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Gallbladder 1 Gallbladder Gallbladder 1 Gallbladder Gallbladder Diagram of Stomach Surface projections of the organs of the trunk, with gallbladder labeled at the transpyloric plane. Latin vesica fellea; vesica biliaris [1] Gray's subject #250 1197 System Digestive system (GI Tract) Artery Cystic artery Vein Cystic vein [2] Nerve Celiac ganglia, vagus Precursor Foregut In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder) is a small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually easily tolerated. Gallbladder 2 Human anatomy The gallbladder is a hollow system that sits just beneath the liver.[3] In adults, the gallbladder measures approximately 8 cm in length and 4 cm in diameter when fully distended.[4] It is divided into three sections: fundus, body and neck. The neck tapers and connects to the biliary tree via the cystic duct, which then joins the common hepatic duct to become the common bile duct. Microscopic anatomy The different layers of the gallbladder are as follows:[5] • The gallbladder has a simple columnar epithelial lining characterized by recesses Function The adult human gallbladder stores about 50 millilitres (1.8 imp fl oz; 1.7 US fl oz) of bile, which is released into the duodenum when food containing fat enters the digestive tract, stimulating the secretion of cholecystokinin (CCK). The bile, produced in the liver, emulsifies fats in partly digested food. After being stored in the gallbladder, the bile becomes more concentrated than when it left the liver, increasing its potency and intensifying its effect on fats. In 2009, it was demonstrated that the gallbladder removed from a patient expressed several pancreatic hormones including insulin [6] . This was surprising because until then, it was thought that insulin was only produced in pancreatic β-cells. This study provides evidence that β-like cells do occur outside the human pancreas. The authors suggest that since the gallbladder and pancreas are adjacent to each other during embryonic development, there exists tremendous potential in derivation of endocrine pancreatic progenitor cells from human gallbladders that are available after cholecystectomy. In other animals Most vertebrates have gallbladders (exceptions include the horse, deer, and the rat), whereas invertebrates do not. However, its precise form and the arrangement of the bile ducts may vary considerably. In many species, for example, there are several separate ducts running to the intestine, rather than a single common bile duct, as in humans. Several species of mammals and birds lack a gallbladder altogether, as do lampreys.[7] See also • Gallbladder disease • Gallbladder polyp References [1] http:/ / education. yahoo. com/ reference/ gray/ subjects/ subject?id=250#p1197 [2] Ginsburg, Ph.D., J.N. (2005-08-22). "Control of Gastrointestinal Function" (http:/ / www. lib. mcg. edu/ edu/ eshuphysio/ program/ section6/ 6ch2/ 6ch2line. htm). In Thomas M. Nosek, Ph.D.. Gastrointestinal Physiology (http:/ / www. lib. mcg. edu/ edu/ eshuphysio/ program/ section6/ 6ch2/ s6ch2_30. htm). Essentials of Human Physiology. Augusta, Georgia, United State: Medical College of Georgia. pp. Retrieved 2007-06-29. [3] http:/ / www. buzzle. com/ articles/ where-is-the-gallbladder-located-in-the-body. html [4] Jon W. Meilstrup (1994). Imaging Atlas of the Normal Gallbladder and Its Variants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 4. ISBN 0-8493-4788-2. [5] "Slide 5: Gall Bladder" (http:/ / www. kumc. edu/ instruction/ medicine/ anatomy/ histoweb/ epithel/ epith05. htm). JayDoc HistoWeb. University of Kansas. Retrieved 2007-06-29. [6] Sahu S, Joglekar MV, Dumbre R, Phadnis SM, Tosh D, Hardikar AA. (2009) Islet-like cell clusters occur naturally in human gall bladder and are retained in diabetic conditions. J Cell Mol Med (http:/ / www3. interscience. wiley. com/ journal/ 121498525/ abstract?CRETRY=1& SRETRY=0). 