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Medical Glossary

AAD Allergic airway disease, an infl ammatory (Complex I) activity of mammalian disorder of the airways caused by allergens. mitochondria. AAPH 2,2 ¢ -Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihy- Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) Is an drochloride, a water-soluble azo compound that degrades (through its hydrolytic activity) used extensively as a free radical generator, the neurotransmitter , producing often in the study of peroxidation and the choline. characterization of antioxidants. Acne vulgaris Also known as chronic acne, Abeta aggregation Amyloid b protein (Abeta) usually occurring in adolescence, with come- aggregation is associated with Alzheimer’s dones (blackheads), papules (red pimples), disease (AD); it is a major component of the nodules (infl amed acne spots), and pustules extracellular plaque found in AD brains. (small infl amed pus-fi lled lesions) on the , Abdominal distension Referring to generalised , and upper part of the trunk. distension of most or all of the . Also Acidosis Increased acidity. referred to as bloating often caused Acquired immunodefi ciency syndrome by a sudden increase in fi bre from consump- (AIDS) An epidemic disease caused by an tion of vegetables, fruits and beans. infection by human immunodefi ciency virus Ablation therapy The destruction of small areas (HIV-1, HIV-2), retrovirus that causes of myocardial , usually by application of failure and debilitation and is electrical or chemical energy, in the treatment often accompanied by infections such as of some tachyarrhythmias. tuberculosis. Abortifacient A substance that causes or Acridone An organic compound based on the induces abortion. acridine skeleton, with a carbonyl group at the Abortivum A substance inducing abortion. 9 position. Abscess A swollen infected, infl amed area fi lled ACTH Adrenocorticotropic hormone (or corti- with pus in body tissues. cotropin), a polypeptide tropic hormone pro- ABTS 2,2 Azinobis-3-ethylhenthiazoline-6- duced and secreted by the anterior pituitary sulfonic acid, a type of mediator in chemical . It plays a role in the synthesis and reaction kinetics of specifi c . secretion of gluco- and mineralo-corticosteroids A C A T Acyl CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase. and androgenic steroids. ACE See -converting enzyme. Activating (ATF) A protein ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) Also (gene) that binds to specifi c DNA sequences known as ‘corticotropin’, is a polypeptide tropic regulating the transfer or transcription of infor- hormone produced and secreted by the ante- mation from DNA to mRNA. rior . Activator protein-1 (AP-1) A heterodimeric Acetogenins Natural products from the protein transcription factor that regulates gene of the family Annonaceae, are very potent expression in response to a variety of stimuli, inhibitors of the NADH-ubiquinone reductase including , growth factors, stress,

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits, 791 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 792 Medical Glossary

and bacterial and viral infections. AP-1 in turn Adipose tissues Body , loose connective tissue regulates a number of cellular processes composed of adipocytes (fat cells). including differentiation, proliferation, and Adoptogen Containing smooth pro-stressors apoptosis. which reduce reactivity of host defense sys- Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases A group of enzymes tems and decrease damaging effects of various that catalyzes the initial step in each cycle of stressors due to increased basal level of medi- fatty acid b -oxidation in the mitochondria of ators involved in the stress response. cells. Adrenal Star-shaped endocrine glands Adaptogen A term used by herbalists to refer to that sit on top of the kidneys. a natural herb product that increases the body’s Adrenalectomized Having had the adrenal resistance to stresses such as trauma, stress glands surgically removed. and fatigue. Adrenergic Having to de with adrenaline (epi- Adaptogenic Increasing the resistance of the nephrine) and/or noradrenaline (norepinephrine). body to stress. Adrenergic receptors A class of G protein-coupled Addison’s disease Is a rare endocrine disorder. receptors that are targets of the noradrenaline It occurs when the adrenal glands cannot (norepinephrine) and adrenaline (epinephrine). produce suffi cient hormones (corticosteroids). Adulterant An impure ingredient added into a It is also known as chronic adrenal insuffi ciency, preparation. hypocortisolism or hypocorticism. Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) Adenocarcinoma A cancer originating in glan- Resultant products of a chain of chemical dular tissue. reactions after an initial glycation reaction. Adenoma A benign tumour from a glandular AGEs may play an important adverse role in origin. process of , , aging and Adenopathy Abnormal enlargement or swelling chronic renal failure. of the node. Aegilops An ulcer or fi stula in the inner corner receptors A class of purinergic, of the eye. G-protein coupled receptors with adenosine as Afferent Something that so conducts or carries endogenous ligand. In humans, there are four towards, such as a vessel, fi bre, or . adenosine receptors. A 1 receptors and A 2A Agammaglobulinaemia An inherited disorder play roles in the , regulating myocardial in which there are very low levels of protective oxygen consumption and coronary blood fl ow, immune proteins called immunoglobulins. Cf. while the A2A receptor also has broader anti- x-linked agammaglobulinaemia. infl ammatory effects throughout the body. Agalactia Lack of milk after parturition (birth). These two receptors also have important roles Agglutinin A protein substance, such as an anti- in the brain, regulating the release of other body, that is capable of causing agglutination neurotransmitters such as dopamine and glu- (clumping) of a particular antigen. tamate, while the A 2B and A 3 receptors are Agglutination Clumping of particles. located mainly peripherally and are involved Agonist A drug that binds to a receptor of a cell in infl ammation and immune responses. and triggers a response by the cell. ADH See alcohol dehydrogenase. Ague A (such as from malaria) that is Adipocyte A fat cell involved in the synthesis marked by paroxysms of chills, fever, and and storage of . sweating that recurs with regular intervals. Adipocytokine Bioactive cytokines produced AHR AhR, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a cytosolic by adipose tissues protein transcription factor. A protein in humans that modu- AIDS See Acquired Immunodefi ciency Syndrome. lates several physiological processes, such as Akathisia A movement disorder in which there metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, and is an urge or need to move the legs to stop immune responses. unpleasant sensations. Also called restless leg Medical Glossary 793

syndrome, the disorder is often caused by Allergy A hypersensitivity state induced by long-term use of antipsychotic medications. exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) Akt signaling pathway Akt are protein kinases resulting in harmful immunologic reactions involved in mammalian cellular signaling, on subsequent exposures. The term is usually inhibits apoptotic processes. used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environ- Akt/FoxO pathway Cellular processes involving mental antigen (atopic allergy or contact Akt and FoxO transcription factors that play a dermatitis) or to drug allergy. role in and . Allogeneic Cells or tissues which are geneti- Alanine transaminase (ALT) Also called cally different because they are derived from Serum Glutamic Pyruvate Transaminase separate individuals of the same species. Also (SGPT) or Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT), refers to a type of immunological reaction that an enzyme present in ( cells). occurs when cells are transplanted into a When a cell is damaged, it leaks this enzyme genetically different recipient. into the blood. Allografts Or homografts, a graft between indi- ALAT (Alanine aminotransferase) See Alanine viduals of the same species, but of different transaminase. genotypes. Albumin Water soluble proteins found in egg Alloknesis Itch produced by innocuous mechan- white, blood serum, milk, various animal ical stimulation. tissues and juices and tissues. Allostasis The process of achieving stability, or Albuminaria Excessive amount of albumin , through physiological or behav- in the urine, a symptom of severe ioral change. disease. Alopecia Is the loss of on the body. Aldose reductase, aldehyde reductase An Alopecia areata Is a particular disorder affect- enzyme in carbohydrate metabolism that ing hair growth (loss of hair) in the and converts glucose to sorbitol. elsewhere. Alexipharmic An antidote, remedy for poison. ALP See Alkaline phosphatase. Alexiteric A preservative against contagious Alpha-adrenoceptor Receptors postulated to and infectious diseases, and the effects of exist on nerve cell membranes of the sympa- poisons. thetic in order to explain the Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) An enzyme specifi city of certain agents that affect only involved in the break-down of alcohol. some sympathetic activities (such as vasocon- Algesic Endogenous substances involved in the striction and relaxation of intestinal muscles production of that is associated with and contraction of smooth muscles). infl ammation, e.g. , and Alpha amylase a -amylase A major form of . amylase found in humans and other mam- Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) An enzyme in the mals that cleaves a-bonds of large sugar cells lining the biliary ducts of the liver. ALP molecules. levels in plasma will rise with large bile ALT See Alanine transaminase. obstruction, intrahepatic cholestasis or infi l- Alterative A medication or treatment which trative diseases of the liver. ALP is also pres- gradually induces a change, and restores healthy ent in and placental tissues. functions without sensible evacuations. Allergenic Having the properties of an antigen Alveolar A vigorously phagocytic (allergen), immunogenic. macrophage on the epithelial surface of Allergic Pertaining to, caused, affected with, or alveoli that ingests carbon and other inhaled the nature of the allergy. particulate matter. Also called coniophage or Allergic conjunctivitis Infl ammation of the dust cell. tissue lining the (conjunctiva) due to Alzheimer’s disease A degenerative, organic, allergy. mental disease characterized by progressive 794 Medical Glossary

brain deterioration and dementia, usually cells or , which produce a local occurring after the age of 50. infl ammatory response. Amastigote Refers to a cell that does not have Anaplasia A reversion of differentiation in cells any fl agella, used mainly to describe a cer- and is characteristic of malignant neoplasms tain phase in the life-cycle of trypanosome (tumours). protozoans. Anaplastic adj. see anaplasia. Amenorrhea The condition when a woman fails Anasarca Accumulation of great quantity of to have menstrual periods. fl uid in body tissues. Amidolytic Cleavage of the amide structure. Androgen Male sex hormone in vertebrates. Amoebiasis State of being infected by amoeba Androgens may be used in patients with such as Entamoeba histolytica . cancer to treat recurrence of the disease. Amoebicidal Lethal to amoeba. Android adiposity Centric fat distribution pat- AMPK (5¢ AMP-activated protein kinase) Or terns with increased disposition towards the 5 ¢ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein abdominal area, visceral fat – apple shaped cf kinase, enzyme that plays a role in cellular gynoid adiposity. energy homeostasis. Angina pectoris, Angina Chest pain or chest Amyloid beta (A b or Abeta) A peptide of discomfort that occurs when the heart muscle 39–43 amino acids that appear to be the main does not get enough blood. constituent of amyloid plaques in the brains of Angiogenesis A physiological process involving Alzheimer’s disease patients. the growth of new blood vessels from pre- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Or ALS, is a existing vessels. disease of the motor neurons in the brain and Angiogenic adj. see angiogenesis. that control voluntary muscle Angiotensin An oligopeptide hormone in the movement. blood that causes blood vessels to constrict, Amyotrophy Progressive wasting of muscle and drives up. It is part of the tissues. adj. amyotrophic. -angiotensin system. Anaemia A blood disorder in which the blood is Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) An defi cient in red blood cells and in haemoglobin. exopeptidase, a circulating enzyme that Anaesthesia Condition of having sansation tem- participates in the body’s renin-angiotensin porarily supressed. system (RAS) which mediates extracellular Anaesthetic A substance that decreases partially volume (i.e. that of the blood plasma, lymph or totally nerve the of pain. and interstitial fl uid), and arterial vasocon- Analeptic A central nervous system (CNS) striction. stimulant medication. Angioplasty Medical procedure used to open Analgesia Term describing relief, reduction or obstructed or narrowed resulting suppression of pain. adj. analgetic. usually from atherosclerosis. Analgesic A substance that relieves or reduces Anisonucleosis A morphological manifestation pain. of nuclear injury characterized by variation in Anaphoretic An antiperspirant. the size of the cell nuclei. Anaphylaxis A severe, life-threatening allergic Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) Is a type of infl am- response that may be characterized by symp- matory arthritis that targets the of the toms such as reduced blood pressure, wheezing, spine. vomiting or diarrhea. Annexitis Also called adnexitis, a pelvic infl am- Anaphylactic adj. see anaphylaxis. matory disease involving the infl ammation of Anaphylotoxins Are fragments (C3a, C4a or the or fallopian tubes. C5a) that are produced during the pathways of Anodyne A substance that relieves or soothes the . They can trigger pain by lessening the sensitivity of the brain or release of substances of endothelial cells, mast nervous system. Also called an analgesic. Medical Glossary 795

Anoikis Apoptosis that is induced by inadequate Antiarrhythmic A substance to correct irregu- or inappropriate cell-matrix interactions. lar heartbeats and restore the normal rhythm. Anorectal Relating to the and anus. Antiasmathic Drug that treats or ameliorates Anorectics Appetite suppressants, substances asthma. which reduce the desire to eat. Used on a short Antiatherogenic That protects against athero- term basis clinically to treat obesity. Also genesis, the formation of (plaques) called anorexigenics. in . Anorexia Lack or loss of desire to eat. Antibacterial Substance that kills or inhibits Anorexic Having no appetite to eat. bacteria. Anorexigenics See anorectics. Antibilious An agent or substance which helps Antagonist A substance that acts against and remove excess bile from the body. blocks an action. A chemical substance produced by a Antalgic A substance used to relive a painful microorganism which has the capacity to condition. inhibit the growth of or to kill other microor- Antecubital This vein is located in the ganisms. antecubital fossa – the area of the in front Antiblennorrhagic A substance that treats of the . blennorrhagia a conjunctival infl ammation Anterior uveitis Is the most common form of resulting in mucus discharge. ocular infl ammation that often causes a pain- Antibody A gamma globulin protein produced ful red eye. by a kind of called the plasma Anthelmintic An agent or substance that is cell in the blood used by the immune system destructive to worms and used for expulsion to identify and neutralize foreign objects of internal parasitic worms in animals and (antigen). humans. Anticarcinomic A substance that kills or inhibits Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl a- carcinomas (any cancer that arises in / vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. tissue cells). Which are benefi cial to health. They occur as Anticephalalgic Headache-relieving or preventing. water-soluble vacuolar pigments that may Anticestodal A chemical destructive to appear red, purple, or blue according to pH in tapeworms. plants. Anticholesterolemic A substance that can prevent Anthrax A bacterial disease of cattle and ship the build up of cholesterol. that can be transmitted to man though unpro- Anticlastogenic Having a suppressing effect of cessed wool. chromosomal aberrations. Anthropometric Pertaining to the study of Anticoagulant A substance that thins the blood measurements. and acts to inhibit blood from stick- Antiamoebic A substance that destroys or sup- ing together. presses parasitic amoebae. Antidepressant A substance that suppresses Antiamyloidogenic Compounds that inhibit the depression or sadness. formation of Alzheimer’s b -amyloid fi brils Antidiabetic A substance that prevents or alle- (fA b) from amyloid b -peptide (A b) and desta- viates diabetes. Also called antidiabetogenic. bilize fAb . Antidiarrhoeal Having the property of stopping Antianaphylactic Agent that can prevent the or correcting diarrhoea, an agent having such occurrence of anaphylaxis (life threatening action. allergic response). Antidote A remedy for counteracting a poison. Antiangiogenic A drug or substance used to Antidopaminergic A term for a chemical that stop the growth of tumours and progression of prevents or counteracts the effects of cancers by limiting the pathologic formation dopamine. of new blood vessels (angiogenesis). Antidrepanocytary Anti-sickle cell anaemia. 796 Medical Glossary

Antidysenteric An agent used to reduce or treat Antihyperlidemic Promoting a reduction of dysentery and diarrhea. lipid levels in the blood, or an agent that has Antidyslipidemic Agent that will reduce the this action. abnormal amount of and in Antihypersensitive A substance used to treat the blood. excessive reactivity to any stimuli. Anti-edematous Reduces or suppresses . Antihypertensive A drug used in medicine and Anti-emetic An agent that stops vomiting. pharmacology to treat (high Anti-epileptic A drug used to treat or prevent blood pressure). convulsions, anticonvulsant. Antiinfl ammatory A substance used to reduce Antifebrile A substance that reduces fever, also or prevent infl ammation. called antipyretic. Antileishmanial Inhibiting the growth and pro- Antifeedant Preventing something from being liferation of Leishmania a of fl agellate eaten. protozoans that are parasitic in the tissues of Antifertility Agent that inhibits formation of vertebrates. ova and sperm and disrupts the process of Antileprotic Therapeutically effective against fertilization (antizygotic). leprosy. Antifi larial Effective against human fi larial Antilithiatic An agent that reduces or sup- worms. presses urinary calculi (stones) and acts to dis- Antifungal An agent that kills or inhibits the solve those already present. growth of fungi. Antileukaemic Anticancer drugs that are used Antigen A substance that prompts the produc- to treat leukemia. tion of antibodies and can cause an immune Antilithogenic Inhibiting the formation of cal- response. adj. antigenic. culi (stones). Antigenotoxic An agent that inhibits DNA Antimalarial An agent used to treat malaria adduct formation, stimulates DNA repair mech- and/or kill the malaria-causing organism, anisms, and possesses antioxidant functions. Plasmodium spp. Antiganacratia Anti-menstruation. Antimelanogenesis Obstruct production of Antigastralgic Preventing or alleviating gastric melanin. colic. Antimicrobial A substance that destroys or Antihematic Agent that stops vomiting. inhibits growth of disease-causing bacteria, Antihemorrhagic An agent which stops or viruses, fungi and other microorganisms. prevents . Antimitotic Inhibiting or preventing mitosis. Antihepatotoxic Counteracting injuries to the Antimutagenic An agent that inhibits mutations. liver. Antimycotic Antifungal. Antiherpetic Having activity against Herpes Antineoplastic Said of a drug intended to inhibit Simplex Virus (HSV). or prevent the maturation and proliferation of An agent used to counteract the neoplasms that may become malignant, by effects of production in allergic targeting the DNA. reactions. Antineuralgic A substance that stops intense Antihyperalgesia The ability to block enhanced intermittent pain, usually of the head or face, sensitivity to pain, usually produced by nerve caused by neuralgia. injury or infl ammation, to nociceptive stimuli. Antinociception Reduction in pain: a reduction adj. antihyperalgesic. in pain sensitivity produced within neurons Antihypercholesterolemia Term to describe when an endorphin or similar opium-containing lowering of cholesterol level in the blood or substance opioid combines with a receptor. blood serum. Antinociceptive Having an analgesic effect. Antihypercholesterolemic Agent that lowers Antinutrient Are natural or synthetic compounds cholesterol level in the blood or blood serum. that interfere with the absorption of nutrients Medical Glossary 797

and are commonly found in sources and RNA sequence, translation of the mRNA into beverages. the protein is blocked. This may slow or halt Antioestrogen A substance that inhibits the bio- the growth of cancer cells. logical effects of female sex hormones. Antiseptic Preventing decay or putrefaction, a Antiophidian Anti of snake. substance inhibiting the growth and develop- Antiosteoporotic Substance that can prevent ment of microorganisms. osteoporosis. Anti-sickling agent An agent used to prevent or Antiovulatory Substance suppressing ovulation. reverse the pathological events leading to sick- Antioxidant A chemical compound or substance ling of erythrocytes in sickle cell conditions. that inhibits oxidation and protects against free Antispasmodic A substance that relieves spasms radical activity and lipid oxidation such as or inhibits the contraction of smooth muscles; vitamin E, vitamin C, or b-carotene (converted smooth muscle relaxant, muscle-relaxer. to vitamin B), carotenoids and fl avonoids Antispermatogenic Preventing or suppressing which are thought to protect body cells from the production of semen or spermatozoa. the damaging effects of oxidation. Many Antisudorifi c See antiperspirant. including fruit and vegetables contain com- Antisyphilitic A drug (or other chemical agent) pounds with antioxidant properties. Antioxi- that is effective against syphilis. dants may also reduce the risks of cancer and Antithermic A substance that reduces fever and age-related macular degeneration(AMD). temperature. Also known as antipyretic. Antipaludic Antimalarial. Antithrombotic Preventing or interfering with Antiperiodic Substance that prevents the recur- the formation of thrombi. rence of symptoms of a disease e.g. malaria. Antitoxin An antibody with the ability to neu- Antiperspirant A substance that inhibits sweat- tralize a specifi c toxin. ing. Also called antisudorifi c, anaphoretic. Antitumoral Substance that acts against the Antiphlogistic A traditional term for a sub- growth, development or spread of a tumour. stance used against infl ammation, an anti- Antitussive A substance that depresses coughing. infl ammatory. Antiulcerogenic An agent used to protect against Antiplatelet agent Drug that decreases the formation of ulcers, or is used for the treat- aggregation and inhibits formation. ment of ulcers. Antiplasmodial Suppressing or destroying Antivenin An agent used against the of a plasmodia. snake, spider, or other venomous animal or Antiproliferative Preventing or inhibiting the insect. reproduction of similar cells. Antivinous An agent or substance that treats Antiprostatic Drug to treat the . addiction to alcohol. Antiprotozoal Suppressing the growth or repro- Antiviral Substance that destroys or inhibits the duction of protozoa. growth and viability of infectious viruses. Antipruritic Alleviating or preventing itching. Antivomitive A substance that reduces or sup- Antipyretic A substance that reduces fever or presses vomiting. quells it. Also known as antithermic. Antizygotic See antifertility. Antirheumatic Relieving or preventing rheu- Anuria Absence of urine production and excre- matism. tion. adj. anuric. Antiscorbutic A substance or plant rich in vita- Anxiolytic A drug prescribed for the treatment min C that is used to counteract scurvy. of symptoms of anxiety. Antisecretory Inhibiting or diminishing secretion. APAF-1 Apoptotic protease activating factor 1. Antisense Refers to antisense RNA strand Also known as APLN, a peptide which because its sequence of nucleotides is the com- in humans is encoded by the APLN gene. plement of message sense. When mRNA forms Aperient A substance that acts as a mild laxa- a duplex with a complementary antisense tive by increasing fl uids in the bowel. 798 Medical Glossary

Aperitif An appetite stimulant. Arachidonate cascade Includes the cyclooxy- Aphonia Loss of the voice resulting from disease, genase (COX) pathway to form prostanoids injury to the vocal cords, or various psycho- and the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway to gen- logical causes, such as hysteria. erate several oxygenated fatty acids, collec- Aphrodisiac An agent that increases sexual tively called eicosanoids. activity and libido and/or improves sexual per- Aribofl avinosis A condition caused by the formance. dietary defi ciency of ribofl avin that is charac- Apnoea Suspension of external . terized by lesions, seborrhea, and vas- (APOB) Primary apolipo- cularization. protein of low-density lipoproteins which is Aromatase An enzyme involved in the produc- responsible for carrying cholesterol to tissues. tion of that acts by catalyzing the Apoplexy A condition in which the brain’s func- conversion of testosterone (an androgen) to tion stops with loss of voluntary motion and estradiol (an estrogen). Aromatase is located sense. in estrogen-producing cells in the adrenal Apoprotein The protein moiety of a molecule glands, ovaries, , , adipose or complex, as of a . (fat) tissue, and brain. Appendicitis Is a condition characterized by Aromatic Having a pleasant, fragrant odour. infl ammation of the . Also called epi- Aromatherapy A form of alternative medicine typhlitis. that uses volatile liquid plant materials, such Appetite stimulant A substance to increase or as essential oils and other scented compounds stimulate the appetite. Also called aperitif. from plants for the purpose of affecting a per- Aphthae White, painful oral ulcer of unknown son’s mood or health. cause. Arrhythmias Abnormal heart rhythms that can Apthous ulcer Canker sore in the lining of the cause the heart to pump less effectively. Also mouth. called dysrhythmias. A canker sore, a type of Arsenicosis See arsenism. painful oral ulcer or sore inside the mouth or Arsenism An incommunicable disease resulting upper , caused by a break in the mucous from the ingestion of ground water containing membrane. Also called aphthous ulcer. unsafe levels of arsenic, also known as arseni- Apolipoprotein A-I (APOA1) A major protein cosis. component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) Arteriosclerosis Imprecise term for various dis- in plasma. The protein promotes cholesterol orders of arteries, particularly hardening due effl ux from tissues to the liver for excretion. to fi brosis or calcium deposition, often used as Apolipoprotein B (APOB) Is the primary apo- a synonym for atherosclerosis. lipoprotein of low-density lipoproteins (LDL Arthralgia Is pain in the joints from many pos- or “bad cholesterol”), which is responsible for sible causes. carrying cholesterol to tissues. Arthritis Infl ammation of the joints of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) The apolipoprotein body. found on intermediate density lipoprotein and Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) A ligand- chylomicron that binds to a specifi c receptor activated transcription factor best known for on liver and peripheral cells. mediating the toxicity of dioxin and other Apoptogenic Ability to cause death of cells. exogenous contaminants and is responsible Apoptosis Death of cells. for their toxic effects, including immunosup- Aphthous ulcer Also known as a canker sore, is pression. a type of oral ulcer, which presents as a painful ASATor AST Aspartate aminotransferase, see open sore inside the mouth or upper throat. aspartate transaminase, Apurinic A DNA enzyme that catalyses a Ascaris A genus of parasitic intestinal round chemical reaction. worms. Medical Glossary 799

Ascites Abnormal accumulation of fl uid within Athlete’s A contagious skin disease caused the abdominal or peritoneal cavity. by parasitic fungi affecting the foot, , Ascorbic acid See vitamin C. causing itching, blisters and cracking. Also Aspartate transaminase (AST) Also called called dermatophytosis. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase Atherogenic Having the capacity to start or (SGOT) or aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) accelerate the process of atherogenesis. is similar to ALT in that it is another enzyme Atherogenesis The formation of lipid deposits associated with liver parenchymal cells. It is in the arteries. increased in acute liver damage, but is also A deposit or degenerative accumula- present in red blood cells, and cardiac and tion of lipid-containing plaques on the inner- and is therefore not specifi c to most layer of the wall of an . the liver. Atherosclerosis The condition in which an Asphyxia Failure or suppression of the respira- artery wall thickens as the result of a build-up tory process due to obstruction of air fl ow to the of fatty materials such as cholesterol. or to the lack of oxygen in inspired air. Atherothrombosis Medical condition charac- Asphyxiation The process of undergoing terized by an unpredictable, sudden disruption asphyxia. (rupture or erosion/fi ssure) of an atheroscle- Asthenia A nonspecifi c symptom characterized rotic plaque, which leads to platelet activation by loss of energy, strength and feeling of and thrombus formation. weakness. Athymic mice Laboratory mice lacking a thy- Asthenopia Weakness or fatigue of the eyes, mus gland. usually accompanied by headache and dim- Atonic Lacking normal tone or strength. ming of vision. adj. asthenopic. Atony Insuffi cient muscular tone. Asthma A chronic illness involving the respira- Atopic dermatitis An infl ammatory, non-conta- tory system in which the airway occasionally gious, pruritic skin disorder of unknown etiol- constricts, becomes infl amed, and is lined with ogy; often called eczema. excessive amounts of mucus, often in response Atresia A congenital medical condition in which to one or more triggers. a body orifi ce or passage in the body is abnor- Astringent A substance that contracts blood mally closed or absent. vessels and certain body tissues (such as Atretic ovarian follicles An involuted or closed mucous membranes) with the effect of reduc- ovarian follicle. ing secretion and excretion of fl uids and/or Atrial fi brillation Is the most common cardiac has a drying effect. arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) and involves Collectively called astroglia, are the two upper chambers (atria) of the heart. characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the Attention-defi cit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, brain and spinal cord. ADD or AD/HD) Is a neurobehavioral devel- Ataxia (loss of co-ordination) results from the opmental disorder, primarily characterized by degeneration of nerve tissue in the spinal cord “the co-existence of attentional problems and and of that control muscle movement hyperactivity. in the and legs. Auditory brainstem response (ABR) Also Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related pro- called brainstem evoked response (BSER) is tein (ATR) Also known as Serine/threonine- an electrical signal evoked from the brainstem protein kinase ATR, FRAP-related protein 1 of a human by the presentation of a sound (FRP1), is an enzyme encoded by the ATR such as a click. gene. It is involved in sensing DNA damage Augmerosen A drug that may kill cancer cells and activating the DNA damage checkpoint, by blocking the production of a protein that leading to cell cycle arrest makes cancer cells live longer. Also called ATF-2 Activating transcription factor 2. bcl-2 antisense oligonucleotide. 800 Medical Glossary

