as food with many areas poorly sampled or not Barningham, in Teesdale in the northern moorland. The village site at Barningham 1 by Redi, who in a letter to his friend Megalotti, describes sampled at all. Even in the well-settled Yorkshire Dales. Mary Seddon (Cardiff) was notable in that 20 species (all except species of Teredo as being not only eatable, but excelling Sydney area, about a third of the 80 or so put me in touch with Leeds conchologist Cepaea hortensis) were found in one all shellfish, the oyster not excepted in its exquisite flavour. native species known await formal Adrian Norris, who provided a friendly small cottage garden (Dove Cottage Nardo also praises it, and wonders why the Venetians, description (Clark 2004). The majority of who call it ‘bisse del legno’, do not eat it ?. Jeffreys on the introduction to the land snails of the area. NZ082103). research in Australia to date has focused other hand says and I quote “I should, for my own part, be Adrian is currently working towards a on resolving , and field studies surprised that any person having a stomach could venture one kilometre square coverage of Several indicator species for ancient involving living (eg Murphy to try the experiment; for the smell of even a fresh Yorkshire land snails, and arrangement woodland were recorded in this study, 2002) are extremely rare. shipworm is almost enough to make one sick”. Even M.S. was made that I would contribute with such as Azeca goodalli, Limax Lovell in his Edible British Mollusks mentions it briefly. some field survey work in the northern cinereoniger, and to a lesser extent Land snail species richness in Australia Yorkshire Dales, an area which had Columella edentula, laminata ranges from 5 or less species per site (a Anyway we know that today coastal people in Thailand hitherto received little attention. The and Perforatella subrufescens. The site defined as 1 km2 or less) in dry have cultivated it in logs anchored in the sea for a very following short paper summarises the woodland site in Hening Wood near eucalypt forest to 20-30 species per site long time. Dr.Vagn Hanson, while Director of the Marine findings of this work and compares the Scargill, where the river Greta passes on limestone outcrops and up to 40 or Station at Phuket, formed the opinion that this might have Yorkshire land snail fauna with that found through a deep wooded gorge, was the more species per site in rainforest been one of the first examples of ‘sea farming’ in the in Australia. most significant woodland site sampled, (Stanisic 1994; Clark 2004). Upland world. The raw flesh has a good flavour but they say that it with the highest overall species diversity rainforest and limestone outcrops in is important to collect shipworms which have been living in 2 Northern Yorkshire Dales including four of the above five species. particular have high numbers of narrow ‘Sam’ trees rather than in any old logs floating in the sea. Ten 1 km square sites in the northern range endemics (Stanisic 1994). In Yorkshire Dales (9 sites in Teesdale and 1 This study also provided further contrast the UK land snail fauna has no The recipe is very simple. Make a scrambled egg mixture in nearby Swaledale) were surveyed for demonstration of the importance of old endemic species and, apart from a few and add your shipworms. Fry until set and eat on buttered land snails and slugs in March-May 2005. drystone walls and hedgerows as bread or toast. In Thailand, we are told, the dish can be late glacial specialists with relictual The study area was on limestone geology secondary refugia for land snails in improved by adding the eggs of the red ant, which are pea distributions, most native species are and sites sampled ranged from farmland British farmland. Thirty four species sized, and are found in pommelo and longan trees. generally broadly distributed (Kerney (5 sites) to broadleaf woodland (3 sites), (72% of the total recorded) were found in 1999). village garden (1 site) and heather these microhabitats, with noteworthy Shipworms can also be pickled in vinegar or nam pla, Thai moorland (1 site). Survey methods records including Pyramidula rupestris, fish sauce. If you can’t get hold of this sauce one can Changes to the wooded landscape of the substitute Anchovy, Worcestershire, Soy or even at a comprised hand searches along old Clausilia dubia, Balea perversa and UK through human activity over the last pinch Oyster sauce. drystone walls and hedgerows, lifting and Ashfordia granulata. The farmland site at 6000 years resulted in a mosaic of new replacing ground debris such as fallen Greta Bridge (which included the outer habitats which have acquired their own References. timber and loose rocks, hand-raking leaf wall of the old parkland of Rokeby Park), characteristic land snail assemblages Mollusc World 11 July 2006 litter and examination of tree trunks and had the third highest recorded species (Kerney 1999). Landscape changes in British Conchology by J. G. Jeffreys Volume 111 Marine herbage. Sampling effort varied, with diversity (24 species), including three of Australia as a result of 60 000 years or 1865 some sites sampled at only a single the above four species. more of Aboriginal human presence are Edible British Mollusks by M.S.Lovell 1867 location while others were sampled at a not clearly known (being confounded by Seafood of South-East Asia by Alan Davidson 1976 number of locations across the square. Comparison with Australia major global climatic change over that Seafood by Rick Stein 1998 Whereas the modern UK land snail fauna period), but 200 years of European A total of 47 species from 17 families dates from only the end of the last glacial occupation and development have seen Photo credits: John Llewellyn Jones were recorded (see Table 1), representing period (less than 15 000 years ago), that rapid and drastic changes to the 1. Sandwich beach with skeleton of wrecked sailing ship about a third of the UK land snail fauna of Australia has an unbroken history of landscape. In some regions of south- 2. Timber ribs with the burrowing shipworm (Kerney 1999). The greatest contributors many millions of years (Bishop 1981). Lyrodiscus pedicellatus eastern Australia, for example, 80% or to this diversity were the Helicidae (8 The Australian native land snail fauna 3. More timber ribs with the burrowing shipworm more of the pre-1770 vegetation has been species), Zonitidae (7 species) and comprises an estimated several thousand 3 Lyrodiscus pedicellatus

