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The Novel Species Streptococcus Tigurinus and Its Association with Oral Infection Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2015 The novel species Streptococcus tigurinus and its association with oral infection Zbinden, A ; Bostanci, N ; Belibasakis, G N Abstract: Streptococcus tigurinus is a novel species of viridans streptococci, shown to cause severe invasive infections such as infective endocarditis, spondylodiscitis and meningitis. S. tigurinus belongs to the Streptococcus mitis group and is most closely related to Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae and Streptococcus infantis. The presence of S. tigurinus in the human oral cavity has been documented, including in patients with periodontal disease. This review addresses the available scientific knowledge on S. tigurinus and its association with closely related streptococci, and discusses its putative involvement in common oral infections. While there is as yet no strong evidence on the involvement of S. tigurinus with oral infections, its presence in the oral cavity and its association with endocarditis warrants special attention for a link between oral and systemic infection. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.970472 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-102046 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported (CC BY-NC 3.0) License. Originally published at: Zbinden, A; Bostanci, N; Belibasakis, G N (2015). The novel species Streptococcus tigurinus and its association with oral infection. Virulence, 6(3):177-182. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.970472 Virulence ISSN: 2150-5594 (Print) 2150-5608 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/kvir20 The novel species Streptococcus tigurinus and its association with oral infection Andrea Zbinden, Nagihan Bostanci & Georgios N Belibasakis To cite this article: Andrea Zbinden, Nagihan Bostanci & Georgios N Belibasakis (2015) The novel species Streptococcus tigurinus and its association with oral infection, Virulence, 6:3, 177-182, DOI: 10.4161/21505594.2014.970472 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.970472 © 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC© Andrea Zbinden, Nagihan Bostanci, and Georgios N Belibasakis Accepted author version posted online: 17 Nov 2014. Published online: 17 Nov 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 626 View related articles View Crossmark data Citing articles: 2 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=kvir20 Download by: [UZH Hauptbibliothek / Zentralbibliothek Zürich] Date: 26 January 2017, At: 00:16 REVIEW Virulence 6:3, 177--182; April 2015; Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC The novel species Streptococcus tigurinus and its association with oral infection Andrea Zbinden1,*, Nagihan Bostanci2, and Georgios N Belibasakis2 1Institute of Medical Virology; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland; 2Institute of Oral Biology; Center of Dental Medicine; University of Zurich; Zurich, Switzerland Keywords: endocarditis, oral infection, periodontal disease, Streptococcus mitis group, Streptococcus tigurinus which is commonly found on mucosal surfaces and in the saliva.8 Streptococcus tigurinus is a novel species of viridans Interestingly, the filamentation capacity of S. salivarius is streptococci, shown to cause severe invasive infections such as markedly increased compared to other viridans streptococci, a infective endocarditis, spondylodiscitis and meningitis. S. property which may be required for a more efficient adhesion tigurinus belongs to the Streptococcus mitis group and is most 9 closely related to Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, onto continuously shedding oral mucosal surfaces. Other more Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pseudopneumoniae virulent bacteria potentially enter the bloodstream, which and Streptococcus infantis. The presence of S. tigurinus in the increases the risk for invasive infections, e.g., infective endocardi- 10 human oral cavity has been documented, including in patients tis. Streptococcus mitis, a prominent representative of viridans with periodontal disease. This review addresses the available streptococci, is a leading cause of infective endocarditis.11 scientificknowledgeonS. tigurinus and its association with Recently, a novel pathogen associated with severe invasive closely related streptococci, and discusses its putative infections such as infective endocarditis was described: Streptococ- involvement in common oral infections. While there is as yet no cus tigurinus belonging