ImpactImpact ofof SelectedSelected IPMIPM PracticesPractices onon InsectInsect PopulationsPopulations inin RetailRetail EnvironmentsEnvironments

BhadrirajuBhadriraju SubramanyamSubramanyam andand RennieRennie RoesliRoesli DepartmentDepartment ofof GrainGrain ScienceScience andand IndustryIndustry KansasKansas StateState UniversityUniversity ManhattanManhattan KSKS 6650666506

March 26, 2002 StoredStored--productproduct insectsinsects inin retailretail storesstores z LoschiavoLoschiavo andand OkumuraOkumura (1979)*(1979)* z 3333 supermarketssupermarkets andand 66 feedfeed andand petpet foodfood storesstores inin HawaiiHawaii z InfestationsInfestations foundfound inin allall storesstores z CigaretteCigarette beetle,beetle, merchantmerchant graingrain beetle,beetle, andand redred flourflour beetlebeetle ______*Loschiavo, S.R. and G.T. Okumura. 1979. A survey of stored-product in Hawaii. Proceedings of the Hawaiian Entomological Society13: 95-118. zz PlattPlatt etet al.al. (1998)(1998) zz SurveyedSurveyed retailretail storestore managersmanagers inin Arkansas,Arkansas, Oklahoma,Oklahoma, andand TexasTexas regardingregarding perceptionsperceptions onon insectinsect pestspests andand pestpest managementmanagement practicespractices – Cockroaches and flies were common pests – Insect sources: Outdoors, warehouses, and delivery trucks – PMPs valuable source of information zz SampledSampled 88 retailretail grocerygrocery storstoreses inin OklahomaOklahoma forfor insectsinsects – Indianmeal , merchant grain beetle, and drug store beetle ______Platt et al. 1998. Integrated management perceptions and practices and insect populations in grocery stores in south-central United States. Journal of Stored Products Research 34: 1 – 10. zz ArbogastArbogast etet al.al. (2000)(2000) – Sampled 3 department stores and 2 pet stores in north-central Florida – Each store sampled 1-3 times – Indianmeal moth, cigarette beetle, sawtoothed grain beetle, red beetle, and flat grain beetle – Bagged seed and pet food – Spilled material – Gentrol application reduced but did not eliminate infestations of beetles and – Showed the utility of contour mapping for identifying infestation foci, targeting insecticide applications, and evaluating management measures ______Arbogast et al. 2000. Monitoring insect pests in retail stores by trapping and spatial analysis. Journal of Economic 93: 1531-1542. ImpactImpact ofof insectinsect infestationsinfestations zProduct loss – Loss of quantity – Loss of quality zConsumer complaints – Decreased consumer confidence zAllergic reactions in sensitive individuals zFood safety issue? Î Stored-product insects are carriers of pathogenic organisms PestPest managementmanagement inin retailretail storesstores zz SanitationSanitation zz InspectionInspection ofof incomingincoming productsproducts zz StockStock rotationrotation zz PestPest monitoringmonitoring zz RemovalRemoval ofof infestedinfested productsproducts zz UseUse ofof chemicalschemicals andand alternativesalternatives zz EvaluationEvaluation ofof pestpest managementmanagement programsprograms ResearchResearch ObjectivesObjectives zz DetermineDetermine insectinsect speciesspecies associatedassociated withwith retailretail storesstores zz DetermineDetermine infestationinfestation levelslevels inin productsproducts zz IdentifyIdentify infestationinfestation focifoci zz EvaluateEvaluate impactimpact ofof selectedselected IPMIPM practicespractices onon insectsinsects zz IdentifyIdentify futurefuture researchresearch needsneeds PurposePurpose z Awareness z Help identify sanitation and pest management issues z Provide basis for improved monitoring and pest management StoreStore no.no. LocationLocation AreaArea (ft(ft2)) No.No. visitsvisits PSPS A1A1 KansasKansas CityCity 1,3201,320 1111 PSPS A2A2 KansasKansas CityCity 11,30911,309 88 PSPS A3A3 KansasKansas CityCity 6,4406,440 1111 PSPS A4A4 KansasKansas CityCity 5,2025,202 88 PSPS A5A5 WichitaWichita 9,9519,951 77 PSPS A6A6 WichitaWichita 11,30911,309 77 PSPS A7A7 TopekaTopeka 10,33910,339 1212 PSPS A8A8 LawrenceLawrence 8,6168,616 1111 PSPS B1B1 KansasKansas CityCity 19,65619,656 1616 PSPS B2B2 TopekaTopeka 19,65619,656 1616 DPS*DPS* ManhattanManhattan 82,61182,611 1515 * 40 traps; all other stores 30 traps MethodsMethods forfor SamplingSampling StoredStored--ProductProduct InsectsInsects TrapsTraps