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cleared. The Australian native land snail in which land snail diversity exceeds 30 Murphy, M.J. 2002. Observations of the Table 1. Species recorded at 10 sites in northern Yorkshire Dales. Taxonomy follows Kerney (1999). fauna has not had time to adjust to these species. The species richness found at behaviour of the Australian land snail sudden and severe changes. Most native some sites in the northern Yorkshire Hedleyella falconeri (Gray, 1834) species in urban and agricultural Dales was comparable to that occurring (: ) using the spool- landscapes are now restricted to remnants in Australian diversity hotspots such as and-line tracking technique. Molluscan

of the original vegetation, and are thus rainforest and limestone areas. Research 22: 149-164. Broadleaf wood sites Farmland sites bordering remnant woods or parkland Farmland sites site Village Moorland site comparable to woodland-dependent Considering the 10 surveyed sites as a species in the UK. The different style of whole, the northern Yorkshire Dales has a Ponder, W.F. 1997. Conservation status, farming in Australia is another factor in high land snail diversity within a threats and habitat requirements of the general paucity of native land snails relatively small area. The land snail fauna Australian terrestrial and freshwater in agricultural habitats. In contrast to the is also interesting in how it reflects the mollusca. Memoirs of the Museum of Gill Beck NZ0610 Richmond NZ1600 Scargill NZ0511 Egglestone Abbey NZ0615 Forcett NZ1711 Greta Bridge NZ0813 Ravensworth NZ1307 Dalton NZ1108 Barningham NZ0810 Newsham Moor NZ0507 Total UK, where old hedgerows and stone history of the area, with species ranging Victoria 56(2): 421-430. Carychium minimum XX 2 walls in farmland provide important from those which are disturbance- Carychium tridentatum XX 2 habitat for many species (Kerney 1999), sensitive and dependent on remnants of Solem, A. 1984. A world model of land Azeca goodalli XX 2 fields in Australian agricultural areas are ancient woodland to others reliant on snail diversity and abundance. Pp. 6-22 in Cochlicopa lubrica XXX X X X X X 8 typically bordered by wire-strand fences, habitats created and sustained by human World-wide snails. Biogeographical Cochlicopa lubricella XX2 with minimal microhabitat value for land activity. studies on non-marine Mollusca, edited Pyramidula rupestris X 1 snails. by A. Solem and A.C. Van Bruggen. E.J. Columella edentula X 1 Acknowledgements Brill/Dr W. Backhuys:Leiden. Lauria cylindracea XXXXXXX 7 The distinction between native and Adrian Norris (Leeds) and Winston Vallonia costata X 1 introduced land snails in the UK is Ponder (Sydney) provided helpful Stanisic, J. 1994. The distribution and Acanthinula aculeata X 1 blurred, partly because some comments on earlier drafts of this paper. patterns of species diversity of land snails Ena obscura XX X 3 introductions date back to the Neolithic Adrian also provided me with a copy of in eastern Australia. Memoirs of the Discus rotundatus XXX X X X X X X 9 Arion ater XXX X X X X X X X 10 (Kerney 1999), and partly because so Kerney and Cameron (1979), helped with Queensland Museum 36(1): 207-214. Arion subfuscus XXX XX 5 many species, both native and introduced, identification of specimens collected and Arion circumscriptus XX XXX5 utilise human-modified landscapes. Most suggested the topic for this paper. My Stanisic, J. and Ponder, W.F. 2004. Forest Arion fasciatus XX X 3 of the 60 or so land snail species children Sam, Jess and Nicola enjoyed snails in eastern Australia – one aspect of Arion hortensis XX2 introduced to Australia over the last 200 helping with field surveys. Thanks also to the other 99%. Pp. 127-149 in Arion distinctus XX X X X X 6 years are found in agricultural, urban and Sheila Caton and Jon Smith for their Conservation of Australia’s Forest Fauna Arion intermedius X X 2 disturbed habitats (Ponder 1997). Many hospitality during our stay in (second edition), edited by D. Lunney. Vitrina pelucida XX X X 4 originate from the UK and Europe, Barningham. Royal Zoological Society of New South Vitrea crystallina X 1 generally widespread ecologically Wales: Mosman, NSW, Australia. Vitrea contracta XX X X 4 catholic species typical of gardens and References Nesovitrea hammonis XXX3 waste ground such as Cochlicopa lubrica, Bishop, M.J. 1981. The biogeography and Aegopinella pura X 1 Oxychilus alliarius, Limax maximus, evolution of Australian land snails. Pp. Figure 1. (Fig 5, page 14) Aegopinella nitidula XXX X X X X 7 Deroceras reticulatum, Cernuella virgata, 925-954 in Ecological Biogeography of Limax cinereoniger (underside view Oxychilus cellarius XX X X X X X 7 Theba pisana and Helix aspersa (Kerney Australia, edited by A. Keast. Dr W. Junk showing diagnostic sole pattern). This Oxychilus alliarius XXXXXXXX8 and Cameron 1979; Kerney 1999). Publishers: The Hague. large slug is considered a good indicator Tandonia budapestensis XX2 Populations of some native Australian of ancient woodland, and was found in Limax maximus XX XXX 5 land snail species can survive in quite Clark, S.A. 2004. Native snails in an the wooded gorge of the Greta River near Limax cinereoniger X 1 small remnants of native vegetation in urban environment – conservation from Scargill. Lehmannia marginata XX X 3 urban and agricultural landscapes (Clark the ground up. Pp 78-81 in Urban Deroceras laeve X 1 2004). Virtually nothing is known Wildlife: more than meets the eye, edited Deroceras