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(ᖪ 26: 11-26 (2006ٿέ៉ Formosan Entomol. 26: 11-26 (2006)
α৳֑෪̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ
!ཱི 38 ޒ ᖪጯࡁտٙ! έΔξᘲྮα߱ 224ٿᑛԂฝ! ࡶࢁ! ߸૽+! ઼ϲέ៉̂ጯ
ၡ!!ࢋ
ΰ ΰ 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐 緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐
ᜰᗤຠȈ緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐緐。
-ࠉ!!ِ Hopkins’ host-selection principle ă neo Hopkins principle ᄃ Chemical legacy ࢴٕפזॡĂ఼ hypothesisĄHopkins ៍၅ۏࢴٕயӉ۞ങפᖪдᏴፄٿ ࢴι̏གྷዋᑕפĂົઐрᜈۏᙷ ͽ˯۞ۏઐрρᖪഇഅགྷགྷរ࿅۞ങົ૱ Hopkins, 1917; Schoonhoven et al., 1998)Ă ۞ (Hopkins, 1917; Barron, 2001)Ą҃) ˠ̝ྋᛖࠎјᖪᏴፄ۞ઐрົ۞ֽޢ ؠ۞ઐрܧ֭˯ࠎ˞ྋᛖֱд็ ጸ۞ᇆᜩĂ˵ಶߏρᖪഇٙۏρᖪ၆ࢴזצ ன෪Ăѣˬநኢజ೩ֽĂ̶Ҿࠎ۞
*ኢ͛ᓑᘭˠ e-mail: [email protected] ̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ 11 ᇽৠགྷրĂͷົ ࠎ۞јᖪགྷរ఼૱ѣ˘ᙯᔣഇ (critical̚ٺࢴጸົхдפԛј۞ ߱ॡ̈˘۞˳̙ޢࢴٕ period)Ă఼૱ߏдјᖪҀ̼פјᖪഇĂЯ҃ᇆᜩјᖪזགྷ࿅តၗх ;யӉ۞ઐр (Thrope, 1930; Dethier, 1954; ม̰ (Jaisson, 1980; Hoffmann, 1988 Manning, 1967; Phillips, 1977; Corbet, Kester and Barbosa, 1991; Bjorksten and 1985; Szentesi and Jermy, 1990; Rietdorf Hoffmann, 1998; Breed et al., 1998)Ąѩӈ and Steidle, 2002)Ăߏࠎ Hopkins’ host- neo-Hopkins principle (Jaenike, 1983)Ă ̈˘۞ޢଂུҀ̼ٺᗕਂ ࣇૺઐрΪՙؠٺຐĄ҃၆ޥ͕̚۞ selection principle ۞זρᖪ۞ጸ۞ቁਕૉ ߱јᖪ݈གྷរĂ˵ಶߏјᖪҀ̼ॡٙତᛈ˞ځϫᙀᙷ۞ࡁտ˵ᙋ ᒖဩ̖ߏᇆᜩઐр۞ᙯᔣ (Smith and ڍјᖪॡഇĂTully et al. (1994) ೩ֻזᖼொ ᙀρ Cornell, 1979; Jaenike, 1988; Caubet andڍᐌӈග̟ᑝĂਕֹޢקᙀρᖪߙঈ ;Ă֭ͷѩன Jaisson, 1991; van Emden et al., 1996קᔖฟᄃѩ˘ᑝᙯా۞ঈזᖪጯ ,ćRay (1999) Barron and Corbet, 1999; Rojas and Wyattזᔘਕ៍၅͇ 8 ޢᙀҀ̼ڍٺ෪ Ą(1999 ͢۞קछᙀϐ᛬ρᖪዳдӣѣ̙Тঈ ۞ھρᖪӈ ௐˬ࣎நኢߏΒӣቑಛྵࠎᇃٺயϠઐрĂ҃קढĂਕֹјᖪ၆ѩঈ Chemical legacy hypothesis (Corbet, 1985)Ă זུ̼ॡĂቚ࿅۞ρᖪ۞ৠགྷᖐொങ ࢬ࣎நኢ݈ٺϏቚ࿅۞ρᖪĂ˵ਕֹϏቚ࿅۞छᙀјᖪ ࣎நኢٙ೩۞ྋᛖ̙Т ᖪវ̰ٕវܑ۞̼̈ጯٿٺᙀ۞ࡁտ˵ ۞ߏĂధкхдڍઐр۞ͅᑕćΩγ၆קயϠ၆ঈ ࢴٕפᏴፄᙷҬᒖဩֽޢᖪᐌٿኳĂົᆧΐۏ វᄃᛈ֎ཧ̝มېᎽٺពϯӈֹགྷ࿅តၗĂҜ ॡഇĂܜЇңјٺᛇᓑඛৠགྷ̪хĂ҃˵ߏ̂ཝ̚ࢦ யӉ۞ΞਕّĂΞਕ൴Ϡ۞ ኳߏଂ݈˘ॡഇ็ᅍֽ҃Ă҃ۏࢋ۞ᛇጯ௫͕̚ (Tissot et al., 1997; ٙତᛈ۞̼ጯ ጡĂѩநኢᄮצTissot and Stocker, 2000)Ą ਕᇆᜩ̚ᇽৠགྷրٕ̼ጯຏ ρᖪ۞གྷរົՙؠјᖪ۞ҖࠎĂᕇֹ ࠎజ͔۞ઐр̙֭ᅮࢋጯ௫ٕ к ጸ۞ણᄃĄޝזצ Hopkins’ host-selection principle ኳႷ (Jaenike, 1983; van Emden et al., Ҍϫ݈ࠎͤĂសਂϫ (Wiklund, 1973; 1996; Rojas and Wyatt, 1999)Ąጐგ࣎ந Papaj, 1986; Landolt and Molina, 1996; ρᖪགྷរົᇆᜩ Cunningham et al., 1998; Rojas andٺຍĂҭߏ၆ڦ۞̂ޝזצኢ ;ᙋፂĄЯ Wyatt, 1999)ăᗕ ਂ ϫ (Jaenike, 1983, 1988۞ڇܫѣ΄ˠ͌ޝᖪᏴፄᔘߏٿ ,ᖪৠགྷᖐдតၗॡົࢦ Cooley et al., 1986; Hoffmann, 1988; RayٿࠎԆБតၗ۞ ;֭ͷົౄາ۞ాඕ (Technau and 1999)ăቯਂϫ (Caubet and Jaisson, 1991 Heisenberg, 1982; Truman, 1990)ĂЯѩ̙ Kester and Brabosa, 1991; van Emden et (ጸ۞хĄ֭ͷ˵ѣጯ۰Բෞѝ al., 1996; Bjorksten and Hoffmann, 1998זΞਕ࠻͉ ;ഇٙઇ۞ઐр၁រ՟ѣҀ̼۞јᖪᄃ ̈́ᐘਂϫ (Hopkins, 1917; Phillips, 1977 ᖪ࠰ѣ൴ٿρᖪ۞ᒖဩѣड़۞̶ฟ (Jaenike, 1988)ĄΩ Rietdorf and Steidle, 2002) ඈ അགྷགྷរ࿅۞யϠઐр۞னٺᖪ னѩᙷ၆ٿγѣధкࡁտĂјᖪഇ۞གྷរົᇆᜩ ઐрҖࠎ (Jaenike, 1988; Vet et al., 1995; ෪Ą۞ (Barron and Corbet, 2000)Ăֱ҃ົᇆᜩҖ α৳֑෪ (Callosobruchus maculatus