30 dome or Flite-Trak traps (each with 3 beetle lures) per store

30 Pherocon II traps (with IMM lure) per store TrapsTraps placedplaced inin aa looselyloosely arrangedarranged gridgrid patternpattern insideinside storesstores Traps were concealed from customer view z TrapTrap locationslocations werewere identifiedidentified byby XX andand YY coordinatescoordinates z TrapTrap catchescatches recordedrecorded everyevery 11--33 weeksweeks z ContourContour mapsmaps ofof traptrap catchcatch distributiondistribution generatedgenerated usingusing SurferSurfer softwaresoftware SamplingSampling infestedinfested productsproducts zz 1919 bagsbags ofof wildwild birdbird foodfood –– (PSA7)(PSA7) zz 1010 bulkbulk--storedstored samplessamples –– (PSA7)(PSA7) zz 11 baggedbagged (PSA5)(PSA5) andand 22 bulkbulk--storedstored samplessamples (PSA8)(PSA8) zz 66 bagsbags ofof drieddried corncorn cobscobs –– (PSA7)(PSA7) IdentifyingIdentifying infestationinfestation focifoci

35

80

)

m

( 72

t f 64 le 25

t

n 56

o

r

f

48

m

o 40

r

f

e 15 32

c n 24 ta is 16

D 8 0

51525 Distance from front left (m) IPMIPM practicespractices appliedapplied

•• SanitationSanitation •• SanitationSanitation ++ GentrolGentrol sprayspray •• SanitationSanitation ++ TempoTempo sprayspray •• TempoTempo sprayspray onlyonly •• NoNo treatmenttreatment Sanitation

RemovalRemoval ofof infestedinfested productsproducts

DebrisDebris andand unaccountedunaccounted inventoryinventory Spraying with Gentrol or Tempo TimeTime spentspent onon variousvarious IPMIPM activitiesactivities

Activity Person hours Assembling traps 1 – 2 Placing traps 1 – 2 Checking traps 1 – 2.5 Sanitation 8 – 10 (21) Sanitation and Gentrol spray 8 – 10 Sanitation and Tempo spray 8 – 10 Counting insects 2 – 16 RESULTSRESULTS Store # Sampling duration Size (ft2) No. insects No. moths in Flite- in Pherocon Trak traps II traps PS A1 Feb 17 – Aug 27 1,320 3,425 2,904 PS A2 Feb 16 – Jul 02 11,309 1,984 599 PS A3 Feb 16 – Aug 27 6,440 4,014 524 PS A4 Feb 16 – Aug 02 5,202 1,657 554 PS A5 Feb 20 – Jul 12 9,951 969 1,254 PS A6 Feb 20 – Jul 12 11,309 439 588 PS A7 Feb 05 – Aug 24 10,339 16,711 2,816 PS A8 Feb 05 – Aug 24 8,616 2,086 744 PS B1 May 11 – Sep 01 19,656 1,271 3,667 PS B2 May 11 – Sep 01 19,656 8,190 4,117 DPS* Apr 21 – Aug 04 82,611 193 24

* 40 traps; others 30 traps Insects found in eight retail pet stores-Chain A 36 , 17 families, 7 orders

Weevils (Sitophilus spp.)

Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella)

Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)

Merchant grain beetle (Oryzaephilus mercator)

Red-legged ham beetle (Necrobia rufipes)

Flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes spp.)

Drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum)

Sawtoothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis)

Cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne)

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 Total number of insects Insects found in two retail pet stores-Chain B 14 species, 12 families, 5 orders

9 Indianmeal moth (Plodia interpunctella)

8 Merchant grain beetle (Oryzaephilus sp.)

7 Drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum)

6 Flat grain beetles (Cryptolestes sp.) ies 5 Cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne)

Spec 4 Weevils (Sitophilus sp.)

3 Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica)

2 Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma sp.)

1 Others

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Total number of insects Insects found in a departmental store 8 species, 8 families, 2 orders

8 Warehouse beetle (Trogoderma sp.)

7 Indianmeal moth (P. interpunctella)

6 Red flour beetle (Tribolium sp.)

5 Drugstore beetle (Stegobium paniceum)

4 Merchant grain beetle (Oryzaephilus sp.) Species

3 Lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica)

2 Hairy fungus beetle(Typhae stercorea)

1 Weevils (Sitophilus sp.)

0 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Total number of insects InfestationInfestation focifoci inin storesstores Beetles PSA1 Indianmeal moths

35 Back room 35 Back room 1 2

30 30

65 60 24 ) 25 25 m 55 t ( n 50 20 o

fr 45 t f 20 20 40 16 C m le C 35

fro 30 12 e c 15 15 25 an st 20 8 Di 15 10 10 10 4

5 A A B B 0 0 D 5 D 5

A A 5 10 152025 5 10152025 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Small food C= and food D=Food bar table 1 2 30 30

50 16 C 45 C 25 25 14 40 t (m) B B 12 on 35 fr

t 20 20 f 10

30 room

25 Back Back room 8 from le e 15 20 15 c 6 n a 15 st 4 Di 10 10 10 2 C 5 C

0 0 5 A 5 A

5 10152025 5 1015 2025 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food Back room Back room 1 2

25 C 25 C C C 45

(m) 10 40 20 A 20 A 35 A 8 ft front A

le 30

15 25 15 6 from A A B 20 B ance 4 15

Dist 10 10 10 2 5

0 0 5 5

C C

5101520 5 101520 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food 20 20

1 20 2 20 B 15 18 15 B 18 16 16

14 14

12 12

10 om

oom 10 10 10 A A ro ck r 8 a 8 B Back B 6 B 6

Distance from left front (m) Distance from 4 5 5 4 2 2

0 0 B B 5 101520 5 101520 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Cat and dog food 40 Back room Back room 40 1 2

35 35 C C 14 24 30 30 12 A 20 A ) m ( 25 10 t 25 16 on B B 8 ft fr e l 20 20 12 B B 6 om 8 ce fr 4 n 15 15 sta 4 2 Di

10 10 0 0

5 5

5101520 5101520 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Food bar table C=Cat and dog food Back room Back room 40 1 40 2

35 35 C C

28 12 30 30 24 10

25 20 25 A A 8 16 20 20 6 12

B 4 15 8 15 B Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front 2 4 10 10 0 0

5 5

5 10 152025 510152025 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Food bar table C=Cat and dog food Back room 1 Back room 2 40 40 C C 180 35 170 35 45 A A 160 A 150 A 40

140

) 30 30 35 m

( A 130 A t n 120 o B B 30 25 110 25 100 25 90 om left fr 80 20 D 20 20 70 D 60 15 50 Distance fr 15 15 40 10 30 20 5 10 10 10 0 0

5 5

5101520 5 101520 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food D=Food bar table 1 2 30 30

25 A 25 A 10

6 (m) t 20 8 n 20 B B fro t

lef 6 4 15 15 om

ce fr 4 an t 10 s i C 10 C 2 D 2 A A 5 5 A 0 A 0

0 0 Back room Back room

51015 51015 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m)

A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food A 40 39 36 33 30 B 30 27 24 21 20 C 18 15 12 10 9 6 3 0

left front (m) PS B1 5152535 A= Cat food; B=Dog food A ce from 40 60 C=Bird food B 54 Distan 30 48 42

36 C 20 30

24 10 18 12

6 5 152535 0 Distance from left front (m) 40 A B 60 55 50 45 30 40 35 30 20 D 25 C 20 15 10 10 5 0 PS B2 5 152535 A= Cat food; B=Dog food 40 A B 90 C=Bird food 81 Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front 72