reticulatum XXX X X X X X X X 10 concerning the interactions between by D. Lunney and S. Burgin. Royal Figure 2. (Fig 6, page 14) Deroceras panormitanum XX X 3 introduced and native land snail taxa in Zoological Society of New South Wales: Arianta arbustorum (23 mm) Cepaea Euconulus fulvus XX 2 Australia (Ponder 1997), but it can be Mosman, NSW, Australia. hortensis (20 mm), Cepaea nemoralis (25 Cochlodina laminata XXX X 4 expected that these interactions will mm) and Helix aspersa (40 mm) are the Clausilia bidentata XXX X X X X X 8 eventually result in characteristic land Kerney, M. 1999. Atlas of the Land and largest land snails in the northern Clausilia dubia X 1 snail assemblages for Australian urban Freshwater Molluscs of Britain and Yorkshire Dales and among the largest Balea perversa XX X X 4 and agricultural landscapes. Ireland. Harley Books: Colchester, species in the UK, but are dwarfed by the Ashfordia granulata XX X 3 England. eastern Australian rainforest species Perforatella subrufescens X 1 Conclusion Hedleyella falconeri (Caryodidae) (100 Trichia striolata XXX X X X X X X 9 “Travel broadens the mind” they say, and Kerney, M and Cameron, R.A.D. 1979. A mm). Trichia hispida XX XXXXX 7 I certainly found that my time in Field Guide to the Land Snails of Britain Arianta arbustorum XXXXX 5 Yorkshire broadened my appreciation of and North-west Europe. W. Collins and Cepaea nemoralis X 1 land snail ecology. Solem (1984) noted Co Ltd: Glasgow. Cepaea hortensis XXXXXXX 7 that there were few locations in the world Helix aspersa XXX X X 5 Total 27 12 30 17 22 24 14 15 21 7

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clear, and it would be difficult to be I have tried to think of other species that Loss of certain whether these were in fact fresh might lose their periostracum in life. A shells, or could date from many years third species of snail that is common on periostracum ago. the East Lothian coast is Candidula intersecta, but most of the shells one in living Knowing virtually nothing about fossil finds are empty (and weathered), so it is shells, I was surprised at this, especially difficult to form a view on whether they snails as I was used to seeing live snails that lose the periostracum in life. Sometimes 2 had lost their periostracum. On the East Clausilia bidentata (and presumably other 3 Adrian T. Sumner Lothian coast, where I live, Cornu clausiliids that do not occur in Scotland) aspersum and Cepaea nemoralis are can be found that have lost their common, and a fair proportion of these periostracum, and appear pale grey Amanda Millar (Mollusc World 10, p. 17, have lost all or part of their periostracum instead of rich dark red. Of course, they 1 March 2006) asks how long the (Figure 1), although still alive. It do not live in habitats where there are periostracum lasts after the death of the therefore seemed a reasonable assumption likely to be abraded by sand, and other snail. Her experiments, designed to test that the periostracum would be lost factors must be at work here. Otherwise, the assumption that dead shells that retain rapidly after death. most species seem to keep their the periostracum must be fresh, showed periostracum intact during their lives. that over 3 years after death, some shells In fact, coastal sites are probably retained most of their periostracum, particularly good places for snails to lose Incidentally, I returned to the site where I although others had lost it completely. A their periostracum rapidly. I cannot recall had found C. gigaxii, and easily found 4 few years ago, when I rediscovered seeing Cornu aspersum or Cepaea spp. at live specimens. As a result, I learnt the Candidula gigaxii at its only Scottish site 7 inland sites that have lost their important point that one needs to find live near North Berwick, I sent some periostracum, or not at such a high snails, and not just shells (however fresh apparently fresh shells to Michael Kerney, frequency (though I’m open to correction they may look) to establish the continued who confirmed that they were indeed C. on this point). My guess is that, on the presence of a species in a particular area. 5 gigaxii. However, he added, he had seen coast, blowing sand rapidly wears away fossil shells with their markings still the periostracum; in which case, why do Figure 4 (opposite). Live specimens of Dr Peter Evennett some snails remain unaffected? Cepaea nemoralis from the Tyne Estuary Could it be some genetic or at Tyninghame, East Lothian, some of 6 Images 1-12 relate to specific articles behavioural difference, or simply which have completely lost the within the magazine. that some snails are older than periostracum, while it is intact on other others, and have had much shells. 1. Christening spoon images 1 & 2 relate to longer to become abraded? 8 9 ‘A history from a shell artifact. Page 22. 2. Peter Shepheard painting. Page 22. 3. James Edward (Ted) Phorson taken in April 1998, Scotland. Page 8. Sinistral specimen of 4. Cepaea nemoralis. Fig. 1. Page 15. 5. Limax cinereoniger (Figure 1). Page 11. Euconulus alderi (Gray, 1840) 6. Arianta arbustorum (23 mm) Cepaea hortensis (20 mm), Cepaea nemoralis found at Malham, Yorkshire (25 mm) and Helix aspersa (40 mm) and Hedleyella falconeri (Caryodidae) As a result of surveying a calcareous flush in Great Close Mire Field, (100 mm). Page 11. Malham Yorkshire (SD/90955 65676) on the 18th of June 2006 a 7. Cockleshell dress. (Full caption on single young specimen of a sinistral Euconulus alderi (Gray, 1840) was Page 19.) subsequently found amongst the 103 specimens of all ages found at 8. Sinistral E. alderi. Page 15. the 23 sites investigated. The specimen, which had been alive when 9. Sinistral E. alderi. Page 15. collected, had unfortunately died as a result of dehydration before it 10 & 11. Cornu aspersum was extracted from the dried sample. 12 var. exalbida. Page 18. 12. Arion rufus. Fig.2. Page 16. Adrian Norris Recorder, Yorkshire Conchological Society 13 13. Limax ‘jedburgensis’. Fig. 6. Page 16.