Auricular Of or relating to the auricle or the Basophil A type of white blood cell with coarse in general. granules within the cytoplasm and a bilobate Aurones [2-Benzylidenebenzofuran-3(2H)- (two-lobed) nucleus. ones] are the secondary plant metabolites and BCL-2 A family of apoptosis regulator proteins is a subgroup of fl avonoids. See fl avonoids. in humans encoded by the B-cell lymphoma 2 Autoantibodies Antibodies manufactured by the (BCL-2) gene. immune system that mistakenly target and BCL-2 antisense oligonucleotide S e e damage specifi c tissues and organs of the body. augmereson. Autolysin An enzyme that hydrolyzes and BCR/ABL A chimeric oncogene, from fusion destroys the components of a biological cell or of BCR and ABL cancer genes associated a tissue in which it is produced. with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Autophagy of the cell contents by Bechic A remedy or treatment of cough. enzymes in the same cell. Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) Act Autopsy Examination of a cadaver to determine as a relay site within the hypothalamic-pitu- or confi rm the cause of death. itary-adrenal axis and regulate its activity in Avidity Index Describes the collective interac- response to acute stress. tions between antibodies and a multivalent Belching, or burping Refers to the noisy release of antigen. air or gas from the stomach through the mouth. Avulsed teeth Is tooth that has been knocked out. Beri-beri Is a disease caused by a defi ciency of Ayurvedic Traditional Hindu system of medicine thiamine (vitamin B 1 ) that affects many sys- based largely on homeopathy and naturopathy. tems of the body, including the muscles, heart, Azoospermia Is the medical condition of a male nerves, and digestive system. not having any measurable level of sperm in Beta-carotene Naturally-occurring retinol (vita- his semen. min A) precursor obtained from certain fruits Azotaemia A higher than normal blood level of and vegetables with potential antineoplastic or other nitrogen containing compounds and chemopreventive activities. As an anti- in the blood. oxidant, b carotene inhibits free-radical Babesia A protozoan parasite (malaria–like) of damage to DNA. This agent also induces cell the blood that causes a hemolytic disease differentiation and apoptosis of some tumour known as Babesiosis. cell types, particularly in early stages of tum- Babesiosis Malaria-like parasitic disease caused origenesis, and enhances immune system by Babesia, a genus of protozoal piroplasms. activity by stimulating the release of natural Bactericidal Lethal to bacteria. killer cells, , and monocytes. Balanitis Is an infl ammation of the glans (head) Beta- Is a multifunctional oncogenic of the penis. protein that contributes fundamentally to cell BALB/c mice Balb/c mouse was developed in development and biology, it has been impli- 1923 by McDowell. It is a popular strain and cated as an integral component in the Wnt is used in many different research disciplines, signaling pathway. but most often in the production of monoclo- Beta cells A type of cell in the in areas nal antibodies. called the islets of Langerhans. Balm Aromatic oily resin from certain trees and Beta-thalassemia An inherited blood disorder shrubs used in medicine. that reduces the production of hemoglobin. Baroreceptor A type of interoceptor that is Beta-lactamase Enzymes produced by some stimulated by pressure changes, as those in bacteria that are responsible for their resistance blood vessel wall. to b-lactam like penicillins. Barrett’s (Barrett esophagitis) A BHT Butylated hydroxytoluene (phenolic com- disorder in which the lining of the esophagus pound), an antioxidant used in foods, cosmet- is damaged by stomach acid. ics, pharmaceuticals, and petroleum products. Medical Glossary 801

Bifi dobacterium Is a genus of Gram-positive, Bleeding diathesis Is an unusual susceptibility non-motile, often branched anaerobic bacteria. to bleeding (hemorrhage) due to a defect in Bifi dobacteria are one of the major genera of the system of . bacteria that make up the gut fl ora. Bifi dobac- Blennorrhagia Gonorrhea. teria aid in digestion, are associated with a Blennorrhea Inordinate discharge of mucus, lower incidence of allergies and also prevent especially a gonorrheal discharge from the some forms of tumour growth. Some bifi do- or . bacteria are being used as probiotics. Blepharitis Infl ammation of the eyelids. Bifi dogenic Promoting the growth of (benefi - Blister Thin vesicle on the skin containing cial) bifi dobacteria in the intestinal tract. serum and caused by rubbing, friction or burn. Bile Fluid secreted by the liver and discharged Blood brain barrier (BBB) Is a separation of into the where it is integral in the circulating blood and cerebrospinal fl uid digestion and absorption of fats. (CSF) in the central nervous system (CNS). It Bilharzia, bilharziosis See Schistosomiasis. allows essential metabolites, such as oxygen Biliary Relating to the bile or the organs in and glucose, to pass from the blood to the brain which the bile is contained or transported. and central nervous system (CNS) but blocks Biliary infections Infection of (s) associ- most molecules that are more massive than ated with bile, comprise: (a) acute cholecystitis: about 500 Da. an acute infl ammation of the gallbladder Boil Localized pyrogenic, painful infection, wall; (b) cholangitis: infl ammation of the bile originating in a hair follicle. ducts. Borborygmus Rumbling noise caused by the Biliousness Old term used in the eighteenth and muscular contractions of peristalsis, the pro- nineteenth centuries pertaining to bad diges- cess that moves the contents of the stomach tion, stomach , constipation, and exces- and intestines downward. sive fl atulence. Bowman Birk inhibitors Type of serine protei- Bilirubin A breakdown product of heme (a part nase inhibitor. of haemoglobin in red blood cells) produced Bouillon A broth in French cuisine. by the liver that is excreted in bile which Bradicardia As applied to adult medicine, is causes a yellow discoloration of the skin and defi ned as a resting heart rate of under 60 beats eyes when it accumulates in those organs. per minute. Biotin Also known as vitamin B7. See vitamin B7. Bradyphrenia Referring to the slowness of Bitter A medicinal agent with a bitter and thought common to many disorders of the used as a tonic, alterative or appetizer. brain. Blackhead See comedone. Brain derived neutrophic factor (BDNF) A Blackwater fever Dangerous complication of protein member of the neutrophin family that malarial whereby the red blood cells burst in plays an important role in the growth, mainte- the blood stream (haemolysis) releasing hae- nance, function and survival of neurons. The moglobin directly into the blood. protein molecule is involved in the modula- Blain See chilblain. tion of cognitive and emotional functions Blastocyst Blastocyst is an embryonic structure and in the treatment of a variety of mental formed in the early embryogenesis of mam- disorders. mals, after the formation of the morula, but Bright’s disease Chronic nephritis. before implantation. Bronchial infl ammation See bronchitis. Blastocystotoxic Agent that suppresses further Bronchiectasis A condition in which the airways development of the blastocyst through to the within the lungs (bronchial tubes) become ovum stage. damaged and widened. Blebbing Bulging e.g. membrane blebbing also Bronchitis Is an infl ammation of the main air called membrane bulging or ballooning. passages (bronchi) to your lungs. 802 Medical Glossary

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) A medical pro- Caco-2 cell line A continuous line of heteroge- cedure in which a bronchoscope is passed neous human epithelial colorectal adenocarci- through the mouth or nose into the lungs and noma cells. fl uid is squirted into a small part of the lung Cadaver A dead body, corpse. and then recollected for examination. Ca 2+ ATPase (PMCA) is a transport protein in Bronchopneumonia Or bronchial pneumonia; the plasma membrane of cells that serves to infl ammation of the lungs beginning in the ter- remove calcium (Ca 2+ ) from the cell. minal bronchioles. Calcium (Ca) Is the most abundant mineral in Broncho-pulmonary Relating to the bronchi the body found mainly in and teeth. It is and lungs. required for muscle contraction, blood vessel Bronchospasm Is a diffi culty in breathing expansion and contraction, secretion of hor- caused by a sudden constriction of the muscles mones and enzymes, and transmitting impulses in the walls of the bronchioles as occurs in throughout the nervous system. Dietary sources asthma. include milk, yoghurt, cheese, Chinese cab- Brown fat Brown (BAT) in mam- bage, kale, broccoli, some green leafy vegeta- mals, its primary function is to generate body bles, fortifi ed cereals, beverages and soybean heat in animals or newborns that do not products. shiver. Calcium ATPase Is a form of P-ATPase which Bubo Infl amed, swollen in the neck transfers calcium after a muscle has contracted. or . Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) A class of Buccal Of or relating to the or the mouth drugs and natural substances that disrupt cavity. the calcium (Ca2+) conduction of calcium Bullae Blisters; circumscribed, fl uid-containing, channels. elevated lesions of the skin, usually more than Calculus (calculi) Hardened, mineral deposits 5 mm in diameter. that can form a blockage in the urinary Bursitis Condition characterized by infl amma- system. tion of one or more bursae (small sacs) of syn- Calculi infection Most calculi arise in the kid- ovial fl uid in the body. ney when urine becomes supersaturated with a C-jun NH(2)-terminal kinase Enzymes that salt that is capable of forming solid crystals. belong to the family of the MAPK superfam- Symptoms arise as these calculi become ily of protein kinases. These kinases mediate a impacted within the as they pass toward plethora of cellular responses to such stressful the . stimuli, including apoptosis and production of Caligo Dimness or obscurity of sight, dependent infl ammatory and immunoregulatory cytok- upon a speck on the . ines in diverse cell systems. cf: MAPK. Calmodulin Is a Calcium Modulated -FOS A cellular proto-oncogene belonging to that can bind to and regulate a multitude of the immediate early gene family of transcrip- different protein targets, thereby affecting tion factors. many different cellular functions. C-reactive protein A protein found in the blood cAMP dependent pathway Cyclic adenosine the levels of which rise in response to infl am- monophosphate is a G protein-coupled recep- mation. tor triggered signaling cascade used in cell c-Src A cellular non-receptor . communication in living organisms. CAAT element-binding proteins-a (c/ CAMP factor Diffusible, heat-stable, extracel- EBP-akpha) Regulates gene expression in lular protein produced by Group B Strepto- adipocytes in the liver. coccus t hat enhances the hemolysis of sheep Cachexia Physical wasting with loss of weight, erythrocytes by Staphylococcus aureus. It is muscle atrophy, fatigue, weakness caused by named after Christie, Atkins, and Munch- disease. Peterson, who described it in 1944. Medical Glossary 803

Cancer A malignant neoplasm or tumour in nay Caries Tooth decay, commonly called cavities. part of the body. Cariogenic Leading to the production of caries. Candidiasis Infections caused by members of the Carminative Substance that stops the formation fungus genus Candida that range from super- of intestinal gas and helps expel gas that has fi cial, such as oral thrush and vaginitis, to sys- already formed, relieving fl atulence: relieving temic and potentially life-threatening diseases. fl atulence or colic by expelling gas. Canker See . Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1) Also Carboxypeptidase An enzyme that hydrolyzes known as carnitine acyltransferase I or CAT1 the carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) end of a is a mitochondrial enzyme, involved in con- peptide bond. It is synthesized in the pancreas verting long chain fatty acid into energy. and secreted into the . Carotenes Are a large group of intense red and Carbuncle Is an abscess larger than a boil, yellow pigments found in all plants ; these are usually with one or more openings draining hydrocarbon carotenoids (subclass of tetrater- pus onto the skin. penes) and the principal carotene is b-carotene Carcinogenesis Production of carcinomas. adj. which is a precursor of vitamin A. carcinogenic. Carotenoids A class of natural fat-soluble pig- Carcinoma Any malignant cancer that arises ments found principally in plants, belonging from epithelial cells. to a subgroup of terpenoids containing 8 iso- Carcinosarcoma A rare tumour containing car- prene units forming a C40 polyene chain. cinomatous and sarcomatous components. Carotenoids play an important potential role Cardiac Relating to, situated near or affecting in human health by acting as biological anti- the heart. oxidants. See also carotenes. Cardiac asthma Acute attack of dyspnoea with Carotenodermia Yellow skin discoloration wheezing resulting from a cardiac disorder. caused by excess blood carotene. Cardialgia Heartburn. Carpopedal spasm Spasm of the or foot, Cardinolides Cardiac glycosides with a 5-mem- or of the and great . bered lactone ring in the side chain of the Capases Cysteine-aspartic acid proteases, are a steroid aglycone. family of cysteine proteases, which play Cardinolide glycoside Cardenolides that con- essential roles in apoptosis (programmed cell tain structural groups derived from sugars. death). Cardioactive Having an effect on the heart. Catalase (CAT) Enzyme in living organism that Cardiogenic shock Is characterized by a catalyses the decomposition of hydrogen per- decreased pumping ability of the heart that oxide to water and oxygen. causes a shock like state associated with an Catalepsy Indefi nitely prolonged maintenance inadequate circulation of blood due to primary of a fi xed body posture; seen in severe cases of failure of the ventricles of the heart to function catatonic schizophrenia. effectively. Catamenia Menstruation. Cardiomyocytes cells. Cataplasia Degenerative reversion of cells or Cardiomyopathy Heart muscle disease. tissue to a less differentiated form. Cardiopathy Disease or disorder of the heart. Cataplasm A medicated poultice or plaster. A Cardioplegia Stopping the heart so that surgical soft moist mass, often warm and medicated, that procedures can proceed in a still and bloodless is spread over the skin to treat an infl amed, ach- fi eld. ing or painful area, to improve the circulation. Cardiotonic Something which strengthens, Cataractogenesis Formation of cataracts. tones, or regulates heart functions without Catarrh, Catarrhal Infl ammation of the mucous overt stimulation or depression. membranes especially of the nose and throat. Cardiovascular Pertaining to the heart and Catechins Are polyphenolic antioxidant plant blood vessels. metabolites. They belong to the family of 804 Medical Glossary

fl avonoids; tea is a rich source of catechins. reactions that involve the oxidation of one See fl avonoids. molecule and the reduction of another. Catecholamines Hormones that are released by Cellulitis A bacterial infection of the skin that the adrenal glands in response to stress. tends to occur in areas that have been dam- Cathartic Is a substance which accelerates aged or infl amed. defecation. Central nervous system Part of the vertebrate K A cysteine protease that plays an nervous system comprising the brain and essential role in osteoclast function in bone spinal cord. remodelling and resorption in diseases such as Central venous catheter A catheter placed into osteoporosis, osteolytic bone metastasis and the large vein in the neck, chest or groin. rheumatoid arthritis. Cephalagia Pain in the head, a headache. Caustic Having a corrosive or burning effect. Cephalic Relating to the head. Cauterization A medical term describing the Ceramide oligosides Oligosides with an burning of the body to remove or close a part N-acetyl-sphingosine moiety. of it. Cerebral embolism A blockage of blood fl ow cdc2 Kinase A member of the cyclin-dependent through a vessel in the brain by a blood clot protein kinases (CDKs). that formed elsewhere in the body and trav- CDKs Cyclin-dependent protein kinases, a fam- eled to the brain. ily of serine/threonine kinases that mediate Cerebral ischemia Is the localized reduction of many stages in mitosis. blood fl ow to the brain or parts of the brain CD 28 Is one of the molecules expressed on T due to arterial obstruction or systematic hyper- cells that provide co-stimulatory signals, which fusion. are required for T cell (lymphocytes) activation. Is the ischemic kind of CD31 Also known as PECAM-1 (Platelet stroke due to a disturbance in the blood ves- Endothelial Molecule-1), a sels supplying blood to the brain. member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, Cerebral tonic Substance that can alleviate poor that mediates cell-to-cell adhesion. concentration and memory, restlessness, CD36 An integral membrane protein found on uneasiness, and insomnia. the surface of many cell types in vertebrate Cerebrosides Are glycosphingolipids which are animals. important components in animal muscle and CD40 An integral membrane protein found on nerve cell membranes. the surface of B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, Cerebrovascular disease Is a group of brain follicular dendritic cells, hematopoietic pro- dysfunctions related to disease of the blood genitor cells, epithelial cells, and carcinomas. vessels supplying the brain. CD68 A expressed on monocytes/ Cerumen Ear wax, a yellowish waxy substance which binds to low density lipo- secreted in the ear canal of humans and other protein. mammals. Cecal ligation Tying up the cecam. cGMP Cyclic guanosine monophosphate is a Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) cyclic nucleotide derived from guanosine located on the surface of cell membranes triphosphate (GTP). cGMP is a common regu- involved with binding of other cells or with lator of ion channel conductance, glycogenol- the extra-cellular matrix. ysis, and cellular apoptosis. It also relaxes Cellular respiration Is the set of the metabolic smooth muscle tissues. reactions and processes that take place in Chalcones A subgroup of fl avonoids. organisms’ cells to convert biochemical energy Chancre A painless lesion formed during the from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate primary stage of syphilis. (ATP), and then release waste products. The Chemoembolization A procedure in which the reactions involved in respiration are catabolic blood supply to the tumour is blocked surgically Medical Glossary 805

or mechanically and anticancer drugs are Cholinergic Activated by or capable of liberat- administered directly into the tumour. ing acetylcholine, especially in the parasym- Chemokines Are chemotactic cytokines, which pathetic nervous system. stimulate migration of infl ammatory cells Cholinergic system A system of nerve cells that towards tissue sites of infl ammation. uses acetylcholine in transmitting nerve Chemosensitizer A drug that makes tumour cells impulses. more sensitive to the effects of . Cholinomimetic Having an action similar to Chemosis Edema of the conjunctiva of the eye. that of acetylcholine; called also parasympath- Chickenpox Is also known as varicella, is a highly omimetic. contagious illness caused by primary infection Chonotropic Affecting the time or rate, as the with varicella zoster virus (VZV). The virus rate of contraction of the heart. causes red, itchy bumps on the body. Choriocarcinoma A quick-growing malignant, Chilblains Small, itchy, painful lumps that trophoblastic, aggressive cancer that occurs in develop on the skin. They develop as an abnor- a woman’s (womb). mal response to cold. Also called perniosis or Chromium (Cr) Is required in trace amounts in blain. humans for sugar and . Its Chlorosis Iron defi ciency anemia characterized defi ciency may cause a disease called chromium by greenish yellow colour. defi ciency. It is found in cereals, legumes, nuts Cholagogue Is a medicinal agent which pro- and animal sources. motes the discharge of bile from the system. Chromosome Long pieces of DNA found in the Cholecalcifereol A form of vitamin D, also center (nucleus) of cells. called vitamin D3. See vitamin D. Chronic Persisting over extended periods. Cholecyst Gall bladder. Chyle A milky bodily fl uid consisting of lymph Cholecystitis Infl ammation of the gall bladder. and emulsifi ed fats, or free fatty acids. Cholecystokinin A peptide hormone that plays Chylomicrons Are large lipoprotein particles a key role in facilitating digestion in the small that transport dietary lipids from the intestines intestine. to other locations in the body. Chylomicrons Cholera An infectious gastroenteritis caused by are one of the fi ve major groups of lipopro- enterotoxin-producing strains of the bacterium teins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, Vibrio cholerae and characterized by severe, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to watery diarrhea. move within the water-based solution of the Choleretic Stimulation of the production of bile bloodstream. by the liver. Chylorus Milky (having fat emulsion). Cholestasis A condition caused by rapidly Chyluria Also called chylous urine, is a medical developing (acute) or long-term (chronic) condition involving the presence of chyle interruption in the excretion of bile. (emulsifi ed fat) in the urine stream, which Cholesterol A soft, waxy, steroid substance results in urine appearing milky. found among the lipids (fats) in the blood- Member of the family of serine pro- stream and in all our body’s cells. teases found primarily in mast cell. Cholethiasis Presence of gall stones (calculi) in Chymopapain An enzyme derived from papaya, the gall bladder. used in medicine and to tenderize meat. Choline A water soluble, organic compound, Cicatrizant The term used to describe a product usually grouped within the Vitamin B com- that promotes healing through the formation plex. It is an essential nutrient and is needed of scar tissue. for physiological functions such as structural Cirrhosis Chronic liver disease characterized integrity and signaling roles for cell mem- by replacement of liver tissue by fi brous scar branes, cholinergic neuro-transmission (ace- tissue and regenerative nodules/lumps leading tylcholine synthesis). progressively to loss of liver function. 806 Medical Glossary

C-Kit Receptor A protein-tyrosine kinase Colorectal Relating to the colon or rectum. receptor that is specifi c for . Coma A state of unconsciousness from which a this interaction is crucial for the development patient cannot be aroused. of hematopoietic, gonadal, and pigment stem Comedone A blocked, open cells. where the secretions oxidize, turning black. Clastogen Is an agent that can cause one of two Also called blackhead. types of structural changes, breaks in chromo- Comitogen Agent that is considered not to somes that result in the gain, loss, or rear- induce cell growth alone but to promote the rangements of chromosomal segments. adj. effect of the mitogen. clastogenic. Concoction A combination of crude ingredients Claudication Limping, impairment in walking. that is prepared or cooked together. Climacterium Refers to menopause and the Condyloma, Condylomata acuminata Genital bodily and mental changes associated with it. warts, venereal warts, anal wart or anogenital Clonic seizures Consist of rhythmic jerking wart, a highly contagious sexually transmitted movements of the arms and legs, sometimes infection caused by epidermotropic human on both sides of the body. papillomavirus (HPV). Clyster Enema. Conglutination Becoming stuck together. C-myc Codes for a protein that binds to the Conjunctival hyperemia Enlarged blood ves- DNA of other genes and is therefore a tran- sels in the eyes. scription factor. Conjunctivitis Sore, red and sticky eyes caused CNS Depressant Anything that depresses, or by eye infection. slows, the sympathetic impulses of the central Constipation A very common gastrointestinal nervous system (i.e., respiratory rate, heart rate). disorder characterised by the passing of hard, Coagulopathy A defect in the body’s mecha- dry bowel motions (stools) and diffi culty of nism for blood clotting, causing susceptibility bowel motion. to bleeding. Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR, Cobalamin Vitamin B12. See vitamin B12. NR113) Is a nuclear receptor transcription Co-carcinogen A chemical that promotes the factor that regulates drug metabolism and effects of a carcinogen in the production of homoeostasis. cancer. Consumption Term used to describe wasting of Cold An acute infl ammation of the mucous tissues including but not limited to tuberculosis. membrane of the especially Consumptive Affl icted with or associated with of the nose and throat caused by a virus and pulmonary tuberculosis. accompanied by sneezing and coughing. Contraceptive An agent that reduces the likeli- Protein that is the major constituent of hood of or prevents conception. and other connective tissue; com- Contraindication A condition which makes a prises the amino acids hydroxyproline, pro- particular treatment or procedure inadvisable. line, glycine, and hydroxylysine. Contralateral muscle Muscle of opposite Collagenases Enzymes that break the peptide (leg or arm). bonds in collagen. Contralateral rotation Rotation occurring or Colic A broad term which refers to episodes of originating in a corresponding part on an uncontrollable, extended crying in a baby who opposite side. is otherwise healthy and well fed. Contusion Another term for a . A bruise, Colitis Infl ammatory bowel disease affecting or contusion, is caused when blood vessels are the tissue that lines the gastrointestinal system. damaged or broken as the result of a blow to Collyrium A lotion or liquid wash used as a the skin. cleanser for the eyes, particularly in diseases Convulsant A drug or physical disturbance that of the eye. induces convulsion. Medical Glossary 807

Convulsion Rapid and uncontrollable shaking cPLA(2) Cytosolic phospholipases A2, these of the body. phospholipases are involved in Coolant That which reduces body temperature. processes, such as infl ammatory response. Copper (Cu) Is essential in all plants and ani- CPY1B1, CPY1A1 A member of the cyto- mals. It is found in a variety of enzymes, chrome P450 superfamily of heme-thiolate including the copper centers of cytochrome C monooxygenase enzymes. oxidase and the enzyme superoxide dismutase Corticosterone A 21-carbon corticosteroid hor- (containing copper and zinc). In addition to its mone produced in the cortex of the adrenal enzymatic roles, copper is used for biological glands that functions in the metabolism of car- electron transport. Because of its role in facili- bohydrates and proteins. tating iron uptake, copper defi ciency can often Creatin A nitrogenous organic acid that occurs produce anemia-like symptoms. Dietary sources naturally in vertebrates and helps to supply include curry powder, mushroom, nuts, seeds, energy to muscle. wheat germ, whole grains and animal meat. Creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK) Enzyme Copulation To engage in coitus or sexual inter- that catalyses the conversion of creatine and course. adj. copulatory. consumes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to Cordial A preparation that is stimulating to the create phosphocreatine and adenosine diphos- heart. phate (ADP). Corn Or callus is a patch of hard, thickened skin CREB cAMP response element-binding, a pro- on the foot that is formed in response to pres- tein that is a transcription factor that binds to sure or friction. certain DNA sequences called cAMP response Corticosteroids A class of steroid hormones elements. that are produced in the adrenal cortex, used Crohn Disease An infl ammatory disease of the clinically for hormone replacement therapy, intestines that affect any part of the gastroin- for suppressing ACTH secretion, for suppres- testinal tract. sion of immune response and as antineoplastic, Crossover study A longitudinal, balance study anti-allergic and anti-infl ammatory agents. in which participants receive a sequence of Corticosterone A 21-carbon steroid hormone different treatments or exposures. of the corticosteroid type produced in the cor- Croup Is an infection of the throat () and tex of the adrenal glands. windpipe () that is caused by a virus Cortisol Is a corticosteroid hormone made by (also called laryngotracheobronchitis). the adrenal glands. Crytochidism (cryptochism) A developmental Cornifi cation Is the process of forming an epi- defect characterized by the failure of one or dermal barrier in stratifi ed squamous epithe- both testes to move into the as the lial tissue. male fetus develops. Coryza A word describing the symptoms of a Curettage Surgical procedure in which a body head cold. It describes the infl ammation of the cavity or tissue is scraped with a sharp instru- mucus membranes lining the nasal cavity ment or aspirated with a cannula. which usually gives rise to the symptoms of Cutaneous Pertaining to the skin. nasal congestion and loss of smell, among CXC8 Also known as 8, IL-8. other symptoms. Cyanogenesis Generation of cyanide. adj. COX-1 See cyclooxygenase-1. cyanogenetic. COX-2 See cyclooxygenase-2. Cyclooxygenase (COX) An enzyme that is CpG islands Genomic regions that contain a responsible for the formation of prostanoids – high frequency of CpG sites. prostaglandins, , and thrombox- CpG sites The cytosine-phosphate-guanine anes that are each involved in the infl amma- nucleotide that links two nucleosides together tory response. Two different COX enzymes in DNA. existed, now known as COX-1 and COX-2. 808 Medical Glossary

Cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) Is known to be Debriding agent Substance that cleans and present in most tissues. In the gastrointestinal treats certain types of wounds, burns, ulcers. tract, COX-1 maintains the normal lining of Deciduogenic Relating to the uterus lining that the stomach. The enzyme is also involved in is shed off at childbirth. kidney and platelet function. Decidual stromal cells Like endometrial glands Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) Is primarily pres- and endothelium, express integrins that bind ent at sites of infl ammation. basement components. Cysteine proteases Are enzymes that degrade Decoction A medical preparation made by boil- polypeptides possessing a common catalytic ing the ingredients. mechanism that involves a nucleophilic cysteine Decongestant A substance that relieves or thiol in a . They are found in reduces nasal or bronchial congestion. fruits like papaya, pineapple, and kiwifruit. Defi brinated plasma Blood whose plasma Cystitis A common urinary tract infection that component has had fi brinogen and fi brin occurs when bacteria travel up the urethra, removed. infect the urine and infl ame the bladder lining. Degranulation Cellular process that releases Cystorrhea Discharge of mucus from the antimicrobial cytotoxic molecules from secre- bladder. tory vesicles called granules found inside Cytochrome bc-1 complex Ubihydroquinone: some cells. cytochrome c . Delayed afterdepolarizations (DADs) Abnor- Cytochrome P450 3A CYP3A A very large and mal depolrization that begins during phase 4 – diverse superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins after repolarization is completed, but before found in all domains of life. This group of another action potential would normally occur. enzymes catalyzes many reactions involved in Delirium Is common, sudden severe confusion drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, and rapid changes in brain function that occur steroids and other lipids. with physical or mental illness; it is reversible Non-antibody proteins secreted by and temporary. certain cells of the immune system which Demulcent An agent that soothes internal mem- carry signals locally between cells. They are a branes. Also called emollient. category of signaling molecules that are used Dendritic cells Are immune cells and form part extensively in cellular communication. of the mammalian immune system, function- Cytopathic Any detectable, degenerative ing as antigen presenting cells. changes in the host cell due to infection. Dentition A term that describes all of the upper Cytoprotective Protecting cells from noxious and lower teeth collectively. chemicals or other stimuli. Deobstruent A medicine which removes Cytosolic Relates to the fl uid of the cytoplasm obstructions; also called an aperient. in cells. Deoxypyridinoline (Dpd) A crosslink product Cytostatic Preventing the growth and prolifera- of collagen molecules found in bone and tion of cells. excreted in urine during bone degradation. Cytotoxic Of or relating to substances that are Depilatory An agent for removing or destroying toxic to cells; cell-killing. hair. D-galactosamine An amino sugar with unique Depressant A substance that diminish func- hepatotoxic properties in animals. tional activity, usually by depressing the ner- Dandruff Scurf, dead, scaly skin among the hair. vous system. Dartre Condition of dry, scaly skin. Depurative An agent used to cleanse or purify Debility Weakness, relaxation of muscular fi bre. the blood, it eliminates toxins and purifi es the Debridement Is the process of removing non- system. living tissue from pressure ulcers, burns, and Dermatitis Infl ammation of the skin causing other wounds. discomfort such as eczema. Medical Glossary 809

Dermatophyte A fungus parasitic on the skin. Diaphysis The main or mid section (shaft) of a Dermatosis Is a broad term that refers to any long bone. disease of the skin, especially one that is not Diarrhoea A profuse, frequent and loose dis- accompanied by infl ammation. charge from the bowels. Dermonecrotic Pertaining to or causing necro- Diastolic Referring to the time when the heart is sis of the skin. in a period of relaxation and dilatation (expan- Desquamation The shedding of the outer layers sion). cf . systolic. of the skin. Dieresis Surgical separation of parts. Detoxifi er A substance that promotes the Dietary fi bre Is a term that refers to a group of removal of toxins from a system or organ. food components that pass through the stom- Diabetes A metabolic disorder associated with ach and small intestine undigested and reach inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin the virtually unchanged. Scien- and characterized by frequent urination and tifi c evidence suggest that a diet high in dietary persistent thirst. See diabetes mellitus. fi bre can be of value for treating or preventing Diabetes mellitus (DM) (sometimes called such disorders as constipation, irritable bowel “sugar diabetes”) is a set of chronic, metabolic syndrome, diverticular disease, hiatus hernia disease conditions characterized by high blood and haemorrhoids. Some components of dietary sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects fi bre may also be of value in reducing the level in insulin secretion, or action, or both. Diabe- of cholesterol in blood and thereby decreasing tes mellitus appears in two forms. a risk factor for coronary heart disease and the Diabetes mellitus type I (formerly known as development of gallstones. Dietary fi bre is juvenile onset diabetes), caused by defi - benefi cial in the treatment of some diabetics. ciency of the pancreatic hormone insulin as a Digalactosyl diglycerides Are the major lipid result of destruction of insulin-producing b components of chloroplasts. cells of the pancreas. Lack of insulin causes Diosgenin A steroid-like substance that is an increase of fasting blood glucose that involved in the production of the hormone begins to appear in the urine above the renal progesterone, extracted from roots of threshold. Dioscorea yam. Diabetes mellitus type II (formerly called non- Dipsomania Pathological use of alcohol. insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus or adult- Discutient An agent (as a medicinal applica- onset diabetes), the disorder is characterized tion) which serves to disperse morbid matter. by high blood glucose in the context of insulin Disinfectant An agent that prevents the spread resistance and relative insulin defi ciency in of infection, bacteria or communicable which insulin is available but cannot be prop- disease. erly utilized. Diuresis Increased urination. Diads Two adjacent structural units in a polymer Diuretic A substance that increases urination molecule. (diuresis). Dialysis Is a method of removing toxic sub- Diverticular disease Is a condition affecting the stances (impurities or wastes) from the blood large bowel or colon and is thought to be when the kidneys are unable to do so. caused by too little fi bre. Diaphoresis Is profuse sweating commonly DMBA 7,12-Dimethylbenzanthracene. A poly- associated with shock and other medical emer- cyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco gency conditions. smoke that is a potent carcinogen. Diaphoretic A substance that induces perspira- DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid that tion. Also called sudorifi c. contains the genetic instructions used in the Diaphyseal Pertaining to or affecting the shaft development and functioning of all known liv- of a long bone (diaphysis). ing organisms. 810 Medical Glossary

DOCA Desoxycorticosterone acetate – a steroid Dysphagia Swallowing disorder. chemical used as replacement therapy in Addi- Dysphonia A voice disorder, an impairment in son’s disease. the ability to produce voice sounds using the Dopamine A catecholamine neurotransmitter vocal organs. that occurs in a wide variety of animals, includ- Dysplasia Refers to abnormality in development. ing both vertebrates and invertebrates. Dyspnoea Shortness of breath, diffi culty in Dopaminergic Relating to, or activated by the breathing. neurotransmitter, dopamine. Dysrhythmias See arrhythmias. Double blind Refer to a clinical trial or experi- Dystocia Abnormal or diffi cult child birth or ment in which neither the subject nor the labour. researcher knows which treatment any partic- Dystonia A neurological movement disorder ular subject is receiving. characterized by prolonged, repetitive muscle Douche A localised spray of liquid directed into contractions that may cause twisting or jerk- a body cavity or onto a part. ing movements of muscles. DPPH 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl – a crys- Dysuria Refers to diffi cult and painful urina- talline, stable free radical used as an inhibitor tion. of free radical reactions. E- Also known as endothelial leuko- Dracunculiasis Also called guinea worm dis- cyte adhesion molecule-1 (ELAM-1), CD62E, ease (GWD), is a parasitic infection caused by a member of the selectin family. It is tran- the nematode, Dracunculus medinensis . siently expressed on vascular endothelial cells Dropsy An old term for the swelling of soft tis- in response to IL-1 b and TNF-a. sues due to the accumulation of excess water. EC 50 Median effective concentration that adj. dropsical. produces desired effects in 50% of the test Dysentery (formerly known as fl ux or the population. bloody fl ux) is a disorder of the digestive sys- Ecbolic A drug (as an ergot alkaloid) that tends tem that results in severe diarrhea containing to increase uterine contractions and that is mucus and blood in the feces. It is caused usu- used especially to facilitate delivery. ally by a bacterium called Shigella . Ecchymosis Skin discoloration caused by the Dysesthesia An unpleasant abnormal sensation escape of blood into the tissues from ruptured produced by normal stimuli. blood vessels. Dysgeusia Distortion of the sense of taste. ECG See electrocardiography. Dyskinesia The impairment of the power of vol- EC-SOD Extracellular superoxide dismutase, a untary movement, resulting in fragmentary or tissue enzyme mainly found in the extracellu- incomplete movements. adj. dyskinetic. lar matrix of tissues. It participates in the Dyslipidemia Abnormality in or abnormal amount detoxifi cation of by of lipids and lipoproteins in the blood. catalyzing the dismutation of superoxide Dysmenorrhea Is a menstrual condition charac- radicals. terized by severe and frequent menstrual cramps Eczema Is broadly applied to a range of persis- and pain associated with menstruation. tent skin conditions. These include dryness and Dysmotility syndrome A vague, descriptive recurring skin rashes which are characterized term used to describe diseases of the muscles by one or more of these symptoms: redness, of the (esophagus, stom- skin edema, itching and dryness, crusting, fl ak- ach, small and large intestines). ing, blistering, cracking, oozing, or bleeding. Dyspedia Indigestion followed by nausea. Eczematous rash Dry, scaly, itchy rash. Dyspepsia Refers to a symptom complex of epi- ED 50 Is defi ned as the dose producing a response gastric pain or discomfort. It is often defi ned that is 50% of the maximum obtainable. as chronic or recurrent discomfort centered in Edema Formerly known as dropsy or hydropsy, the upper abdomen and can be caused by a is characterized swelling caused by abnormal variety of conditions. accumulation of fl uid beneath the skin, or in Medical Glossary 811

one or more cavities of the body. It usually Emulsion A preparation formed by the suspen- occurs in the feet, and legs, but it can sion of very fi nely divided oily or resinous liq- involve the entire body. uid in another liquid. Edematogenic Producing or causing edema. Encephalitis Infl ammation of the brain. EGFR proteins Epidermal recep- Encephalopathy A disorder or disease of the tor (EGFR) proteins – Protein kinases are brain. enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from Endocrine adj. of or relating to endocrine a phosphate donor onto an acceptor amino glands or the hormones secreted by them. acid in a substrate protein. Endocytosis Is the process by which cells absorb EGR-1 Early growth response 1, a human gene. material (molecules such as proteins) from Eicosanoids Are signaling molecules made by outside the cell by engulfi ng it with their cell oxygenation of arachidonic acid, a 20-carbon membrane. essential fatty acid, includes prostaglandins Is a common and often painful and related compounds. disorder of the female . A that also hydrolyses The two most common symptoms of endo- amides and esters. metriosis are pain and infertility. Electrocardiography Or ECG, is a transtho- Endometritis Refers to infl ammation of the racic interpretation of the electrical activity of endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus. the heart over time captured and externally Endometrium The inner lining of the uterus. recorded by skin electrodes. Endoplasmic reticulum Is a network of tubules, Electromyogram (EMG) A test used to record vesicles and sacs around the nucleus that are the electrical activity of muscles. An electro- interconnected. myogram (EMG) is also called a myogram. Endostatin A naturally-occurring 20-kDa Electuary A medicinal paste composed of C-terminal protein fragment derived from type powders, or other medical ingredients, incor- XVIII collagen. It is reported to serve as an anti- porated with sweeteners to hide the taste, suit- angiogenic agent that inhibits the formation of able for oral administration. the blood vessels that feed cancer tumours. Elephantiasis A disorder characterized by Endosteum The thin layer of cells lining the chronic thickened and edematous tissue on the medullary cavity of a bone. genitals and legs due to various causes. Endosteul Pertaining to the endosteum. Embolism Obstruction or occlusion of a blood Endothelial progenitor cells Population of vessel by a blood clot, air bubble or other rare cells that circulate in the blood with the foreign matter. ability to differentiate into endothelial cells, Embrocation Lotion or liniment that relieves the cells that make up the lining of blood muscle or pains. vessels. Embryotoxic Term that describes any chemical Any of a group of vasoconstrictive which is harmful to an embryo. peptides produced by endothelial cells. Emesis Vomiting, throwing up. Endotoxemia The presence of endotoxins in the Emetic An agent that induces vomiting, cf : blood, which may result in shock. adj . endo- antiemetic. toxemic. Emetocathartic Causing vomiting and purging. Endotoxin Toxins associated with certain bac- Emmenagogue A substance that stimulates, teria, unlike an ‘exotoxin’ that is not secreted initiates, and/or promotes menstrual fl ow. in soluble form by live bacteria, but is a struc- Emmenagogues are used in herbal medicine to tural component in the bacteria which is balance and restore the normal function of the released mainly when bacteria are lysed. female reproductive system. Enema Liquid injected into the rectum either as Emollient An agent that has a protective and a purgative or medicine, Also called clyster. soothing action on the surfaces of the skin and Enteral Term used to describe the intestines or membranes. other parts of the digestive tract. 812 Medical Glossary

Enteral administration Involves the esopha- Epilepsy A common chronic neurological dis- gus, stomach, and small and large intestines order that is characterized by recurrent unpro- (i.e., the gastrointestinal tract). voked seizures. Enteritis Refers to infl ammation of the small Epileptiform Resembling epilepsy or its mani- intestine. festations. adj. epileptiformic. Enterocolic disorder Infl amed bowel disease. Epileptogenesis A process by which a normal Tall columnar cells in the small brain develops epilepsy, a chronic condition in intestinal mucosa that are responsible for the which seizures occur. adj . epileptogenic. fi nal digestion and absorption of nutrients. Episiotomy A surgical incision through the Enterohemorrhagic Causing bloody diarrhea perineum made to enlarge the vagina and assist and colitis, said of pathogenic microorganisms. childbirth. Enterolactone A lignin formed by the action of Epithelioma A usually benign skin disease most intestinal bacteria on lignan precursors found commonly occurring on the face, around the in plants; acts as a phytoestrogen. eyelids and on the scalp. Enteropooling Increased fl uids and electrolytes Epitrochlearis The superfi cial-most muscle of within the of the intestines due to the arm anterior surface. increased levels of prostaglandins. Epistaxis Acute hemorrhage from the nostril, Enterotoxin Is a protein toxin released by a nasal cavity, or nasopharynx (nose-bleed). microorganism in the intestine. Epstein Barr Virus Herpes virus that is the Enterotoxigenic Of or being an organism con- causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. taining or producing an enterotoxin. It is also associated with various types of human Entheogen A substance taken to induce a spiri- cancers. tual experience. ERbeta beta, a nuclear recep- Enuresis Bed-wetting, a disorder of elimination tor which is activated by the sex hormone, that involves the voluntary or involuntary estrogen. release of urine into bedding, clothing, or Ergocalciferol A form of vitamin D, also called other inappropriate places. vitamin D2. See vitamin D. Enophthalmos A condition in which the eye Ergonic Increasing capacity for bodily or men- falls back into the socket and inhibits proper tal labor especially by eliminating fatigue function. symptoms. Envenomation Is the entry of venom into a ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinases) person’s body, and it may cause localised or Widely expressed protein kinase intracellular systemic poisoning. signaling molecules which are involved in Eosinophilia The state of having a high concen- functions including the regulation of meiosis, tration of eosinophils (eosinophil granulocytes) mitosis, and post mitotic functions in differen- in the blood. tiated cells. Eosinophils (or, less commonly, acidophils), are Eructation The act of belching or of casting up white blood cells that are one of the immune wind from the stomach through the mouth. system components. Eruption A visible rash or cutaneous disruption. Epididymis A structure within the scrotum Erysipelas Is an intensely red Streptococcus attached to the backside of the testis and whose bacterial infection that occurs on the face and coiled duct provides storage, transit and matu- lower extremities. ration of spermatozoa. Erythema Abnormal redness and infl ammation Epididymitis A medical condition in which of the skin, due to . there is infl ammation of the epididymis. Erythematous Characterized by erythema. Epigastralgia Pain in the epigastric region. Erythroleukoplakia An abnormal patch of red Epigastric discomfort Bloated abdomen, swell- and white tissue that forms on mucous mem- ing of abdomen, abdominal ditension. branes in the mouth and may become cancer. Medical Glossary 813

Tobacco (smoking and ) and alco- Exotoxin A toxin secreted by a microorganism hol may increase the risk of erythroleuko- and released into the medium in which it plakia. grows. Erythropoietin (EPO) A hormone produced by Expectorant An agent that increases bronchial the kidney that promotes the formation of red mucous secretion by promoting liquefaction blood cells (erythrocytes) in the . of the sticky mucous and expelling it from the Eschar A slough or piece of dead tissue that is body. cast off from the surface of the skin. Exteroceptive Responsiveness to stimuli that Escharotic Capable of producing an eschar; a are external to an organism. caustic or corrosive agent. Extrapyramidal side effects Are a group of Estradiol Is the predominant sex hormone pres- symptoms (tremor, slurred , akathisia, ent in females, also called oestradiol. dystonia, anxiety, paranoia and bradyphrenia) Estrogen Female hormone produced by the ova- that can occur in persons taking antipsychotic ries that play an important role in the estrous medications. cycle in women. Extravasation Discharge or escape, as of blood Estrogen receptor (ER) Is a protein found in from the vein into the surrounding tissues. high concentrations in the cytoplasm of breast, FADD Fas-associated protein with death uterus, , and anterior hypophy- domain, the protein encoded by this gene is an sis cells; ER levels are measured to determine adaptor molecule which interacts with other a breast CA’s potential for response to hor- death cell surface receptors and mediates monal manipulation. apoptotic signals. Estrogen receptor positive (ER+) Means that Familial amyloid polyneuropathy (FAP) Also estrogen is causing the tumour to grow, and called Corino de Andrade’s disease, a neuro- that the breast cancer should respond well to degenerative autosomal dominant genetically hormone suppression treatments. transmitted, fatal, incurable disease. Estrogen receptor negative (ER−) Tumour is Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) Is an not driven by estrogen and need another test to inherited condition in which numerous polyps determine the most effective treatment. form mainly in the epithelium of the large Estrogenic Relating to estrogen or producing intestine. estrus. Familial dysautonomia A genetic disorder that Estrus Sexual excitement or heat of female; or affects the development and survival of auto- period of this characterized by changes in the nomic and sensory nerve cells. sex organs. FasL or CD95L Fas ligand is a type-II trans- Euglycaemia Normal blood glucose concen- membrane protein that belongs to the tumour tration. necrosis factor (TNF) family. Exanthematous Characterized by or of the FAS: fatty acid synthase (FAS) A multi- nature of an eruption or rash. enzyme that plays a key role in fatty acid Excitotoxicity Is the pathological process by synthesis. which neurons are damaged and killed by glu- Fas molecule A member of the Tumour Necro- tamate and similar substances. sis Factor Receptors, that mediates apoptotic Excipient A pharmacologically inert substance signal in many cell types. used as a diluent or vehicle for the active The passage leading from the back of ingredients of a medication. the mouth into the . Exocytosis The cellular process by which cells Favus A chronic skin infection, usually of the excrete waste products or chemical transmitters. scalp, caused by the fungus, Trichophyton Exophthalmos or exophthalmia or propto- schoenleinii and characterized by the develop- sis Is a bulging of the eye anteriorly out of the ment of thick, yellow crusts over the hair . adj. exophthalmic. follicles. Also termed tinea favosa. 814 Medical Glossary

Febrifuge An agent that reduces fever. Also Flatulence Is the presence of a mixture of gases called an antipyretic. known as fl atus in the digestive tract of mam- Febrile Pertaining to or characterized by fever. mals expelled from the rectum. Excessive Fetotoxic Toxic to the fetus. fl atulence can be caused by lactose intoler- Fibrates Hypolipidemic agents primarily used ance, certain foods or a sudden switch to a for decreasing serum triglycerides, while high fi bre. increasing High density lipoprotein (HDL). Flavans A subgroup of fl avonoids. See Fibril A small slender fi bre or fi lament. fl avonoids. Fibrin Insoluble protein that forms the essential Flavanols A subgroup of fl avonoids, are a class portion of the blood clot. of fl avonoids that use the 2-phenyl-3,4-di- A normal ongoing process that dis- hydro-2H-chromen-3-ol skeleton. These com- solves fi brin and results in the removal of pounds include the catechins and the catechin small blood clots. gallates. They are found in chocolate, fruits Fribinolytic Causing the dissolution of fi brin by and vegetables. See fl avonoids. enzymatic action. Flavanones A subgroup of fl avonoids, consti- Fibroblast Type of cell that synthesizes the tute >90% of total fl avonoids in citrus. The and collagen, the struc- major dietary fl avanones are hesperetin, narin- tural framework (stroma) for animal tissues, genin and eriodictyol. and play a critical role in . Flavivirus A family of viruses transmitted by Fibrogenic Promoting the development of fi bres. mosquitoes and ticks that cause some impor- Fibromyalgia A common and complex chronic tant diseases, including dengue, yellow fever, pain disorder that affects people physically, tick-borne encephalitis and West Nile fever. mentally and socially. Symptoms include Flavones A subgroup of fl avonoids based on the debilitating fatigue, sleep disturbance, and backbone of 2-phenylchromen-4-one (2-phe- joint stiffness. Also referred to as FM or nyl-1-benzopyran-4-one). Flavones are mainly FMS. found in cereals and herbs. Fibrosarcoma A malignant tumour derived Flavonoids (or biofl avonoids) are a group of from fi brous connective tissue and character- polyphenolic antioxidant compounds in that ized by immature proliferating fi broblasts or are occur in plant as secondary metabolites. undifferentiated anaplastic spindle cells. They are responsible for the colour of fruit and Fibrosis The formation of fi brous tissue as a vegetables. Twelve basic classes (chemical reparative or reactive process. types) of fl avonoids have been recognized: fl a- Filarial Pertaining to a thread-like nematode vones, isofl avones, fl avans, fl avanones, fl a- worm. vanols, fl avanolols, anthocyanidins, catechins Filariasis A parasitic and infectious tropical (including proanthocyanidins), leukoanthocy- disease that is caused by thread-like fi larial anidins, chalcones, dihydrochalcones, and nematode worms in the superfamily Filari- aurones. Apart from their antioxidant activity, oidea. fl avonoids are known for their ability to Fistula An abnormal connection between two strengthen walls, thus assisting cir- parts inside of the body. culation and helping to prevent and treat bruis- Fistula-in-ano A track connecting the internal ing, varicose , bleeding and nose- to the skin surrounding the anal bleeds, heavy menstrual bleeding and are also orifi ce. anti-infl ammatory. 5¢ -Nucleotidase (5¢ -ribonucleotide phosphohy- Flourine F is an essential chemical element that drolase), an intrinsic membrane glycoprotein is required for maintenance of healthy bones present as an ectoenzyme in a wide variety of and teeth and to reduce tooth decay. It is found mammalian cells, hydrolyzes 5 ¢ -nucleotides in sea weeds, tea, water, seafood and dairy to their corresponding nucleosides. products. Medical Glossary 815

Fluorosis A dental health condition caused by a Galactogogue A substance that promotes the child receiving too much fl uoride during tooth fl ow of milk. development. Galactophoritis Infl ammation of the milk Flux An excessive discharge of fl uid. ducts. FMD (Flow Mediated Dilation) A measure of Galactopoietic Increasing the fl ow of milk; which is used to eval- milk-producing. uate cardiovascular risk. Gall bladder A small, pear-shaped muscular Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) A hormone sac, located under the right lobe of the liver, in produced by the pituitary gland. In women, it which bile secreted by the liver is stored until helps control the and the pro- needed by the body for digestion. Also called duction of eggs by the ovaries. cholecyst, cholecystis. Follicular atresia The break-down of the ovar- Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) Measures the ian follicles. total phenol content in terms of the standard Fomentation Treatment by the application of Gallic acid by the Folin-Ciocalteau assay. war, moist substance. Gamma GT (GGT) g-glutamyl transpeptidase, Fontanelle Soft spot on an ’s . a liver enzyme. Framboesia See . Gastralgia (Heart burn) – pain in the stomach or FRAP Ferric reducing ability of plasma, an abdominal region. It is caused by excess of acid, assay used to assess antioxidant property. or an accumulation of gas, in the stomach. Friedreich’s ataxia Is a genetic inherited disor- Gastric Pertaining to or affecting the stomach. der that causes progressive damage to the ner- Gastric emptying Refers to the speed at which vous system resulting in symptoms ranging food and drink leave the stomach. from muscle weakness and speech problems Gastritis Infl ammation of the stomach. to heart disease. cf. ataxia. Gastrocnemius muscle The big muscle at Fulminant hepatitis Acute liver failure. the rear of the lower leg. Functional food Is any fresh or processed food Gastrotonic (Gastroprotective) Substance that claimed to have a health-promoting or disease- strengthens, tones, or regulates gastric func- preventing property beyond the basic function tions (or protects from injury) without overt of supplying nutrients. Also called medicinal stimulation or depression. food. Gavage Forced feeding. Furuncle Is a skin disease caused by the infec- Gene silencing Suppression of the expression of tion of hair follicles usually caused by Staphy- a gene. lococcus aureus, resulting in the localized Genotoxin A chemical or other agent that dam- accumulation of pus and dead tissue. ages cellular DNA, resulting in mutations or Furunculosis Skin condition characterized by cancer. persistent, recurring boils. Genotoxic Describes a poisonous substance G2-M cell cycle The phase where the cell pre- which harms an organism by damaging its pare for mitosis and where chromatids and DNA thereby capable of causing mutations or daughter cells separate. cancer. GABA Gamma aminobutyric acid, required as Geriatrics Is a sub-specialty of internal medicine an inhibitory neurotransmitter to block the that focuses on health care of elderly people. transmission of an impulse from one cell to Gestational hypertension Development of arte- another in the central nervous system, which rial hypertension in a pregnant woman after prevents over-fi ring of the nerve cells. It is 20 weeks gestation. used to treat both epilepsy and hypertension. Ghrelin A gastrointestinal peptide hormone GADD 152 A pro-apoptotic gene. secreted by epithelial cells in the stomach lin- Galctifuge Or lactifuge, causing the arrest of ing, it stimulates appetite, gastric emptying, milk secretion. and increases cardiac output. 816 Medical Glossary

Gingival Index An index describing the clinical Glucuronidation A phase II detoxifi cation severity of gingival infl ammation as well as its pathway occurring in the liver in which location. glucuronic acid is conjugated with toxins. Gingivitis Refers to gingival infl ammation Glutamic Oxaloacetate Transaminase induced by bacterial biofi lms (also called (GOT) Catalyzes the transfer of an amino plaque) adherent to tooth surfaces. group from an amino acid (Glu) to a 2-keto- Gin-nan sitotoxism Toxicity caused by inges- acid to generate a new amino acid and the tion of ginkgotoxin and characterised mainly residual 2-keto-acid of the donor amino by epileptic convulsions, paralysis of the legs acid. and loss of consciousness. Glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT) See Glaucoma A group of eye diseases in which the Alanine aminotransferase. optic nerve at the back of the eye is slowly Glutathione (GSH) A tripeptide produced in destroyed, leading to impaired vision and the human liver and plays a key role in inter- blindness. mediary metabolism, immune response and Gleet A chronic infl ammation (as gonorrhea) of health. It plays an important role in scaveng- a bodily orifi ce usually accompanied by an ing free radicals and protects cells against abnormal discharge. several toxic oxygen-derived chemical Glial cells Support, non-neuronal cells in the species. central nervous system that maintain homeo- Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) The general stasis, form myelin and provide protection for name of an enzyme family with peroxidase the brain’s neurons. activity whose main biological role is to pro- Glioma Is a type of tumour that starts in the tect the organism from oxidative damage. brain or spine. It is called a glioma because it Glutathione S- (GST) A major arises from glial cells. group of detoxifi cation enzymes that participate Glioblastoma multiforme Most common and in the detoxifi cation of reactive electrophilic most aggressive type of primary brain tumour compounds by catalysing their conjugation to in humans, involving glial cells. glutathione. Glomerulonephritis (GN) A renal disease Glycaemic index (GI) Measures carbohydrates characterized by infl ammation of the glomer- according to how quickly they are absorbed uli, or small blood vessels in the kidneys. Also and raise the glucose level of the blood. known as glomerular nephritis. adj. glomeru- Glycaemic load (GL) Is a ranking system for lonephritic. carbohydrate content in food portions based Glomerulosclerosis A hardening of the glom- on their glycaemic index and the amount of erulus in the kidney. available carbohydrate, i.e. GI x available car- Glossal Pertaining to the . bohydrate divided by 100. Glycemic load GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1 is derived combines both the quality and quantity of car- from the transcription product of the proglu- bohydrate in one ‘number’. It’s the best way to cagon gene, associate with type 2-diabetes predict blood glucose values of different types therapy. and amounts of food. Gluconeogenesis A metabolic pathway that Glycation or glycosylation A chemical reac- results in the generation of glucose from non- tion in which glycosyl groups are added to a carbohydrate carbon substrates such as lactate. protein to produce a glycoprotein. adj . gluconeogenic. Glycogenolysis Is the catabolism of glycogen Glucose transporters (GLUT or SLC2A fam- by removal of a glucose monomer through ily) are a family of membrane proteins found cleavage with inorganic phosphate to produce in most mammalian cells. glucose-1-phosphate. Glucosyltranferase An enzyme that enable the Glycometabolism Metabolism (oxidation) of transfer of glucose. glucose to produce energy. Medical Glossary 817

Glycosuria Or glucosuria is an abnormal condi- in the GSH/GSSG ratio are often used to tion of osmotic diuresis due to excretion of assess exposure of cells to . glucose by the kidneys into the urine. GSTM Glutathione S transferase M1, a major Glycosylases A family of enzymes involved in group of detoxifi cation enzymes. base excision repair. GSTM 2 Glutathione S transferase M2, a major Goitre An enlargement of the gland group of detoxifi cation enzymes. leading to swelling of the neck or larynx. Gynecopathy Any or various diseases specifi c Goitrogen Substance that suppresses the func- to women. tion of the thyroid gland by interfering with Gynoid adiposity Fat distribution mainly to the iodine uptake, causing enlargement of the thy- and , pear shaped. roid, i.e. goiter. Haemagogic Promoting a fl ow of blood. Goitrogenic adj. causing goiter. Haematemesis, Hematemesis Is the vomiting Gonadotroph A basophilic cell of the anterior of blood. pituitary specialized to secrete follicle-stimu- Haematinic Improving the quality of the blood, lating hormone or luteinizing hormone. its haemoglobin level and the number of eryth- Gonatropins Protein hormones secreted by rocytes. gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland of ver- Haematochezia Passage of stools containing tebrates. blood. Gonorrhoea A common sexually transmitted Haematochyluria, hematochyluria The dis- bacterial infection caused by the bacterium charge of blood and chyle (emulsifi ed fat) in Neisseria gonorrhoeae . the urine, see also chyluria. Gout A disorder caused by a build-up of a waste Haematoma, hematoma A localized accumu- product, uric acid, in the bloodstream. Excess lation of blood in a tissue or space composed uric acid settles in joints causing infl amma- of clotted blood. tion, pain and swelling. Haematometra, hematometra A medical con- G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) Com- dition involving bleeding of or near the uterus. prise a large and diverse family of proteins Haematopoiesis, hematopoiesis Formation of whose primary function is to transduce extra- blood cellular components from the hae- cellular stimuli into cells. matopoietic stem cells. Granulation The condition or appearance of Haematopoietic adj. relating to the formation being granulated (becoming grain-like). and development of blood cells. Gravel Sand-like concretions of uric acid, cal- Haematuria, Hematuria Is the presence of cium oxalate, and mineral salts formed in the blood in the urine. Hematuria is a sign that passages of the biliary and urinary tracts. something is causing abnormal bleeding in a Gripe water Is a home remedy for babies with person’s genitourinary tract. colic, gas, teething pain or other stomach ail- Haeme oxygenase (HO-1, encoded by Hmox1) ments. Its ingredients vary, and may include is an inducible protein activated in systemic alcohol, bicarbonate, ginger, dill, fennel and infl ammatory conditions by oxidant stress, an chamomile. enzyme that catalyzes degradation of heme. Grippe An epidemic catarrh; older term for Haemochromatosis Is a condition in which the infl uenza. body takes in too much iron. GSH See Glutathione. Haemodialysis, Hemodialysis A method for GSH-Px Glutathione peroxidase, general name removing waste products such as potassium of an enzyme family with peroxidase activity and urea, as well as free water from the blood whose main biological role is to protect the when the kidneys are in renal failure. organism from oxidative damage. Haemolyis Lysis of red blood cells and the GSSG Glutathione disulfi des are biologically release of haemoglobin into the surrounding important intracellular thiols, and alterations fl uid (plasma). adj. haemolytic. 818 Medical Glossary

Haemoptysis, hemoptysis Is the coughing up Hemagglutination–inhibition test Measures of of blood from the respiratory tract. The blood the ability of soluble antigen to inhibit the can come from the nose, mouth, throat, and agglutination of antigen-coated red blood cells the airway passages leading to the lungs. by antibodies. Haemorrhage, hemaorrhage Bleeding, dis- Hemagglutinin Refers to a substance that charge of blood from blood vessels. causes red blood cells to agglutinate. Haemorrhoids, Hemorrhoids A painful condi- Hemangioma Blood vessel. tion in which the veins around the anus or Hematocrit Is a blood test that measures the lower rectum are enlarged, swollen and percentage of the volume of whole blood that infl amed. Also called piles. is made up of red blood cells. Haemostasis, A complex process Hematopoietic Pertaining to the formation of which causes the bleeding process to stop. blood or blood cells. Haemostatic, hemostatic Something that stops Hematopoietic stem cell Is a cell isolated from bleeding. the blood or bone marrow that can renew Halitosis (bad breath) a common condition itself, and can differentiate to a variety of caused by sulfur-producing bacteria that live specialized cells. within the surface of the tongue and in the Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) An enzyme that throat. catalyses the degrdation of heme; an inducible Hallucinogen Drug that produces hallucinogen. stress protein, confers cytoprotection against Hallucinogenic Inducing hallucinations. oxidative stress in-vitro and in-vivo. Haplotype A set of alleles of closely linked loci Hemoglobinopathies Genetic defects that pro- on a chromosome that tend to be inherited duce abnormal hemoglobins and anemia. together. Hemolytic anemia Anemia due to hemolysis, Hapten A small molecule that can elicit an the breakdown of red blood cells in the blood immune response only when attached to a vessels or elsewhere in the body. large carrier such as a protein. Hemorheology Study of blood fl ow and its ele- HBeAg Hepatitis B e antigen. ments in the . adj. hemor- HBsAg Hepatitis B s antigen. heological. Heartburn Burning sensation in the stomach Hemorrhagic colitis An acute gasteroenteritis and esophagus caused by excessive acidity of characterized by overtly bloody diarrhea that the stomach fl uids. is caused by Escherichia coli infection. Heat rash Any condition aggravated by heat or Hemolytic-uremic syndrome Is a disease char- hot weather such as intertrigo. acterized by hemolytic anemia, acute renal Heat Shock Chaperones (HSC) Ubiquitous failure (uremia) and a low platelet count. molecules involved in the modulation of pro- Hepa-1c1c7 A type of hepatoma cells. tein conformational and complexation states, Hepatalgia Pain or discomfort in the liver area. associated with heat stress or other cellular Heptalgia Pain in the liver and . stress response. Hepatectomy The surgical removal of part or Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) A group of func- all of the liver. tionally related proteins the expression of Hepatic Relating to the liver. which is increased when the cells are exposed Hepatic cirrhosis Affecting the liver, characterize to elevated temperatures or other cellular by hepatic fi brosis and regenerative nodules. stresses. Hepatitis Infl ammation of the liver. Helminthiasis A disease in which a part of the Hepatitis A (Formerly known as infectious hep- body is infested with worms such as pinworm, atitis) is an acute infectious disease of the liver roundworm or tapeworm. caused by the hepatovirus hepatitis A virus. Hemagglutination A specifi c form of aggluti- Hepatocarcinogenesis Represents a linear and nation that involves red blood cells. progressive cancerous process in the liver in Medical Glossary 819

which successively more aberrant monoclonal Heterophoria An eye condition where the populations of hepatocytes evolve. motion of the eyes are not parallel to each Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) Also called other. malignant hepatoma, is a primary malignancy HDL-C (HDL Cholesterol) High density lipo- (cancer) of the liver. protein-cholesterol, also called “good choles- Hepatocytolysis Cytotoxicity (dissolution) of terol”. See also high-density lipoprotein. liver cells. Hiatus hernia Occurs when the upper part of Hepatoma Cancer of the liver. the stomach pushes its way through a tear in Hepatopathy A disease or disorder of the liver. the diaphragm. Hepatoprotective (liver protector) a substance High-density lipoprotein (HDL) Is one of the that helps protect the liver from damage by fi ve major groups of lipoproteins which enable toxins, chemicals or other disease processes. cholesterol and triglycerides to be transported Hepatoregenerative A compound that promotes within the water based blood stream. HDL can hepatocellular regeneration, repairs and restores remove cholesterol from atheroma within liver function to optimum performance. arteries and transport it back to the liver for Hepatotonic (liver tonic ) a substance that is excretion or re-utilization – which is the main tonic to the liver – usually employed to nor- reason why HDL-bound cholesterol is some- malize liver enzymes and function. times called “good cholesterol”, or HDL-C. A Hernia Occurs when part of an internal organ high level of HDL-C seems to protect against bulges through a weak area of muscle. cardiovascular diseases. cf. LDL. HER- 2 Human epidermal growth factor recep- HGPRT, HPRT (hypoxanthine-guanine phos- tor 2, a protein giving higher aggressiveness in phoribosyl transferase) An enzyme that breast cancer, also known as ErbB-2, ERBB2. catalyzes the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl- Herpes A chronic infl ammation of the skin or 1-pyrophosphate and hypoxanthine, guanine, characterized by the devel- or 6-mercaptopurine to the corresponding opment of vesicles on an infl ammatory base. 5 ¢ -mononucleotides and pyrophosphate. The Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 – (HSV-1 and HSV- enzyme is important in purine biosynthesis as 2) Are two species of the herpes virus family well as central nervous system functions. which cause a variety of illnesses/infections in Hippocampus A ridge in the fl oor of each lat- humans such cold sores, chickenpox or varicella, eral ventricle of the brain that consists mainly shingles or herpes zoster (VZV), cytomegalovi- of gray matter. rus (CMV), and various cancers, and can cause Hippocampal Pertaining to the hippocampus. brain infl ammation (encephalitis). HSV-1 is Histaminergic Liberated or activated by hista- commonly associated with herpes outbreaks of mine, relating to the effects of histamine at the face known as cold sores or fever blisters, histamine receptors of target tissues. whereas HSV-2 is more often associated with Histaminergic receptors Are types of G-pro- genital herpes. They are also called Human Her- tein coupled receptors with histamine as their pes Virus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2) and are endogenous ligand. neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses; they enter HIV See Human immunodefi ciency virus. and hide in the human nervous system, account- Hives (urticaria) is a skin rash characterised by ing for their durability in the human body. circular wheals of reddened and itching skin. Herpes zoster Or simply zoster, commonly HMG-CoAr 3-Hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl- known as shingles and also known as zona, is CoA reductase or (HMGCR) is the rate-con- a viral disease characterized by a painful skin trolling enzyme (EC 1.1.1.88) of the rash with blisters. mevalonate pathway. Heterophobia Term used to describe irrational HMG-CoA 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coen- fear of, aversion to, or discrimination against zyme A, an intermediate in the mevalonate heterosexuals. pathway . 820 Medical Glossary

Hodgkin’s disease Disease characterized by as thrombokinase, is an enzyme involved in enlargement of the lymph glands, spleen and blood coagulation. It synthesized in the liver anemia. and requires for its synthesis. Homeodomain transcription factor A protein Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) A ret- domain encoded by a . Homeobox rovirus that can lead to acquired immunodefi - genes encode transcription factors which typi- ciency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in cally switch on cascades of other genes. humans in which the immune system begins Homeostasis The maintenance of a constant to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunis- internal environment of a cell or an organism, tic infections. despite fl uctuations in the external. Humoral immune response (HIR) Is the aspect Homeotherapy Treatment or prevention of dis- of immunity that is mediated by secreted anti- ease with a substance similar but not identical bodies (as opposed to cell-mediated immunity, to the causative agent of the disease. which involves T lymphocytes) produced in An amino acid in the blood. the cells of the B lineage (B cell). Homograft See allograft. HUVEC Human umbilical vein endothelial Hormonal (female) Substance that has a hor- cells. mone-like effect similar to that of estrogen Hyaluronidase Enzymes that catalyse the and/or a substance used to normalize female hydrolysis of certain complex carbohydrates hormone levels. like hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfates. Hormonal (male) Substance that has a hor- Hydatidiform A rare mass or growth that mone-like effect similar to that of testosterone forms inside the uterus at the beginning of a and/or a substance used to normalize male pregnancy. hormone levels. Hydrocholeretic An agent that stimulates an HRT Hormone replacement therapy, the admin- increased output of bile of low specifi c gravity. istration of the female hormones, oestrogen Hydrogogue A purgative that causes an abun- and progesterone, and sometimes testosterone. dant watery discharge from the bowel. HSP27 Is an ATP-independent, 27 kDa heat Hydronephrosis Is distension and dilation of shock protein chaperone that confers protec- the renal and calyces, usually caused by tion against apoptosis. obstruction of the free fl ow of urine from the HSP90 A 90 kDa heat shock protein chaperone kidney. that has the ability to regulate a specifi c subset Hydrophobia A viral neuroinvasive disease that of cellular signaling proteins that have been causes acute encephalitis (infl ammation of the implicated in disease processes. brain) in warm-blooded animals. Also called hTERT – (TERT) Telomerase reverse tran- rabies. scriptase is a catalytic subunit of the enzyme Hydropsy See dropsy. telomerase in humans. It exerts a novel protec- The increase of blood fl ow to dif- tive function by binding to mitochondrial DNA, ferent tissues in the body. increasing respiratory chain activity and pro- Hyperalgesia An increased sensitivity to pain tecting against oxidative stress–induced damage. (enhanced pricking pain), which may be HT29 cells Are human intestinal epithelial cells caused by damage to or peripheral which produce the secretory component of nerves. Immunoglobulin A (IgA), and carcinoembry- Hyperammonemia, hyperammonaemia A onic antigen (CEA). metabolic disturbance characterised by an Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) A DNA excess of ammonia in the blood. herpes virus which is the leading cause of con- High levels of choles- genital viral infection and mental retardation. terol in the blood that increase a person’s risk Human A coagulation factor also for leading to stroke or known by the eponym Stuart-Prower factor or heart attack. Medical Glossary 821

Hyperemia Is the increased blood fl ow that type 2 diabetes; that is closely related to the occurs when tissue is active. degree of insulin resistance and hyperinsuline- Hyperemesis Severe and persistent nausea and mia than to the degree of adiposity and glucose vomiting (morning sickness) during pregnancy. tolerance. Hyperglycemic, hyperglycaemia High blood Hypoalbuminemia A medical condition where sugar; is a condition in which an excessive levels of albumin in blood serum are abnor- amount of glucose circulates in the blood mally low. plasma. Hypocalcemic tetany A disease caused by an Hyperglycemic A substance that raises blood abnormally low level of calcium in the blood sugar levels. and characterized by hyperexcitability of the Hyperhomocysteinemia Is a medical condition neuromuscular system and results in carpopedal characterized by an abnormally large level of spasms. homocysteine in the blood. Hypochlorhydria Refer to states where the pro- A condition in which there duction of gastric acid in the stomach is absent are excess levels of circulating insulin in the or low. blood; also known as pre-diabetes. Hypocholesterolemic (cholesterol-reducer), a Hyperkalemia Is an elevated blood level of the substance that lowers blood cholesterol levels. electrolyte potassium. Hypocorticism See Addison’s disease. Hyperknesis Enhanced itch to pricking. Hypocortisolism See Addison’s disease. Hyperleptinemia Increased serum leptin level. Hypoglycemic An agent that lowers the concen- Hypermethylation An increase in the inherited tration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. methylation of cytosine and adenosine resi- Hypoperfusion Decreased blood fl ow through dues in DNA. an organ, characterized by an imbalance of Hyperpiesia Persistent and pathological high oxygen demand and oxygen delivery to tissues. blood pressure for which no specifi c cause can Hypophagic Under-eating. be found. Hypospadias An abnormal birth defect in males Hyperplasia Increased cell production in a nor- in which the urethra opens on the under sur- mal tissue or organ. face of the penis. Hyperpropulsion Using water pressure as a Hypotensive Characterised by or causing dimin- force to move objects; used to dislodge calculi ished tension or pressure, as abnormally low in the urethra. blood pressure. Hyperpyrexia Is an abnormally high fever. Hypothermia A condition in which an organ- Hypertension Commonly referred to as “high ism’s temperature drops below that required blood pressure” or HTN, is a medical condi- for normal metabolism and body functions. tion in which the arterial blood pressure is Hypothermic Relating to hypothermia, with chronically elevated. subnormal body temperature. Hypertensive Characterized or caused by Hypoxaemia Is the reduction of oxygen specifi - increased tension or pressure as abnormally cally in the blood. high blood pressure. Hypoxia A shortage of oxygen in the body. adj. Hypertriglyceridaemia or hypertriglycemia A hypoxic. disorder that causes high triglycerides in the ICAM-1 (Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1) blood. Also known as CD54 (Cluster of Differentia- Hypertrophy Enlargement or overgrowth of an tion 54), is a protein that in humans is encoded organ. by the ICAM1 gene. Hyperuricemia Is a condition characterized by IC 50 The median maximal inhibitory concen- abnormally high level of uric acid in the blood. tration; a measure of the effectiveness of a Hypoadiponectinemia Low plasma adiponec- compound in inhibiting biological or bio- tin concentrations associated with obesity and chemical function. 822 Medical Glossary

I.C.V. (intra-cerebroventricular) Injection of Immunostimulant Agent that stimulates an chemical into the right lateral ventricle of the immune response. brain. Immunosuppression Involves a process that Iceterus Jaundice, yellowish pigmentation of reduces the activation or effi cacy of the the skin. immune system. Ichthyotoxic A substance which is poisonous to Immunotoxin A man-made protein that con- fi sh. sists of a targeting portion linked to a toxin. Icteric hepatitis An infectious syndrome of Impetigo A contagious, bacterial skin infection hepatitis characterized by jaundice, nausea, characterized by blisters that may itch, caused fever, right-upper quadrant pain, enlarged liver by a Streptoccocus bacterium or Staphylococ- and transaminitis (increase in alanine amin- cus aureus and mostly seen in children. otransferase (ALT) and/or aspartate amin- Impotence A sexual dysfunction characterized otransferase (AST). by the inability to develop or maintain an erec- Icterus neonatorum Jaundice in newborn tion of the penis. . Incontinence (fecal) The inability to control Idiopathic Of no apparent physical cause. bowel’s movement. Idiopathic sudden sensorineural loss Incontinence (Urine) The inability to control (ISSHL) Is sudden hearing loss where clini- urine excretion. cal assessment fails to reveal a cause. Index of structural atypia (ISA) Index of IgE Immunoglobin E – a class of antibody that structural abnormality. plays a role in allergy. Induration Hardened, as a soft tissue that IGFs Insulin-like growth factors, polypeptides becomes extremely fi rm. with high sequence similarity to insulin. Infarct An area of living tissue that undergoes IgG Immunoglobin G – the most abundant necrosis as a result of obstruction of local immunoglobin (antibody) and is one of the blood supply. major activators of the complement pathway. Infarction Is the process of tissue death (necro- IgM Immunoglobin M – primary antibody sis) caused by blockage of the tissue’s blood against A and B antigens on red blood cells. supply. IKAP Is a scaffold protein of the IvarKappaBeta Infl ammation A protective response of the body kinase complex and a regulator for kinases to infection, irritation or other injury, aimed at involved in pro-infl ammatory cytokine destroying or isolating the injuries and charac- signaling. terized by redness, pain, warmth and swelling. IKappa B Or IkB-b, a protein of the NF-Kappa-B Infl uenza A viral infection that affects mainly the inhibitor family. nose, throat, bronchi and occasionally, lungs. Ileus A temporary disruption of intestinal peri- Infusion A liquid extract obtained by steeping stalsis due to non-mechanical causes. something (e.g. herbs) that are more volatile Immune modulator A substance that affects or dissolve readily in water, to release their or modulates the functioning of the immune active ingredients without boiling. system. Inguinal hernia A hernia into the inguinal canal Immunodefi ciency A state in which the immune of the groin. system’s ability to fi ght infectious disease is Inhalant A medicinal substance that is adminis- compromised or entirely absent. tered as a vapor into the upper respiratory Immunogenicity The property enabling a sub- passages. stance to provoke an immune response. iNOS, inducible synthases Through Immunomodulatory Capable of modifying or its product, nitric oxide (NO), may contribute regulating one or more immune functions. to the induction of apoptosis. It plays Immunoreactive Reacting to particular anti- a crucial role in early -related microcir- gens or haptens. culatory dysfunction. Medical Glossary 823

Inotropic Affecting the force of muscle is an important mediator of the infl ammatory contraction. response, and is involved in a variety of cel- Insecticide An agent that destroys insects. adj . lular activities, including cell proliferation, insecticidal. differentiation, and apoptosis. Insomnia A sleeping disorder characterized by Interleukin 2 (IL-2) A type of cytokine immune the inability to fall asleep and/or the inability system signaling molecule that is instrumental to remain asleep for a reasonable amount of in the body’s natural response to microbial time. infection. Insulin A peptide hormone composed of 51 Interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) A heterotri- amino acids produced in the islets of Langer- meric protein expressed on the surface of cer- hans in the pancreas causes cells in the liver, tain immune cells, such as lymphocytes, that muscle, and fat tissue to take up glucose from binds and responds to a cytokine called IL-2. the blood, storing it as glycogen in the liver Interleukin-6 (IL-6) An interleukin that acts as and muscle. Insulin defi ciency is often the both a pro-infl ammatory and anti-infl amma- cause of diabetes and exogenous insulin is tory cytokine. used to control diabetes. (I-8) a cytokine produced by mac- Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) Polypep- rophages and other cell types such as epithe- tides with high sequence similarity to insulin. lial cells and is one of the major mediators of They are part of a complex system that cells the infl ammatory response. employ to communicate with their physiologic Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL) Is environment. one of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins Insulin-mimetic To act like insulin. (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, and HDL) Insulinogenic Associated with or stimulating that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the production of insulin. the water-based solution of the bloodstream. Insulinotropic Changing the action of insulin. IDL is further degraded to form LDL particles An enzyme produced by a retrovirus and, like LDL, can also promote the growth of (such as HIV) that enables its genetic material atheroma and increase cardiovascular diseases. to be integrated into the DNA of the infected Intermittent claudication An aching, crampy, cell. tired, and sometimes burning pain in the legs (IFNs) Are natural cell-signaling that comes and goes, caused by peripheral glycoproteins known as cytokines produced . I t usually occurs with walk- by the cells of the immune system of most ver- ing and disappears after rest. tebrates in response to challenges such as Interoceptive Relating to stimuli arising from viruses, parasites and tumour cells. within the body. A group of naturally occurring Interstitium The space between cells in a tissue. proteins and is a subset of a larger group of Interstitial Pertaining to the interstitium. cellular messenger molecules called cytok- Intertrigo An infl ammation (rash) caused by ines, which are modulators of cellular behavior. microbial infection in skin folds. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) A cytokine that could Intima Innermost layer of an artery or vein. induce fever, control lymphocytes, increase Intoxicant Substance that produce drunkenness the number of bone marrow cells and cause or intoxication. degeneration of bone joints. Also called endog- Intraperitoneal (i.p.) The term used when a enous pyrogen, lymphocyte activating factor, chemical is contained within or administered haemopoietin-1 and mononuclear cell factor, through the peritoneum (the thin, transpar- amongst others that IL-1 is composed of two ent membrane that lines the walls of the distinct proteins, now called IL-1a and IL-1b . abdomen). Interleukin 1 Beta (IL-1b ) A cytokine protein Intrathecal (i.t.) Through the theca of the spinal produced by activated macrophages. cytokine cord into the subarachnoid space. 824 Medical Glossary

Intromission The act of putting one thing into JNK (Jun N-terminal Kinase), also known as another. Stress Activated Protein Kinase (SAPK), Intubation Refers to the placement of a tube belongs to the family of MAP kinases. into an external or internal orifi ce of the Jurkat cells A line of T lymphocyte cells that body. are used to study acute T cell leukemia. Iodine (I) Is an essential chemical element that KB cell A cell line derived from a human carci- is important for hormone development in the noma of the nasopharynx, used as an assay for human body. Lack of iodine can lead to an antineoplastic (anti-tumour) agents. enlarged thyroid gland (goitre) or other iodine Peptidases (enzymes that cleave defi ciency disorders including mental retarda- peptide bonds in proteins), a subgroup of the tion and stunted growth in babies and children. serine protease family; they liberate kinins Iodine is found in dairy products, seafood, from . Kallikreins are targets of kelp, seaweeds, eggs, some vegetables and active investigation by drug researchers as iodized salt. possible biomarkers for cancer. IP See Intraperitoneal. Kaposi sarcoma A cancerous tumour of the Iron (Fe) Is essential to most life forms and to connective tissues caused by the huma herpes- normal human physiology. In humans, iron is virus 8 and is often associated with AIDS. an essential component of proteins involved in Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) Also oxygen transport and for haemoglobin. It is known as human herpesvirus-8, is a g 2 also essential for the regulation of cell growth herpesvirus or rhadinovirus. It plays an impor- and differentiation. A defi ciency of iron limits tant role in the pathogenesis of Kaposi sarcoma oxygen delivery to cells, resulting in fatigue, (KS), multicentric Castleman disease (MCD) poor work performance, and decreased immu- of the plasma cell type, and primary effusion nity. Conversely, excess amounts of iron can lymphoma and occurs in HIV patients. result in toxicity and even death. Dietary A sulphur-containing protein which is a sources include, certain cereals, dark green major component in skin, hair, nails, hooves, leafy vegetables, dried fruit, legumes, seafood, horns, and teeth. poultry and meat. Keratinocyte Is the major constituent of the Ischemia An insuffi cient supply of blood to an epidermis, constituting 95% of the cells found organ, usually due to a blocked artery. there. Ischuria Retention or suppression of urine. Keratinophilic Having an affi nity for keratin. Isofl avones A subgroup of fl avonoids in which Keratitis Infl ammation of the cornea. the basic structure is a 3-phenyl chromane Keratomalacia An eye disorder that leads to a skeleton. They act as phytoestrogens in mam- dry cornea. mals. See fl avonoids. Kidney stones (calculi) are hardened mineral Isomers Substances that are composed of the deposits that form in the kidney. same elements in the same proportions and Kinin Is any of various structurally related poly- hence have the same molecular formula but peptides, such as bradykinin, that act locally to differ in properties because of differences in induce vasodilation and contraction of smooth the arrangement of atoms. muscle. Isoprostanes Unique -like com- Either of two plasma a 2-globulins pounds generated in vivo from the free radi- that are kinin precursors. cal-catalysed peroxidation of essential fatty Knockout Gene knockout is a genetic technique acids. in which an organism is engineered to carry Jamu Traditional Indonesian herbal medicine. genes that have been made inoperative. Jaundice Refers to the yellow color of the skin Kunitz protease inhibitors A type of protein and whites of the eyes caused by excess biliru- contained in legume seeds which functions as bin in the blood. a protease inhibitor. Medical Glossary 825