ௐ˘ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 12 ࣗᐼचᖪĂਕПचк ّĄΩϺຐ࿅አଠᓁ֑ᇴณ࠹ТĂҭഴ۞ۏߏ˘ࠎच֑ࡊങ Ăρᖪҋ ͌α৳֑෪ઐр۞̝ᇴณĂᆧΐ̙ઐр۞ޢ˯֑ٺĂᅬᖪயӉۏࡊങ֑ ֑̰ԆјĂ߇ҋρ ̝ᇴณĂֽෞҤ၆யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩĂͽٺӉြ̼ҌјᖪҀ̼࠰ ซ˘Վଣα৳֑෪Яᑕּͧ҃አፋ۞ ۏጯ̼۞ۏᖪҌјᖪҀ̼ѝഇĂᖪវᄃങ ৳Ϗֽ၆αٺѣӄڍኳღତᛈĂயϠጯ௫ٕᇆᜩ۞፟ົ̙̈Ăҭ யӉͅᑕĄ҃ѩྏរඕ Ąځࢴٕјᖪѝഇ ֑෪ᅬᖪጯ௫གྷរԛё̈́ਕ˧۞ଣפ࿅ΝࡁտଂϏរᙋ֑෪ρᖪ གྷរ၆јᖪயӉઐр۞ᇆᜩĄ߇ώྏរࢵАຐ ࿅ͧྵֈҋ̙Тă̙ТҀ̼ᒖဩ ( ਟᇄПݲ Т̝ৰϐ̚) ۞α৳֑෪၆̙ٺཉפུ ҋϤயӉᏴፄྏរඕ ΙȃၐᡛᙫྛЅႷᎴПݲܧТซҖҋϤ̙̈́ ᖪࠎα৳֑෪ 4C6-4 ݡրĂٿྏצ ࢴགྷរĂԺٕјᖪѝഇགྷរפĂᑭീρᖪ۞ڍ ξࡓٺࡧᒋ౾̀ވέ̂ࣗᐼचᖪࡁտٺ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐр̝ड़ᑕĄ ҋ ͽ̰ވѣᙯα৳֑෪јᖪഇ۞ጯ௫ࡁտ̏ѣధ ֑̚ଳะֽ҃ (Hu, 1989)Ăд၁រ кಡӘĄ࿅ΝࡁտĂα৳֑෪၆֑۞ ฯ 6ă7 ཱིݡրࡓ֑ (adzuki bean) (Vigna ᙷă̂̈̈́˯̝ӉᇴӮѣᏰᙊਕ˧ angularis Wight) ዳкѐĂ࿅ 100 পّᘦؠĄ֑ͽৌ۩Β྅ۏMitchell, 1975, 1990)ĄHu et al. (1995) ۞ ͵ͽ˯ĂϠ) 18oC ۞ҽࣜऱ྆Ҍ͌– ٺϡ݈ཉֹٺࡁտ൴ன༊೩ֻ̙Тּ̝ͧ̂ă̈ࡓ֑ගα৳ ᔉˢĂ ᖪٕٿ෪யӉॡĂ֑෪ពઐрд̂ࡓ֑˯யӉĂ ฉͽ˯Ăͽ୭Ѫ֑̚Ξਕхд۞֑ ˭аҌ͌ฉͽ˯ĄވГொҌޢĂۏགྷរ࿅̂ă̈ࡓ֑ٙҫּͧ۞ᇆᜩ Ϡזצͷົ֭ Ąтͽ̙Тּ̝ͧ ዳα৳֑෪ॡĂ೩ֻϤშϫ 5.5 mm ۞ᎡშޘԼត၆̂ࡓ֑۞ઐр҃ ࡓ֑ᄃქ֑Ъ೩ֻගα৳֑෪யӉĂົ൴ ٙᎡᏴۡश 5.5 mm ͽ˯ͷЍ႕̝ࡓ ࡓ֑۞ּͧົᐌ೩ֻࡓּ֑ͧ ֑үࠎ֑Ąα৳֑෪ዳдۡश 9.5ٺனயӉ ᆧΐ҃ᆧΐĂពϯ೩ઐрּͧ˵ົព cmĂ 5.5 cm ̝ቱ̚Ă̚ΐˢࡗ 1000۞ Shiau et al., ᔺࡓ֑֭ତˢ 13 ၆ᅬăฯјᖪĄዳᒖဩࠎ) ޘᇆᜩᅬᖪ۞யӉઐр ቐ̚ĄΩܜĄ҃˘ਠᄮࠎдࡓ֑ăქ֑ЪҋϤᏴ 28 ± 1oCăRH 50Ƃ70% ̝БຳϠ(1994 ཱི έݑ 5זमள γϤࡓ֑ዳ۞α৳֑෪ତ̈̂ٺፄ˭Ăα৳֑෪ពઐрࡓ֑ߏϤ ٙ (Thanthianga and Mitchell, 1990; ქ֑ͽ࠹Т͞ёዳ˘Ąྏរ̝֑ࠎ Hu et al., 1995; Cheng et al., 2003)Ąҭώ ฯ 6ă7 ཱིݡրࡓ֑ăέݑ 5 ཱིݡրქ֑ (ҋϤᏴፄॡĂ၆ˬֻྏ (mung bean) (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczekܧࡁտពϯᅬᖪд ( (ࡓ֑ăქ֑ٕโ֑) ̝யӉઐр֭ព ̈́έݑ 3 ཱིݡրโ֑ (black soybean मளćдҋϤᏴፄॡĂݒົពઐрࡓ֑โ (Glycine max)Ă֭ͽϹ੨࿅̝α৳֑෪ᅬᖪ јᖪഇ۞̙Т ซҖயӉઐрྏរĄژĄЯѩĂࣃซ˘Վ̶֑ གྷរ၆யӉઐрᇆᜩ۞࠹၆ࢦࢋّĄώྏរ ਠქ֑̂̈) ᄃ̂ქ Πȃ҂ᙫЅԙᙫԞငᡛᄇѲْຫ֊ԁ˘ٺ̈) ࿅೩ֻ̈ࡓ֑ ኇޟ ЪֻᅬᖪซҖயӉᏴፄĂͽᗃ̝֑̂ ᙷ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐр۞࠹၆ࢦࢋ (˘)ρᖪགྷរ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩ̈́̈
̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ 13 ࠎᑭរα৳֑෪јᖪߏӎົઐрயӉд Hopkins principle)Ă̶Ҿͽࡓ֑ٕქ֑ዳ Ϥٺࡗ 25 ͇Ăӈ࠹༊ޢࢴ࿅۞ (Hopkins’ host α৳֑෪ĂҋӉြ̼פρᖪഇ selection principle)Ă̶Ҿͽࡓ֑ٕქ֑ዳ ρᖪഇซˢུഇॡĂͽྋ࣠˥࣠ฟ֑ Ăͽͨඊநᖪវ˯̝༤ढ̈́פᗓฟ֑ 12 ̈ॡ ଂ֑̰פޢα৳֑෪ĂܶҀ̼ дۡश 9 cm ۩ૈዳϪăࡓٸĂޢۏڴ෪јᖪĂᅬᖪăฯᖪ̶ฟĂͽ 5.5 cm ଵ֑̝̰ ዳϪཉˢ 5Ƃ8 јᖪ͞ёซҖᗓநĂ ֑ৰϐ̝ૈዳϪٕქ֑ৰϐ̝ૈዳϪඈᒖૈ ฟؕ߿જ̝јᖪග 4 ̈ॡפҀ̼Ăޞश 9 cm ဩۡ̚ٺГ 5 ၆ᅬăฯᖪཉޢॡ̈ 24 Чӣ 50 ᔺࡓ֑ᄃٺ̝ཉޢϹԍ ҋϤϹ੨ĂᐌפĂޢዳϪ̚ 4 ̈ॡĂ΄ҋϤϹ੨ૈ۞ ҋϤ̈́ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរ 50 ᔺქ֑̝ۡश 9 cm ૈዳϪ̚ 24 ̈ॡซҖܧԆБ̝ᅬᖪซҖ Ҿͧྵͽ̶ژͽᑭീயӉઐрĄ ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរĂͽត̶͞ ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរ̶ࠎˬĂ̶Ҿдۡ ࡓăქ֑ዳ̙̈́ТҀ̼ᒖဩநड़ᑕ̝ពܧ श 9 cm ۞ૈዳϪ̚ཉˢ 100 ᔺࡓ֑ăქ֑ٕ ّĂͽα৳֑෪дࡓ֑˯̝யӉּͧซҖјᖪ โ֑Ă̶֭Ҿତˢ˘Ҁ̼ҋࡓ֑ٕქ֑۞α ѝഇགྷរ۞मளّͧྵ (SAS, 1990)Ą ޢ෪ᅬᖪĂග̟ 24 ̈ॡឰயӉĂ̝֑৳ Ч˯۞ᓁயӉᇴĄ έȃኇ֊ԁӰυᔮۡٺᐂ ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរϺ̶ࠎˬநĂந (˘)ּͧ၆யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩ A ߏдۡश 9 cm ۞ૈዳϪ̚ཉˢ 50 ᔺࡓ д࠹Тᇴณ̝̙Т֑ҋϤᏴፄயӉ ព۞ઐځᄃ 50 ᔺქ֑Ăந B ཉˢ 50 ᔺࡓ֑ᄃ ྏរ˭Ăα৳֑෪ਕܑன֑ ᔺโ֑Ăந C ཉˢ 50 ᔺโ֑ᄃ 50 ᔺ рĂពϯα৳֑෪ਕෞҤݡኳଂ҃ซҖ 50 ᆧΐઐрّҲ۞ּͧĂڍქ֑ĂГ̶Ҿତˢ˘Ҁ̼ҋࡓ֑ٕქ֑۞α யӉᏴፄĄт ٺ ᅬᖪдѩ˯யӉּͧ۞ᆧΐពޢ෪ᅬᖪĂග̟ 24 ̈ॡឰயӉĂ̝֑৳ Ч˯۞ᓁயӉᇴĄ ּ̝ͧᆧΐĂּ͚ͧົᇆᜩயٺᐂ ઐрྏរͽயӉᇴࠎෞҤᇾĄЧ Ӊઐр۞ᄲĄ̝ͅĂӈ̙͚ᅬᖪዎ࿃ ۞གྷរΞᇆᜩயӉઐр۞ᄲĄѩྏរ 10 ٺந̝ࢦᖬᇴӮࠎ 20 ͽ˯ĂᓁӉᇴҲ Ăഴ͌˭ڶߏӀϡдᓁ֑ᇴณ࠹Т۞ଐ ̶ొڍҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរඕܧᔺ̙̟ᐂĄ two-way ANOVA) ᑭീ̙Тρ α৳֑෪ઐр۞̝ᇴณĂᆧΐ̙ઐр۞) ژͽត̶͞ үϡ ̝ᇴณĂෞҤ၆ઐр۞ᇆᜩĂͽ̝ޘצᖪགྷរ̈́யӉ၆ᅬᖪତ ଣα৳֑෪ਕӎЯᑕ̶οଐԛ҃አፋ̶ొڍSAS, 1990)ĄҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរඕ) ͽ t-test ̶ҾᑭീЧந̚Ă֑෪д̙ யӉᏴፄĄ ͽࡓ֑ዳĂֶ݈நٙᒔ̏Ϲ੨פ Т˯யӉᇴ̝मளĄ֭ࢍზд̙Т ૈ யӉּͧĂͽ t-test ᑭീ̙Тρᖪགྷរ ̝ᅬᖪ̶ࠎˬྏរĂந A д 9 cm̝˯ ၆̙Тந̚ઐрّྵ̝˯யӉּͧ ዳϪ̚ཉˢ 20 ᔺࡓ֑ᄃ 80 ᔺქ֑ćந B үϡ (SAS, 1990)Ą ཉˢ 20 ᔺࡓ֑ᄃ 80 ᔺโ֑ćந C ཉˢ̝ јᖪѝഇགྷរ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩ 20 ᔺโ֑ᄃ 80 ᔺქ֑Ă̶Ҿତˢ˘Ҁ̼ҋ(˟) ࡓ֑ٕქ֑۞α৳֑෪ᅬᖪĂග̟ 24 ̈ॡய ۞זҀ̼ॡٙତᛈٺࠎ˞ᑭរα৳֑෪ ᒖဩĂߏӎົᇆᜩјᖪઐр (neo- ӉĂЧந̝ࢦᖬᇴӮࠎ 20 ĂᐂдЧ
ௐ˘ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 14 ݎ!!˯̝யӉּͧĂ֭ͽ Manly ̝ͩ α ๖ ᇾ७ϒֻᑕ̙Тּ֑̝ͧ (Manly et al., 1972)Ăͽࢍზдֻᑕ࠹Тᇴณ̝֑ Ιȃ҂ᙫЅԙᙫԞငᡛᄇѲْຫ֊ԁ ኇޟ ॡĂα৳֑෪ᅬᖪ၆̙Т֑̝ઐрᇴ α)Ă (˘)ρᖪགྷរ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩ) 1 1. ܧҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរ = ri α i ( ) ni ∑ r j n j Ҁ̼ҋࡓ֑۞α৳֑෪дࡓ֑ăქ֑ٕโ ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏܧֻྏ˯ซҖˬ֑ ၆ iޢ̚ αi ܑགྷ Manly’s α ७ϒ ពϯјᖪдˬ̝யӉᇴม֭ڍរĂඕ ٕ) ̚ iצઐрᇴĂri ( or r j ) ܑତ۞ ពमள (F2,64 = 0.0, p = 0.995; ဦ˘)ĄҀ j ) ٙҫּͧĂni (or nj ) ܑٙѣ̚ ܧֻྏซҖˬٺi (ٕ j ) ٙҫּͧĄГͽ t-test ̶Ҿᑭ ̼ҋქ֑۞α৳֑෪ ពϯјᖪдˬڍീֻᑕ̙Тּͧ (ӈ 1:1 ̈́ 1:4) நม ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរĂྏរඕ = ઐрᇴ̝मள (SAS, 1990)Ą ֑̝யӉᇴม˵ពमள (F2,60 ̂̈၆யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩ 0.95, p = 0.394; ဦ˘)ĄЯѩĂ̙ኢјᖪҀ̼(˟) Ă ҋࡓ֑ٕქ֑Ăֻᑕಏ֑ॡĂјᖪ၆ֻڍࡓ֑ᄃქ֑ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរ۞ඕ Ăӈρᖪགྷរ̙ܕ࠹ޘצྏ̝யӉତ ڍពϯα৳֑෪дქ֑˯ೀͼ̙யӉĂѩඕ Ąଘ༊ֻගქ֑ޘצᇆᜩα৳֑෪۞ତ ٺពϯα৳֑෪ព۞ઐрّĄϤ ࡓăქ֑дγ៍˯ព̝̂̈मளĂϒ૱ யӉॡĂͽქ֑ዳ۞α৳֑෪யӉᇴព ;ͽࡓ֑ዳ۰ (F1,42 = 5.41, p = 0.025ٺࡓ֑̝πӮࢦณ (168.4 ± 3.91 mg, n = ϒ૱ქ֑ (58.62 ± 1.08 mg, ဦ˘)ćֻ҃ගࡓ֑ٕโ֑ॡĂዳ၆யӉٺព (100 = n = 100) ̝πӮࢦณ (t = 27.17, p < ᇴ՟ѣពᇆᜩ (ࡓ֑ĈF1,41 = 3.33, p Ăࠎᒢྋα৳֑෪̝ઐрߏӎϤ 0.08; โ֑ĈF1,41 = 0.5, p = 0.48; ဦ˘)Ą(0.0001 ពΞ֍۞̂̈मளٙĂЯѩ 2. ҋϤᏴፄྏរځࡓăქ֑ٺ ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរ̚Ăα৳֑෪дܧ߄Ᏼྵ̝̈ࡓ֑ (πӮࢦณࠎ 57.22 ± ᔵ ĂҭߏТॡ೩ֻࡓăܕmg, n = 100) ᄃྵ̝̂ქ֑ (πӮࢦ ࡓ֑ᄃქ֑۞யӉᇴ࠹ 0.91 ณࠎ 93.15 ± 1.09 mg, n = 100) ֹࡓ֑̝ ქ֑ග̟ҋϤᏴፄॡĂ̙ኢҀ̼ҋࡓ֑ٕߏ ˯ქ֑̝πӮࢦณ (t = 25.3, p ქ֑Ăα৳֑෪ೀͼٙѣӉӮயдࡓ֑ٺπӮࢦณҲ ,ĂซҖҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរĄ (ࡓ֑Ĉt = 27.68, p < 0.001; ქ֑Ĉt = 21.64(0.0001 > ពгઐрࡓځઐрྏរͽயӉּͧࠎෞҤᇾĂ߄Ᏼ̈ p < 0.001; ܑ˘)Ăពϯα৳֑෪ श 9 cm ۞ ֑ĄТॡֻගࡓăโ֑۞ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរඕۡٺࡓ֑ 50 ᔺᄃ̂ქ֑ 50 ᔺĂཉ ϺТ (ࡓ֑Ĉt = 13.32, p < 0.001; ქ֑Ĉtڍ ዳϪ̚Ăତˢͽࡓ֑ዳă12 ̈ॡ̰Ҁ̼Ăૈ நᒔϹ੨ԆБ̝α৳֑෪ᅬᖪซ = 9.85, p < 0.001; ܑ˘)Ą҃Тॡֻගโăქֶ݈ Җ 24 ̈ॡ̝யӉྏរĂࢦᖬᇴࠎ 22 Ąͽ ֑ซҖҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរॡĂҀ̼ҋࡓ֑̈́ქ = t-test ̶Ҿᑭീ֑෪д̙Т˯யӉᇴ ֑̝α৳֑෪Ӯઐрдโ֑˯யӉ (ࡓ֑Ĉt ܑ ;मள (SAS, 1990)Ą 5.29, p < 0.001; ქ֑Ĉt = 2.4, p = 0.024̝ ĄЯѩĂҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរពϯα৳֑෪၆(˘
̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ 15 ၐசкْΰϞߨՌҥᒵᐅ֊ԁ (mean ɲڧᆦْႷᎴϞѲْຫӵऔْȃᆦْᇄ༃ْ้έᆍܖყΙ! оऔْ ՌϚӣႷᎴசкϞ֊ኵԤᡗ৯ȄپS.E.)ȄϚӣԅҔфߒоശωᡗ৯Шၶ Fig. 1.! No-choice test of host acceptance by the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus reared on adzuki bean, mung bean or black soybean. Error bars represent standard errors. Different letters indicate a significant difference in number of eggs between individuals reared on different hosts by Least Significant Test.
ಢӫϞՌҥᒵᐅ֊ၐᡛϛϞ֊ԁڍऔْȃᆦْЅ༃ْӈټߒΙ! ႷᎴՌऔْЅᆦْϞѲْຫӵඪ Table 1.! Oviposition preference (mean ± S.E.) of Callosobruchus maculatus reared on adzuki beans or mung beans in free choice tests using combinations of adzuki beans, mung beans, and black soybeans Rearing Host Adzuki beans Mung beans No. eggs on No. eggs on Treatments (Host a, Host b) Host a Host b t p Host a Host b t p 1) A (Adzuki beans, Mung beans) 30.74 ± 1.08 0.32 ± 0.17 27.68 < 0.001 28.97 ± 1.31 0.55 ± 0.17 21.64 < 0.001 B (Adzuki beans, Black soybeans) 26.5 ± 1.34 5.68 ± 0.69 13.32 < 0.001 25.32 ± 1.56 4.86 ± 0.91 9.85 < 0.001 C (Black soybeans, Mung beans) 23.95 ± 1.74 8.68 ± 1.62 5.29 < 0.001 21.12 ± 1.72 13.08 ± 1.81 2.4 0.024 1) p < 0.05 indicates significant difference based on t-test.