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Field Meeting Report. Mercer had arranged for a room to be common on ferns in the deep damp butterbur on its banks was rich in Cepaea, Arianta and CSGBI/SBBRC Joint meeting, 3–4/6/2006 available with microscopes to help ravine by the stream. We also found the other snails. Roxburghshire, Scottish determine specimens that we couldn’t spiny-shelled Prickly Snail Acanthinula Table 1 identify in the field. aculeata. A large pale Arion was kindly Our final session was at the Newton St Boswell’s Woods Borders, 3rd–4th June identified by Roy Anderson as being SSSI, where we again got nearly 30 species, including Harestanes Jed Ancrum Newton St 2006 Adrian T. Sumner In spite of the weather being rather dry – most probably a young A. rufus (Fig. 2). the highlight of the whole weekend. This was the minute Water Boswells in fact it was warm and sunny for the Wry-necked Whorl Snail Vertigo pusilla, which was a new whole weekend – we had a very Back at the Visitor Centre we explored vice-county record – indeed, there are only a handful of Potamopyrgus +++ On Saturday 3rd June a small but antipodarum successful series of outings, finding well the wildlife pond and found various water records for the whole of Scotland. We are very grateful to enthusiastic group met at the Harestanes Physa fontinalis + Visitor Centre to improve our knowledge over 40 species, of which many were snails, including some specimens of Barry Colville for confirming our identification. We were ?Physella sp. + of the slugs and snails of the surrounding new records for their respective areas putative Physella sp. which had more also intrigued by the Succineids which were common Galba truncatula + parts of the Borders, particularly ancient (Table 1). It was indicative of the poor pointed shells than the native Common here; were they Oxyloma elegans, or could they have Radix balthica +++ woodlands. In spite of advertising this as coverage in this area that many of the Bladder Snail Physa fontinalis, and which been Succinea putris, which would be on the edge of its Ancylus fluviatilis ++ a joint meeting with the Scottish Borders new records were of relatively common might therefore have been an introduced range here but might be spreading northwards? Again, Carychium tridentatum ++ Biological Records Centre (SBBRC), we species, although we did have some species. However, expert dissection is we await a definitive determination of our specimens by ?Succinea/Oxyloma sp. ++ only managed to attract one SBBRC rarities as well. needed to separate Physella spp., and at an expert. Less welcome discoveries were the Budapest member, Jon Mercer, who runs the the time of writing this has not yet been Slug Tandonia budapestensis and Caruana’s Slug Cochlicopa lubrica ++ Centre and more than made up for the Our first morning was spent around done. Deroceras panormitanum, a couple of introduced species Cochlicopa lubricella + lack of numbers with his enthusiasm. Harestanes, mostly in the woods (Fig. 1), that are often pests, and which are no doubt spreading Columella edentula + The Visitor Centre was to be our base for where we found some 30 species, of In the afternoon we moved to the south through the Borders. As we had found by the Ale Water, Vertigo pusilla + the next two days, and as well as being which a third were new to that 10 km of Jedburgh and explored various steep there were freshwater species in the Tweed, which flows Lauria cylindracea +++ able to use its award-winning café, Jon square. The woodlands were rather dry, ancient woodlands sloping down to the past the woods, and again we found plenty Cepaea and Acanthinula aculeata ++ but nevertheless productive, but a stream Jed Water. The first site we looked at, Arianta on the butterbur on its banks. Discus rotundatus +++ running along one edge provided a opposite the historic Capon Tree (Fig. 3), Arion ater agg. ++ damper habitat. This stream was proved to be rather dry and not very Although our main aim was to sample the woodland Arion ater seg. ++ dammed to make a small pond, which rewarding, but another wood seemed fauna, we were nevertheless pleased to find an urban Arion ?rufus + yielded some freshwater species. Further more promising (Fig. 4). Access was a bit species that is still present in Jedburgh. This is the Arion subfuscus ++++ * upstream we found the tiny snail difficult in places, and although we found Jethart snail, Limax jedburgensis , which is much Arion Columella edentula, which was quite a good number of species, the typical esteemed as a delicacy by local people. It is so rare and circumscriptus seg. ++ + ancient woodland species that local that it does not appear in any of the identification Arion silvaticus + we were hoping for eluded us. guides we are aware of. In spite of this, it still seems to Arion fasciatus + However, we did find the be flourishing at several sites in the town (Fig. 6). Arion distinctus +++ hairy-shelled Silky Snail Vitrina pellucida ++ Ashfordia granulata, almost a Altogether it was a most profitable weekend, and it Vitrea crystallina +++ British endemic. seems likely that excursions to other similar areas