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How Do Individual Responses to Formal Labeling Affect Future Behavior? a Comprehensive Evaluation of Labeling Theory Emily Beth Ciaravolo

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How Do Individual Responses to Formal Labeling Affect Future Behavior? a Comprehensive Evaluation of Labeling Theory Emily Beth Ciaravolo Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2011 Once a Criminal, Always a Criminal: How Do Individual Responses to Formal Labeling Affect Future Behavior? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Labeling Theory Emily Beth Ciaravolo Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE ONCE A CRIMINAL, ALWAYS A CRIMINAL: HOW DO INDIVIDUAL RESPONSES TO FORMAL LABELING AFFECT FUTURE BEHAVIOR? A COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION OF LABELING THEORY. By EMILY BETH CIARAVOLO A Dissertation submitted to the College of Criminology and Criminal Justice in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded: Spring Semester, 2011 The members of the committee approve the dissertation of Emily Beth Ciaravolo defended on March 15, 2011. _________________________________ Carter Hay Professor Directing Dissertation _________________________________ Kay Pasley University Representative __________________________________ Sonja Siennick Committee Member _________________________________ Brian Stults Committee Member Approved: _____________________________________ Thomas G. Blomberg, Dean, College of Criminology and Criminal Justice The Graduate School has verified and approved the above-named committee members. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Several individuals have contributed greatly to this dissertation. First, I would like to thank the chair of my dissertation committee, Dr. Carter Hay, for his leadership, knowledge, and enthusiasm to work closely with me for past several years on not only this dissertation but also several other research efforts. My development as a student, a researcher, and a teacher has been greatly enhanced because of the time that I have spent with Dr. Hay, and I am forever appreciative for the opportunity to have worked for and with him. To my other committee members; Dr. Brian Stults, Dr. Kay Pasley, and Dr. Sonja Siennick, thank you for supporting my professional and intellectual development throughout the entity of this dissertation. I would also like to thank Dr. Gary Kleck for exposing me to a range of research methodologies and new ways of thinking during my time at Florida State University. Many colleagues have played a critical role in my ability to complete this dissertation. In particular, I would like to thank Colby Valentine for her unwavering friendship through the various stages of our academic career. Darren Restivo, my wonderful fiancé, thank you for sticking by my side and supporting me each step of the way. The unwavering encouragement you provide me is like no other. Finally, I thank my amazing parents, Laura and Joseph Ciaravolo, for their encouragement and support. Thank you for instilling in me the self-discipline and self-motivation that is so necessary to complete something like a dissertation. None of this would have been possible without both of you in my life. I am forever grateful for your unconditional love and support. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ....................................................................................................... vi Abstract…..………………………………………………………………………….. vii 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1 1.1 Labeling Theory……………........................……….............................. 1 1.2 Three predictions of labeling theory ................................................... 2 1.3 Limitations of prior research .................………................................... 4 1.4 The current study ….............................................……….................... 4 2. LABELING THEORY OVERVIEW…………………….…….............................. 7 2.1 Introduction …………………………….............................................. 8 2.2 Prior literature and research ………………………........................... 8 2.2.1 Symbolic Interactionism Roots….………............................... 8 2.2.2 Early Development of Labeling Theory……………………….. 9 2.3 Broad Predictions of Labeling Theory………………………………… 11 2.3.1 The effects of labeling on later offending ……………………. 11 2.3.2 Mediated Effects of Labeling………………………………….. 15 2.3.3 Do extra–legal factors moderate the effects of labels?......... 17 2.4 Limitations of Prior Research …………………….……………………… 20 3. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CURRENT STUDY.......................................... 23 3.1 Introduction ……………………………….……...................................... 23 3.2 The organization of chapters………......................................……….... 23 3.3 Sample and data collection ...........................................................…… 26 3.4 Data used ……………………………..............................................…... 27 4. ASESSING DIRECT AND MEDIATED EFFECTS OF THE LABELING PROCESS ................................................................................. 31 4.1 Introduction …...................................................................................... 31 4.2 Prior Literature and Research…........................................................... 32 4.2.1 Deviant Self-Concept.............................................................. 33 4.2.2 Blocked Opportunity Structure................ ............................... 36 4.2.3 Involvement with Deviant Groups........................................... 37 4.2.4 Shortcomings of Prior Research............................................. 39 4.3 Present Study …….............................................................................. 40 4.3.1 Data ……................................................................................ 41 4.3.2 Formal Labeling Measure....................................................... 42 4.3.3 Subsequent Delinquency Measure…….................................. 42 4.3.4 Mediating Variables............................................................... 43 4.3.5 Control Variables...................................................................... 44 4.4 Results…...…....................................................................................... 45 4.4.1 The Effects of Labeling on Future Criminal Behavior………… 45 4.4.2 Does Formal Labeling Affect Hypothesized iv Mediating Variables……………………………………………. 46 4.4.3 Are Labeling Effects Explained By Mediating Variables….................................................... 47 4.5 Conclusion ….…….............................................................................. 49 4.5.1 Findings…..………………………………….………………….. 49 4.5.2 Study Limitations……..…………………………………………. 50 4.5.3 Implications for Policy..………………………………………… 51 4.5.4 Implications for Future Research and Theory………………... 53 5. ASESSING MODERATED EFFECTS OF THE LABELING PROCESS ............................................................................................................ 59 5.1 Introduction ……………….................................................................... 59 5.2 Prior Literature and Research…..................................................... 60 5.2.1 Demographic factors…………………………………………… 60 5.2.2 Behavioral and Social Variables……………………………… 62 5.3 Present Study …………….................................................................... 67 5.3.1 Data ………………................................................................. 67 5.3.2 Formal Labeling Measure……………………………………… 68 5.3.3 Subsequent Delinquency Measure…………………………… 68 5.3.4 Moderating Variables…………………………………………… 68 5.3.5 Control Variables………………………………………………… 70 5.4 Results……..………………................................................................... 70 5.4.1 The Effects of Official Intervention on Crime………………… 70 5.4.2 Social Process and Behavioral Variables as Moderators…… 71 5.4.3 Structural Demographic Variables as Moderators…………… 74 5.5 Conclusion ..……………….................................................................... 75 5.5.1 Results……………..……………………………………………… 75 5.5.2 Implications………………………………………………...…….. 77 6. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION .................................................................. 84 6.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 84 6.2 Summary and Findings………….......................................................... 84 6.3 Study Limitations …………….……………………………………………. 86 6.4 Implications………………………………………………………………… 87 6.5 Conclusion …. ..................................................................................... 91 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................ 93 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 95 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH ................................................................................... 104 v LIST OF TABLES Table 4.1: Descriptive statistics ........................................................................... 55 Table 4.2: Bi-variate correlations………………………………………..…………… 55 Table 4.3: OLS Regression, Effect of Formal Labeling on Future Behavior ………..……………………………………………………….…. 56 Table 4.4: OLS regressions on mediating variables……………………….….. 57 Table 4.5: OLS regressions, Mediated effects…………………………………… 58 Table 5.1: Descriptive statistics ........................................................................... 80 Table 5.2: Bi-variate correlations…………………………………………………….. 81 Table 5.3: OLS regressions, social and behavioral factors as moderators..........................……………………………………………………..….
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