30 63

54 20 45 D C 36 27 10 18 9

0 5152535 Distance from left front (m) Beetles in DPS

60

) Back area 12 (m 10 40 8 left front 6 20

ce from 4 an t 2 Dis

0 0 30 60 90 120 Distance from left front (m) Wild bird food shelves Spillage behind kick plates On the surface, seams, and stitches of bags Inside bags Bulk-stored samples

Spillage near food display areas Indianmeal moths inside containers Receiving/reclamationReceiving/reclamation areasareas Sa m . Wt No . (lbs) T ot a l N o ./lb InsectInsect countscounts fromfrom 1 1 0 3 28 33 infestedinfested bagsbags 2 5 1, 491 298 3 5 1, 221 244 4 1 0 10, 295 1 030 5 5 2, 493 499 6 5 2, 126 425 7 5 2, 238 448 8 5 1, 320 264 9 5 2, 120 424 10 5 1 ,2 49 250 11 5 4 ,1 30 826 12 10 121 1 2 13 10 51 5 14 10 680 6 8 15 10 9 1 16 10 34 3 17 10 2, 880 288 18 10 4, 489 449 20 5 4 ,1 34 827 Insects in bulk-stored samples

Sample SA1 SA2 SA3 SA4 SA5 SA6 SA7 SA8 SA9 Bird Total 109 113 107 41 110 1484 24 7 201 119 Weight 20 19 22 19 11 613 9 16 8 (Lb) Nos./lb 6 6 5 2 10 237 2 1 12 15 InsectsInsects inin bulkbulk--storedstored andand baggedbagged samplessamples

Dog treat Product Krunchies Dog treat (bagged) Total 43 51 408

Weight (Lb) 0.3 0.2 1.1

Nos./Lb 142 238 384 WeevilWeevil emergenceemergence holesholes inin infestedinfested corncorn cobscobs

Box no. Total Mean SE 17312.23.3 2508.32.6 38213.72.5 4 108 18.0 3.3 56711.23.0 6416.82.8 ImpactImpact ofof IPMIPM practicespractices onon insectinsect traptrap catchescatches PSA1-PSA8

70 12

60 No treatment No treatment Store 2 10 Store 2 50 Store 3 Store 4 8 40 6 30

20 4

10 2

0 0 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 70 12

60 Store 3 10 Store 1 Sanitation and Gentrol spray Sanitation and Gentrol spray Store 1 Store 3 eek 50 8

w 40 6 30

20 4

10 2

0 0 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 8/1/2001 9/1/2001 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 8/1/2001 9/1/2001 12 70 10 Store 5 60 Store 5 . beetles/trap/ Sanitation and Tempo spray Store 6 50 Store 6 o 8

N 40 Sanitation and Tempo spray 6

30 No. moths/trap/week 4 20

10 2

0 0 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 70 12 Sanitation Sanitation 60 Store 7 10 Store 7 Store 8 Store 8 50 8 40 Sanitation and Tempo spray 6 Sanitation Sanitation and Tempo spray 30 Sanitation 4 20

10 2

0 0 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 8/1/2001 9/1/2001 3/1/2001 4/1/2001 5/1/2001 6/1/2001 7/1/2001 8/1/2001 9/1/2001 Date Date 20 PSB1, Kansas City PSB2 , Topeka 16 DPS , Manhattan se)

12 Tempo spray

Sanitation 8

4 No. adult beetles (mean +

0 4/27/01 5/11/01 5/25/01 6/8/01 6/22/01 7/6/01 7/20/01 8/3/01 8/17/01 8/31/01 Date (month/day/year) 35