in the Aegopinella pura + Borders would prove equally successful. Finally, our Aegopinella nitidula ++ + On the Sunday morning we warmest thanks are due to Jon Mercer, not only for Nesovitrea hammonis + visited more ancient making facilities available at Harestanes, but also for Oxychilus cellarius ++++ woodland, next to Ancrum old advising on good places to visit. Oxychilus alliarius +++ churchyard, and again got a Tandonia budapestensis + good list of species – 27. With Footnote Boettgerilla pallens + 1 3 the ground covered with Dog’s * Note that in Scotland the term snail is often use to refer Limax maximus +++ Mercury and Woodruff, both to a slug. ancient woodland indicators, we had high Lehmannia marginata ++ hopes and were not disappointed. We Fig. 1. Conchologists in the woods at Harestanes, Roxburghshire Deroceras laeve ++ were excited to discover the Brown Snail (Adrian T. Sumner). Deroceras reticulatum +++ Zenobiella subrufescens, a characteristic Deroceras panormitanum ++ species of old broad-leaved woodland, Fig. 2 ( see fig.12 on page 14) A large pale slug found at Harestanes, Roxburghshire, probably a young Arion rufus (Adrian T. Euconulus fulvus seg. ++ which has a soft and rather flexible shell. Sumner). Another species of interest here was the Clausilia bidentata ++++ Ashfordia granulata ++ + worm-like slug Boettgerilla pallens. This Fig. 3. The Capon Tree, near Jedburgh, an historic oak estimated to is an Eastern European species, first Zenobiella be at least 500 years old (Adrian T. Sumner). subrufescens ++ found in Britain in 1972, but which has Trochulus striolatus ++ + now spread widely. There are still very Fig. 4. Ancient woodland by the Jed Water, south of Jedburgh, few records of it from the Borders, Roxburghshire (Adrian T. Sumner). Arianta arbustorum +++ however. Fortunately it seems to be quite Cepaea nemoralis ++ Fig. 5. Enthusiastic conchologists prepare to sample the delights of a benign species. The churchyard and its Cepaea hortensis ++ + the Ale Water at Ancrum, Roxburghshire (Adrian T. Sumner). surrounding walls also yielded several Pisidium sp. + snails, and the adjacent Ale Water Fig. 6. ( see fig.13 on page 14) The Jethart snail, Limax (Fig. 5) provided some freshwater ‘jedburgensis’ (Adrian T. Sumner). Total = 46 species 4 5 species, while the dense growth of

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consists of the main kitchen and seven associated rooms: the Cockle Frock graces scullery, bakehouse, dry larder, fish larder, meat larder, dairy Fanny M. Hele scullery and dairy. With all the associated equipment in situ, New Year Party this gives a realistic and fascinating insight into the methods and materials used to keep fresh, process and cook the raw and the Jan Light ingredients that fed the household. To return to the dress, it was worn by Mary Vere Agar-Robartes During the summer I visited an exhibition entitled ‘The Ladies (1879-1946) at the New Year’s Party in 1899 to mark the var. exalbida of Lanhydrock’ which was running at Lanhydrock House, near arrival of the 20th century. Although the design on the dress Bodmin, Cornwall until October. I was first alerted to the looks as if it has been embroidered it is actually stamped on. exhibition by Stella Turk who sent me a newspaper cutting The ink used is slatish grey, has a slightly metallic appearance which illustrated a rather unusual dress. Made in silk, it and reminded me of the effect I used to achieve when doing S. Peter Dance features a design of stylised cockle shells and gastropods. potato printing in art classes at school. There are paint marks on the inside which suggest that the dress was home-made, The exhibition and a numbered trail round the house delves possibly by the Governess. The dress is cotton lined but there into the lives of the important women of Lanhydrock from 1642 is no label, as there is in most of the children’s fancy dress Perhaps nowhere in Britain are snails more abundant than to 1969 and focuses on key figures from the children’s nanny costumes. The accompanying sash is dated 1900 to they are in and around Bristol. This is especially true of to the lady of the house. The histories of these ladies are often commemorate the new millenium. There is an accompanying the Common Garden Snail, Cornu aspersum. At least that colourful and range from grandiose weddings to novelty jingly necklace of simple metal shells. It may be that is how it used to be during the second half of the imprisonments. The exhibition focuses on their achievements the party was fancy dress, with a theme, such as the sea. It nineteenth century, when Miss Fanny M. Hele was active as wives, mothers, patrons and entrepreneurs but also their does not appear to be documented whether Mary had a there. Her name may have meant nothing to anyone today roles as women in their own right. At Lanhydrock they have particular liking for shells, or indeed if she collected them. But had she not become an avid collector and purveyor of been vital in the continuity of ownership of the house and I’d like to think she did. snails, particularly the different varieties of the larger collected at Bristol by ‘F. M. Hele’ on 30 