Kupffer cells Are resident macrophages of the agglutinate cells and/or precipitate glyco- liver and play an important role in its normal conjugates. They play a role in biological physiology and homeostasis as well as partici- recognition phenomena involving cells and pating in the acute and chronic responses of proteins. the liver to toxic compounds. Leishmaniasis A disease caused by protozoan L-Dopa (L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine) is an parasites that belong to the genus Leishmania amino acid that is formed in the liver and and is transmitted by the bite of certain spe- converted into dopamine in the brain. cies of sand fl y. Labour Process of childbirth involving muscu- Lenticular opacity Also known as or related to lar contractions. cataract. Lacrimation Secretion and discharge of tears. Leprosy A chronic bacterial disease of the skin Lactagogue An agent that increases or stimu- and nerves in the hands and feet and, in some lates milk fl ow or production. Also called a cases, the lining of the nose. It is caused by the galactagogue. Mycobacterium leprae. Also called Hansen’s Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) Enzyme that disease. catalyzes the conversion of lactate to pyruvate. Leptin Is a 16 kDa protein hormone with impor- Lactation Secretion and production of milk. tant effects in regulating body weight, metab- Lactic acidosis Is a condition caused by the olism and reproductive function. buildup of lactic acid in the body. It leads to Lequesne Algofunctional Index Is a wide- acidifi cation of the blood (acidosis), and is con- spread international instrument (10 questions sidered a distinct form of metabolic acidosis. survey) and recommended by the World LAK cell A lymphokine-activated killer cell i.e. Health Organization (WHO) for outcome a white blood cell that has been stimulated to measurement in and diseases such as kill tumour cells. osteoarthritis. Laminin A glycoprotein component of connec- Leucocyte White blood corpuscles, colourless, tive tissue that promotes without haemoglobin that help to combat cell adhesion. infection. Laparotomy A surgical procedure involving an Leucoderma A skin abnormality characterized incision through the abdominal wall to gain by white spots, bands and patches on the skin; access into the abdominal cavity. adj. laparo- they can also be caused by fungus and tinea. tomized . Also see vitiligo. Larvacidal An agent which kills insect or para- Leucorrhoea Commonly known as whites, site larva. refers to a whitish discharge from the female Laryngitis Is an infl ammation of the larynx. genitals Laxation Bowel movement. Leukemia, leukaemia A cancer of the blood or Laxatives Substances that are used to promote bone marrow and is characterized by an abnor- bowel movement. mal proliferation (production by multiplica- LC 50 Median lethal concentration, see LD 50. tion) of blood cells, usually white blood cells LD 50 Median lethal dose – the dose required to (leukocytes). kill half the members of a tested popula- Leukemogenic Relating to leukemia, causing tion. Also called LC 50 (median lethal leukemia. concentration). Leukocytopenia Abnormal decrease in the LDL See low-density lipoprotein. number of leukocytes (white blood cells) in LDL Cholesterol See low-density lipoprotein. the blood. LDL receptor (LDLr) A low-density lipopro- Leukomyelopathy Any diseases involving the tein receptor gene. white matter of the spinal cord. Lectins Are sugar-binding proteins that are Leukopenia A decrease in the number of circu- highly specifi c for their sugar moieties, that lating white blood cells. 826 Medical Glossary

Leukoplakia Condition characterized by white bladder, urethra) can be of any one of several spots or patches on mucous membranes, espe- compositions. cially of the mouth and . Lithogenic Promoting the formation of calculi Leukotriene A group of hormones that cause (stones). the infl ammatory symptoms of hay-fever and Lithontripic Removes stones from kidney, gall asthma. bladder. Luteolysis Degeneration of the corpus luteum Liver X receptors Nuclear hormones that func- and ovarian luteinized tissues. adj. luteolytic. tion as central transcriptional regulators for Levarterenol See Norepinephrine. lipid homeostasis. LexA repressor Or Repressor LexA is repres- Lotion A liquids suspension or dispersion of sor enzyme that represses SOS response genes chemicals for external application to the body. coding for DNA polymerases required for Lovo cells Colon cancer cells. repairing DNA damage Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) Is a type of Libido Sexual urge. lipoprotein that transports cholesterol and trig- Lichen planus A chronic mucocutaneous disease lycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues. that affects the skin, tongue, and . High levels of LDL cholesterol can signal Ligroin A volatile, infl ammable fraction of medical problems like cardiovascular disease, petroleum, obtained by distillation and used as and it is sometimes called “bad cholesterol”. a solvent. LRP1 Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related Liniment Liquid preparation rubbed on skin, protein-1, plays a role in intracellular signal- used to relieve muscular aches and pains. ing functions as well as in lipid metabolism. Linterized starch Starch that has undergone LTB4 A type of leukotriene, a major metabolite prolonged acid treatment. in polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lipodiatic Having lipid and lipoprotein lower- It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function ing property. (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered Lipodystrophy A medical condition character- free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and ized by abnormal or degenerative conditions metabolism). It induces skin infl ammation. of the body’s adipose tissue. Luciferase Is a generic name for enzymes com- Lipogenesis Is the process by which acetyl-CoA monly used in nature for bioluminescence. is converted to fats. Lumbago Is the term used to describe general Lipolysis Is the breakdown of fat stored in fat lower back pain. cells in the body. Lung abscess Necrosis of the pulmonary tissue Liposomes Artifi cially prepared vesicles made and formation of cavities containing necrotic of lipid bilayer. debris or fl uid caused by microbial infections. Lipotoxicity Refers to tissues diseases that may Lusitropic An agent that affects diastolic relax- occur when fatty acids spillover in excess of ation. the oxidative needs of those tissues and Lutein A carotenoid, occurs naturally as yellow enhances metabolic fl ux into harmful path- or orange pigment in some fruits and leafy ways of nonoxidative metabolism. vegetables. It is one of the two carotenoids Lipotropic Refers to compounds that help catal- contained within the retina of the eye. Within yse the breakdown of fat during metabolism in the central macula, zeaxanthin predominates, the body. e.g. chlorine and lecithin. whereas in the peripheral retina, lutein pre- Lipoxygenase A family of iron-containing dominates. Lutein is necessary for good vision enzymes that catalyse the dioxygenation of and may also help prevent or slow down ath- polyunsaturated fatty acids in lipids contain- erosclerosis, the thickening of arteries, which ing a cis,cis-1,4- pentadiene structure. is a major risk for cardiovascular disease. Lithiasis Formation of urinary calculi (stones) Luteinising hormone (LH) A hormone produced in the renal system (kidneys, , urinary by the anterior pituitary gland. In females, it Medical Glossary 827

triggers ovulation. In males, it stimulates Macules Small circumscribed changes in the the production of testosterone to aid sperm color of skin that are neither raised (elevated) maturation. nor depressed. Luteolysis Is the structural and functional deg- Maculopapular Describes a rash characterized radation of the corpus luteum (CL) that occurs by raised, spotted lesions. at the end of the luteal phase of both the estrous Magnesium (Mg) Is the fourth most abundant and menstrual cycles in the absence of mineral in the body and is essential to good pregnancy. health. It is important for normal muscle and Lymphadenitis-cervical Infl ammation of the nerve function, steady heart rhythm, immune lymph nodes in the neck, usually caused by an system, and strong bones. Magnesium also infection. helps regulate blood sugar levels, promotes Lymphatitis Infl ammation of lymph vessels and normal blood pressure, and is known to be nodes. involved in energy metabolism and protein Lymphadenopathy A term meaning “disease synthesis and plays a role in preventing and of the lymph nodes – lymph node enlargement. managing disorders such as hypertension, car- Lymphoblastic Pertaining to the production of diovascular disease, and diabetes. Dietary lymphocytes. sources include legumes (e.g. soya bean and Lymphocyte A small white blood cell (leuco- by-products), nuts, whole unrefi ned grains, cyte) that plays a large role in defending the fruit (e.g. , apricots), okra and green body against disease. Lymphocytes are respon- leafy vegetables. sible for immune responses. There are two MAK cell Macrophage-activated killer cell, main types of lymphocytes: B cells and T activated macrophage that is much more cells. Lymphocytes secrete products (lymphok- phagocytic than monocytes. ines) that modulate the functional activities of Malaise A feeling of weakness, lethargy or dis- many other types of cells and are often present comfort as of impending illness. at sites of chronic infl ammation. Malaria Is an infection of the blood by Plasmo- Lymphocyte B cells The B cells make antibod- dium parasite that is carried from person to ies that attack bacteria and toxins. person by mosquitoes. There are four species Lymphocyte T cells T cells attack body cells of malaria parasites that infect man: Plasmo- themselves when they have been taken over by dium falciparum, so called ‘malignant tertian viruses or have become cancerous. fever’, is the most serious disease, Plasmodium Lymphoma A type of cancer involving cells of vivax, causing a relapsing form of the disease, the immune system, called lymphocytes. Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium Lymphopenia Abnormally low number of lym- ovale . phocytes in the blood. Malassezia A fungal genus (previously known Lysosomes Are small, spherical organelles con- as Pityrosporum ) classifi ed as yeasts, naturally taining digestive enzymes (acid found on the skin surfaces of many animals and other proteases (). including humans. It can cause hypopigmen- Maceration Softening or separating of parts by tation on the chest or back if it becomes an soaking in a liquid. opportunistic infection. Macrophage A type of large leukocyte that Mammalian target of rapamycin travels in the blood but can leave the blood- (mTOR) Pathway that regulates mitochon- stream and enter tissue; like other leukocytes drial oxygen consumption and oxidative it protects the body by digesting debris and capacity. foreign cells. Mammogram An x-ray of the breast to detect Macular degeneration A disease that gradually tumours. destroys the macula, the central portion of the Mandibular Relating to the , the retina, reducing central vision. human bone. 828 Medical Glossary

Manganese Is an essential element for heath. It of infection and injury. It is a member of small is an important constituent of some enzymes inducible gene (SIG) family. and an activator of other enzymes in physio- MDA Malondialdehyde is one of the most fre- logic processes. Manganese superoxide dis- quently used indicators of lipid peroxidation. mutase (MnSOD) is the principal antioxidant Measles An acute, highly communicable rash enzyme in the mitochondria. Manganese-acti- illness due to a virus transmitted by direct vated enzymes play important roles in the contact with infectious droplets or, less com- metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, monly, by airborne spread. and cholesterol. Manganese is the preferred Medial Preoptic Area Is located at the rostral of enzymes called glycosyltrans- end of the hypothalamus, it is important for ferases which are required for the synthesis of the regulation of male sexual behavior. proteoglycans that are needed for the forma- Megaloblastic anemia An anemia that results tion of healthy cartilage and bone. Dietary from inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood source include whole grains, fruit, legumes cell production, often due to a defi ciency of (soybean and by-products), green leafy vege- vitamin B12 or folate and is characterized by tables, beetroot and tea. many large immature and dysfunctional red MAO activity activity. blood cells (megaloblasts) in the bone marrow. MAPK (Mitogen-activated protein kinase) Melaene (melena) Refers to the black, “tarry” These kinases are strongly activated in cells feces that are associated with gastrointestinal subjected to osmotic stress, UV radiation, dis- hemorrhage. regulated K+ currents, RNA-damaging agents, Melanogenesis Production of melanin by living and a multitude of other stresses, as well as cells. infl ammatory cytokines, endotoxin , and with- Melanoma Malignant tumour of melanocytes drawal of a trophic factor . The stress-responsive which are found predominantly in skin but MAPKs mediate a plethora of cellular responses also in the bowel and the eye and appear as to such stressful stimuli, including apoptosis pigmented lesions. and production of infl ammatory and immuno- Melatonin A hormone produced in the brain by regulatory cytokines in diverse cell systems. the , it is important in the regula- Marasmus Is one of the three forms of serious tion of the circadian rhythms of several bio- protein-energy malnutrition. logical functions. Mastectomy Surgery to remove a breast. Menarche The fi rst menstrual cycle, or fi rst Masticatory A substance chewed to increase menstrual bleeding, in female human beings. salivation. Also called sialogue. Menorrhagia Heavy or prolonged menstrua- Mastitis A bacterial infection of the breast tion, too-frequent menstrual periods. which usually occurs in breastfeeding mothers. Menopausal Refer to permanent cessation of Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) A member menstruation. of a group of enzymes that can break down Menses See menstruation. proteins, such as collagen, that are normally Menstruation The approximately monthly dis- found in the spaces between cells in tissues charge of blood from the womb in women of (i.e., extracellular matrix proteins). Matrix childbearing age who are not pregnant. Also metalloproteinases are involved in wound called menses. adj. menstrual. healing, angiogenesis, and tumour cell metas- Mesangial cells Are specialized cells around tasis. See also metalloproteinase. blood vessels in the kidneys, at the mesangium. MBC Minimum bacterial concentration – the Metabonome Complete set of metabologically lowest concentration of antibiotic required to regulated elements in cells. kill an organism. Metalloproteinase Enzymes that breakdown MCP-1 Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, plays proteins and requiring zinc or calcium atoms a role in the recruitment of monocytes to sites for proper function. Medical Glossary 829

Meta-analysis A statistical procedure that com- Microvasculature The fi ner vessels of the body, bines the results of several studies that address as the , , and . a set of related research hypotheses. Micturition Urination, act of urinating. Metaphysis Is the portion of a long bone Migraine A neurological syndrome character- between the epiphyses and the diaphysis of ized by altered bodily , severe, the . painful headaches, and nausea. Metaphyseal Pertaining to the metaphysis. Mimosine Is an alkaloid, b -3-hydroxy-4 pyri- Metaplasia Transformation of one type of one done amino acid, it is a toxic non-protein free mature differentiated cell type into another amino acid and is an antinutrient. mature differentiated cell type. Mineral apposition rate MAR, rate of addition Metastasis Is the movement or spreading of of new layers of mineral on the trabecular sur- cancer cells from one organ or tissue to of bones. another. Miscarriage Spontaneous abortion. Metetrus The quiescent period of sexual inac- Mitochondrial complex I The largest enzyme tivity between oestrus cycles. in the mitochondrial respiratory oxidative Metroptosis The slipping or falling out of place phosphorylation system. of an organ (as the uterus) Mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) Metrorrhagia Uterine bleeding at irregular Is an increase in the permeability of the mito- intervals, particularly between the expected chondrial membranes to molecules of less menstrual periods. than 1,500 Da in molecular weight. MPT is Mevinolin A potent inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3- one of the major causes of cell death in a vari- methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG- ety of conditions. CoA reductase). Mitogen An agent that triggers mitosis, elicit all MHC Acronym for major histocompatibility the signals necessary to induce cell proliferation. complex, a large cluster of genes found on the Mitogenic Able to induce mitosis or transfor- short arm of chromosome 6 in most vertebrates mation. that encodes MHC molecules. MHC mole- Mitogenicity Process of induction of mitosis. cules play an important role in the immune Mitomycin A chemotherapy drug that is given system and autoimmunity. as a treatment for several different types of MIC Minimum inhibitory concentration – low- cancer, including breast, stomach, oesophagus est concentration of an antimicrobial that will and bladder cancers. inhibit the visible growth of a microorganism. Mitosis in which the nucleus Micelle A submicroscopic aggregation of divides into nuclei containing the same num- molecules. ber of chromosomes. Micellization Formation process of micelles. MMP Matrix metalloproteinases, a group of (or microvascular disease) is peptidases involved in degradation of the an angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in extracellular matrix (ECM). the body Mnestic Pertaining to memory. Microfi laria A pre-larval parasitic worm of the Molecular docking Is a key tool in structural family Onchocercidae, found in the vector and molecular biology and computer-assisted drug in the blood or tissue fl uid of human host. design. Micronuclei Small particles consisting of acen- Molluscidal Destroying molluscs like snails. tric fragments of chromosomes or entire chro- Molt 4 cells MOLT4 cells are lymphoblast-like mosomes, which lag behind at anaphase of in morphology and are used for studies of cell division. apoptosis, tumour cytotoxicity, tumorigenic- Microsomal PGE2 synthase Is the enzyme that ity, as well as for antitumour testing. catalyses the fi nal step in Molybdenum (Mo) Is an essential element that (PGE2) biosynthesis. forms part of several enzymes such as xanthine 830 Medical Glossary

oxidase involved in the oxidation of xanthine structurally and functionally unrelated to uric acid and use of iron. Molybdenum con- compounds. centrations also affect protein synthesis, Muscarinic receptors Are G protein-coupled metabolism, and growth. Dietary sources acetylcholine receptors found in the plasma include meat, green beans, eggs, sunfl ower membranes of certain neurons and other seeds, wheat fl our, lentils, and cereal grain. cells. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) Is an isozyme Mutagen An agent that induces genetic muta- of monoamine oxidase. It preferentially deam- tion by causing changes in the DNA. inates norepinephrine (noradrenaline), epineph- Mutagenic Capable of inducing mutation (used rine (adrenaline), serotonin, and dopamine. mainly for extracellular factors such as X-rays Monoaminergic Of or pertaining to neurons or chemical pollution). that secrete monoamine neurotransmitters Myc Codes for a protein that binds to the DNA (e.g., dopamine, serotonin). of other genes and is therefore a transcription Monoclonal antibodies Are produced by fusing facor, found on chromosome 8 in human. single antibody-forming cells to tumour cells Mycosis An infection or disease caused by a grown in culture. fungus. Monocyte Large white blood cell that ingest Myelocyte Is a young cell of the granulocytic microbes, other cells and foreign matter. series, occurring normally in bone marrow, Monogalactosyl diglyceride Are the major but not in circulating blood. lipid components of chloroplasts. Myeloid leukaemia (Chronic) A type of cancer Monorrhagia Is heavy bleeding and that’s usu- that affects the blood and bone marrow, char- ally defi ned as periods lasting longer than acterized by excessive number of white blood 7 days or excessive bleeding. cells. Morbidity A diseased state or symptom or can Myeloma Cancer that arise in the plasma cells a refer either to the incidence rate or to the prev- type of white blood cells. alence rate of a disease. Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Is a peroxidase Morellofl avone A bifl avonoid extracted from enzyme most abundantly present in neutrophil Garcinia dulcis, has shown antioxidative, anti- granulocytes (a subtype of white blood cells). viral, and anti-infl ammatory properties. It is an infl ammatory enzyme produced by Morphine The major alkaloid of opium and a activated leukocytes that predicts risk of coro- potent narcotic analgesic. nary heart disease. MTTP Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein Myeloproliferative disorder Disease of the bone that is required for the assembly and secretion marrow in which excess cells are produced. of triglyceride -rich lipoproteins from both Myocardial Relating to heart muscles tissues. enterocytes and hepatocytes. Myocardial infarction (MI) Is the rapid devel- MUC 5AC Mucin 5AC, a secreted gel-forming opment of myocardial necrosis caused by a protein mucin with a high molecular weight of critical imbalance between oxygen supply and about 641 kDa. demand of the myocardium. Mucositis Painful infl ammation and ulceration Myocardial ischemia An intermediate condi- of the mucous membranes lining the digestive tion in during which tract. the heart tissue is slowly or suddenly starved Mucous Relating to mucus. of oxygen and other nutrients. Mucolytic Capable of reducing the viscosity of Myogenesis The formation of muscular tissue, mucus, or an agent that so acts. especially during embryonic development. Mucus Viscid secretion of the mucous Myopia Near – or short-sightedness. membrane. Myosarcoma A malignant muscle tumour. Multidrug resistance (MDR) Ability of a living Myotonia dystrophica An inherited disorder of the cell to show resistance to a wide variety of muscles and other body systems characterized Medical Glossary 831

by progressive muscle weakness, prolonged Neoplasia Abnormal growth of cells, which muscle contractions (myotonia), clouding of may lead to a neoplasm, or tumour. the lens of the eye (cataracts), cardiac abnor- Neoplasm Tumour; any new and abnormal malities, balding, and infertility. growth, specifi cally one in which cell multi- Myringosclerosis Also known as tympanoscle- plication is uncontrolled and progressive. rosis or intratympanic tympanosclerosis, is a Neoplasms may be benign or malignant. condition caused by calcifi cation of collagen Neoplastic transformation Conversion of a tis- tissues in the tympanic membrane of the mid- sue with a normal growth pattern into a malig- dle ear. nant tumour. Mytonia A symptom of certain neuromuscular Neointima A new or thickened layer of arterial disorders characterized by the slow relaxation intima formed especially on a or in of the muscles after voluntary contraction or atherosclerosis by migration and proliferation electrical stimulation. of cells from the media. Myotube A developing skeletal muscle fi bre Neovasculature Formation of new blood vessels. with a tubular appearance. Nephrectomised Kidneys surgically removed. N-nitrosmorpholine A human carcinogen. Nephrectomy Surgical removal of the kidney. N-nitrosoproline An indicator for N-nitrosation Nephric Relating to or connected with a kidney. of amines. Nephrin Is a protein necessary for the proper NADPH The reduced form of nicotinamide ade- functioning of the renal fi ltration barrier. nine dinucleotide phosphate that serves as an Nephritic syndrome Is a collection of signs electron carrier. (known as a syndrome) associated with disor- NAFLD Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ders affecting the kidneys, more specifi cally Narcotic An agent that produces narcosis, in glomerular disorders. moderate doses it dulls the , relieves Nephritis Is infl ammation of the kidney. pain and induces sleep; in excessive dose it Nephrolithiasis Process of forming a kidney cause stupor, coma, convulsions and death. stone in the kidney or lower urinary tract. Nasopharynx Upper part of the alimentary con- Nephropathy A disorder of the kidney. tinuous with the nasal passages. Nephrotic syndrome Nonspecifi c disorder in Natriorexia Excessive intake of sodium evoked which the kidneys are damaged, causing them by sodium depletion. adj. natriorexic, natri- to leak large amounts of protein from the orexigenic. blood into the urine. Natriuresis The discharge of excessive large Nephrotoxicity Poisonous effect of some sub- amount of sodium through urine. adj. stances, both toxic chemicals and medication, natriuretic. on the kidney. Natural killer cells (NK cells) A type of cyto- Nerve growth factor (NGF) A small protein toxic lymphocyte that constitute a major com- that induces the differentiation and survival of ponent of the . particular target neurons (nerve cells). Natural killer T (NKT) cells A heterogeneous Nervine A nerve tonic that acts therapeutically group of T cells that share properties of both T upon the nerves, particularly in the sense of a cells and natural killer (NK) cells. sedative that serves to calm ruffl ed nerves. Nausea Sensation of unease and discomfort in Neuralgia Is a sudden, severe painful disorder the stomach with an urge to vomit. of the nerves. Necropsy See autopsy. Neuraminidase Glycoside enzymes Necrosis Morphological changes that follow that cleaves the glycosidic linkages of cell death, usually involving nuclear and cyto- neuraminic acids. plasmic changes. Neuraminidase inhibitors A class of antiviral Neonatal adj. of or relating to newborn infants drugs targeted at the infl uenza viruses whose or an infant. mode of action consists of blocking the 832 Medical Glossary

function of the viral neuraminidase protein, Nitrogen (N) Is an essential building block of thus preventing the virus from reproducing. amino and nucleic acids and proteins and is Neurasthenia A condition with symptoms of essential to all living organisms. Protein rich fatigue, anxiety, headache, impotence, neural- vegetables like legumes are rich food sources gia and impotence. of nitrogen. Neurasthenic A substance used to treat nerve NK cells Natural killer cells, a type of cytotoxic pain and/or weakness (i.e. neuralgia, sciatica, lymphocyte that constitute a major component etc.). of the innate immune system. Neurite Refers to any projection from the cell NMDA receptor N-methyl- d -aspartate recep- body of a neuron. tor, the predominant molecular device for Neuritis An infl ammation of the nerve charac- controlling synaptic plasticity and memory terized by pain, sensory disturbances and function. A brain receptor activated by the impairment of refl exes. adj . neuritic. amino acid glutamate, which when excessively Neuritogenesis The fi rst step of neuronal differ- stimulated may cause cognitive defects in entiation, takes place as nascent neurites bud Alzheimer’s disease. from the immediate postmitotic neuronal soma. Nociceptive Causing pain, responding to a pain- Neuroblastoma A common extracranial cancer ful stimulus. that forms in nerve tissues, common in infancy. Non-osteogenic fi broma of bone A benign Neuroendocrine adj. of, relating to, or involving tumour of bone which shows no evidence of the interaction between the nervous system ossifi cation. and the hormones of the endocrine glands. Nootropics Are substances which are claimed to Neuroleptic Refers to the effects on cognition boost human cognitive abilities (the functions and behavior of antipsychotic drugs that reduce and capacities of the brain). Also popularly confusion, delusions, hallucinations, and psy- referred to as “smart drugs”, “smart nutrients”, chomotor agitation in patients with psychoses. “cognitive enhancers” and “brain enhancers”. Neuropharmacological Relating the effects of Noradrenalin See Norepinephrine. drugs on the neurosystem. Norepinephrine A substance, both a hormone Neuroradiology Is a subspecialty of radiology and neurotransmitter, secreted by the adrenal focusing on the diagnosis and characterization medulla and the nerve endings of the sympa- of abnormalities of the central and peripheral thetic nervous system to cause vasoconstric- nervous system . adj. neuroradiologic. tion and increases in heart rate, blood pressure, Neutropenia A disorder of the blood, character- and the sugar level of the blood. Also called ized by abnormally low levels of . levarterenol, noradrenalin. Neurotrophic Relating to neutrophy i.e. the Normoglycaemic Having the normal amount of nutrition and maintenance of nervous tissue. glucose in the blood. Neutrophil A type of white blood cell, specifi - Normotensive Having normal blood pressure. cally a form of granulocyte. Nosocomial infections Infections which are a Neutrophin Protein that induce the survival, result of treatment in a hospital or a healthcare development and function of neurons. service unit, but secondary to the patient’s NF-kappa B (NF-kB) Nuclear factor kappa B, original condition. is an ubiquitous rapid response transcription NK1.1+ T (NKT) cells A type of natural killer factor in cells involved in immune and infl am- T (NKT) cells. See natural killer T cells. matory reactions. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 Vitamin B3. See vitamin B3. (Nrf2) A transcription factor that plays a Niacinamide An amide of niacin, also known as major role in response to oxidative stress by nicotinamide. See vitamin B3. binding to antioxidant-responsive elements NIH3T3 cells A mouse embryonic fi broblast that regulate many hepatic phase I and II cell line used in the cultivation of keratinocytes. enzymes as well as hepatic effl ux transporters. Medical Glossary 833

Nucleosomes Fundamental repeating subunits medical problems, including cardiovascular of all eukaryotic chromatin, consisting of a disease, depression, asthma, and rheumatoid DNA chain coiled around a core of histones. arthritis. Nulliparous Term used to describe a woman Omega 6 fatty acids Are essential polyunsatu- who has never given birth. rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal Nyctalopia Night blindness, impaired vision in carbon–carbon double bond in the n−6 posi- dim light and in the dark, due to impaired tion. Omega-6 fatty acids are considered function of certain specialized vision cells. essential fatty acids (EFAs) found in vegetable Nycturia Excessive urination at night; espe- oils, nuts and seeds. They are essential to cially common in older men. human health but cannot be made in the body. Occlusion Closure or blockage (as of a blood Omega-6 fatty acids – found in vegetable oils, vessel). nuts and seeds – are a benefi cial part of a Occlusive peripheral arterial disease heart-healthy eating. Omega-6 and omega-3 (PAOD) Also known as peripheral vascular PUFA play a crucial role in heart and brain disease (PVD), or peripheral arterial disease function and in normal growth and develop- (PAD) refers to the obstruction of large arteries ment. Linoleic acid (LA) is the main omega-6 not within the coronary, aortic arch vasculature, fatty acid in foods, accounting for 85–90% of or brain. PVD can result from atherosclerosis, the dietary omega-6 PUFA. Other omega 6 infl ammatory processes leading to stenosis, an acids include g-linolenic acid or GLA, some- embolism, or thrombus formation. times called gamoleic acid, eicosadienoic Oculomotor nerve The third of 12 paired cra- acid, arachidonic acid and docosadienoic nial nerves. acid. Odds ratio A statistical measure of effect size, Omega 9 fatty acids Are not essential polyun- describing the strength of association or non- saturated fatty acids that have in common a independence between two binary data values. fi nal carbon–carbon double bond in the n−9 Odontalgia Toothache. adj. odontalgic. position. Some n−9s are common components Odontopathy Any disease of the teeth. of animal fat and vegetable oil. Two n−9 fatty Oedema See edema. acids important in industry are: oleic acid Oligoarthritis An infl ammation of two, three or (18:1, n−9), which is a main component of four joints. olive oil and erucic acid (22:1, n−9), which is Oligonucleosome A series of nucleosomes. found in rapeseed, wallfl ower seed, and mus- Oligospermia or oligozoospermia Refers to tard seed. semen with a low concentration of sperm, Oncogenes Genes carried by tumour viruses commonly associated with male infertility. that are directly and solely responsible for the Oliguria Decreased production of urine. neoplastic (tumorous) transformation of host Oligoanuria Insuffi cient urine volume to allow cells. fo administration of necessary fl uids, etc. Ophthalmia Severe infl ammation of eye, or the Omega 3 fatty acids Are essential polyunsatu- conjunctiva or deeper structures of the eye . rated fatty acids that have in common a fi nal Also called ophthalmitis. carbon–carbon double bond in the n−3 posi- Ophthalmia (Sympathetic) Infl ammation of tion. Dietary sources of omega-3 fatty acids both eyes following trauma to one eye. include fi sh oil and certain plant/nut oils. The Opiate Drug derived from the opium plant. three most nutritionally important omega 3 Opioid receptors A group of G-protein coupled fatty acids are a-linolenic acid, eicosapen- receptors located in the brain and various taenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid organs that bind opiates or opioid substances. (DHA). Research indicates that omega 3 fatty Optic placode An ectodermal placode from acids are important in health promotion and which the lens of the embryonic eye develops; disease and can help prevent a wide range of also called lens placode. 834 Medical Glossary