ޞዳϪĂࡓ֑ৰٕქ֑ৰ̚ૈ۩ٺĂ̶Ҿཉޢ Тព۞யӉઐрमளĂҭ̙Тᖪ̙ ৳൴னαڍ၆யӉઐр֭ពᇆᜩ (t = 1.64, p = Ҁ̼ГซҖઐр۞ീྏĂඕ ࡓ֑˯யӉĂͷҀ̼ᒖဩٺ0.106ăt = 0.96, p = 0.342ăt = 1.66, p = ֑෪Ӯពઐр
ܑ ;Ăӈρᖪགྷរ̙֭ᇆᜩα৳ நड़ᑕ̙ព (F2,6 = 2.08, p = 0.206(˟ܑ ;0.103 ٺ෪۞ઐрّĄ ˬ)Ąͽქ֑ዳ̝α৳֑෪ϺТᇹពઐр֑
= јᖪѝഇགྷរ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐр۞ᇆᜩ ࡓ֑˯யӉĂҀ̼ᒖဩநड़ᑕ̙ព (F2,9(˟) 0.01, p = 0.987; ܑˬ)ĄЯѩĂ̙ኢߏͽࡓ֑פഇུٺࡓ֑۞α৳֑෪ٺዳ
ௐ˘ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 16 ಢӫϞՌҥᒵᐅ֊ၐᡛϛϞ֊ԁ৯ڍऔْȃᆦْЅ༃ْӈټᆦْϞѲْຫӵඪܖߒΠ! ႷᎴՌऔْ Table 2.! Oviposition preference (%) of Callosobruchus maculatus reared on adzuki beans or mung beans in free choice tests with combinations of adzuki beans, mung beans and black soybeans Rearing host Adzuki beans Mung beans Proportion of eggs on Proportion of eggs on Treatments (Host a, Host b) Host b Host b t p 1) A (Adzuki beans, Mung beans) 0.99 ± 0.52 1.77 ± 0.54 1.64 0.106 B (Adzuki beans, Black soybeans) 17.53 ± 1.97 15.91 ± 2.86 0.96 0.342 C (Black soybeans, Mung beans) 26.11 ± 4.06 37.38 ± 4.73 1.66 0.103 1) p > 0.05 indicates that proportions of eggs on host b for the beetles that reared on adzuki and mung bean are not significantly different by t–test. Data were transformed to Sin–1 ( ) values prior to analysis.
ኇޟߒέ! ԙᙫԞငᡛᄇႷᎴՌϚӣசкѲْຫ֊ԁ Table 3.! Early adult experience on oviposition preference measured by proportion of eggs on adzuki beans by the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus, reared on adzuki beans or mung beans Rearing host Adzuki beans Mung beans Treatments (mean ± S.E.) (mean ± S.E.) Control 100 ± 0 99.04 ± 0.96 Adzuki bean powder 98.37 ± 0.82 99.11 ± 0.89 Mung bean powder 97.02 ± 1.50 98.65 ± 1.35 p 1) 0.206 0.987 1) p > 0.05 indicates that proportions of eggs laid on adzuki bean by females with different early adult experiences are not significantly different by ANOVA. Data were transformed to Sin–1 ( ) values prior to analysis.
Ҁ̼ॡٙତᛈ ࡓăโּ֑ͧ 1:1 ̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរٺߏქ֑ዳ۞α৳֑෪Ăٕ ࡓăโּ֑ͧ 1:4ٺĂα৳֑෪ྵͧڍӮ̙ົᇆᜩயӉઐрĄϤͽ˯ྏរ ඕק۞ז ˵Ă൴னα৳֑෪јᖪ̙֭ົ၆ρഇഅགྷ ̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរ̚Ă၆โ֑۞ઐрᇴڍඕ யϠઐ ѣពᆧΐ (t = 2.88, p = 0.006; ܑα)Ąҭۏࢴ࿅ٕјᖪѝഇତᛈ࿅۞ങפ рĄ ߏдโăქּ֑ͧ 1:4 ̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉ ྏរ̚Ă၆ქ֑۞ઐрᇴݒ՟ѣᆧΐ۞ଐԛ Ӱυ (t = 0.39, p = 0.7; ܑα)ĄЯѩĂᒖဩ̚۞ޟΠȃኇ֊ԁ ּͧ၆யӉઐр̝ᇆᜩ ̶οּͧᆧΐॡົᆧΐα৳֑෪дѩ(˘) ࡓăქּ֑ͧ 1:4 ̝ҋ ֑˯۞யӉּͧĂҭͽઐрᇴࠎᇾΐͽͧٺα৳֑෪ ࡓ֑˯ய ྵॡĂពϯઐрّ۞Լត̙֭ߏ˘۞ன෪ĄٺϤᏴፄயӉྏរ̚Ăពઐр Ӊ (t = 10.68, p < 0.0001; ܑα)Ăᄃࡓăქ (˟)̂̈၆யӉઐр̝ᇆᜩ ૱༊α৳֑෪ዎ࿃̈ࡓ֑ᄃ̂ქ֑Ăϒ ͧڍּͧ 1:1 ̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរඕ֑ Ă൴னྵͧڍĂα৳֑෪၆ქ֑̝ઐрᇴົᐌქ֑ᆧΐ ࡓăქ֑̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរඕྵ ពᆧΐ (t = 3.9, p < 0.001; ܑα)Ąᄃ α৳֑෪၆ქ֑̝யӉઐрົព೩ (t҃
̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ 17 ኇޟᄇѲْຫ֊ԁٽߒѲ! சкШ Table 4.! Effect of different ratios of adzuki beans, mung beans or black soybeans on oviposition preference of the seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus Host ratio (host a : host b) 1 : 1 1 : 4 Preference index of Preference index of Treatments (Host a, Host b) Host b Host b t p 1) A (Adzuki beans, Mung beans) 0.01 ± 0.01 0.05 ± 0.01 3.9 < 0.001 B (Adzuki beans, Black soybeans) 0.18 ± 0.02 0.28 ± 0.04 2.88 0.006 C (Black soybeans, Mung beans) 0.26 ± 0.04 0.24 ± 0.04 0.39 0.7 1) p < 0.05 indicates significant difference based on t-test.