May 1850. The estate. Caption for photograph on page 14. kinds. Those she could not find herself she obtained by amber-coloured epidermis is present on one, but virtually As the visitor sees the property today, it is essentially a Cockleshell dress worn by Mary Vere Agar-Robartes at a New placing adverts in The Journal of Conchology and absent from the other, which is almost white in Victorian home, both in its furnishings and the numerous Year’s Party in 1899. With kind permission of the National elsewhere, offering duplicates from her own collection in consequence. Similar examples, collected by Fanny, grace ornaments, artefacts and household objects displayed in their Trust. exchange. John W. Taylor illustrated some of the shells she several public collections in Britain. Taylor noted that the everyday settings. The Jacobean collected in his Monograph of the Land & Freshwater var. exalbida ‘is easily bred in captivity, but, especially if house and its 400 acre estate were Mollusca of the British Isles (1894-1921). In this fed upon lettuce, speedily degenerates, losing its delicacy given to the National Trust by the 7th sumptuous publication, under the history of ‘Hyalinia of colouring, and the epidermis acquiring a dirty brownish Viscount Clifden in 1953. The house lucida’, there is a modest tribute to one ‘who has so long shade’ (Monograph, Vol. 3, p. 259). The whiteness of the has experienced several phases of and so earnestly studied our native species’ (Monograph, shell is not evidence of true albinism, the animal usually building, the most recent being that Vol. 3, p. 18). The accompanying photo shows Fanny as a displaying the normal blackish-grey coloration. The shell which took place after a disastrous fire in 1881 which destroyed the south demure but bright-eyed young woman. I have a letter she is still an arresting object, however, the discovery of a wing and damaged the central range. wrote to Taylor on 10 October 1876 in which she says she single example sometimes making news even now (as Fortunately the beautiful Long Gallery hopes to send him her ‘likeness’ in a few days. Almost Jonathan Welsh showed recently in Mollusc World, Issue with its superb plasterwork ceiling certainly this was the photo he reproduced. Her sister 9, November 2005, pp. 8 and 9). This distinctive variety of survived. The rebuilding work resulted Jessie, incidentally, was also a keen collector of British the world’s most cosmopolitan snail may have been in an extensive kitchen complex with snails, her name appearing occasionally in the pages of commoner in Victorian times, but conchologists probably every Victorian convenience a large Taylor’s Monograph. found it easier to obtain specimens then because of the family home might require and which activities of the demure but bright-eyed Miss Fanny M. Fanny’s principal claim to fame, however, may be her Hele of Bristol. association with a particular variety of the Common Garden Snail. Known as var. exalbida (= white), it lacks image captions The Names Game the brown or dark brown coloration typical of the normal Fanny M. Hele, c.1876, and signature. From J. W. form and is uniformly whitish, usually with a yellowish Taylor’s Monograph, Vol. 3, p. 18 (1911). (see above) compiled by Mary Seddon tinge. ‘Miss Hele, who has found so many of this variety’, illustrations on page 14. Figures 10 and 11. says Taylor, ‘has only found it amongst nettles and ivy’ Cornu aspersum var. exalbida. Two shells from (Monograph, Vol. 3, p. 259). He cites a Somerset North Bristol, collected by Fanny M. Hele in 1850. Hidden in the frame there are at least locality for it: ‘Common, Leigh Woods, 1878, Miss F. M. Cornu aspersum var. exalbida, Leigh Woods, Bristol, 60 malacologists, who have written Hele’. He also illustrates one of the shells she collected collected by Fanny M. Hele. From an original books or described molluscan there (Monograph, Vol. 3, pl. 24). For many years I have watercolour drawing reproduced in J. W. Taylor’s species, …how many can you find? owned two examples of it, collected by her. The original Monograph, Vol. 3, pl. 24 (1911). (Solution on page 22) label, no longer present, indicated that they had been

18 19 MW12 visual:MW12 Art for PS 15/10/2009 17:48 Page 11

3 nestling , rather than a burrowing bivalve. It has 1Mackie A.S.Y., James J.W.C., Rees E.I.S., Darbyshire T. Philpott S.L., Mortimer K., been recorded from crevices, kelp holdfasts, Jenkins G.O. & Morando A. 2006 The Outer Bristol Channel Marine Habitat Study. Variation in Sphenia binghami BIOMÔR Reports 4: 249pp. & Appendix 228pp. Hiatella burrows and oyster clumps, in relatively shallow waters up to around 64m, across the NE 2UKBAP http://www.ukbap.org.uk/UKPlans.aspx?ID=32#1 UK Biodiversity Action Plan: 4 Anna Holmes, National Museum of Wales Atlantic and Atlantic . Sphenia species are found in Habitat Action Plan for Sabellaria alveolata reefs. Accessed August 2006. all oceans and appear remarkably similar wherever 3YONGE C.M. 1951 Observations on Sphenia binghami Turton JMBA 30(2): 387-392. they occur, all having the nestling habit. 4POPPE G.T. & GOTTO Y. 1993 European Seashells. Verlag Christa Hemmen. 221pp.

