Analyse De La Biodiversité Bactérienne D'un Sol Contaminé De La Zone

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Analyse De La Biodiversité Bactérienne D'un Sol Contaminé De La Zone THESE - UNIVERSITE AIX-MARSEILLE Ecole Doctorale ED 62 Sciences de la vie et de la santé Pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’Université d’Aix -Marseille Spécialité Microbiologie Analyse de la biodiversité bactérienne d’un sol contaminé de la zone d’exclusion de Tchernobyl et caractérisation de l’interaction engagée par une souche de Microbacterium avec l’uranium Nicolas Theodorakopoulos Thèse dirigée par Catherine Berthomieu et Claire Sergeant Encadrée par Virginie Chapon et Laureline Février Soutenance le 20 décembre 2013 Devan t le jury d’examen composé de : Mohamed Merroun Professeur, Université de Grenade Rapporteur Sylvie Nazaret Chargée de recherche, CNRS, Université de Lyon Rapporteur Marie Carrière Ingénieur chercheur, CEA, Grenoble Examinateur Chantal Tardif Professeur, CNRS, Université d’Aix -Marseille Examinateur Laureline Février Ingénieur chercheur, IRSN, Cadarache Examinateur Virginie Chapon Ingénieur chercheur, CEA, Cadarache Examinateur Catherine Berthomieu Ingénieur chercheur, CEA, Cadarache Directrice de Thèse Claire Sergeant Chargée de recherche, CNRS, Bordeaux Co-directrice de Thèse Plan de thèse PLAN DE THESE INTRODUCTION GENERALE ................................................................................................ 1 CHAPITRE I : Etude bibliographique ....................................................................................... 5 1. Analyse de la diversité bactérienne ..................................................................................... 5 1.1. Les méthodes d’identification des communautés microbiennes ................................. 5 1.1.1. L’approche culturale, le fondement de l’écologie microbienne ........................... 5 1.1.2. Le gène codant pour l’ARNr 16S (ADNr 16S) .................................................... 7 1.1.3. Analyse de la diversité bactérienne par la DGGE ................................................ 9 1.1.4. Analyse de la diversité bactérienne par pyroséquençage 454 ............................ 11 1.2. La diversité bactérienne dans le sol ........................................................................... 14 1.2.1. Paramètres influençant la diversité bactérienne dans le sol ............................... 14 1.2.2. Les bactéries dans les environnements extrêmes ............................................... 17 1.2.3. Impact des radionucléides sur les communautés bactériennes ........................... 18 1.2.4. Impact de l’irradiation sur les communautés bactériennes ................................ 20 1.2.5. Etat de l’art des connaissances microbiologiques au niveau du site de Tchernobyl ........................................................................................................................ 21 2. Les interactions bactéries-radionucléides ......................................................................... 23 2.1. L’uranium .................................................................................................................. 23 2.1.1. Propriétés chimiques et nucléaires ..................................................................... 23 2.1.2. Origine de l’uranium .......................................................................................... 23 2.2. Comportement de l’uranium dans les sols ................................................................. 24 2.2.1. Complexation par les anions inorganiques ......................................................... 24 2.2.2. Complexation avec la matière organique ........................................................... 25 2.2.3. Complexation avec la phase minérale du sol ..................................................... 25 2.3. Biodisponibilité et toxicité de l’uranium ................................................................... 26 2.4. Les mécanismes d’interaction bactéries -uranium ...................................................... 27 2.4.1. La réduction et l’oxydation de l’uranium par les bactéries ................................ 27 2.4.2. La biosorption de l’uranium ............................................................................... 29 2.4.3. Les interactions par libération de ligands extracellulaires ................................. 31 2.4.4. L’accumulat ion intracellulaire ........................................................................... 32 3. Synthèse de l’étude bibliographique et objectifs de thèse ................................................ 34 Plan de thèse CHAPITRE II: Etude de la diversité bactérienne de la tranchée T22 par l’approche culturale et la DGGE ............................................................................................................................... 37 1. Contexte général ............................................................................................................ 37 2. Objectifs de l’étude et démarche expérimentale ........................................................... 38 3. Contribution scientifique ............................................................................................... 39 4. Résultats et Discussion .................................................................................................. 55 CHAPITRE III: Recherche de bactéries affiliées au phylum des Deinococcus-Thermus dans les sols de la tranchée T22 ........................................................................................................ 59 1. Contexte général ............................................................................................................ 59 2. Objectif de l’étude et démarche expérimentale ............................................................. 60 3. Contribution scientifique ............................................................................................... 61 4. Résultats et Discussion .................................................................................................. 77 5. Expérience complémentaire : recherche de Deinococcus-Thermus dans des échantillons de Tchernobyl ....................................................................................................................... 77 5.1. Matériel et méthodes .............................................................................................. 78 5.2. Résultats et Discussion .......................................................................................... 78 CHAPITRE IV: Exploration de la diversité bactérienne des sols de la tranchée T22 par pyroséquençage. ....................................................................................................................... 81 1. Contexte général ............................................................................................................ 81 2. Objectifs de l’étude ....................................................................................................... 81 3. Contribution scientifique ............................................................................................... 81 4. Résultats et Discussion .................................................................................................. 83 CHAPITRE V : Etude des interactions bactéries-uranium .................................................... 119 1. Contexte général .......................................................................................................... 119 2. Objectifs de l’étude et démarche expérimentale ......................................................... 119 3. Résultats complémentaire : Sélection d’une souche résistante à l’uranium ................ 120 3.1. Matériel et méthodes ............................................................................................ 120 3.2. Résultats et discussions ........................................................................................ 120 4. Caractérisation fine des interactions entre uranium et Microbacterium A9_3_sp3_-1_2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………122 4.1. Objectifs de l’étude .............................................................................................. 122 5. Contribution scientifique ............................................................................................. 123 6. Résultats et discussion ................................................................................................. 155 CHAPITRE VI : Expériences complémentaires .................................................................... 157 Plan de thèse EXPERIENCE COMPLEMENTAIRE 1 : Exposition de six souches de Microbacterium à 10 µM de nitrate d’uranyle et localisation sub -cellulaire ............................................................ 157 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 157 2. Matériel et méthodes ................................................................................................... 158 3. Résultats et discussion ................................................................................................. 158 3.1. Survie des souches après exposition à 10 µM de nitrate d’uranyle ..................... 158 3.2. Cin étique d’interaction ......................................................................................... 160 3.3. Localisation subcellulaire de l’uranium après 24 h d’exposition ........................ 161 4. Conclusion et perspectives .......................................................................................... 163 EXPERIENCE COMPLEMENTAIRE 2 : Etude de l’accumulation de 137Cs
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