ყΠ! சкσωᄇѲْຫ֊ԁϞհҢ (mean ɲ S.E.)Ȅ(A) ӵғலऔْᇄғலᆦْΰϞ֊ԻϷШ (n = 31)ȇ Ԥᡗ৯ȄϚӣԅҔфߒٽசкْΰϞ֊ШڍB) ӵωऔْᇄσᆦْΰϞ֊ԻϷШ (n = 22)Ȅဴфߒܻ) Ԥᡗ৯Ȅٽоശωᡗ৯ШၶӨ౩ಢܻᆦْϞ֊Ш Fig. 2.! The effect of host size on proportion of eggs laid by the seed beetle, C. maculatus. (A) host preference on normal size of adzuki bean and mung bean; (B) host preference on small adzuki bean and big mung bean. Error bars represent standard errors. Asterisks above the bars indicate significant differences between the proportions of eggs laid on adzuki and mung beans. Different letters indicate a significant difference between the proportions of eggs laid on mung beans in two treatments.
ქ֑ (t = 8.48, p < 0.0001)Ăᙋٺp < 0.001; ဦ˟)Ăពϯ̂̈۞ቁ р̪ព ,10.9= ᙷ̪ߏᇆᜩயӉઐрྵࢦࢋ۞Я̄Ąځ ᇆᜩα৳֑෪̝யӉઐрĄҭߏд̈ࡓ֑ᄃົ Ă၆ࡓ֑̝ઐڍქ֑̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរඕ̂
ௐ˘ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 18 ᒖဩĂ̖ߏᇆᜩјᖪᏴፄ۞ՙؠЯ̄۞ז ଆ!!፣ (Smith and Cornell, 1979; Jaisson, 1980; ;ଣα৳֑෪јᖪ݈གྷរ (Β Jaenike, 1983, 1988; Hoffmann, 1988ޘώྏរࢵ ߁ρᖪഇ̈́јᖪѝഇགྷរ) ၆α৳֑෪யӉઐ Caubet and Jaisson, 1991; Kester and ;൴ன၆ქ֑ᄃโ֑۞யӉ Barbosa, 1991; van Emden et al., 1996ޘр̝үϡć˵ࢵ ពࢫҲ۞ன Bjorksten and Hoffmann, 1998; Breed etځઐрдҋϤᏴፄྏរ̚ົѣ ෪ĂЯѩซ˘Վͧྵགྷ።̙Тགྷរ (ּ al., 1998; Barron and Corbet, 1999; Rojas ৳тĈᙷăּͧ̈́̂̈) ၆Լតα৳ and Wyatt, 1999)ĄҭϤјᖪѝഇགྷរ၆α ෪யӉઐр̝࠹၆ࢦࢋّĄ ֑෪யӉઐр̝ྏរពϯĂ̙ኢֽҋࡓ֑ٕქ֑ Ăˬུഇந̝ड़ᑕӮ̙ព (ܑˬ)ĄЯ֑ Ιȃ҂ᙫЅԙᙫԞငᡛᄇѲْຫ֊ԁ ѩĂጐგѣᆃкࡁտ͚ρᖪགྷរٕјᖪ݈ ኇ གྷរົᇆᜩјᖪᏴፄ۞ઐрĂტЪώྏរޟ ൴னĂ̙ኢߏρᖪགྷរᇆᜩјᖪઐр۞ڍᔵѣధкࡁտ൴னĂρᖪགྷរົᇆᜩј ඕ ᖪ̝யӉઐр (Hopkins, 1917; Thrope, Hopkins’ host-selection principlećٕ ߏ Ϥ ј Dethier, 1954; Manning, 1967; ᖪҀ̼ॡٙᒔ۞གྷរ҃Լតઐр۞ ;1930 α৳֑෪Ӯ՟ѣ൴ٺPhillips, 1977; Corbet, 1985; Szentesi and neo-Hopkins principleĂ Jermy, 1990; Rietdorf and Steidle, 2002)Ą னன෪Ą ᖪ఼૱ົઐ Ω˘͞ࢬĂͽქ֑ዳ۞α৳֑෪дˬٿॡĂۏࢴٕயӉ۞ങפӈ༊Ᏼፄ ͽࡓ֑ዳ۞ٺᙷ ֻྏ֑˯̝யӉᇴ࠰ۏࢴ࿅۞ങפρഇॡഅགྷٺр ҋϤᏴፄ α৳֑෪̝யӉᇴ (ဦ˘)Ă҃α৳֑෪дქ֑ܧSchoonhoven et al., 1998)ĄҭϤ) தӮྵࡓ֑˯ࠎָܜă൴ֈ̈́ཏϠܜĂ̙͚֭࣎நኢ ˯̝ϠڍᄃҋϤᏴፄྏរ̝ඕ ҋϤᏴፄ (Lin, 2004)Ăͷࡓ֑ᄃქ֑ࠎТᛳĂᏐቡᙯܼܧဦ˘ăܑ˘)Ąдֻᑕಏ̝) Hu et al., 2000)Ă၆α৳֑෪ֽᄲ) ܕᒖဩ˭Ăα৳֑෪၆ಏхд̝֑д ࠹༊ତטࢨ ዋЪ۞ĂҭߏдҋϤᏴ૱ܧमள (ဦ˘)ĂଯീΪࢋᒖဩ̚х ქ֑˵ߏ˘֭࣎˯ޘצତ дΞӀϡ̝Ăα৳֑෪ಶΞдѩ˯ய ፄயӉྏរ˭Ăα৳֑෪၆ࡓ֑۞ઐрព ᄃ Chiu and Messinaڍქ֑ (ܑ˘)Ăѩඕٺ ৳ӉćϺѣΞਕߏࠎ˞ྋੵྶӉᑅ˧Ăֹα ࠹ڍѩĄҭ༊α৳֑෪Тॡዎ (1994) ̈́ Cheng et al. (2003) ̝ඕצ෪̙̙ତ֑ ă൴ֈ͞ࢬֽ࠻ĂᏴፄქ֑யӉܜ࿃̙Т֑ॡĂα৳֑෪ົܑன၆̙Т ҬĄࡶଂϠ ઐр (ܑ˘)ĂពϯਕТॡ၆̙Т֑ซ ၆̄ዋхࣃՀࠎѣӀĂα৳֑෪̙ᑕтѩ۞ ࡓ֑˯யӉĂҭ҂ᇋࡓ֑ᄃქ֑̝ٺҖݡኳෞҤĄ̙҃ኢߏͽࡓ֑ٕქ֑ዳ̝α ពઐр ࡓ֑˯யӉٺ෪ĂдТॡዎ࿃̙Т֑ॡĂ၆ࡓ֑ᄃ ม̂̈۞मளĂα৳֑෪Ᏼፄ֑৳ ֑৳ქ֑ (ܑ˘)Ăព ϯ ρ ᖪ ӈΞਕࠎѣӀ۞ҖࠎĄ̏ѣಡጱĂαٺโ֑۞ઐр࠰ព ய̂ྵٺࢴགྷរ၆α৳֑෪јᖪ̝யӉઐр֭ព ෪ਕૉᏰҾ۞֭̂̈ઐрפ ᇆᜩĄ Ӊ (Mitchell, 1990; Hu et al., 1995; Yang ;ᖪଂུҀ̼Ҍјᖪ۞ and Horng, 2002; Cheng et al., 2003ٿΩѣֱࡁտᄮࠎĂ ̈˘߱Ⴭࠎјᖪѝഇགྷរ۞ॡม̰ٙତᛈ Cope and Fox, 2003)Ą҃ Yang and Horng
̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ 19 ҋϤᏴፄᄃҋϤᏴፄயܧγĂώࡁտϺ൴னд ྵٺᄮࠎĂਕ̶Ᏸ̂̈҃Ӊய (2002) ˯۞Җࠎдዋᑕ˯ѣࢦ̂۞ຍཌྷĄд Ӊྏរ̚Ăα৳֑෪дˬ֑˯̝யӉሀ̂ צҋϤᏴፄ˭̝ତܧԆБஐ۞ ёϺѣٙमளĂពϯזዎ࿃ٽҋᒖဩ̚Ă֑෪̙ट ΞਕטᄃҋϤᏴፄ˭̝ઐрĂүϡ፟ޘ ۞ז (Fox and Mousseau, 1995)Ăዎ࿃ ̂к̏జӀϡ࿅ٕߏ̏ѣρᖪϠ ̙ТĂࣃՀซ˘ՎଣĄ ᆧΐĂρᖪ۞ޘ̚Ă҃ᐌ֑̰ρᖪ ȃσωᄇٽӰυȈசкШޟх߿தົᐌ̝ࢫҲ (Mitchell, 1990; Πȃኇ֊ԁ Mitchell and Thanthianga, 1990)Ąдѣρ ֊ԁϞኇ Ăྵ̂۞ٙਕ೩ֻ۞ྤ ͽ̙Тּ̝ͧࡓăქ֑Ъ೩ֻα৳֑෪˭ڶଐ۞ۋᖪᚮ ࡓ֑۞ּͧĂᐌ೩ֻࡓٺ۞х߿தྵ யӉĂ൴ன֑෪யӉ̂ٺ࠹၆ྵкĂЯ҃ρᖪ Mitchell, 1975; Visser, 1994; Hu et al., ּ֑ͧᆧΐ҃ᆧΐ (Shiau et al., 1994)Ą༊) Ăα৳֑෪ޢHoffmeister et al., 1999)ĄЯѩĂᔵ ೩ࣧώྵ̙ઐр֑۞ּͧ ;1995 ქ֑ćҭͅ៍ٺத дࡓ֑˯̝யӉᇴ̪ពܜă൴ֈ̈́ཏϠܜα৳֑෪дქ֑˯̝Ϡ ࡓ֑Ăҭ۰࠰ࠎዋЪα৳֑෪۞ ࡓăโ֑ᄃโăქ֑Ъ̝ҋϤᏴፄݒѣ̙ТٺӮᐹ α)Ă༊೩ࣧώྵ̙ઐр۞โܑ֑̝) ڍᑅ˧Ă೩̿̄х ۞ඕۋĂ҃ࠎ˞ࢫҲρᖪᚮ Ăα৳֑෪дโ֑˯̝ᓁயӉᇴӈពޢּͧ ߿தĂઐрӉயдྵ̂۞ࡓ֑ߏྵѣӀ۞Ᏼ ࡓ֑Ă҃дโăქ֑நΞ൴ன۰ٺፄĄ Cheng et al. (2003) ᄮࠎα৳֑෪ᅬᖪ ˯̝யӉᇴពमளĄͽ Manley’s α ᇴ Ăͧྵдֻᑕ࠹ТᇴณޢТ̝ઐрّᄃ̄х߿த̝ ७ϒֻᑕּ̙ͧٺ၆ โ֑˯̝ ॡĂα৳֑෪၆֑̝࠹၆ઐрᇴĂඕٺมĂѣព۞࠹ᙯّĄα৳֑෪ Ăα৳֑෪ޢ൴னྵ̙ઐр۞ּͧ೩ڍ ĂҀ̼̝ј(͇ 60 ٺ̂) ܜх߿தҲͷ൴ֈഇ mg)Ă҃ٙய ၆ઐрّ˵ົᐌ̝ᆧΐ (ܑα)Ăѩઐрّᆧ 300 ٺሴ̈ (ᅬјᖪࡗҲ૱ܧᖪ ٺ၆α৳֑෪ߏѣӀ۞ĄϤܫϒ૱̂̈ (Ϗ൴ܑྤफ़)Ă Ҁ ΐ̝ன෪࠹ٺӉϺព̝̈ ˯ҋโ֑̝α৳֑෪ᄃҀ̼ҋࡓ֑ăქ֑̝α ּͧᆧΐĂα৳֑෪ዎ࿃ѩᙷ̝፟த̼ ᒖဩ̚ߏྵᖳಱ̝ྤĂٺ෪ͧྵ൴ֈഇăӉ̂̈ (Lin, 2004)Ă ̿Ăܑϯѩᙷ֑৳ ͽ̈́Ҁ̼јᖪࢦ (Ҁ̼ҋࡓ֑Ăฯᖪ 507.23 ± ҃ྵઐр۞ٙ೩ֻ۞ྤྵ͌ĂЯѩӉ ྤٺᖳಱ̝ĂΞᔖҺӉะ̚யྵٺmgĂᅬ ᖪ 786.69 ± 14.20 mgĒҀ̼ҋ ̶੨ 13.69 Ąҭ೩ͧۋქ ֑Ăฯ ᖪ 477.76 ± 7.32 mgĂᅬ ᖪ 766.88 ± ณ͌۞҃೩ρᖪᚮ ĂϤܑ̚Ξ൴னα৳֑෪ޘโ֑˯ܑ̝னӮ ּΪਕ೩ઐрٺmg)Ă൴னα৳֑෪ 10.23 ពઐр̪˭ڶქ֑ٕโּ֑ͧྵ۞ଐٺ ࢴࡓ֑ٕქ֑̝α৳֑෪ĂЯѩΞۢโפт̙ ̝ޘዋЪα ࡓ֑ćͷЯ೩ּͧ҃ᆧΐઐрܧࡓ֑ᄃქ֑Ăҭ֭ٺࢦณᔵ̝֑̂ ࡓăโ֑ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏ ன෪̙֭˘Ăдโăქ֑ҋϤᏴፄĂ༊ქ֑ٺ෪̝Ą֑৳ Ăα৳֑෪၆ქ֑̝ઐр֭Ϗᐌ̝ޢរĂα৳֑෪ពઐрࡓ֑̝ன෪࠻ֽ (ܑ ּͧ೩ Ăα৳֑෪̝ઐрҬͼᄃ̄х߿த ᆧΐ (ܑα)Ą(˘ โăქ֑ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរĂα৳ ೩ֻࡓăქ֑̟α৳֑෪ซҖҋϤᏴፄயٺ࠹ᙯćҭ ዋЪ̝โ֑˯யӉĄѩ ӉྏរॡĂα৳֑෪дࡓ֑˯̝யӉᇴព̙ྵٺ෪ݒពઐр֑
ௐ˘ഇס̱˩˟ᖪௐٿέ៉ 20 ქ֑Ąᔵࡓ֑̂ٺព̝யӉઐр ֑̝யӉּ̪ͧពځࡓ֑ѣٺქ֑Ăពϯ၆ٺ ኳ̏ѣಡጱ (Gokhale etۏ፬וĄα৳֑෪дᏰᙊ࿅̚Ăਕૉჟ ϩѣயӉ(˘ܑ) ኳߏ֑෪ጯۏቁгᏰҾ֑̝ม۞̂̈मள (Avidov et al., 1990)ĂҭᇆᜩயӉઐр۞ ซ˘Վ۞ᗃޞal., 1965)Ă҃ซҖயӉྏរॡĂα৳֑෪А ௫۞ᇾ۞Ă۰ߏӎ࠹Т̪ѣ ϏயӉ̝ ĄإٺயӉ̝֑۞πӮࢦณ̂ ࡓ̂ٺ֑Ă֭ͷд̂ă̈ࡓ֑۞Ᏼፄ˯ઐр யӉ (Mitchell, 1975; Hu et al., 1994; ᇬ!!ᗂ˯֑ Yang and Horng, 2002; Cope and Fox, Ăពϯ̂̈၆α৳֑෪̝யӉઐр ώࡁտᄋ઼ࡊົ NSC 93-2313-B-002-(2003 ࡓ֑ᄃქ֑дγ៍˯ 003 གྷྃӄĂᖰᔁԢĄٺѣ˘ؠ۞ᇆᜩĄϤ ѣព̝̂̈मளĂͷࡓ֑̝πӮࢦณព̂ ქ֑ĂЯѩᄮࠎα৳֑෪၆ࡓ֑ព̝ய ЕҢМᝦٺ ࡓ֑ᄃქ֑ࢦณमளٙٺӉઐрΞਕߏϤ (Shiau et al., 1994; Cheng et al., 2003)Ąҭ Avidov, Z., M. J. Berlinger, and S. W. ព Appelbaum. 1965. Physiological aspectsڍϤ̈ࡓ֑ă̂ქ֑Ъ̝ҋϤᏴፄྏរඕ :ქ֑ of host specificity in the BruchidaêٺϯĂα৳֑෪Ϊѣ 23.5% ۞Ӊய Ă̂кᇴ۞Ӊ̪யд̈ࡓ֑˯ (ဦ˟)Ăព III. Effect of curvature and surface˯ α৳֑෪၆ࡓ֑ઐр۞ area on oviposition of Callosobruchusܧϯ̂̈मள֭ ЯĂᇆᜩயӉઐрྵ̂۞Я̄ଯീߏ֑ chinensis L. Anim. Behav. 13: 178- .Ą 180קώ֗۞পّĂּтٙ൴ֽ۞ঈ Thanthianga and Mitchell (1990) ˵൴ன Barron, A. B. 2001. The life and death of .α৳֑෪дซҖயӉՙඉॡĂົАֶ̝ Hopkins’ host-selection principle. J .ᙷᏴፄĂГᏴፄ֑̝̂̈ĄГѩྏរඕ Insect Behav. 14: 725-737 .ᄃϒ૱ࡓăქ֑̝ҋϤᏴፄயӉྏរү˘ͧ Barron, A. B., and S. A. Corbet. 1999ڍ ქ֑ Preimaginal conditioning in DrosophilaٺĂ൴னд࣎ྏរ̚Ăα৳֑෪ྵ .˯̝யӉּͧѣពमளĂдϒ૱ࡓăქ֑ revisited. Anim. Behav. 58: 621-628 .ქ֑ Barron, A. B., and S. A. Corbet. 