AN ASSESSMENT OF INLAND DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PRACTICES IN DISTRICT CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN SUBMITTED BY: MUHAMMAD QASIM (PhD Scholar) SUPERVISED BY: PROF. DR. MUHAMMAD NAEEM DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR (SESSION 2014-2015) i Author’s Declaration I Muhammad Qasim hereby state that my PhD thesis “AN ASSESSMENT OF INLAND DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PRACTICES IN DISTRICT CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN” is my own work and has not been submitted previously by me for taking any degree from University of Peshawar, or anywhere else in the country/world. If my statement is found to be incorrect any time, even after my graduation, the university has the right to withdraw my Ph. D degree. Muhammad Qasim Date: 15-04-2019 ii Plagiarism Undertaking I solemnly declared that research work presented in the thesis “AN ASSESSMENT OF INLAND DESTRUCTIVE FISHING PRACTICES IN DISTRICT CHARSADDA, PAKISTAN” is solely my research work with no significant contribution from any other person. The complete thesis has been written by me, and small contribution/help wherever taken has been duly acknowledged. I understand the zero tolerance policy of the HEC and University of Peshawar towards plagiarism. Therefore, I as an Author of the above titled thesis declare that no portion of my thesis has been plagiarized and any material used as reference is properly referred/ cited. I undertake that if I am found guilty of any formal plagiarism in the above titled thesis even after award of Ph. D degree, the University reserves the rights to withdraw/revoke my Ph. D degree and that HEC/University website on which names of students are placed who submitted plagiarized thesis. Student/Author Signature:_______________________________ Muhammad Qasim Dated: 15-04-2019 iii Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been completed in this form without the intellectual guidance and constructive comments of all the faculty members of the author‘s advisory committee and assistance from various institutions and individuals. This dissertation is the result of enormous support provided by my advisor Prof. Dr. Muhammad Naeem and members of the Graduate Studies Committee, Prof. Dr. Zilakat Khan Malik, Dr. Amjid Amin, Dr. Naila Nazir and Prof. Dr. Himayatullah Khan. Without their professional guidance, encouragement and inspiration, completion of this dissertation would have been impossible. Thanks to Dr. Anwar Hussain, Assistant Professor, PIDE University, Islamabad for sparing his valuable time and clear guidance throughout my research. I am deeply indebted to my brother Dr. Said Qasim, Assistant Professor, University of Baluchistan, who gave me very useful comments and suggestions that facilitated shaping the present form of this research. I would like to express sincere appreciation and gratitude to him for his invaluable guidance, critical comments, enormous suggestions, great encouragement and constant support throughout the study period. I am deeply grateful and indebted to him. Without his guidance, I would not have been able to accomplish my studies. I would like to thank Mr. Amir Hamza, Deputy Director, Fisheries Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, for his valuable time, provision of secondary data and arrangement of meetings with fisheries watchers and fishermen. I am thankful to various government departments in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa for providing the necessary data required in the completion of this dissertation. In this regard, the data provided by Irrigation and Power Department, District Charsadda, Population Census office Charsadda, Archives and Libraries Department Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, is highly acknowledged. I am also thankful to those students and colleagues in Government Postgraduate College, Charsadda, who not only assisted me in field work but also provided field site accommodation during my data collection period in the study area. Without their support, it would have been impossible for me to carry out this research study. I pay my sincere thanks to all those fishers in the study area, who agreed to provide their useful time and valuable information which helped me complete my research work. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and family for their continued support and encouragement throughout my study period. It would be difficult to write the names of all friends who supported me during field visits, data collection, and meeting respondents. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my family, who has provided support and encouragement throughout my research work. I would not be what I am today without all of them. I would like to thank my wife, daughters Maryam and Mahrosh and my son Haroon for their patience due to lack of time for them. Last but not the least, I would like to extend profound gratitude to my parents, brothers, sisters and other colleagues who always remembered me in their prayers. Their strong moral support, during my study period at the University of Peshawar gave me enormous encouragement for studies. iv Table of Contents Chapter Title Page Title Page i Submission Page ii Approval Page iii Acknowledgements iv Table of Contents v List of Tables vii List of Figures ix List of Acronyms and Abbreviations x Abstract xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Background of the study 1 1.2 Statement of problem 3 1.3 Justification of the study 4 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Aims and Objectives of the study 6 1.6 Hypotheses 6 1.7 Scope and limitations 7 1.8 Organization of the study 7 2 Literature Review 8 2.1 Destructive Fishing: Definition, concept & classification 8 2.2 The concept of common pool resources & tragedy of the 12 commons 2.3 Causes of destructive fishing practices 14 2.4 Impact of destructive fishing practices on fishermen 17 livelihoods 2.5 Factors affecting fish consumption 26 2.6 High vulnerability of fishery communities 28 2.7 Conceptual framework 29 2.8 Summary 32 3 Profile of the Study Area and Fishing Industry Scenario of 34 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 3.1 Selection of the study area 34 3.2 Location and Boundaries 35 3.3 Aquatic Resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 37 3.4 Fisheries regulations of KP 39 4 Research Design 50 4.1 Data collection 50 4.2 Research framework 51 4.3 Sample size 51 4.4 Data processing and analysis 55 5 Results and Discussions 68 5.1 Results of FGDs on DFPs 68 5.2 Socioeconomic Characteristics of fishermen for 2001 and 68 2016 5.3 Conservation measures 71 5.4 Causes of DFPs 74 v 5.5 Impact of DFPs on fishermen livelihoods 80 5.6 Factors affecting fish consumption of selected 86 households 5.7 Hypothesis testing 94 5.8 Discussion 97 6 Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations, and 101 Limitations 6.1 Summary of the findings 101 6.2 Conclusions 103 6.3 Recommendations 107 6.4 Limitations or Recommendations for future research 109 References 111 Appendix A Questionnaire 128 Appendix-B Focused Group Discussion 133 Appendix-C Interviews with the officers of Fishery 135 Department, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Annexure-D Method of the calculation of sample size 136 vi List of Tables Table Title Page 2.1 Rural livelihoods from micro perspective 19 3.1 Aquatic resources of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 37 3.2 Summary of the small inland food fishes of river Swat/Kabul 38 3.3 Licensing and fee structure 39 3.4 Species of fish and prohibitions, (Schedule 1 of Fisheries Ordinance 40 1961) 3.5 Maximum amounts acceptable by way of composition for certain 43 offences 3.6 Number of Licenses issued 44 3.7 Fee Realized by Licenses 44 3.8 Legislation cases in different districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 45 3.9 Leasing of dams 46 3.10 Departmental Income (Revenue) 47 3.11 Fish farm established 47 3.12 District Wise Non Trout Fish Production (Metric Tons) 48 3.13 Publicity information and research undertaken 49 4.1 Nature, source and purpose of data collected 50 4.2 Population Size and Statistical Sample 54 4.3 Justification for the DFPs variable 56 4.4 Fishing practices used in the construction of DFPs 57 4.5 Causes of DFPs 59 4.6 Justification of variables for fish consumption 62 4.7 Statistical techniques used for the analysis 67 5.1 Socioeconomic characteristics of fishermen in 2001 and 2016 69 (n=286) 5.2 Average years of formal education 71 5.3 Distribution of land holdings by type of fishers 71 5.4 Impact of licensing on access to water resources 72 5.5 Impact of fishery watchers on access to water resources 72 5.6 Impact of fishery litigation process on access to water resources 73 5.7 Fish size and amount 73 5.8 Correlation and other characteristics of explanatory variables 75 selected for the 5.9 Summary of the step wise regression model 77 5.10 ANOVA of the regression models 78 5.11 Coefficients of the explanatory variables included in the regression 79 model 5.12 Total value of livelihood assets from 2001 to 2016 for Type I 82 Households 5.13 Total value of livelihood assets from 2001 to 2016 for Type II 83 Households 5.14 Total value of livelihood assets from 2001 to 2016 for Type III 85 Households 5.15 Statistic results of Kruskal–Wallis test of livelihood capital 86 subcomponents 5.16 Comparison of Per capita fish consumption of different countries 88 vii 5.17 Reasons of fish consumption 89 5.18 Frequency of fish consumption 89 5.19 Preferences for fish species 90 5.20 Prices of different species of fish 90 5.21 Correlation and other characteristics of explanatory variables 92 selected for the regression model. 5.22 Table Summary of the regression model 92 5.23 Table ANOVA of the regression models 93 5.24 Coefficients of the explanatory variables included in the regression 94 model viii List of Figures Figure Title Page 2.1 Electrifishing 11 2.2