to viridans streptococci.12-14 S. tigurinus strong evidence on the involvement of S. tigurinus with oral initially was detected in an elderly patient with infective endocar- infections, its presence in the oral cavity and its association with ditis.12 First, a viridans streptococcal organism was isolated in endocarditis warrants special attention for a link between oral multiple blood cultures of the patient. Then, the bacterial strain and systemic infection. was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing for accurate species identification. Analysis of the aortic valve specimen of the patient by direct 16S rRNA gene broad-range PCR15 revealed an identi- cal sequence compared to that of the isolate from the blood. 16S Introduction rRNA gene sequence comparison to validated sequences in the public database showed highest sequence similarity to the strain The human oral microbiome consists of a number of bacteria; S. mitis ATCC 15914 with 99.9% identity (GenBank accession most of them are non-pathogenic commensals or act as opportu- number AY281076). The next best match in the database was 1 nistic pathogens. Some oral bacteria are implicated in oral dis- the type strain of the species S. mitis ATCC 49456T (AY485601) eases such as dental caries and periodontitis, which are among but only with 98.6% sequence identity. Obviously, this was a 2,3 the most common infections in humans. Several oral bacteria novel species because of the high sequence demarcation of 1.3%. have the capacity to form biofilms, which are built by complex Additionally, the strain ATCC 15914, which was typed in 1977 polymicrobial mechanisms on surfaces of teeth or soft oral based solely on phenotypic characteristics, must have been erro- 4 mucosa. Viridans streptococci form a major part of the human neously assigned to the species S. mitis.16 Other authors have oral microbiome, comprising 4 species groups: namely salivarius, questioned the correct species assignment of strain ATCC 15914 5 anginosus, mutans and mitis group, respectively. Streptococcus on basis of analyses of the housekeeping genes zwf and gki17 and 6 mutans is a key player in the development of dental caries, and the ribosomal 16S-23S intergenic spacer region.18 Deeper analy- Streptococcus anginosus is detected in periapical odontogenic ses by different methods such as conventional biochemical 7 abscesses, while the other species groups are less known as causa- testing, molecular analyses and DNA-DNA hybridization techni- tive agents of oral diseases. Some bacterial species are rather asso- ques proofed the presence of a novel species for which the name ciated with oral health than disease, e.g., Streptococcus salivarius, S. tigurinus was assigned.12 © Andrea Zbinden, Nagihan Bostanci, and Georgios N Belibasakis S. tigurinus is a member of the Streptococcus mitis group *Correspondence to: Andrea Zbinden; Email: [email protected] Submitted: 07/14/2014; Revised: 09/22/2014; Accepted: 09/24/2014 S. tigurinus belongs to the S. mitis group, which consists of http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/21505594.2014.970472 different species, i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pseu- This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative dopneumoniae, S. mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus infantis, Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons. Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, cristatus, Streptococcus gordonii, Streptococcus peroris, Streptococcus distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is australis, Streptococcus oligofermentans and Streptococcus sinen- properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted. sis.19,20 Recently, 3 novel species were assigned to the S. mitis www.tandfonline.com Virulence 177 S. sinensis LMG 21517T (AF432856) interspecies homology of less 93.4 S. oligofermentans LMG 21535T (AY099095) 65.3 than 95.8% was shown S. cristatus ATCC 51100T (AY584476) T within a 313-bp part of recA, 0.01 S. gordonii ATCC 10558 (AY485606) S. sanguinis ATCC 10556T (DQ303192) representing a hypervariable 54.4 S. australis ATCC 700641T (AY485604) region. Additionally, 6 signa- S. parasanguinis ATCC 15912T (AY485605) ture nucleotides specific for 94.4 S. pneumoniae ATCC 33400T (AY485600) S. pseudopneumoniae ATCC BAA-960T (AY612844) S. pneumoniae were identi- 65.6 S. mitis ATCC 49456T (AY485601) fied within the 313-bp recA 86.5 S. oralis ATCC 35037T (AY485602) fragment. T S. infantis ATCC 700779 (AY485603) Difficulties in identify- S. tigurinus AZ_3aT (JN004270) S. peroris GTC 848T (AB008314) ing bacteria
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