PSB1, Kansas City 30 PSB2, Topeka DPS, Manhattan

se) 25 Sanitation

20 Tempo spray

15

10 No. adult moths (mean +

5

0 4/27/01 5/11/01 5/25/01 6/8/01 6/22/01 7/6/01 7/20/01 8/3/01 8/17/01 8/31/01 Date (month/day/year) A B Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m) Distance from left front (m) 15 25 35 15 25 35 15 25 35 51 Apr 17 51 51 Feb 17 Jul 3 - May - 24 5 5 5 - 28 01 2 2 2 5 5 5 D i s 51 Feb 28 51 51 J t a u n l May 1- 24 ce f Distance Dista - Aug13 - Mar r 5 om 5 5 n 15

ce left f 1 f r 2 2 2 3 om front (m) r 5 5 5 om le le f t ft

front 51 51 51 M front Aug M a y a (m) (m 15 r 13 13 - 5 5 5 - June6 ) - 27 27 2 2 2 5 5 5 M 51 51 a June 6- r 27 1 9 17 25 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 - Apr17 5 5 J u l 3 2 2 5 5 After intervention store PSA1 and Gentrolsprayin before sanitation Beetle distributions A Feb 17 - 28 Feb 28 - Mar 13 Mar 13 - 27 Mar 27 - Apr 17 ) m ( t 30 Moth distributions on fr t f e 20 before sanitation om l 10 ce fr and Gentrol spray in an st

Di 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m) store PSA1

Apr 17 - May 1 May 1 - 15 May 15 - June 6 June 6 - Jul 3

B (m)

ont 30 r

20 from left f e 10

Distanc 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 After intervention Distance from left front (m)

Jul 3 - 24 Jul 24 - Aug 13 Aug 13 - 27

) (m t

n 29 25 fro

ft 21

le 17 m

o 13 r f 9 ce

n 5 a t

s 1 i D 10 20 10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m) A Feb 20 - Mar 3 Mar 3 - 17 Mar 17 - 24 40 ) m (

t 30 Beetle distributions fron

t f

om le 20 before sanitation fr e c n 10 and Tempo spray in Dista

10 20 10 20 10 20 store PSA5 Distance from left front (m)

Apr 24 - May 9 May 9 - 22 May 22 - Jun 18

B 40

30

20 After intervention ) m (

t 10 on fr t f e

m l 10 20 10 20 10 20 fro e Jun 18 - Jul 12 anc t s 40 Di 27 25 23 30 21 19 17 20 15 13 11 9 10 7 5 3 1 10 20 Distance from left front (m) A Feb 20 - Mar 3 Mar 3 - 17 Mar 17 - 24 40

30 Moth distributions

20 before sanitation om left front (m) r f 10 and Tempo spray in ance t Dis 10 20 10 20 10 20 store PSA5 Distance from left front (m)

B Apr 24 - May 9 May 9 - 22 May 22 - Jun 18 40

30

20 After intervention (m)

10 ont r

10 20 10 20 10 20 om left f r Jun 18 - Jul 12 21 stance f i 40 19 D 17 15 30 13 11 20 9 7 5 10 3 1 10 20 Distance from left front (m) A Feb 05 - 12 Feb 12 - 19 Feb 19 - 26 Feb 26 - Mar 12 Mar 12 - 23

(m) 35

front Beetle distributions

om left 20

r before sanitation in store PSA7

Distance f 5

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m)

B Mar 23 - Apr 9 Apr 9 - 30 Apr 30 - May 14 May 14 - June 5 June 5 - Jul 2 ) m st ( 35 After 1 intervention, front before sanitation and 20 om left r Tempo spray (2nd

5 Distance f intervention) 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m)

C Jul 20 - Aug 9 Aug 9 - 24

33 1 (m) 35 30 1 nd 27 1 After 2 intervention 24 1 front 21 1 18 1 20 15 1 om left

r 12 1 91 61 31 stance f 5 1 Di

10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m) A Feb 05 - 12 Feb 12 - 19 Feb 19 - 26 Feb 26 - Mar 12 Mar 12 - 23

) 40 Moth distributions ont (m 30 ft fr

le before sanitation in om r f

20 e store PSA7 stanc i

D 10

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m)

B Mar 23 - Apr 9 Apr 9 - 30 Apr 30 - May 14 May 14 - June 5 June 5 - Jul 2

) 40 st nt (m After 1 intervention,

fro 30 t

lef before sanitation and om 20 fr e c nd n Tempo spray (2 sta i D 10 intervention)