ORAC (Oxygen radical absorbance capacity) Osteomyelofi brosis A myeloproliferative disor- A method of measuring antioxidant capacities der in which fi brosis and sclerosis fi nally lead in biological samples. to bone marrow obliteration. Oral submucous fi brosis A chronic debilitating Osteopenia Reduction in bone mass, usually disease of the oral cavity characterized by caused by a lowered rate of formation of new infl ammation and progressive fi brosis of the bone that is insuffi cient to keep up with the tissues. rate of bone destruction. Oral thrush An infection of yeast fungus, Can- Osteoporosis A disease of bone that leads to an dida albicans, in the mucous membranes of increased risk of fracture. the mouth. Osteoprotegerin Also called osteoclastogenesis Orchidectomy Surgery to remove one or both inhibitory factor (OCIF), a cytokine, which testicles. can inhibit the production of osteoclasts. Orchidectomised With testis removed. Osteosacrcoma A malignant bone tumour. Also Orchitis An acute painful infl ammatory reac- called osteogenic sarcoma. tion of the testis secondary to infection by dif- Otalgia Earache, pain in the ear. ferent bacteria and viruses. Otic placode A thickening of the ectoderm on Orexigenic Increasing or stimulating the the outer surface of a developing embryo from appetite. which the ear develops. Orofacial dyskinesia Abnormal involuntary Otitis Infl ammation of the inner or outer parts of movements involving muscles of the face, the ear. mouth, tongue, eyes, and occasionally, the Otorrhea Running drainage (discharge) exiting neck – may be unilateral or bilateral, and con- the ear. stant or intermittent. Ovariectomised With one or two ovaries Oropharyngeal Relating to the oropharynx. removed. Oropharynx Part of the pharynx between the Ovariectomy Surgical removal of one or both soft and the epiglottis. ovaries. Ostalgia, Ostealgia Pain in the bones. Also Oxidation The process of adding oxygen to a called osteodynia. compound, dehydrogenation or increasing the Osteoarthritis Is the deterioration of the joints electro-negative charge. that becomes more common with age. Oxidoreductase activity Catalysis of an oxida- Osteoarthrosis Chronic noninfl ammatory bone tion-reduction (redox) reaction, a reversible disease. chemical reaction. One substrate acts as a Osteoblast A mononucleate cell that is respon- hydrogen or electron donor and becomes oxi- sible for bone formation. dized, while the other acts as hydrogen or Osteoblastic Relating to osteoblasts. electron acceptor and becomes reduced. Osteocalcin A noncollagenous protein found Oxytocic adj. hastening or facilitating child- in bone and dentin, also refer to as bone birth, especially by stimulating contractions of g-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein. the uterus. Osteoclasts A kind of bone cell that removes Oxytocin Is a mammalian hormone that also bone tissue by removing its mineralized acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain. It is matrix. best known for its roles in female reproduc- Osteoclastogenesis The production of osteo- tion: it is released in large amounts after dis- clasts. tension of the cervix and vagina during labor, Osteodynia Pain in the bone. and after stimulation of the nipples, facilitat- Osteogenic Derived from or composed of any ing birth and breastfeeding, respectively. tissue concerned in bone growth or repair. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity Osteomalacia Refers to the softening of the (ORAC) A method of measuring antioxidant bones due to defective bone mineralization. capacities in biological samples. Medical Glossary 835

Oxyuriasis Infestation by pinworms. Parasympathomimetic Having an action Ozoena Discharge of the nostrils caused by resembling that caused by stimulation of the chronic infl ammation of the nostrils. parasympathetic nervous system. p.o. Per os, oral administration. Parenteral administration Administration by P21 Also known as cyclin-dependent kinase intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular inhibitor 1 or CDK-interacting protein 1, is a routes. potent cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor. Paresis A condition characterised by partial loss P53 Also known as protein 53 or tumour protein of movement, or impaired movement. 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in Paresthesia Is an abnormal sensation of the humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. skin, such as burning, numbness, itching, P-Selectin Also known as CD62P, GMP-140, hyperesthesia (increased sensitivity) or tin- LLECAM-3, PADGEM, a member of the gling, with no apparent physical cause. selectin family. It is expressed by activated Parenteral Is a route of administration via the platelets and endothelial cells. veins that involves piercing the skin or mucous P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1, MDR1) A . membrane-associated drug-exporting protein Parotitis Infl ammation of salivary glands. that transports a variety of drug substrates Paroxysm A sudden outburst of emotion or from cancer cells. action, a sudden attack, recurrence or intensi- Palpebral ptosis The abnormal drooping of the fi cation of a disease. upper lid, caused by partial or total reduction Paroxystic Relating to an abnormal event of the in levator muscle function. body with an abrupt onset and an equally Palpitation Rapid pulsation or throbbing of the sudden return to normal. heart. PARP See poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Paludism State of having symptoms of malaria Parturition Act of child birth. characterized by high fever and chills. PCE/PCN ratio Polychromatic erythrocyte/ Pancreatectomized Having undergone a pan- normochromatic erythrocyte ratio use as a createctomy. measure of cytotoxic effects. Pancreatectomy Surgical removal of all or part pCREB Phosphorylated cAMP (adenosine 3¢ 5 ¢ of the pancreas. cyclic monophosphate)-response element Pancreatitis Infl ammation of the pancreas. binding protein. Pantothenic acid Vitamin B5. See vitamin B5. PDEF Acronym for prostate-derived ETS fac- Papain A protein degrading enzyme used tor, an ETS (epithelial-specifi c E26 transform- medicinally and to tenderize meat. ing sequence) family member that has been Papilloma A benign epithelial tumour growing identifi ed as a potential tumour suppressor. outwardly like in fi nger-like fronds. Pectoral Pertaining to or used for the chest and Papule A small, solid, usually infl ammatory respiratory tract. elevation of the skin that does not contain pERK Phosphorylated extracellular signal- pus. regulated kinase, protein kinases involved in Paradontosis Is the infl ammation of gums and many cell functions. other deeper structures, including the bone. p53 Also known as protein 53 or tumour protein Paralytic Person affected with paralysis, per- 53, is a tumour suppressor protein that in taining to paralysis. humans is encoded by the TP53 gene. Parasitemia Presence of parasites in blood. adj. Peliosis See purpura. parasitemic. Pellagra Is a systemic nutritional wasting dis- Parasympathetic nervous system Subsystem ease caused by a defi ciency of vitamin B3 of the nervous systems that slows the heart (niacin). rate and increases intestinal and gland activity Pemphigus neonatorum Staphylococcal scalded and relaxes the sphincter muscles. skin syndrome, a bacterial disease of infants, 836 Medical Glossary

characterized by elevated vesicles or blebs on Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a normal or reddened skin . alpha (PPAR-a) A nuclear receptor protein, Peptic ulcer A sore in the lining of the stomach transcription factor and a major regulator of or duodenum, the fi rst part of the small intestine. lipid metabolism in the liver. Percutaneous Pertains to a medical procedure Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor where access to inner organs or tissues is done gamma (PPAR-g ) A type II nuclear receptor via needle puncture of the skin. protein that regulates fatty acid storage and Perfusion To force fl uid through the lymphatic glucose metabolism. system or blood vessels to an organ or tissue. Pertussis Whooping cough, sever cough. Periapical periodontitis Is the infl ammation of Peyers Patches Patches of lymphoid tissue or the tissue adjacent to the tip of the tooth’s lymphoid nodules on the walls of the ileal- root. small intestine. Perifuse T o fl ush a fresh supply of bathing fl uid PGE-2 Prostaglandin E2, a hormone-like sub- around all of the outside surfaces of a small stance that is released by blood vessel walls in piece of tissue immersed in it. response to infection or infl ammation that acts Perilipins Highly phosphorylated adipocyte on the brain to induce fever. proteins that are localized at the surface of the Phagocytes Are the white blood cells that pro- lipid droplet. tect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) Perimenopause Is the phase before menopause harmful foreign particles, bacteria and dead or actually takes place, when ovarian hormone dying cells. adj. phagocytic. production is declining and fl uctuating. adj . Phagocytosis Is process the human body uses to perimenopausal. destroy dead or foreign cells. Periodontal ligament (PDL) Is a group of spe- Pharmacognosis The branch of pharmacology cialized connective tissue fi bres that essen- that studies the composition, use, and history tially attach a tooth to the bony socket. of drugs. Periodontitis Is a severe form of gingivitis in Pharmacodynamics Branch of pharmacology which the infl ammation of the gums extends dealing with the effects of drugs and the mech- to the supporting structures of the tooth. Also anism of their action. called pyorrhea. Pharmacokinetics Branch of pharmacology Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) See periph- concerned with the movement of drugs within eral artery occlusive disease. the body including processes of absorption, Peripheral neuropathy Refers to damage to distribution, metabolism and excretion in the nerves of the peripheral nervous system. body. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD) See periph- Pharmacopoeia Authoritative treatise contain- eral artery occlusive disease . ing directions for the identifi cation of drug Peristalsis A series of organized, wave-like samples and the preparation of compound muscle contractions that occur throughout the medicines, and published by the authority of a digestive tract. government or a medical or pharmaceutical Perlingual Through or by way of the tongue. society and in a broader sense is a general ref- Perniosis An abnormal reaction to cold that erence work for pharmaceutical drug specifi - occurs most frequently in women, children, cations. and the elderly. Also called chilblains. Pharyngitis, Pharyngolaryngitis Infl ammation Per os (P.O.) Oral administration. of the pharynx and the larynx. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors Pharyngolaryngeal Pertaining to the pharynx (PPARs) A family of nuclear receptors and larynx. that are involved in lipid metabolism, differ- Phenolics Class of chemical compounds con- entiation, proliferation, cell death, and sisting of a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded infl ammation. directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. Medical Glossary 837

Pheochromocytoma Is a rare neuroendocrine Phospholipase C gamma (PLC gamma) tumour that usually originates from the adre- Enzymes that cleaves phospholipase in cellu- nal glands’ chromaffi n cells, causing overpro- lar proliferation and differentiation, and its duction of catecholamines, powerful hor- enzymatic activity is upregulated by a variety mones that induce high blood pressure and of growth factors and hormones. other symptoms. Phosphorus (P) Is an essential mineral that Phlebitis Is an infl ammation of a vein, usually makes up 1% of a person’s total body weight in the legs. and is found in the bones and teeth. It plays an Phlegm Abnormally viscid mucus secreted by important role in the body’s utilization of car- the mucosa of the respiratory passages during bohydrates and fats; in the synthesis of protein certain infectious processes. for the growth, maintenance, and repair of Phlegmon A spreading, diffuse infl ammation of cells and tissues. It is also crucial for the pro- the soft or connective tissue due to infection duction of ATP, a molecule the body uses to by Streptococci bacteria. store energy. Main sources are meat and milk; Phoroglucinol A white, crystalline compound fruits and vegetables provides small amounts. used as an antispasmodic, analytical reagent, Photoaging Is the term that describes damage to and decalcifi er of bone specimens for micro- the skin caused by intense and chronic expo- scopic examination. sure to sunlight resulting in premature aging Phosphatidylglycerol Is a glycerophospholipid of the skin. found in pulmonary active surface lipoprotein Photocarcinogenesis Represents the sum of a and consists of a L-glycerol 3-phosphate complex of simultaneous and sequential bio- backbone ester-bonded to either saturated or chemical events that ultimately lead to the unsaturated fatty acids on carbons 1 and 2. occurrence of skin cancer. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI 3-kinases Photophobia Abnormal visual intolerance to or PI3Ks) A group of enzymes involved in light. cellular functions such as cell growth, prolif- Photopsia An affection of the eye, in which the eration, differentiation, motility, survival and patient perceives luminous rays, fl ashes, cor- intracellular traffi cking, which in turn are uscations, etc. involved in cancer. Photosensitivity Sensitivity toward light. Phosphatidylserine A phosphoglyceride phos- Phthisis An archaic name for tuberculosis. pholipid that is one of the key building blocks Phytohemagglutinin A lectin found in plant of cellular membranes, particularly in the ner- that is involved in the stimulation of lympho- vous system. It is derived from soy lecithin cyte proliferation. Phosphodiesterases A diverse family of Phytonutrients Certain organic components of enzymes that hydrolyse cyclic nucleotides and plants, that are thought to promote human thus play a key role in regulating intracellular health. Fruits, vegetables, grains, legumes, levels of the second messengers cAMP and nuts and teas are rich sources of phytonutri- cGMP, and hence cell function. ents. Phytonutrients are not ‘essential’ for life. Phospholipase An enzyme that hydrolyzes Also called phytochemicals. phospholipids into fatty acids and other lipo- Phytosterols A group of steroid alcohols, cho- philic substances. lesterol-like phytochemicals naturally occur- Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) A small lipolytic ring in plants like vegetable oils, nuts and enzyme that releases fatty acids from the sec- legumes. ond carbon group of glycerol. Plays an essen- Piebaldism Rare autosomal dominant disorder tial role in the synthesis of prostaglandins and of melanocyte development characterized by leukotrienes. distinct patches of skin and hair that contain Phospholipase C Enzymes that cleaves phos- no pigment. pholipase. Piles See haemorrhoids. 838 Medical Glossary

Pityriasis lichenoides Is a rare skin disorder of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) A pro- unknown aetiology characterised by multiple tein involved in a number of cellular processes papules and plaques. especially DNA repair and programmed cell PKC Protein kinase C, a membrane bound death. enzyme that phosphorylates different intracel- Polyarthritis Is any type of arthritis which lular proteins and raised intracellular Ca involves fi ve or more joints. levels. Polychromatic erythrocyte (PCE) An imma- PKC Delta inhibitors Protein Kinase C D ture containing RNA, that can inhibitors that induce apoptosis of hae- be differentiated by appropriate staining tech- matopoietic cell lines. niques from a normochromatic erythrocyte Placebo A sham or simulated medical (NCE), which lacks RNA. intervention. Polycystic kidney disease Is a kidney disorder Placode A platelike epithelial thickening in the passed down through families in which multi- embryo where some organ or structure later ple form on the kidneys, causing them to develops. become enlarged. Plasma The yellow-colored liquid component Polycythaemia A type of blood disorder char- of blood, in which blood cells are suspended. acterised by the production of too many red Plasmalemma Plasma membrane. blood cells. Plasma kallikrien A serine protease, synthe- Polymorphonuclear Having a lobed nucleus. sized in the liver and circulates in the plasma. Used especially of neutrophilic white blood A proteinase enzyme that is responsi- cells. ble for digesting fi brin in blood clots. Polyneuritis Widespread infl ammation of the Plasminogen The proenzyme of plasmin, whose nerves. primary role is the degradation of fi brin in the Polyneuritis gallinarum A nervous disorder in vasculature. birds and poultry. Plaster Poultice. Polyp A growth that protrudes from a mucous Platelet activating factor (PAF) Is an acety- membrane. lated derivative of glycerophosphorylcholine, Polyphagia Medical term for excessive hunger released by basophils and mast cells in imme- or eating. diate hypersensitive reactions and macrophages Polyuria A condition characterized by the pas- and neutrophils in other infl ammatory reac- sage of large volumes of urine with an increase tions. One of its main effects is to induce in urinary frequency. platelet aggregation. Pomade A thick oily dressing. PLC gamma Phospholipase C gamma plays a Porphyrin Any of a class of water-soluble, central role in signal transduction. nitrogenous biological pigments. Pleurisy Is an infl ammation of the pleura, the Postpartum Depression Depression after preg- lining of the pleural cavity surrounding the nancy; also called postnatal depression. lungs, which can cause painful respiration and Postprandial After mealtime. other symptoms. Also known as pleuritis. Potassium (K) Is an element that’s essential for Pneumonia An infl ammatory illness of the lung the body’s growth and maintenance. It’s nec- caused by bacteria or viruses. essary to keep a normal water balance between Pneumotoxicity Damage to lung tissues. the cells and body fl uids, for cellular enzyme Poliomyelitis Is a highly infectious viral disease activities and plays an essential role in the that may attack the central nervous system and response of nerves to stimulation and in the is characterized by symptoms that range from contraction of muscles. Potassium is found in a mild non-paralytic infection to total paraly- many plant foods and fi sh (tuna, halibut): sis in a matter of hours; also called polio or chard, mushrooms, spinach, fennel, kale, mus- infantile paralysis. tard greens, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauli- Medical Glossary 839

fl ower, cabbage winter squash, eggplant, can- leucoanthocyanin, is a class of fl avanols found taloupe, tomatoes, parsley, cucumber, bell in many plants. It has antioxidant activity and pepper, turmeric, ginger root, apricots, straw- plays a role in the stabilization of collagen and berries, avocado and banana. maintenance of elastin. Poultice Is a soft moist mass, often heated and Progestational Of or relating to the phase of the medicated, that is spread on cloth over the skin menstrual cycle immediately following ovula- to treat an aching, infl amed, or painful part of tion, characterized by secretion of progesterone. the body. Also called cataplasm. Proglottid One of the segments of a tapeworm. PPARs Peroxisome proliferator-activated recep- Prognosis Medical term to describe the likely tors – a group of nuclear receptor proteins that outcome of an illness. function as transcription factors regulating the Prolactin A hormone produced by the pituitary expression of genes. gland, it stimulates the to produce milk Prebiotics A category of functional food, in pregnant women. It is also present in males defi ned as non-digestible food ingredients that but its role is not well understood. benefi cially affect the host by selectively stim- Prolapsus To fall or slip out of place. ulating the growth and/or activity of one or a Prolapus ani Eversion of the lower portion of limited number of bacteria in the colon, and the rectum, and protruding through the anus, thus improve host health. cf. probiotics. common in infancy and old age. Pre-ecamplasia Toxic condition of pregnancy Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) A characterized by high blood pressure, abnor- new marker to study human colonic cell mal weight gain, proteinuria and edema. proliferation. Prepubertal Before puberty; pertaining to the Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) A most period of accelerated growth preceding common cause of failure in retinal reattach- gonadal maturity. ment surgery, characterised by the formation Pre-eclampsia See toxemia. of cellular membrane on both surfaces of the Pregnane X receptor (PXR; NR1I2) is a ligand- retina and in the vitreous. activated transcription factor that plays a role Promastigote The fl agellate stage in the devel- not only in drug metabolism and transport but opment of trypanosomatid protozoa, charac- also in various other biological processes. terized by a free anterior fl agellum. Pregnenolone A steroid hormone produced by Promyelocytic leukemia A subtype of acute the adrenal glands, involved in the steroido- myelogenous leukemia (AML), a cancer of genesis of other steroid hormones like proges- the blood and bone marrow. terone, mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, Pro-oxidants Chemicals that induce oxidative androgens, and estrogens. stress, either through creating reactive oxygen Prenidatory Referring to the time period species or inhibiting antioxidant systems. between fertilization and implantation. Prophylaxis Prevention or protection against Prenylated fl avones Flavones with an isoprenyl disease. group in the 8-position, has been reported to Proptosis See exophthalmos. have good anti-infl ammatory properties. A prostaglandin that is a metabo- Proangiogenic Promote angiogensis (formation lite of arachidonic acid, inhibits platelet aggre- and development of new blood vessels). gation, and dilates blood vessels. Probiotics Are dietary supplements and live Prostaglandins A family of C 20 lipid com- microorganisms containing potentially benefi - pounds found in various tissues, associated cial bacteria or yeasts that are taken into the with muscular contraction and the infl amma- alimentary system for healthy intestinal func- tion response such as swelling, pain, stiffness, tions. cf. prebiotics. redness and warmth. Procyanidin Also known as proathocyanidin, Prostaglandin E2 (PEG-2) One of the prosta- oligomeric proathocyanidin, leukocyanidin, glandins, a group of hormone-like substances 840 Medical Glossary

that participate in a wide range of body func- Prothyroid Good for thyroid function. tions such as the contraction and relaxation of Protheolithic Proteolytic see . smooth muscle, the dilation and constriction Proto-oncogene A normal gene which, when of blood vessels, control of blood pressure, altered by mutation, becomes an oncogene and modulation of infl ammation. that can contribute to cancer. Prostaglandin E synthase An enzyme that in Prurigo A general term used to describe itchy humans is encoded by the glutathione-dependent eruptions of the skin. PTGES gene. Pruritis Defi ned as an unpleasant sensation on Prostanoids Term used to describe a subclass of the skin that provokes the desire to rub or eicosanoids (products of COX pathway) con- scratch the area to obtain relief; itch, itching. sisting of: the prostaglandins (mediators of adj . pruritic. infl ammatory and anaphylactic reactions), the PSA Prostate Specifi c Antigen, a protein which thromboxanes (mediators of ) is secreted into ejaculate fl uid by the healthy and the prostacyclins (active in the resolution prostate. One of its functions is to aid sperm phase of infl ammation.) movement. Prostate A gland that surround the urethra at the A common chronic, non-contagious bladder in the male. autoimmune dermatosis that affects the skin Prostate cancer A disease in which cancer and joints. develops in the prostate, a gland in the male Psychoactive Having effects on the mind or reproductive system. Symptoms include pain, behavior. diffi culty in urinating, Psychonautics Exploration of the psyche by and other symptoms. means of approaches such as meditation, Prostate–specifi c antigen (PSA) A protein pro- prayer, lucid dreaming, brain wave entrain- duced by the cells of the prostate gland. ment etc. Protein kinase C (PKC) A family of enzymes Psychotomimetic Hallucinogenic. involved in controlling the function of other Psychotropic Capable of affecting the mind, proteins through the phosphorylation of emotions, and behavior. hydroxyl groups of serine and threonine amino Ptosis Also known as drooping eyelid; caused acid residues on these proteins. PKC enzymes by weakness of the eyelid muscle and damage play important roles in several signal trans- to the nerves that control the muscles or duction cascades. looseness of the skin of the upper eyelid.. Protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) A group P13-K Is a lipid kinase enzyme involved in the of enzymes that remove phosphate groups regulation of a number of cellular functions from phosphorylated tyrosine residues on such as cell growth, proliferation, differentia- proteins. tion, motility, survival and intracellular Proteinase A protease (enzyme) involved in the traffi cking, which in turn are involved in hydrolytic breakdown of proteins, usually by cancer. splitting them into polypeptide chains. P13-K/AKT signaling pathway Shown to be Proteinuria Means the presence of an excess of important for an extremely diverse array of serum proteins in the urine. cellular activities – most notably cellular pro- Proteolysis Cleavage of the peptide bonds in liferation and survival. protein forming smaller polypeptides. adj. Pthysis Silicosis with tuberculosis. proteolytic. Ptosis Drooping of the upper eye lid. Proteomics The large-scale study of proteins, PTP Protein tyrosine phosphatase. particularly their structures and functions. PTPIB Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B. Prothrombin Blood-clotting protein that is Puerperal Pertaining to child birth. converted to the active form, factor IIa, or Pulmonary embolism A blockage (blood clot) , by cleavage. of the main artery of the lung. Medical Glossary 841

Purgative A substance used to cleanse or purge, propagates cellular dysfunction in several especially causing the immediate evacuation infl ammatory disorders, in tumours and in of the bowel. diabetes. Purpura Is the appearance of red or purple dis- RAS See renin-angiotensin system or recurrent colorations on the skin that do not blanch on aphthous stomatitis. applying pressure. Also called peliosis. Rash A temporary eruption on the skin, see Purulent Containing pus discharge. uticaria. Purulent sputum Sputum containing, or con- Reactive oxygen species Species such as super- sisting of, pus. oxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical. Pustule Small, infl amed, pus-fi lled lesions. At low levels, these species may function in Pyelonephritis An ascending urinary tract cell signaling processes. At higher levels, infection that has reached the pyelum (pelvis) these species may damage cellular macromol- of the kidney. ecules (such as DNA and RNA) and participate Pyodermatitis Refers to infl ammation of the in apoptosis (programmed cell death). skin. Rec A Is a 38 kDa Escherichia coli protein Pyorrhea See periodontitis. essential for the repair and maintenance of Pyretic Referring to fever. DNA. Pyrexia Fever of unknown origin. Receptor for advanced glycation end products Pyridoxal A chemical form of vitamin B6. See (RAGE) Is a member of the immunoglobulin vitamin B6. superfamily of cell surface molecules; medi- Pyridoxamine A chemical form of vitamin B6. ates neurite outgrowth and cell migration upon See vitamin B6. stimulation with its ligand, amphoterin. Pyridoxine A chemical form of vitamin B6. See Recticulocyte Non-nucleated stage in the devel- vitamin B6. opment of the red blood cell. Pyrolysis Decomposition or transformation of a Recticulocyte lysate Cell lysate produced from compound caused by heat. adj. pyrolytic. reticulocytes, used as an in-vitro translation PYY Peptide A 36 amino acid peptide secreted system. by L cells of the distal small intestine and Recticuloendothelial system Part of the colon that inhibits gastric and pancreatic immune system, consists of the phagocytic secretion. cells located in reticular connective tissue, QT interval Is a measure of the time between primarily monocytes and macrophages. the start of the Q wave and the end of the T Recurrent aphthous stomatitis, or RAS Is a wave in the heart’s electrical cycle. A pro- common, painful condition in which recurring longed QT interval is a biomarker for ventric- ovoid or round ulcers affect the oral mucosa. ular tachyarrhythmias and a risk factor for Redox homeostasis Is considered as the cumu- sudden death. lative action of all free radical reactions and Quorum sensing (QS) The control of gene antioxidant defenses in different tissues. expression in response to cell density, is used Refrigerant A medicine or an application for by both gram-negative and gram-positive allaying heat, fever or its symptoms. bacteria to regulate a variety of physiological Renal calculi Kidney stones. functions. Renal interstitial fi brosis Damage sustained by Radiolysis The dissociation of molecules by the kidneys’ renal tubules and interstitial radiation. capillaries due to accumulation of extracellu- Radioprotective Serving to protect or aiding in lar waste in the wall of the small arteries and protecting against the injurious effect of arterioles. radiations. Renin Also known as an angiotensinogenase, is RAGE Is the receptor for advanced glycation an enzyme that participates in the body’s end products, a multiligand receptor that renin-angiotensin system (RAS). 842 Medical Glossary

Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) Also called Rhinorrhea Commonly known as a runny nose, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system characterized by an unusually signifi cant (RAAS) is a hormone system that regulates amount of nasal discharge. blood pressure and water (fl uid) balance. Rhinosinusitis Infl ammation of the nasal cavity Reperfusion The restoration of blood fl ow to an and sinuses. organ or tissue that has had its blood supply Rho GTPases Rho-guanosine triphosphate cut off, as after a heart attack. hydrolase enzymes are molecular switches Reporter gene A transfected gene that produces that regulate many essential cellular processes, a signal, such as green fl uorescence, when it is including actin dynamics, gene transcription, expressed. cell-cycle progression and cell adhesion. Resistin A cysteine-rich protein secreted by adi- Ribosome inactivating proteins Protein that pose tissue of mice and rats. are capable of inactivating ribosomes. Resolutive A substance that induces subsidence Rickets Is a softening of the bones in children of infl ammation. potentially leading to fractures and deformity. Resolvent Reduce infl ammation or swelling. Ringworm Dermatophytosis, a skin infection Resorb To absorb or assimilate a product of the caused by fungus. body such as an exudates or cellular growth. Roborant Restoring strength or vigour, a tonic. Restenosis Is the reoccurrence of stenosis, a Rotavirus The most common cause of infec- narrowing of a blood vessel, leading to tious diarrhea (gastroenteritis) in young chil- restricted blood fl ow. dren and infants, one of several viruses that Is a phytoalexin produced naturally causes infections called stomach fl u. by several plants when under attack by patho- Rubefacient A substance for external applica- gens such as bacteria or fungi. It is a potent tion that produces redness of the skin e.g. by antioxidant found in red grapes and other causing dilation of the capillaries and an plants. increase in blood. Retinol A form of vitamin A, see vitamin A. Ryanodine receptor Intracellular Ca++ channels Retinopathy A general term that refers to some in animal tissues like muscles and neurons. form of non-infl ammatory damage to the S.C. Abbreviation for sub-cutaneous, beneath retina of the eye. the layer of skin. Revulsive Counterirritant, used for swellings. S-T segment The portion of an electrocardio- Rheumatic Pertaining to rheumatism or to gram between the end of the QRS complex abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system. and the beginning of the T wave. Elevation or Rheumatism, Rheumatic disorder, Rheumatic depression of the S-T segment is the charac- diseases Refers to various painful medical teristics of myocardial ischemia or injury and conditions which affect bones, joints, muscles, coronary artery disease. . Rheumatic diseases are characterized Sapraemia See septicaemia. by the signs of infl ammation – redness, heat, Sarcoma Cancer of the connective or supportive swelling, and pain. tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) Is a chronic, sys- vessels) and soft tissues. temic autoimmune disorder that most com- Sarcopenia Degenerative loss of skeletal mus- monly causes infl ammation and tissue damage cle mass and strength associated with aging. in joints (arthritis) and sheaths, together Sarcoplasmic reticulum A special type of with anemia. smooth endoplasmic reticulum found in Rhinitis Irritation and infl ammation of some smooth and striated muscle. internal areas of the nose and the primary SARS Severe acute respiratory syndrome, the symptom of rhinitis is a runny nose. name of a potentially fatal new respiratory dis- Rhinoplasty Is surgery to repair or reshape the ease in humans which is caused by the SARS nose. coronavirus (SARS-CoV) Medical Glossary 843

Satiety State of feeling satiated, fully satisfi ed make selenoproteins, which are important (appetite or desire). antioxidant enzymes. It is found in avocado, Scabies A transmissible ectoparasite skin infec- brazil nut, lentils, sunfl ower seeds, tomato, tion characterized by superfi cial burrows, intense whole grain cereals, seaweed, seafood and pruritus (itching) and secondary infection. meat. Scarlatina Scarlet fever, an acute, contagious Sensorineural bradyacuasia Hearing impair- disease caused by infection with group A ment of the inner ear resulting from damage to streptococcal bacteria. the sensory hair cells or to the nerves that sup- Schwann cells Or neurolemmocytes, are the ply the inner ear. principal supporting cells of the peripheral Sepsis A condition in which the body is fi ghting nervous system, they form the myelin sheath a severe infection that has spread via the of a nerve fi bre. bloodstream. Schistosomiasis Is a parasitic disease caused by Sequela An abnormal pathological condition several species of fl uke of the genus Schisto- resulting from a disease, injury or trauma. soma. Also known as bilharzia, bilharziosis or Serine proteinase Peptide hydrolases which snail fever. have an active centre histidine and serine Schizophrenia A psychotic disorder (or a group involved in the catalytic process. of disorders) marked by severely impaired Serotonergic Liberating, activated by, or involv- thinking, emotions, and behaviors. ing serotonin in the transmission of nerve Sciatica A condition characterised by pain deep impulses. in the buttock often radiating down the back of Serotonin A monoamine neurotransmitter syn- the leg along the sciatic nerve. thesized in serotonergic neurons in the central A disease of the body’s connec- nervous system. tive tissue. The most common symptom is a Sepsis Condition in which the body is fi ghting a thickening and hardening of the skin, particu- severe infection that has spread via the blood- larly of the hands and face. stream. Scrofula A tuberculous infection of the skin on Septicaemia A systemic disease associated with the neck caused by the bacterium Mycobacte- the presence and persistence of pathogenic rium tuberculosis . microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Scrophulosis See scrofula. Sequelae A pathological condition resulting Scurf Abnormal skin condition in which small from a prior disease, injury, or attack. fl akes or sales become detached. Sexual potentiator Increases sexual activity Scurvy A state of dietary defi ciency of vitamin and potency, enhances sexual performance C (ascorbic acid) which is required for the due to increased blood fl ow and effi cient synthesis of collagen in humans. metabolism. Secretagogue A substance that causes another Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) Infec- substance to be secreted. tions that are transmitted through sexual Sedative Having a soothing, calming, or tran- activity. quilizing effect; reducing or relieving stress, SGOT, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transami- irritability, or excitement. nase An enzyme that is normally present in Seizure The physical fi ndings or changes in liver and heart cells. SGOT is released into behavior that occur after an episode of abnor- blood when the liver or heart is damaged. Also mal electrical activity in the brain. called aspartate transaminase (AST). Are a family of cell adhesion mole- SGPT, Serum glutamic pyruvic transami- cules; e.g. selectin-E, selectin –L, selectin P. nase An enzyme normally present in serum Selenium (Se) A trace mineral that is essential and body tissues, especially in the liver; it is to good health but required only in tiny released into the serum as a result of tissue amounts; it is incorporated into proteins to injury, also called Alanine transaminase (ALT), 844 Medical Glossary

Shiga–like toxin A toxin produced by the bacte- SIRT 1 Stands for sirtuin (silent mating type rium Escherichia coli which disrupts the func- information regulation 2 homolog) 1. It is an tion of ribosomes, also known as verotoxin. enzyme that deacetylates proteins that contrib- Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) Comprises ute to cellular regulation. a diverse group of organisms capable of causing 6-Keto-PGF1 alpha A physiologically active severe gastrointestinal disease in humans. and stable hydrolysis product of Epoprostenol, Shiga toxin A toxin produced by the bacterium found in nearly all mammalian tissues. Shigella dysenteriae, which disrupts the func- Skp1 (S-phase kinase-associated protein 1) is a tion of ribosomes. core component of SCF ubiquitin and Shingles Skin rash caused by the Zoster virus mediates protein degradation. (same virus that causes chicken pox) and is Smads A family of intracellular proteins that medically termed Herpes zoster. mediate signaling by members of the TGF-b Sialogogue Salivation-promoter, a substance used (transforming growth factor b) superfamily. to increase or promote the excretion of . Smad2/3 A key signaling molecule for TGF-b. Sialoproteins Glycoproteins that contain sialic Smad7 A TGFb type 1 receptor antagonist. acid as one of their carbohydrates. Smallpox Is an acute, contagious and devastat- Sialyation Reaction with sialic acid or its deriv- ing disease in humans caused by Variola virus atives; used especially with oligosaccharides. and have resulted in high mortality over the Sialyltransferases Enzymes that transfer sialic centuries. acid to nascent oligosaccharide. Snuff Powder inhaled through the nose. Sickle cell disease Is an inherited blood disorder SOD Superoxide dismutase, is an enzyme that that affects red blood cells. People with sickle repairs cells and reduces the damage done to cell disease have red blood cells that contain them by superoxide, the most common free mostly hemoglobin S, an abnormal type of radical in the body. hemoglobin. Sometimes these red blood cells Sodium (Na) Is an essential nutrient required become sickle-shaped (crescent shaped) and for health. Sodium cations are important in have diffi culty passing through small blood neuron (brain and nerve) function, and in vessels. infl uencing osmotic balance between cells and Side stitch Is an intense stabbing pain under the the interstitial fl uid and in maintenance of total lower edge of the ribcage that occurs while body fl uid homeostasis. Extra intake may exercising. cause a harmful effect on health. Sodium is Signal transduction cascade Refers to a series naturally supplied by salt intake with food. of sequential events that transfer a signal Soleus muscle Smaller calf muscle lower down through a series of intermediate molecules the leg and under the gastrocnemius muscle. until fi nal regulatory molecules, such as tran- Somites Mesodermal structures formed during scription factors, are modifi ed in response to embryonic development that give rise to seg- the signal. mented body parts such as the muscles of the Silicon (Si) Is required in minute amounts by body wall. the body and is important for the development Somites Mesodermal structures formed during of healthy hair and the prevention of nervous embryonic development that give rise to seg- disorders. Lettuce is the best natural source of mented body parts such as the muscles of the Silicon. body wall. Sinapism Signifi es an external application, in Somnolence Sleepiness or drowsiness. the form of a soft plaster, or poultice. Soporifi c A sleep inducing drug. Sinusitis Infl ammation of the nasal sinuses. SOS response A global response to DNA dam- SIRC cells Statens Seruminstitut Rabbit Cornea age in which the cell cycle is arrested and (SIRC) cell line. DNA repair and mutagenesis are induced. Medical Glossary 845

Soyasaponins Bioactive saponin compounds Steatorrhea Is the presence of excess fat in found in many legumes. feces which appear frothy, foul smelling and Soyasapogenins Triterpenoid products obtained fl oats because of the high fat content. from the acid hydrolysis of soyasaponins, Steatohepatitis Liver disease, characterized by designated soyasapogenols A, B, C, D and E. infl ammation of the liver with fat accumula- Spasmolytic Checking spasms, see antispas- tion in the liver. modic. Steatosis Refer to the deposition of fat in the Spermatorrhoea Medically an involuntary interstitial spaces of an organ like the liver, ejaculation/drooling of semen usually noctur- fatty liver disease. nal emissions. Sterility Inability to produce offspring, also Spermidine An important polyamine in DNA called asepsis. synthesis and gene expression. Steroidogenisis The production of steroids. Sphingolipid A member of a class of lipids Steroidogenic Relating to steroidogenisis. derived from the aliphatic amino alcohol, Sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 sphingosine. (SREBP1) Is a key regulator of the transcrip- Spleen Organ that fi lters blood and prevents tion of numerous genes that function in the infection. metabolism of cholesterol and fatty acids. Spleen tyrosine kinase (SYK) Is an enigmatic Stimulant A substance that promotes the activ- protein tyrosine kinase functional in a number ity of a body system or function. of diverse cellular processes such as the Stomachic (digestive stimulant), an agent that regulation of immune and infl ammatory stimulates or strengthens the activity of the responses. stomach; used as a tonic to improve the appe- Splenitis Infl ammation of the spleen. tite and digestive processes. Splenocyte Is a monocyte, one of the fi ve major Stomatitis Oral infl ammation and ulcers, may types of white blood cell, and is characteristi- be mild and localized or severe, widespread, cally found in the splenic tissue. and painful. Splenomegaly Is an enlargement of the spleen. Stomatology Medical study of the mouth and its Sprain To twist a ligament or muscle of a joint diseases. without dislocating the bone. Stool Faeces. Sprue Is a chronic disorder of the small intes- Strangury Is the painful passage of small quan- tine caused by sensitivity to gluten, a protein tities of urine which are expelled slowly by found in wheat and rye and to a lesser extent straining with severe urgency; it is usually oats and barley . It causes poor absorption by accompanied with the unsatisfying feeling of the intestine of fat, protein, carbohydrates, a remaining volume inside and a desire to pass iron, water, and vitamins A, D, E, and K. something that will not pass. Sputum Matter coughed up and usually ejected Straub tail Condition in which an animal carries from the mouth, including saliva, foreign its tail in an erect (vertical or nearly vertical) material, and substances such as mucus or position. phlegm, from the respiratory tract. STREPs Sterol regulatory element binding pro- SREBP-1 See sterol regulatory element-binding teins, a family of transcription factors that protein-1. regulate lipid homeostasis by controlling the Stanch To stop or check the fl ow of a bodily expression of a range of enzymes required for fl uid like blood from a wound. endogenous cholesterol, fatty acid, triacylg- A type of lipid-lowering drug. lycerol and phospholipid synthesis. Status epilepticus Refers to a life-threatening Stria terminalis A structure in the brain con- condition in which the brain is in a state of sisting of a band of fi bres running along the persistent seizure. lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the STD Sexually transmitted disease. thalamus. 846 Medical Glossary

Striae gravidarum A cutaneous condition char- SYK, Spleen tyrosine kinase Is a human pro- acterized by stretch marks on the abdomen tein and gene. Syk plays a similar role in trans- during and following pregnancy. mitting signals from a variety of cell surface Stricture An abnormal constriction of the inter- receptors including CD74, , and nal passageway within a tubular structure such integrins. as a vessel or duct Sympathetic nervous system The part of the Strongyloidiasis An intestinal parasitic infec- autonomic nervous system originating in the tion in humans caused by two species of the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord parasitic nematode Strongyloides. The nema- that in general inhibits or opposes the physio- tode or round worms are also called thread logical effects of the parasympathetic nervous worms. system, as in tending to reduce digestive secre- Styptic A short stick of medication, usually tions or speed up the heart. anhydrous aluminum sulfate (a type of alum) Synaptic plasticity The ability of neurons to or titanium dioxide, which is used for stanch- change the number and strength of their ing blood by causing blood vessels to contract synapses. at the site of the wound. Also called hemo- Synaptogenesis The formation of synapses. static pencil. see antihaemorrhagic. Synaptoneurosomes Purifi ed synapses contain- Subarachnoid hemorrhage Is bleeding in the ing the pre- and postsynaptic termini. area between the brain and the thin tissues that Synaptosomes Isolated terminal of a neuron. cover the brain. Syncope Fainting, sudden loss of consciousness Sudatory Medicine that causes or increases followed by the return of wakefulness. sweating. Also see sudorifi c. Syndactyly Webbed toes, a condition where two Sudorifi c A substance that causes sweating. or more digits are fused together. Sulfur Sulfur is an essential component of all Syneresis Expulsion of liquid from a gel, as living cells. Sulfur is important for the synthe- contraction of a blood clot and expulsion of sis of sulfur-containing amino acids, all poly- liquid. peptides, proteins, and enzymes such as gluta- Syngeneic Genetically identical or closely thione an important sulfur-containing tripeptide related, so as to allow tissue transplant; immu- which plays a role in cells as a source of nologically compatible. chemical reduction potential. Sulfur is also Synovial Lubricating fl uid secreted by synovial important for hair formation. Good plant membranes, as those of the joints. sources are garlic, onion, leeks and other Synoviocyte Located in the synovial membrane, Alliaceous vegetables, Brassicaceous vegeta- there are two types. Type A cells are more bles like caulifl ower, cabbages, Brussels numerous, have phagocytic characteristics and sprout, Kale; legumes – beans, green and red produce degradative enzymes. Type B cells gram, soybeans; horse radish, water cress, produce synovial fl uid, which lubricates the wheat germ. joint and nurtures nourishes the articular Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) Arises cartilage. from the anterior surface of the abdominal Syphilis Is perhaps the best known of all the , just inferior to the origin of the celiac STD’s. Syphilis is transmitted by direct con- trunk, and supplies the intestine from the lower tact with infection sores, called , part of the duodenum to the left colic fl exure syphitic skin rashes, or mucous patches on the and the pancreas. tongue and mouth during kissing, necking, Superoxidae mutase (SOD) Antioxidant petting, or sexual intercourse. It can also be enzyme. transmitted from a pregnant woman to a fetus Suppuration The formation of pus, the act of after the fourth month of pregnancy. becoming converted into and discharging pus. Systolic The blood pressure when the heart is Supraorbital Located above the orbit of the eye. contracting. It is specifi cally the maximum Medical Glossary 847

arterial pressure during contraction of the left that reaches the central nervous system ventricle of the heart. producing prolonged contraction of skeletal T cells Or T lymphocytes, a type of white blood muscle fi bres. Also called lockjaw. cell that play a key role in the immune Tete Acute dermatitis caused by both bacterial system. and fungal infection Tachyarrhythmia Any disturbance of the heart Tetter Any of a number of skin diseases. rhythm in which the heart rate is abnormally TGF-beta Transforming growth factor beta is a increased. protein that controls proliferation, cellular dif- A false heart rate applied to adults ferentiation, and other functions in most cells. to rates over 100 beats per minute. Th cells or T helper cells A subgroup of lym- Tachyphylaxia A decreased response to a medi- phocytes that helps other white blood cells in cine given over a period of time so that larger immunologic processes. doses are required to produce the same Thermogenic Tending to produce heat, applied response. to drugs or food (fat burning food) Tachypnea Abnormally fast breathing. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances Taenia A parasitic tapeworm or fl atworm of the (TBARS) A well-established method for genus, Taenia. screening and monitoring lipid peroxidation. Taeniacide An agent that kills tapeworms. Thixotropy The property exhibited by certain TBARS See thiobarbituric acid reactive gels of becoming fl uid when stirred or shaken substances. and returning to the semisolid state upon T-cell A type of white blood cell that attacks standing. virus-infected cells, foreign cells and cancer Thrombocythaemia A blood condition charac- cells. terize by a high number of platelets in the blood. TCA cycle See Tricarboxylic acid cycle. Thrombocytopenia A condition when the bone TCID50 Median tissue culture infective dose; marrow does not produce enough platelets that amount of a pathogenic agent that will (thrombocytes) like in leukaemia. produce pathological change in 50% of cell Thromboembolism Formation in a blood ves- cultures. sel of a clot (thrombus) that breaks loose and Telencephalon The cerebral hemispheres, the is carried by the blood stream to plug another largest divisions of the . vessel. Telomerase Enzyme that acts on parts of chro- Thrombogenesis Formation of a thrombus or mosomes known as telomeres. blood clot. Temporomandibular joint disorder (TMJD or Thrombophlebitis Occurs when there is infl am- TMD syndrome) A disorder characterized mation and clot in a surface vein. by acute or chronic infl ammation of the tem- Thromboplastin An enzyme liberated from poromandibular joint, that connects the man- blood platelets that converts prothrombin into dible to the skull. thrombin as blood starts to clot, also called Tendonitis Is infl ammation of a tendon. thrombokinase. Tenesmus A strong desire to defaecate. The formation or presence of a Teratogen Is an agent that can cause malforma- thrombus (clot). tions of an embryo or fetus. adj. teratogenic. Thromboxanes Any of several compounds, Testicular torsion Twisting of the spermatic originally derived from prostaglandin precur- cord, which cuts off the blood supply to the sors in platelets that stimulate aggregation of and surrounding structures within the platelets and constriction of blood vessels. scrotum. Thromboxane B2 The inactive product of Tetanus An acute, potentially fatal disease thromboxane. caused by tetanus bacilli multiplying at the Thrombus A fi brinous clot formed in a blood site of an injury and producing an exotoxin vessel or in a chamber of the heart. 848 Medical Glossary

Thrush A common mycotic infection caused by A class of enzymes involved in yeast, Candida albicans , in the digestive tract the regulation of DNA supercoiling. or vagina. In children it is characterized by Topoiosmerase inhibitors A new class of anti- white spots on the tongue. cancer agents with a mechanism of action Thymocytes Are T cell precursors which aimed at interrupting DNA replication in can- develop in the . cer cells. Thyrotoxicosis Or hyperthyroidism – an over- Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Is a method active thyroid gland, producing excessive of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal circulating free thyroxine and free triiodothy- tract. ronine, or both. Toxemia Is the presence of abnormal substances TIMP-3 A human gene belongs to the tissue in the blood, but the term is also used for a inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) serious condition in pregnancy that involves gene family. see MMP. hypertension and proteinuria. Also called Tincture Solution of a drug in alcohol. pre-eclampsia. Tinea Ringworm, fungal infection on the skin. Tracheitis Is a bacterial infection of the trachea; Tinea favosa See favus. also known as bacterial tracheitis or acute Tinnitus A noise in the , as ringing, buzz- bacterial tracheitis. ing, roaring, clicking, etc. Trachoma A contagious disease of the conjunc- Tisane A herbal infusion used as tea or for tiva and cornea of the eye, producing painful medicinal purposes. sensitivity to strong light and excessive tearing. Tissue A serine pro- TRAIL Acronym for tumour necrosis factor- tease involved in the breakdown of blood related apoptosis-inducing ligand, is a cytokine clots. that preferentially induces apoptosis in tumour TNF alpha Cachexin or cachectin and for- cells. mally known as tumour necrosis factor-a, a Tranquilizer A substance drug used in calming cytokine involved in systemic infl ammation. person suffering from nervous tension or primary role of TNF is in the regulation of anxiety. immune cells. TNF is also able to induce Transaminase Also called aminotransferase is apoptotic cell death, to induce infl amma- an enzyme that catalyzes a type of reaction tion, and to inhibit tumorigenesis and viral between an amino acid and an a -keto acid. replication. Transaminitis Increase in alanine aminotrans- Tocolytics Medications used to suppress prema- ferase (ALT) and/or aspartate aminotrans- ture labor. ferase (AST) to >5 times the upper limit of Tocopherol Fat soluble organic compounds normal. belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization Tocotrienol Fat soluble organic compounds (TACE) Is an interventional radiology proce- belonging to vitamin E group. See vitamin E. dure involving percutaneous access of to the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) A class of proteins hepatic artery and passing a catheter through that play a key role in the innate immune the abdominal artery aorta followed by radiol- system. ogy. It is used extensively in the palliative Tonic Substance that acts to restore, balance, treatment of unresectable hepatocellular carci- tone, strengthen, or invigorate a body system noma (HCC) without overt stimulation or depression Transcriptional activators Are proteins that Tonic clonic seizure A type of generalized sei- bind to DNA and stimulate transcription of zure that affects the entire brain. nearby genes. Tonsillitis An infl ammatory condition of the Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1 A potent tonsils due to bacteria, allergies or respiratory transcriptional coactivator that regulates oxi- problems. dative metabolism in a variety of tissues. Medical Glossary 849

Transcriptome profi ling To identify genes inhibitor Small protein synthesized in involved in peroxisome assembly and the exocrine pancreas which prevents conver- function. sion of trypsinogen to trypsin, so protecting Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-b ) A itself against trypsin digestion. protein that controls proliferation , cellular Tuberculosis (TB) Is a bacterial infection of the differentiation, and other functions in most lungs caused by a bacterium called Mycobac- cells. terium tuberculosis, characterized by the for- TRAP 6 Thrombin receptor activating peptide mation of lesions (tubercles) and necrosis in with 6 amino acids. the lung tissues and other organs. Tremorine A chemical that produces a tremor Tumorigenesis Formation or production of resembling Parkinsonian tremor. tumours. Tremulous Marked by trembling, quivering or Tumour An abnormal swelling of the body shaking. other than those caused by direct injury. Triacylglycerols Or triacylglyceride, is a glyc- Tussis A cough. eride in which the glycerol is esterifi ed with Tympanic membrane Ear drum. three fatty acids. Tympanitis Infection or infl ammation of the Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) A series inner ear. of enzymatic reactions in aerobic organisms Tympanophonia Increased resonance of one’s involving oxidative metabolism of acetyl units own voice, breath sounds, arterial murmurs, and producing high-energy phosphate com- etc., noted especially in disease of the middle pounds, which serve as the main source of cel- ear. lular energy. Also called citric acid cycle, Tympanosclerosis See myringoslcerosis. Krebs cycle. Tyrosinase A copper containing enzyme found Trichophytosis Infection by fungi of the genus in animals and plants that catalyses the oxida- Trichophyto n. tion of phenols (such as tyrosine) and the Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) Is a neuropathic production of melanin and other pigments disorder of one or both of the facial trigeminal from tyrosine by oxidation. nerves, also known as prosopalgia. UCP1 An uncoupling protein found in the Triglycerides A type of fat (lipids) found in the mitochondria of brown adipose tissue used to blood stream. generate heat by non-shivering thermogenesis. Trismus Continuous contraction of the muscles UCP2 enzyme Uncoupling protein 2 enzyme, a of the jaw, specifi cally as a symptom of teta- mitochondrial protein expressed in adipocytes. nus, or lockjaw; inability to open mouth fully. Ulcer An open sore on an external or internal TrKB receptor Also known as TrKB tyrosine body surface usually accompanied by disinte- kinase , a protein in humans that acts as a cata- gration of tissue and pus. lytic receptor for several neutrophins. Ulcerative colitis Is one of two types of infl am- Trolox Equivalent Measures the antioxidant matory bowel disease – a condition that causes capacity of a given substance, as compared to the bowel to become infl amed and red. the standard, Trolox also referred to as TEAC Ulemorrhagia Bleeding of the gums. (Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity). Ulitis Infl ammation of the gums. Trypanocidal Destructive to trypanosomes. Unguent Ointment. Trypanosomes Protozoan of the genus Unilateral ureteral obstruction Unilateral Trypanosoma. blockage of urine fl ow through the ureter of Trypanosomiasis Human disease or an infec- one kidney, resulting in a backup of urine, dis- tion caused by a trypanosome. tension of the renal pelvis and calyces, and Trypsin An enzyme of pancreatic juice that hydronephrosis. hydrolyzes proteins into smaller polypeptide Uraemia An excess in the blood of urea, creati- units. nine and other nitrogenous end products of 850 Medical Glossary

protein and amino acids metabolism, more Is a network of small blood correctly referred to as azotaemia. vessels that supply large blood vessels. plur. Urethra Tube conveying urine from the bladder vasa vasori. to the external urethral orifi ce. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) A Urethritis Is an infl ammation of the urethra polypeptide chemical produced by cells that caused by infection. stimulates the growth of new blood vessels. Uricemia An excess of uric acid or urates in the Vasculogenesis The process of blood vessel for- blood. mation occurring by a de novo production of Uricosuric Promoting the excretion of uric acid endothelial cells. in the urine. Vasoconstrictor Drug that causes constriction Urinary Pertaining to the passage of urine. of blood vessels. Urinogenital Relating to the genital and urinary Vasodilator Drug that causes dilation or relax- organs or functions. ation of blood vessels. Urodynia Pain on urination. Vasodilatory Causing the widening of the lumen A serine protease enzyme in human of blood vessels. urine that catalyzes the conversion of plasmi- Vasomotor symptoms Menopausal symptoms nogen to plasmin. characterised by hot fl ushes and night Urolithiasis Formation of stone in the urinary sweats. tract (kidney bladder or urethra). Refers to a condition in which blood Urticant A substance that causes wheals to vessels spasm, leading to vasoconstriction and form. subsequently to tissue ischemia and death Urticaria (or hives) is a skin condition, com- (necrosis). monly caused by an allergic reaction, that is Vasculogenesis Process of blood vessel forma- characterized by raised red skin welts. tion occurring by a de novo production of Uterine Relating to the uterus. endothelial cells. Uterine relaxant An agent that relaxes the VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion mole- muscles in the uterus. cule-1) Also known as CD106, contains six Uterine stimulant An agent that stimulates the or seven immunoglobulin domains and is uterus (and often employed during active expressed on both large and small vessels only childbirth). after the endothelial cells are stimulated by Uterotonic Giving muscular tone to the uterus. cytokines. Uterotrophic Causing an effect on the uterus. VEGF Vascular endothelial growth factor. Uterus Womb. Venereal disease (VD) Term given to the dis- Vagotomy The surgical cutting of the vagus eases syphilis and gonorrhoea. nerve to reduce acid secretion in the stomach. A small vein, especially one joining cap- Vagus nerve A cranial nerve, that is, a nerve illaries to larger veins. connected to the brain. The vagus nerve has Vermifuge A substance used to expel worms branches to most of the major organs in the from the intestines. body, including the larynx, throat, windpipe, Verotoxin A Shiga-like toxin produced by lungs, heart, and most of the digestive system Escherichia coli, which disrupts the function Variola Or smallpox, a contagious disease of ribosomes, causing acute renal failure. unique to humans, caused by either of two Verruca plana Is a reddish-brown or fl esh-col- virus variants, Variola major and Variola ored, slightly raised, fl at-surfaced, well- minor. The disease is characterised by fever, demarcated papule on the hand and face, also weakness and skin eruption with pustules that called fl at wart. form scabs that leave scars. Vertigo An illusory, sensory that the Varicose veins Are veins that have become surroundings or one’s own body are revolving; enlarged and twisted. dizziness. Medical Glossary 851