2009 May;13(5):999-1000 Gallbladder 3 [7] Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 355. ISBN 0-03-910284-X. External links • Diagram of Human Stomach and Gallbladder (http:/ / www. innerbody. com/ image/ dige02. html) – Human Anatomy Online, MyHealthScore.com. • www.newchronicles.webs.com/f/gastrointestinalphysiology (http:/ / www. newchronicles. webs. com/ f/ gastrointestinalphysiology. html) – Gastrointestinal Physiology Review. Article Sources and Contributors 4 Article Sources and Contributors Gallbladder Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=396235132 Contributors: 2D, A3RO, Adashiel, AdjustShift, Adrian.benko, Agateller, Akanemoto, Alex.tan, Ali, Altruism, AnakngAraw, Anaxial, Anirvan, Anomen, Antonio Lopez, Arcadian, Area51, ArglebargleIV, Art LaPella, Arthena, Auxiliary Watchlist, BPinard, Baby Jane, Beetstra, Bemoeial, BinaryTed, Bisqwit, BlaiseFEgan, Bobjuch, Bobo192, Bonadea, BorgQueen, Brent m gipson, Brian1979, CALR, CLW, CO, Cacycle, Caltas, CanadianLinuxUser, Casliber, Ccastill, Ceyockey, ChaosRyder, ChrisEich, ChrisRuvolo, Clpo13, Cmh, Connormah, Conscious, Courage Dog, Crackpottheorist, Cradel, Craig Pemberton, Crunch, D17171212, DAJF, Dadude3320, Danglingdiagnosis, Dapsv, Darekr, Darth Mike, DavidConrad, Dbfirs, Diberri, Dirkbb, Discospinster, Dreaded Walrus, Drenchofthebench, Drphilharmonic, Dvulture, Dysepsion, Ej159, Elassint, Enviroboy, Epibulbar, Eras-mus, Eurleif, Extantwarbringer, Figma, Finlay McWalter, Fluri, Freecat, Freekozak, Frosted14, GCW50, Gaff, Gandalf61, Gbleem, Glane23, Gongoozler123, GreenReaper, Gregory Merchan, Grozo, Hairy Dude, HalfShadow, Hawaiian717, Hbent, HenrikP, Histrion, Ilovebillyw, IsleofPlan, J Dezman, JForget, JaGa, Jackol, January, Javit, Jcajacob, JeLuF, Jeugeorge, Jfdwolff, Jitterro, Jkeene, Jkuo3, Jonpro, Jorgicio, Jovianeye, Jpgordon, Juliancolton, K98ao01, Kalathalan, Karada, Karn, Kazail1548, King Pickle, Klael, Kozuch, Kukini, Kuru, Lacrimosa, Ladytwylyt, Lambiam, LearnAnatomy, Lenomatic1, Leuko, Limideen, LindsayH, Linmhall, Lisa6699, Little Mountain 5, LittleHow, Lubos, Luna Santin, M.nelson, MECU, Mac, Maralia, MarcoTolo, Marek69, Martin451, McNoddy, Menchi, Meredyth, Midtoad, Mikael Häggström, Mikes1807, Mistercow, Mistergerm, Modest Genius, MortimerCat, Motorcycle, Muchado, Nagy, NaiPiak, Nakon, Nephron, Noneforall, Nunquam Dormio, Oberst, Ombudsman, Osm agha, Pathoschild, Paul August, Pedantic of Purley, Pevernagie, Piano non troppo, Pinethicket, Pitcher357, Proofreader77, Pschemp, Quadell, Quincy, RJASE1, Raiph, Ramirez62, Renato Caniatti, Rhcastilhos, Rich Farmbrough, Richardcavell, Rickjpelleg, Rjwilmsi, Robert FitzRoy, Robth, RockMFR, Ronhjones, Rsabbatini, Ryanmcneily, Ryulong, Sahib-qiron, SarekOfVulcan, Sbakka, Sci fi rocks, Seddon, Serephine, Shanes, Shoaler, Shuki, Sir Pimpernel, Sk'py Skwrrrl, Smashing2012, Snowmanradio, Snowolf, SpeedyGonsales, Spelchat, Ssbohio, Sshock, Starmushrooms, StephP, Steven Zhang, Stevenfruitsmaak, Sunburst76, SuperHamster, Sven Manguard, Swift as an Eagle, Syp, TBHecht, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, Tangent747, Tatterfly, Teles, Template namespace initialisation script, Tempodivalse, Terra Xin, The Evil Spartan, The Thing That Should Not Be, Theresa knott, ThomasPusch, ThreeBlindMice, Thumperward, Tide rolls, Timothylord, Tnygiants, Tom harrison, Tombomp, Trödel, Ulric1313, Umbertoumm, Uncle Dick, Van helsing, Vexer, Vicarious, Vogon77, Walworth, WatsonMD, Wbd, White Trillium, Why Not A Duck, Wiki Roxor, Wikimandia, Wimt, Wknight94, Wouterstomp, WriterHound, Wser, Wysprgr2005, Xanzzibar, Yaco, Ævar Arnfjörð Bjarmason, आलोक, 629 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors Image:Illu pancrease.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Illu_pancrease.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Cradel Image:Surface projections of the organs of the trunk.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Surface_projections_of_the_organs_of_the_trunk.png License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Mikael Häggström License Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/.
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