2000ٺ੨၆̚Ăα৳֑෪Ϊѣ 1% ۞Ӊய :Ă҃̈ࡓ֑ă̂ქ֑੨၆̚ݒѣ 23.5% ۞ Behavioural induction in Drosophila .ქ֑˯ (ဦ˟)Ăពϯα৳֑෪၆̂ timing and specificity. Entomol. ExpٺӉய .ࡓ֑Ăݒ̏ព Appl. 94: 159-171̈ٺქ֑۞யӉઐрᔵ՟ѣ .ΞۢĂ Bjorksten, T. A., and A. A. Hoffmannڍᆧΐ၆ქ֑۞யӉઐрĄϤѩඕ ࠎᇆ 1998. Plant cues influence searchingܧ̂̈ᔵົᇆᜩயӉઐрĂҭ֭ ᜩயӉઐрԼត̝ࢋЯ̄ćдᇆᜩயӉઐр behaviour and parasitism in the egg .ኳΞਕ parasitoid Trichogramma nr. brassicaeۏЯ̄̚Ă̙Т˯ٙхд۞̼ጯ۞ .ߏᇆᜩ۞ᙯᔣĂ҃ଯീдࡓ֑˯Ξਕѣ Ecol. Entomol. 23: 355-362̖ ,α৳֑෪д̈ࡓ Breed, M. D., E. A. Leger, A. N. PearceٺኳĂͽۏԼតயӉઐр̝
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̙Тᖪഇགྷរ၆யӉઐр̝үϡ 25 Effects of Host Experience During Different Stages on Oviposition Preference of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Shiau-Min Dai, Rou-Ling Yang and Shwu-Bin Horng* Institute of Entomology, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Rd., Sec. 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
The seed beetle, Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) develops to the adult stage inside seeds before adult emergence, thus the larva or adult has an opportunity to obtain information about host traits, and this experience may influence the host preference of the adult. In this study, adults that had emerged from adzuki and mung beans were used to test whether larval or early adult experience effects host preference of the adult. In no-choice tests of host acceptance there was no significant difference in acceptance of adzuki bean, mung bean or black soybean by beetles reared on adzuki bean or mung bean. In free choice tests of host preference, adults exhibited significant preference for adzuki beans over mung beans, adzuki beans over black soybeans, and black soybeans over mung beans. However, host preferences did not differ significantly between adults with different experiences (e.g., reared on adzuki bean or mung bean, or emerged from adzuki and mung bean powder). These results indicate that larval or early adult host experience does not influence adult host preference. In addition, we provide evidence that the host ratio and the size of hosts affect host preference of the adult. When either big mung bean and small adzuki bean or normal sizes of each bean were provided in a free choice test, adults laid more eggs on adzuki bean than mung bean in both treatments, but the number of eggs laid on big mung bean was greater than on normal sized mung bean. These findings show that the host species is a more important factor affecting host preference by the seed beetle than host size.
Key words: host experience, host size, oviposition preference, host proportion
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