SD Liyanage1, ABPP Bandusena*2 Department of Town & Country
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S.D. Liyanage1, A.B.P.P. Bandusena*2 Department of Town & Country Planning, Faculty of Architecture, Universityof Moratuwa . Ketchum (1972) “ManPriorhas cameonly torecently the Sri Lankancome Coastto realize Conservationthe finite Act into limitations of the coast as a place to live, work,operationand play in 1983 “To what extent ExistingandSrias aLankansourceThe CrownoflegislativeLandvaluableOrdinanceresources(1947framework,1949. This) realization has come alongThe Housingwith overcrowding,& Town ImprovementoverdevelopmentOrdinance(1915) in pertaining to coastal developmentsome areas,TheinfluencedandTowndestruction& CountryonPlanningofmanagingvaluableOrdinance(resourcesthe1946,1950by,1953his,1955) misuse of thisTouristuniqueDevelopmentenvironmentAct (1968.”) development activities within the coastalMines & Mineralszone?Law ( 1973) Soil Conservation Act (1951) To minimizing the Overdevelopment & Management of Coastal Development In the Sri Lankan Context at the movement: managing the development1. To identify the relationshipCoast between Conservation existing Act No.57 coastal of 1981 legislative hotels, houses and commercial establishmentstools etc.. and Development “ActivitiesCoastCoastalConservation in Permitted selectedmeans development Coastalthe protection segments. is increasingand preservation Coast Conservation Act No.57 of 1981 of the coast from sea erosion or encroachment by the sea, and includesCoastalthe Unauthorizedplanning and developmentmanagement is increasingof development 2. To Recognize the Implementing issues of existing coastal Amendment Act No.64 of 1988 activity within the coastal zone.” development regulatory mechanismRapid Coastal in Sri Tourism Lanka. development Amendment Act No.49 of 2011 Amendment Act No.64 of 1988 CZMP-1990,1997 Degradation of the level of stability in beach front CZMP-2004 • focusesCZMP-on1990the,1997Department of Coast conservation and Coastal Resource Managements’ legislative CZ&CRMP-2013 mechanismCZMP-2004which are based on the coastal developmentAmendmentactivities Act No.49. of 2011 (Draft Level) actually this legal framework directed to managing the development • Only Select One Coastal Segment as the case study activities within the coastal zone Department of Town & Country Planning (UoM) DevelopmentCoastal Activity Zone “Coastal Zone Means that are lying within a limit of 300m landwards of the Mean High Water Line and a limit of 2km seawards of the Mean Law water Line and in the case of rivers, streams, lagoons or any other body of water “Development Activity meansconnectedany activityto thelikelysea eitherto alterpermanentlythe physicalornatureperiodically , of the Coastal Zone in anythe waylandwardand includesboundarythe constructionshall extendof tobuildingslimit of 2km and works; deposit of wastesmeasuredor otherperpendicularmaterial fromto theoutfallsstraight; vesselsbaseor byline drawn other means, the removalbetweenof sea sand,the naturalcoral, shells,entrancenaturalpointsvegetation,thereofseaand shall grass or other substancesinclude; dredgingthe watersand fillingof such; landrivers,reclamationstreamsandandmininglagoons or any or drilling for minerals butotherdoesbodynot includingof water sofishingconnected.” to the sea.” Sri Lankan Coast ConservationSri Lankan Act, Coast No.57Conservation (1981) Act, No.57 (1981) any other body of water a further extended limit of 100m inland from the Zero Mean Sea Level along the periphery Sri Lankan Coast Conservation Amended Act, No.49 (2011 Figure 2.1: Sri Lankan Coastal Zone Limits Source: CZMP 2004 Department of Town & Country Planning (UoM) Administrative Coastal Management Approach DevelopmentKay .R & J. Alder Permit (2005) Procedure Coastal Management and- Provided Planning Permit ,Lasswell Conditions and McDougal (1992), Haar (1997) -Guideline was accomplished by CCD CCA No.57,1981 14(1) -Development activity categorized (HT,SH,RS,MS,SR) 1.Policy and Legislations Multiple setback policy - Recommended to Setbacks for the all development activities. - PVL is the existingSri Lankan setback Practices demarcation line Chapter 6 Regulatory System CZMP-1997) 2. Guidelines - Total setback is consisted with Reservation & Restricted areas 3. Zoning - Paid fines for the identified unauthorized structures. Issuing &Implementing demolition orders - Demolishing Differentunauthorized Coastal structures Nations’ on the Practices beach or within the total CCA No57,1981 31(1) setbacks. 