Ship-worm inspires Brunel Hygromia cinctella S. Peter Dance (Draparnaud, 1801) in Yorkshire

During the second half of the nineteenth century the Rev. J. On Saturday the 23rd of September, on the occasion of the G. Wood did more than anyone to popularise natural history Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union introductory meeting for new in Britain. Among the scores of books he wrote about animals members at Armley Mills Industrial Museum Jane Walton and their activities was Nature’s Teachings. First published in found an adult specimen climbing on Broom by the side of the 1876, it deals with one of his favourite subjects: how the Leeds & Liverpool Canal (SE27381 34255), the rest of the works of nature have anticipated many of the inventions of party then joined in the search and a further two specimens man. He shows, for instance, how animals had long pre- were located. A second search, at the same locality carried out empted the invention of the spear, the gun, the hook, the on the 27th of September, produced a further three specimens saw, the sail and the rudder. He points out that we borrowed all on Sycamore leaves one of which was over 10 feet above from the lower animals our first idea of a dwelling, adding the ground. that ‘not only primitive ideas of Architecture are to be found in Nature, but that many, if not all, modern refinements have This record extends the rage of this, “Alien” snail northwards been anticipated.’ by some 30 miles since R.M.Smith found this species New to Yorkshire in gardens on the west side of Sheffield in September Tunnels fascinated him and he gives several examples 2000. showing how some of those constructed by man have their counterparts in structures made by birds, insects - and Adrian Norris molluscs. He even goes so far as to say that it was the Ship- Recorder, Yorkshire Conchological Society worm (Teredo navalis) which helped Sir Marc Isambard Brunel (father of Isambard Kingdom Brunel) solve the problem of how to bore a tunnel through the loose, sandy soil under the River Thames, a statement based, apparently, Eobania vermiculata upon fact. (Muller, 1774) in the UK ‘The plan adopted by the Ship-worm’, he says, ‘is at the I was interested in the note by David Notton of the Natural same time simple and effective. It feeds upon wood, and History Museum and the comments of Tom Cadman, Species gradually eats its way through almost any timber that may be Policy Officer, Wildlife Species Conservation Division of submerged. It does not, however, merely bore its way Defra on the occurrence of Eobania vermiculata on Lewisham through the timber, but lines its burrow with a coating of hard, Railway Station. Mollusc World Number 11 page 6 July 2006. Plate 1 shelly material. Taking this hint, Brunel proceeded in the same fashion to drive his tunnel through the very ungrateful A live adult specimen of this species was found attached to a soils which form the bed of the Thames. He built a “shield,” tree purchased from Palmer Plants Nurseries, Calverley Lane, In July 2003 my colleagues in the which are very common on the South Sphenia’s incredible variation in shape as he called it, of iron, exactly fitting the tunnel, and divided Pudsey near Leeds, Grid Ref. SE44/ 2136, in July 2003. National Museum of Wales carried out an Wales coast but on closer examination all can make it rather difficult recognise and into a number of compartments, each of which could be extensive survey of the benthic turned out to be Sphenia binghami. The it is likely that this species is under- pushed forwards independently of the others. In each Subsequent enquires at the Garden Centre established the fact communities of the Outer Bristol array of forms found is figured in Plate 1. recorded due to confusion with Hiatella. compartment was a single workman, and, as he excavated 1 that deliveries of trees from the Mediterranean area took place Channel . Their samples were taken by The bottom row of the plate shows two Externally Sphenia has a weak posterior the earth in front of him, he pushed forward his portion of the twice a year, with lorry pickups from Italy, Southern France grabbing and all specimens retained by a specimens along with their dorsal views angle whereas in Hiatella (especially of shield, while the interior was cased with brickwork, just as a and Spain. As Eobania vermiculata occurs in all three of these 0.5mm sieve were kept. Many of the 70 to demonstrate how distorted they can this size) there are two rows of spines on Teredo tunnel is cased with shell.’ countries, I was unable to establish which of these the species of bivalves recorded were small become. The left hand side one is a the posterior slope. Internally the small specimen originated from. I had hoped to make subsequent or juveniles, which can be difficult to relatively normal shaped Sphenia, spoon shaped chondrophore betrays the We recognise the genius of a distinguished engineer who visits to the nurseries to examine trees soon after they arrived identify. Amongst some samples, whereas the right hand side specimen myoid family position of Sphenia, successfully bored a tunnel below the River Thames between at the garden centre but other factors put the issue out of my particularly those that included bits of twisted. Narrow twisted shells are Hiatella lacks this structure. 1825 and 1843, but we should also acknowledge his debt to mind until I noted the article by David Notton. honeycomb worm (Sabellaria alveolata) relatively small and come from inside the the tunnelling activities of the humble Shipworm. Well might 2 reef , were many small mis-shapen empty worm tubes whereas the others are Sphenia uses a weak byssus to attach the Rev. J. G. Wood say, in the Preface to Nature’s Adrian Norris bivalves. First thoughts led to Hiatella attached to the outer surfaces of the reef. itself to a variety of substrates and is a Teachings, ‘There is scarcely an invention of man that has not its prototype in Nature.’ Recorder, Yorkshire Conchological Society 20 21 MW12 visual:MW12 Art for PS 15/10/2009 17:48 Page 12 A history Diary of Meetings - Conchological Society Programme Secretary: Ron Boyce, 447c Wokingham Road, Earley, Reading, Berkshire RG6 7EL