10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 10 20 Distance from left front (m) Jul 20 - Aug 9 Aug 9 - 24 C 91 ) 40 85 (m

t 79 73 fron t 30 67

lef 61

om 55

fr 20 49 nd ce After 2 intervention n 43 37

Dista 10 31 25 19 13 10 20 10 20 7 Distance from left front (m) 1 Beetles in PSB1

A May 11 - 18 May 18 - 25 May 25 - June 1 June 1 - 8 June 8 - 15 June 15 - 22 40 30 Before 20 10 sanitation

5 152535 5152535 5 152535 5152535 5 152535 5 152535 t (m) B June 22 - 29 June 29 - July 6 July 6 - 13 July 13 - 20 July 20 - 27 July 27 - Aug 3

fron 40

ft After 30 le m 20 sanitation

fro 10 e c before Tempo n 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5152535 5 152535 sta i D C Aug 3 - 10 Aug 10 - 20 39 Aug 20 - 27 Aug 27 - Sept 1 36 40 33 30 30 27 24 20 21 After Tempo 18 10 15 12 9 5 152535 5 152535 5152535 5152535 6 3 Distance from left front ( m) 0 Moths in PSB1

A May 11 - 18 May 18 - 25 May 25 - June 1 June 1 - 8 June 8 - 15 June 15 - 22 40 40

30 30 Before

20 20

) sanitation 10 10 m t ( 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5152535 5 152535 on fr ft e B June 22 - 29 June 29 - July 6 July 6 - 13 July 13 - 20 July 20 - 27 July 27 - Aug 3 l 40 m 40 After o

30

fr 30 ce 20 sanitation 20 an st 10 10

Di before Tempo

5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535

60 C Aug 3 - 10 Aug 10 - 20 Aug 20 - 27 Aug 27 - Sept 1 54 40 48 30 42 36 After Tempo 20 30 10 24 18 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 5 152535 12 6 Distance from left front (m) 0 Feb 16 -26 Feb 26 - Mar 12 Mar 12 - 26

20

10

10 20 10 20 10 20 Beetle distributions in store PSA4 Mar 26 - Apr 17 Apr 17 - 30 Apr 30 - May 14

) 20 (m without intervention ont r f ft le 10 om r f ce n a t s i D 10 20 10 20 10 20

May 14 - June 5 June 5 - Jul 2

20 25 22 19 16 10 13 10 7 4 1 10 20 10 20

Distance from left front (m) Feb 16 - 26 Feb 26 - Mar 12 Mar 12 - 26

20

15

10

5

5101520 5101520 5101520 Moth distributions

Mar 26 - Apr 17 Apr 17 - 30 Apr 30 - May 14 in store PSA4

(m) 20 without intervention

front 15

om left 10 r

5 Distance f 5101520 5 101520 5101520

May 14 - June 5 June 5 - Jul 2 19 20 17 15 15 13 10 11 9 5 7 5 3 5101520 5101520 1 Distance from left front (m) ConclusionsConclusions z Several insect species are associated with retail stores z The types of species found vary from store to store. z Areas of insect activity are found in specific locations within a store. z Trapping and spatial analysis is a powerful way of identifying areas of insect activity and for management. z Sanitation alone may not be effective. z Sanitation plus Gentrol or Tempo were effective against beetles but less effective against moths. z Ample opportunity for insects to survive, develop, and multiply in the store. z Inspection of products at the time of receipt and after stocking is essential. z Bulk-storage structures should have a FIFO design. z Remove spilled product and debris underneath shelves and behind kickplates at least quarterly. z Shelves and pallet racks should not permit product accumulations z Backrooms should be neatly stocked. z Infested products should be frozen. z Consider placing susceptible products under cooler temperatures. AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments z This research was funded by the Nestle Purina Pet Care Company, St. Louis, MO. z All cooperating stores and store managers. z Fangneng Huang, Anil Menon, Michael Toews, Fang Liang, Mauricio Valencia, YuYu Wang, Yunyan Xiao, Zeb Larson, Rizana Mahroof, Muktinutalapati Laxminarayan and Sharath Madathil assisted in various aspects of this study.