4. Regulation and enforcement EIA and IEE procedure - Large kind of development project should be followed this CCA No.57,1981 16(1) procedure. New Definition of Coastal Zone (Zoning) 100m riparian Land brought under control CZ regulations. (Amendment) Act No.49 of 2011 Selection and Justification of the case study Criterion for select the case study area 02.Recent Removal of Unauthorized Structures: 01.Recent Development Activity Trend No of permits issued by CCD from 2005 to 2012 No of demolitionDistrict ordersResidential issuedHotel by ShopCCD fromSand(SR) 2004 Otherto 2012Total (RS) (HT) (SH) removal (MS) District 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Total recognized Galle district came under Colombo 314 23 40 73 127 577 Colombo 6 26 23 9 13 23 8 46 26 180 1alsost order identified development Galle came rate which Kalutara 185 100 42 42 134 503 st Kalutara Galle 82 4745 8230 3 167 2 1726 3657 1262124 wereto 1 basedorder underon the the No. of issued Galle Matara65 55 12 29141 83194 28 5722 1321 60170 713498 permitsillegal development by CC&CRMD from 2005Matara to 10 28 7 11 7 16 8 41 24 152 Hambanthota 90 86 35 4 75 290 category. Combinations of Hambanthota 9 36 2 11 6 9 5 16 15 109 2012 period. Ampara 11 54 6 0 51 122 above main two criterions Ampara 45 45 Batticaloa 15 30 1 8 22 76 select the Galle district as Batticaloa 0 at presently highly Trincomalee Trincomalee 95 41 51 710 1258 32215 Mullativu 0 1 0 0 1 2 developed coastal district Mullativu 0 Jaffna 0 3 0 0 7 10 in Sri Lanka. Jaffna 0 Mannar Puttalam 143 18 14 2 74 251 0 Puttalam Gampaha4 16 42914 14 63 3710 1162 11158 74980 Gampaha Kilinochchi10 18 8 490 9 0 6 0 4 300 90 1430 Kilinochchi Total 2047 844 450 228 1316 Total 100 249 68 140 140 85 59 345 160 1376 Source: Sri Lankan Coast Conservation Department Selection of the case study No. of Permits Issued by CCD -2012 ( DSD Vice) District Name of DSD Category HT RS MS SH SR Total Galle Galle 3 4 7 9 8 31 Balapitiya 2 1 10 1 0 14 Habaraduwa 41 22 38 9 11 121 Hikkaduwa 11 19 22 12 0 64 Benthota 7 6 6 3 0 22 Ambalangoda 0 8 4 2 0 14 Rathgama 0 0 0 1 0 1 Source: Coast Conservation Department Habaraduwa DS Division 33.Cement Factory Galle to Welladewalaya Unawatuna 34.Welladevalaya to Koggala Outlet 35.Koggala Outlet to Walliwala East 140th km.post Unawatuna Beach Script Department of Town & Country Planning (UoM) STEP 1 - Initial Study Research problem and objectives STEP 2 - Literature Review Identified Sri Lankan major coastal development regulatory tools InitialLiteraturestudyReview PHASE ONE STEP 3 - Detail Survey PHASE TWO • • basicallyTo identify contributedthe problem andto objectivesidentify Quantitative Approach Select case study & Conceptual Qualitative Approach knowledgeof the researchaboutusing thethejournalLegislativearticles, Primary and Secondary data basede-materials, Coastalbooks and thesismanagement. Questionnaire Survey collection framework Semi Structured interviews • approachRefer the relevantand to principlerecognizeCC ExistingAct and & Direct Observation Sriits amendmentsLankan Coastaland otherDevelopmentrelevant legislative guidelines followed by regulatory tools and its role of Chi Squire Content analysis CC&CRMD STEP 4 - Data Analysis Method method current coastal management Case study analysis and procedure. Implementation Issues Analysis Conclusions and recommendations Department of Town & Country Planning (UoM) Detail survey – Data collection Existing coastal Data collection criterion Data collection zone legislative technique PHASE 02 – professional opinionmanagement survey Tool • qualitative approach PHASE• it 01 is followedCase study semi survey structured interviewsMultipleDevelopment setback method permit StatedApproved set floor- area , Existing SecondaryQuestionnaire data • to carryto collect out the the quantitative relevant professional systempolicy ideas. floorback(Reservation area and Nature and of survey/observation base• prepare analysis the conducting interview the guide line RestrictedViolation Area of questionnaire• interviews survey sample selection is consisted every LevelSetback) of stability of the beach Questionnaire • Selectedsection sample heads using in CC&CRMD Simple to carry out the ideas frontCurrent (Available) set- survey/observation/photoQuestionnaire randomof relevant sample methodimplementing issues. Visibleback distance signs of erosion survey/Directgraphic survey observation Removal of vegetation including all categorized • Development Permit procedure development activities in Grading of sand selected area dunes/berms• Multiple or beachsetback frontpolicy Removal of Demolition orders Issued or Questionnaire • Directly observations selected • Power of issued demolition orders coastal segments unauthorized Not Issued survey/observation structures • EIA & IEE requirement Requirement of EIA Nature of Violation Questionnaire • New Extended coastal Zone and IEE survey/observation Department of Town & Country Planning (UoM) 092354J Data Analysis Phase 02Phase- Content 01- Chi Analysis-Squire Technique Method IdentificationCase of study the Analysis Legislative based Implementation