iMPoRTANT: Please remember Abstract Hyne Marine Nature Reserve – a FiELD - Saturday 28 April from a shell to inform the leader if you are Marine shells, especially oyster biodiversity hotspot’. Proposed field meeting. attending a field meeting. If you shells, are often found on Abstract are held up in traffic or your archaeological sites. What can FiELD - Saturday and Sunday Lough Hyne is a sheltered, fully public transport is delayed, it may the analysis of these tell us about 19-20 May: marine lough in west Cork on the be possible to ring the how people harvested the coast? Littondale and Upper Wharfedale, artifact south west coast of Ireland, Programme Secretary on 0794 West Yorkshire. declared a nature reserve in June 109 4395 on the day of the NHM – Saturday 1981, and the first statutory meeting for information on the 24 February 2007 Joint meeting with the Yorkshire Marine Nature Reserve in location of the field site being 14:30h in the Demonstration Naturalists Union. Europe. Within the reserve area, J.E.Llewellyn-Jones surveyed. Room. there is a wide variation of wave- Leader: David Lindley Indoor meetings at the Natural We welcome as Guest Speaker exposure, current speed, depth, (0113 269 7047) (home) History Museum will take place in David Aldridge from Cambridge light penetration and siltation. [email protected] A few years ago I was given a beautiful christening the Palaeontology Demonstration University on the subject of Substrata range from vertical Room at the end of Gallery 30, ‘Conservation and eradication of cliffs of bedrock, boulder slopes spoon (Fig.1, page 14) made up of the curved part of a FiELD - Saturday 16 June except for the Annual General freshwater mussels’. to fine sediments. Lough Hyne is Proposed field meeting. scallop shell (Pecten maximus L.) and a silver Meeting which is being held in generally accessible and small Abstract the De La Beche Room. enough to sample. The wide engraved cross for the handle; the inscription reading Freshwater mussels include FiELD - Saturday 14 July range of habitats suggests that Members attending the Annual some of the most endangered Earley, Reading “St.Luke’s Liverpool, 1883”. It came in a royal blue Lough Hyne may be expected to General Meeting in the De La taxa in the world, but they also Freshwater meeting. satin lined case with the name of the company, Pratt have a significant number of Beche Room, which is not in a include some of the biggest Leader: Rosemary Hill molluscan species present. and Sons, Church furnishers, 24 Tavistock St., Strand, public access area, will need to pests. In this talk I will give a (0118 966 5160) (home) sign in at the visitors’ window in general overview of some of the printed on it in gold. I have since written to Pratt and Marine life has been recorded Museum Lane. Please remember threats facing the world’s FiELD - Saturday 15 September sons but they are no longer trading. On the other hand there since the middle of the 19th to sign out again when leaving so mussels and present some of the Lincolnshire. Slug search. century. The history of recording St.Luke’s church situated at Bold Place, Berry Street is that Security know that you have work we have been doing to Leader: Chris du Feu in the Lough will be illustrated. left the building. conserve and propagate mussels (01427 848400) (home) still standing as a reminder and symbol of the Mollusca have particularly been both in the UK and China. I will The Programme Secretary will be documented since the 1970s, but thousands who died on Merseyside during the Second St. Luke’s, Liverpool then go on to talk about the happy to receive any offers to most recently by me over the last World War. ecological and economic impacts lead field meetings or 16 years through diving and visits that invasive bivalves can have, time ‘Madden’s’ church after the archdeacon Madden a suggestions for speakers for to the shore. The molluscan drawing examples from my indoor meetings. fauna of the Lough, and the St. Luke’s church was designed by Liverpool architect witty Irish vicar from 1889 to 1913. But this all came to recent work in the UK and South biogeography of selected America. The talk will conclude John Foster in 1802. It was built on land given to the an end in 1941 when the Germans bombed the city and species, will be described. with a look at the potential town by Lord Derby in 1791 with one condition that which was portrayed so well by artist Peter Shepheard Detail of shell carved from Key to meetings: options for controlling pests such there would be no burials in the churchyard. The (1913-2002).(Fig.2, page 14) designs by Alfred Waterhouse NHM = Natural History as zebra mussels. on a pillar at the Natural foundation stone was laid on April 9th.1811 and it was Museum, London, History Museum, London. indoor meeting FiELD - Saturday 24 March officially opened on St.George’s day 1829 but The church, only a shell now, is owned and maintained FiELD = Field Meeting at Ardingly, West Sussex. consecrated on January 12th. 1831. It is the only work by Liverpool City; and the gardens surrounding it, outdoor location Leader: Ron Boyce of John Foster to remain standing after the bombing of without grave stones, laid out and kept by the YCS = Yorkshire Conch. (0118 935 1413) (home) Soc. events the city on the 4th May 1941. Corporation. It stands as a gaunt reminder of the blitz The purpose of this meeting is to holocaust which destroyed so much of the city. search for the semi-slug NHM – Saturday 9 December Phenacolimax major. It has been The bells of St.Lukes were cast in Downham, Norfolk 14:30h in the Demonstration recorded from several sites in Room. in 1818 and rung for the first time by the St.Nicholas I would like to thank the Revd.Canon Neville Black, this area and the intention is to bell-ringers at the church on Sunday June 26th 1927 Team Rector of ‘The parish of St.Luke-in-the-City’ for We welcome as Guest Speaker check whether it is still present. and broadcast by the BBC from 8 p.m. being heard for all the time and information that he has given and John Llewellyn-Jones from West Mersea on the subject of ‘Slugs Meet at the car park at the 10 minutes by the millions of people listening. The passed onto me about the church and Jeff Walden, and snails and -----?’. S. end of Ardingly Reservoir, church was known in its time as the ‘Doctor’s’ church Archives Researcher for the BBC who let me know grid ref. TQ 332287. Bring waterproof clothing, because of the medical services held in it and at another about the bells. NHM – Saturday 27 January 2007 Wellingtons and a packed lunch. 14:30h in the Demonstration Room. NHM – Saturday 31 March 14:30h in the De La Beche Answers to Names Game (page 19): We welcome as Guest Speaker Room. Elizabeth Somerville from Sussex University on the subject of Abbott, Adams, Alder, Bavay, Blandford, Boycott, Bofill, Bourguignat, Brot, Brown, Cameron, Clessin, Dall, D’Ailly, Drapanaud, Dillwyn, Dunker, Ellis, Ferussac, Fleming, Germain, Gmelin, Annual General Meeting Godwin-Austin, Gould, Gray, Gude, Hanley, Herbert, Kerney, Kobelt, Lamy, Lamarck, Linne, Lowe, Martini & Chemitz, Millet, Montagu, Melvill, Mollendorf, Morch, Muller, Nelvill, Peile, Philippi, ‘Marine molluscs in archaeology’. Presidential Address by Dr Julia Pilsbry, Pfeiffer, Preston, Oliver, Reeve, Risso, Rossmassler, Sacchi, Solem, Sowerby, Smith, Standen, Step, Taylor, Tebble, Tomlin, Watson, Westerlund, Wollaston, Wood, Zilch Nunn on the subject of ‘Lough

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