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) A type are readily excreted from the body they are not of lipoprotein made by the liver. VLDL is one readily stored, consistent daily intake is impor- of the fi ve major groups of lipoproteins tant. It functions as coenzyme in the metabo- (chylomicrons, VLDL, intermediate-density lism of carbohydrates and branched chain lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, high- amino acids, and other cellular processes. density lipoprotein (HDL)) that enable fats Defi ciency results in beri-beri disease. and cholesterol to move within the water- Vitamin B2 Also called ribofl avin, an essential based solution of the bloodstream. VLDL is water-soluble vitamin that functions as coen- converted in the bloodstream to low-density zyme in redox reactions. Defi ciency causes lipoprotein (LDL). aribofl avinosis. Vesical calculus Calculi (stones) in the urinary Vitamin B3 Comprises niacin and niacinamide, bladder water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- Vesicant A substance that causes tissue zyme or co-substrate for many redox reac- blistering. tions and is required for energy metabolism. Vestibular Relating to the . Defi ciency causes pellagra. Vestibular disorders Includes symptoms of Vitamin B5 Also called pantothenic acid, a dizziness, vertigo, and imbalance; it can be water-soluble vitamin that function as coen- result from or worsened by genetic or environ- zyme in . Defi ciency mental conditions. causes paresthesia. Includes parts of the inner Vitamin B6 Water-soluble vitamin, exists in ear and brain that process sensory information three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyri- involved with controlling balance and eye doxal, and pyridoxamine. Vitamin B6 is movement. needed in enzymes involved in protein metab- Vibrissa Stiff that are located especially olism, red blood cell metabolism, effi cient about the nostrils. functioning of nervous and immune systems Viremia A medical condition where viruses and hemoglobin formation. Defi ciency causes enter the bloodstream and hence have access anaemia and peripheral neuropathy. to the rest of the body. Vitamin B7 Also called biotin or vitamin H, an Visceral fat Intra-abdominal fat, is located essential water-soluble vitamin, is involved in inside the peritoneal cavity, packed in between the synthesis of fatty acids amino acids and internal organs and . glucose, in energy metabolism. Biotin promotes Vitamin Any complex, organic compound, normal health of sweat glands, bone marrow, found in various food or sometimes synthe- male gonads, blood cells, nerve tissue, skin sized in the body, required in tiny amounts and and hair, Defi ciency causes dermatitis and are essential for the regulation of metabolism, enteritis. normal growth and function of the body. Vitamin B9 Also called folic acid, an essential Vitamin A Retinol, fat-soluble vitamins that water-soluble vitamin. Folate is especially play an important role in vision, bone growth, important during periods of rapid cell division reproduction, cell division, and cell differen- and growth such as infancy and pregnancy. tiation, helps regulate the immune system in Defi ciency during pregnancy is associated preventing or fi ghting off infections. Vitamin with birth defects such as neural tube defects. A that is found in colorful fruits and vegeta- Folate is also important for production of red bles is called provitamin A carotenoid. They blood cells and prevent anemia. Folate is can be made into retinol in the body. Defi - needed to make DNA and RNA, the building ciency of vitamin A results in night blindness blocks of cells. It also helps prevent changes and keratomalacia. to DNA that may lead to cancer. Vitamin B1 Also called thiamine, water-soluble Vitamin B12 A water-soluble vitamin, also vitamins, dissolve easily in water, and in general, called cobalamin as it contains the metal 852 Medical Glossary

cobalt. It helps maintain healthy nerve cells role in blood clotting. Defi ciency is very rare and red blood cells, and DNA production. but can cause bleeding diathesis. Vitamin B12 is bound to the protein in food. Vitamin P A substance or mixture of substances Defi ciency causes megaloblastic anaemia. obtained from various plant sources, identifi ed Vitamin C Also known as ascorbic acid is an as citrin or a mixture of biofl avonoids, thought essential water-soluble vitamin. It functions as to but not proven to be useful in reducing the cofactor for reactions requiring reduced cop- extent of hemorrhage. per or iron metallonzyme and as a protective Vitiligo A chronic skin disease that causes loss antioxidant. Defi ciency of vitamin C causes of pigment, resulting in irregular pale patches scurvy. of skin. It occurs when the melanocytes, cells Vitamin D A group of fat-soluble, prohormone responsible for skin pigmentation, die or are vitamin, the two major forms of which are unable to function. Also called leucoderma. vitamin D2 (or ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 Vitreoretinopathy See proliferative vitreoretin- (or cholecalciferol). Vitamin D obtained from opathy. sun exposure, food, and supplements is bio- VLA-4 Very late antigen-4, expressed by most logically inert and must undergo two hydroxy- leucocytes but it is observed on neutrophils lations in the body for activation. Vitamin D is under special conditions. essential for promoting calcium absorption in VLDL See very low density lipoproteins. the gut and maintaining adequate serum cal- Vomitive Substance that causes vomiting. cium and phosphate concentrations to enable Vulnerary (wound healer), a substance used to normal growth and mineralization of bone and heal wounds and promote tissue formation. prevent hypocalcemic tetany. Defi ciency Wart An infectious skin tumour caused by a causes rickets and osteomalacia. Vitamin D viral infection. has other roles in human health, including Welt See wheal. modulation of neuromuscular and immune Wheal A fi rm, elevated swelling of the skin. function, reduction of infl ammation and mod- Also called a weal or welt. ulation of many genes encoding proteins that White fat White adipose tissue (WAT) in mam- regulate cell proliferation, differentiation, and mals, store of energy . cf. brown fat. apoptosis. Whitlow Painful infection of the hand involving Vitamin E Is the collective name for a group of one or more fi ngers that typically affects the fat-soluble compounds and exists in eight terminal phalanx. chemical forms (a-, b-, g-, and δ-tocopherol Whooping cough Acute infectious disease usu- and a-, b-, g-, and δ-tocotrienol). It has pro- ally in children caused by a Bacillus bacterium nounced antioxidant activities stopping the and accompanied by catarrh of the respiratory formation of Reactive Oxygen Species when passages and repeated bouts of coughing. fat undergoes oxidation and help prevent or Wnt signaling pathway Is a network of pro- delay the chronic diseases associated with free teins involved in embryogenesis and cancer, radicals. Besides its antioxidant activities, and also in normal physiological processes. vitamin E is involved in immune function, cell X-linked agammaglobulinemia Also known as signaling, regulation of gene expression, and X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia, XLA, other metabolic processes. Defi ciency is very Bruton type agammaglobulinemia, Bruton rare but can cause mild hemolytic anemia in syndrome, or sex-linked agammaglobuline- newborn infants. mia; a rare x-linked genetic disorder that Vitamin K A group of fat soluble vitamin and affects the body’s ability to fi ght infection. consist of vitamin K 1 which is also known as Xanthine oxidase A fl avoprotein enzyme con- phylloquinone or phytomenadione (also called taining a molybdenum cofactor (Moco) and phytonadione) and vitamin K2 (menaquinone, (Fe2 S 2 ) clusters, involved in purine metab- menatetrenone). Vitamin K plays an important olism. In humans, inhibition of xanthine Medical Glossary 853

oxidase reduces the production of uric acid, hemorrhagic fever. Yellow fever virus (YFV) and prevent hyperuricemia and gout. is maintained in nature by mosquito-borne Xanthones Unique class of biologically active transmission between nonhuman primates. phenol compounds with the molecular for- Zeaxanthin A common carotenoid, found natu- mula C13H8O2 possessing antioxidant prop- rally as coloured pigments in many fruit veg- erties, discovered in the mangosteen fruit. etables and leafy vegetables. It is important Xenobiotics A chemical (as a drug, pesticide, or for good vision and is one of the two carote- carcinogen) that is foreign to a living organism. noids contained within the retina of the eye. Xenograft A surgical graft of tissue from one Within the central macula, zeaxanthin pre- species to an unlike species. dominates, whereas in the peripheral retina, Xerophthalmia A medical condition in which lutein predominates. the eye fails to produce tears. Zinc (Zn) Is an essential mineral for health. It is Yaws An infectious tropical infection of the involved in numerous aspects of cellular skin, bones and joints caused by the spirochete metabolism: catalytic activity of enzymes, bacterium Treponema pertenue, characterized immune function, protein synthesis, wound by papules and pappiloma with subsequent healing, DNA synthesis, and cell division. It deformation of the skins, bone and joints; also also supports normal growth and development called framboesia. during pregnancy, childhood, and adolescence Yellow fever Is a viral disease that is transmitted and is required for proper sense of taste and to humans through the bite of infected mos- smell. Dietary sources include beans, nuts, quitoes. Illness ranges in severity from an pumpkin seeds, sunfl ower seeds, whole wheat infl uenza-like syndrome to severe hepatitis and bread and animal sources. Scientifi c Glossary

Abaxial Facing away from the axis, as of the Adventive Not native to and not fully established surface of an organ. in a new habitat or environment; locally or tem- Abscission Shedding of leaves, fl owers, or porarily naturalized. e.g. an adventive weed. fruits following the formation of the abscis- Aestivation Refers to positional arrangement of sion zone. the fl oral parts in the bud before it opens. Acaulescent Lacking a stem, or stem very much Akinete A thick-walled dormant cell derived reduced. from the enlargement of a vegetative cell. It Accrescent Increasing in size after fl owering or serves as a survival structure. with age. Aldephous Having stamens united together by Achene A dry, small, one-seeded, indehiscent their fi laments. one-seeded fruit formed from a superior Alfi sols Soil with a clay-enriched subsoil and of one carpel as in sunfl ower. relatively high native fertility, having under- Acid soil Soil that maintains a pH of less than 7.0. gone only moderate leaching, containing alu- Acidulous Acid or sour in taste. minium, iron and with at least 35% base satu- Actinomorphic Having radial symmetry, capa- ration, meaning that calcium, magnesium, and ble of being divided into symmetrical halves potassium are relatively abundant. by any plane, refers to a fl ower, calyx or Alkaline soil Soil that maintains a pH above 7.0, corolla. usually containing large amounts of calcium, Aculeate Having sharp prickles. sodium, and magnesium, and is less soluble Acuminate Tapering gradually to a sharp point. than acidic soils. Acute (Botany) tapering at an angle of less than Alkaloids Naturally occurring bitter, complex 90 degrees before terminating in a point as of organic-chemical compounds containing basic leaf apex and base. nitrogen and oxygen atoms and having vari- Adaxial Side closest to the stem axis. ous pharmacological effects on humans and Adherent Touching without organic fusion as other animals. of fl oral parts of different whorls. Allomorphic With a shape or form different Adnate United with another unlike part as of from the typical. stamens attached to . Alluvial soil A fi ne-grained fertile soil depos- Adpressed Lying close to another organ but not ited by water fl owing over fl ood plains or in fused to it. river beds. Adventitious Arising in abnormal positions, e.g. Alluvium Soil or sediments deposited by a river roots arising from the stem, branches or leaves, or other running water. buds arising elsewhere than in the axils of Alternate Leaves or buds that are spaced along leaves. opposite sides of stem at different levels.

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits, 854 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 Scientifi c Glossary 855

Amplexicaul Clasping the stem as base of Apical meristem Active growing point. A zone certain leaves. of cell division at the tip of the stem or the root. Anatomizing Interconnecting network as applied Apically Towards the apex or tip of a structure. to leaf veins. Apiculate Ending abruptly in a short, sharp, Anatropous With the ovule completely inverted. small point. Andisols Are soils formed in volcanic ash and Apiculum A short, pointed, fl exible tip. containing high proportions of glass and amor- Apocarpous Carpels separate in single individual phous colloidal materials. pistils. Androdioecious With male fl owers and bisex- Apopetalous With separate petals, not united to ual fl owers on separate plants. other petals. Androecium Male parts of a fl ower; comprising Aposepalous With separate , not united to the stamens of one fl ower. other sepals. Androgynophore A stalk bearing both the Appressed Pressed closely to another structure androecium and gynoecium above the peri- but not fused or united. anth of the fl ower. Aquatic A plant living in or on water for all or a Androgynous With male and female fl owers in considerable part of its life span. distinct parts of the same infl orescence. Arachnoid (Botany) formed of or covered with Andromonoecious Having male fl owers and long, delicate hairs or fi bers. bisexual fl owers on the same plant. Arborescent Resembling a tree; applied to non- Angiosperm A division of seed plants with the woody plants attaining tree height and to ovules borne in an ovary. shrubs tending to become tree-like in size. Annual A plant which completes its life cycle Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) A type of mycor- within a year. rhiza in which the fungus (of the phylum Glom- Annular Shaped like or forming a ring. eromycota) penetrates the cortical cells of the Annulus Circle or ring-like structure or mark- roots of a and form unique struc- ing; the portion of the corolla which forms a tures such as arbuscules and vesicles. These fl eshy, raised ring. fungi help plants to capture nutrients such as Anthelate An open, paniculate cyme. phosphorus and micronutrients from the soil. Anther The part of the stamen containing pollen Archegonium A fl ask-shaped female reproductive sac which produces the pollen. organ in mosses, ferns, and other related plants. Antheriferous Containing anthers. Areolate With areolea. Anthesis The period between the opening of the Areole (Botany) a small, specialized, cushion- bud and the onset of fl ower withering. like area on a cactus from which hairs, Anthocarp A false fruit consisting of the true glochids, spines, branches, or fl owers may fruit and the base of the perianth. arise; an irregular angular spaces marked out Anthocyanidins Are common plant pigments. on a surface e.g. fruit surface. pl. areolea. They are the sugar-free counterparts of antho- Aril Specialized outgrowth from the funiculus cyanins. (attachment point of the seed) (or hilum) that Anthocyanins A subgroup of antioxidant fl a- encloses or is attached to the seed. adj. arillate. vonoids, are glucosides of anthocyanidins. Arillode A false aril; an aril originating from the They occur as water-soluble vacuolar pig- micropyle instead of from the funicle or cha- ments that may appear red, purple, or blue laza of the ovule, e.g. mace of nutmeg. according to pH in plants. Aristate Bristle-like part or appendage, e.g. Antipetala Situated opposite petals. awns of grains and grasses. Antisepala Situated opposite sepals. Aristulate Having a small, stiff, bristle-like part Antrorse Directed forward upwards. or appendage; a diminutive of aristate Apetalous Lacking petals as of fl owers with no Articulate Jointed; usually breaking easily at the corolla. nodes or point of articulation into segments. 856 Scientifi c Glossary

Ascending Arched upwards in the lower part Biennial Completing the full cycle from germi- and becoming erect in the upper part. nation to fruiting in more than one, but not Ascospore Spore produced in the ascus in Asco- more than 2 years. mycete fungi. Bifi d Forked, divided into two parts. Ascus Is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced Bifoliolate Having two leafl ets. in Ascomycete fungi. pl . asci. Bilabiate Having two as of a corolla or Asperulous Refers to a rough surface with short, calyx with segments fused into an upper and hard projections. lower . Attenuate Tapered or tapering gradually to a Bipinnate Twice pinnate; the primary leafl ets point. being again divided into secondary leafl ets. Auricle An ear-like appendage that occurs at the Bipinnatisect Refers to a pinnately compound base of some leaves or corolla. leaf, in which each leafl et is again divided into Auriculate Having auricles. pinnae. Awn A hair-like or bristle-like appendage on a Biserrate Doubly serrate; with smaller regular, larger structure. asymmetric teeth on the margins of larger Axil Upper angle between a lateral organ, such teeth. as a leaf and the stem that bears it. Bisexual Having both sexes, as in a fl ower bear- Axile Situated along the central axis of an ovary ing both stamens and pistil, hermaphrodite or having two or more locules, as in axile placen- perfect. tation. Biternate Twice ternate; with three pinnae each Axillary Arising or growing in an axil. divided into three pinnules. Baccate Beery-like, pulpy or fl eshy. Blade Lamina; part of the leaf above the sheath Barbate Bearded, having tufts of hairs. or petiole. Barbellae Short, stiff, hair-like bristles. adj. Blotched See variegated. barbellate. Bole Main trunk of tree from the base to the fi rst Bark Is the outermost layers of stems and roots branch. of woody plants. Brachyblast A short, axillary, densely crowded Basal Relating to, situated at, arising from or branchlet or shoot of limited growth, in which forming the base. the internodes elongate little or not at all. Basaltic soil Soil derived from basalt, a com- Bracket fungus Shelf fungus. mon extrusive volcanic rock. A leaf-like structure, different in form Basidiospore A reproductive spore produced by from the foliage leaves, associated with an Basidiomycete fungi. infl orescence or fl ower. adj. bracteate. Basidium A microscopic, spore-producing Bracteate Possessing . structure found on the hymenophore of fruit- Bracteolate Having bracteoles. ing bodies of Basidiomycete fungi. Bracteole A small, secondary, bract-like struc- Basifi xed Attached by the base, as certain ture borne singly or in a pair on the or anthers are to their fi laments. calyx of a fl ower. adj. bracteolate. Basionym The synonym of a scientifi c name Bristle A stiff hair. that supplies the epithet for the correct name. Bulb A modifi ed underground axis that is short Beak A prominent apical projection, especially and crowned by a mass of usually fl eshy, of a carpel or fruit. adj. beaked. imbricate scales. adj. bulbous. Bearded Having a tuft of hairs. Bulbil A small bulb or bulb-shaped body, Berry A fl eshy or pulpy indehiscent fruit from a especially one borne in the leaf axil or an single ovary with the seed(s) embedded in the infl orescence, and usually produced for asexual fl eshy tissue of the pericarp. reproduction. Biconvex Convex on both sides. Bullate Puckered, blistered. Scientifi c Glossary 857

Burr Type of seed or fruit with short, stiff bris- Capitate Growing together in a head. Also tles or hooks or may refer to a deformed means enlarged and globular at the tip. type of wood in which the grain has been Capitulum A fl ower head or infl orescence hav- misformed. ing a dense cluster of sessile, or almost sessile, Bush Low, dense shrub without a pronounced fl owers or fl orets. trunk. A dry, dehiscent fruit formed from two Buttress Supporting, projecting outgrowth from or more united carpels and dehiscing at matu- base of a tree trunk as in some Rhizophoraceae rity by sections called valves to release the and Moraceae. seeds. adj. capsular. Caducous Shedding or falling early before Carinate Keeled. maturity refers to sepals and petals. Carpel A simple pistil consisting of ovary, Caespitose Growing densely in tufts or clumps; ovules, style and stigma. adj. carpellary. having short, closely packed stems. Carpogonium Female reproductive organ in red Calcareous Composed of or containing lime or algae. pl. carpogonia. limestone. Carpophore Part of the receptacle which is length- Calcrete A hardpan consisting gravel and sand ened between the carpels as a central axis; any cemented by calcium. fruiting body or fruiting structure of a fungus. Callus A condition of thickened raised mass of Cartilaginous Sinewy, having a fi rm, tough, hardened tissue on leaves or other plant parts fl exible texture (in respect of leaf margins). often formed after an injury but sometimes a Caryopsis A simple dry, indehiscent fruit formed normal feature. A callus also can refer to an from a single ovary with the seed coat united undifferentiated plant cell mass grown on a with the ovary wall as in grasses and cereals. culture medium. n. callosity. pl. calli, callosi- Cataphyll A reduced or scarcely developed leaf ties. adj. callose. at the start of a plant’s life (i.e., cotyledons) or Calyptra The protective cap or hood covering in the early stages of leaf development. the spore case of a moss or related plant. Catkin A slim, cylindrical, pendulous fl ower Calyptrate Operculate, having a calyptra. spike usually with unisexual fl owers. Calyx Outer fl oral whorl usually consisting of Caudate Having a narrow, tail-like appendage. free sepals or fused sepals (calyx tube) and Caudex Thickened, usually underground base calyx lobes. It encloses the fl ower while it is of the stem. still a bud. adj. calycine. Caulescent Having a well developed aerial stem. Calyx lobe One of the free upper parts of the Caulifl ory Botanical term referring to plants calyx which may be present when the lower which fl ower and fruit from their main stems part is united into a tube. or woody trunks. adj. caulifl orus. Calyx tube The tubular fused part of the calyx, Cauline Borne on the aerial part of a stem. often cup shaped or bell shaped, when it is Chaffy Having thin, membranous scales in the free from the corolla. infl orescence as in the fl ower heads of the sun- Campanulate Shaped like a bell refers to calyx fl ower family. or corolla. Chalaza The basal region of the ovule where the Campylotropous With the ovule partially stalk is attached. inverted and curved. Chartaceous Papery, of paper-like texture. Canaliculate Having groove or grooves. Chasmogamous Describing fl owers in which pol- Candelabriform Having the shape of a tall lination takes place while the fl ower is open. branched candle-stick. Chloroplast A chlorophyll-containing organelle Canescent Covered with short, fi ne whitish or (plastid) that gives the green colour to leaves grayish hairs or down. and stems. Plastids harness light energy that is Canopy Uppermost leafy stratum of a tree. used to fi x carbon dioxide in the process called Cap See pileus. photosynthesis. 858 Scientifi c Glossary

Chromoplast Plastid containing colored pig- Clone All the plants reproduced, vegetatively, ments apart from chlorophyll. from a single parent thus having the same Chromosomes Thread-shaped structures that genetic make-up as the parent. occur in pairs in the nucleus of a cell, containing Coccus One of the sections of a distinctly lobed the genetic information of living organisms. fruit which becomes separate at maturity; Cilia Hairs along the margin of a leaf or corolla sometimes called a mericarp. pl. cocci. lobe. Coenocarpium A fl eshy, multiple pseudocarp Ciliate With a fringe of hairs on the margin as of formed from an infl orescence rather than a the corolla lobes or leaf. single fl ower. Ciliolate Minutely ciliate. Coherent Touching without organic fusion, Cilium A straight, usually erect hair on a margin referring to parts normally together, e.g. fl oral or ridge. pl. cilia. parts of the same whorl. cf. adherent, adnate, Cincinnus A monochasial cyme in which the connate. lateral branches arise alternately on opposite Collar Boundary between the above- and below sides of the false axis. ground parts of the plant axis. Circinnate Spirally coiled, with the tip inner- Colliculate Having small elevations. most. A structure formed by the united style, Circumscissile Opening by a transverse line stigma and stamen(s) as in Asclepiadaceae around the circumference as of a fruit. and . Cladode The modifi ed photosynthetic stem of a Comose Tufted with hairs at the ends as of plant whose foliage leaves are much reduced seeds. or absent. cf. cladophyll, phyllode. Composite Having two types of fl orets as of the Cladophyll A photosynthetic branch or por- fl owers in the sunfl ower family, Asteraceae. tion of a stem that resembles and functions Compost Organic matter (like leaves, mulch, as a leaf, like in asparagus. cf. cladode, manure, etc.) that breaks down in soil releas- phyllode. ing its nutrients. Clamp connection In the Basidiomycetes fungi, Compound Describe a leaf that is further a lateral connection or outgrowth formed divided into leafl ets or pinnae or fl ower with between two adjoining cells of a hypha and more than a single fl oret. arching over the septum between them. Compressed Flattened in one plane. Clavate Club shaped thickened at one end refer Conceptacles Specialised cavities of marine to fruit or other organs. algae that contain the reproductive organs. Claw The conspicuously narrowed basal part of Concolorous Uniformly coloured, as in upper a fl at structure. and lower surfaces. cf. discolorous Clay A naturally occurring material composed Conduplicate Folded together lengthwise. primarily of fi ne-grained minerals like kaolin- Cone A reproductive structure composed of an ite, montmorrillonite-smectite or illite which axis (branch) bearing sterile bract-like organs exhibit plasticity through a variable range of and seed or pollen bearing structures. Applied water content, and which can be hardened to Gymnospermae, Lycopodiaceae, Casuari- when dried and/or fi red. naceae and also in some members of Pro- Clayey Resembling or containing a large teaceae. proportion of clay. Conic Cone shaped, attached at the broader Cleft Incised halfway down. end. Cleistogamous Refers to a fl ower in which Conic-capitate A cone-shaped head of fl owers. fertilization occurs within the bud i.e. without Connate Fused to another structure of the same the fl ower opening. cf. chasmogamous. kind . cf . adherent, adnate, coherent. Climber Growing more or less upwards by lean- Connective The tissue separating two lobes of ing or twining around another structure. an anther. Scientifi c Glossary 859

Connivent Converging. Crisped With a curled or twisted edge. Conspecifi c Within or belonging to the same Cristate Having or forming a crest or crista. species. Crozier Shaped like a shepherd’s crook. Contorted Twisted. Crustaceous Like a crust; having a hard crust or Convolute Refers to an arrangement of petals in shell. a bud where each has one side overlapping the Cucullate Having the shape of a cowl or hood, adjacent . hooded. Cordate Heart-shaped as of leaves. Culm The main aerial stem of the Graminae Core Central part. (grasses, sedges, rushes and other mono- Coriaceous Leathery texture as of leaves. cots). Corm A short, swollen, fl eshy, underground Culm sheath The plant casing (similar to a leaf) that serves as a food storage organ that protects the young bamboo shoot during used by some plants to survive winter or other growth, attached at each node of culm. adverse conditions Cultigen Plant species or race known only in Cormel A miniature, new corm produced on a cultivation. mature corm. Cultivated variety; an assemblage of Corolla The inner fl oral whorl of a fl ower, usu- cultivated individuals distinguished by any ally consisting of free petals or a petals fused characters signifi cant for the purposes of agri- forming a corolla tube and corolla lobes. adj. culture, forestry or horticulture, and which, corolline. when reproduced, retains its distinguishing Corona A crown-like section of the staminal features. column, usually with the inner and outer lobes Cuneate Wedge-shaped, obtriangular. as in the Stapelieae . Cupular Cup-shaped, having a cupule. Coroniform Crown shaped, as in the pappus of Cupule A small cup-shaped structure or organ, Asteraceae. like the cup at the base of an acorn. Cortex The outer of the stem or root of a plant, Cusp An elongated, usually rigid, acute point. bounded on the outside by the epidermis and cf. mucro. on the inside by the endodermis containing Cuspidate Terminating in or tipped with a sharp undifferentiated cells. fi rm point or cusp. cf. mucronate. Corymb A fl at-topped, short, broad infl ores- Cuspidulate Constricted into a minute cusp. cf. cence, in which the fl owers, through unequal cuspidate. pedicels, are in one horizontal plane and the Cyathiform In the form of a cup, a little wid- youngest in the centre. adj. corymbose ened at the top. Costa A thickened, linear ridge or the midrib of Cyathium A specialised type of infl orescence the pinna in ferns. adj. costate. of plants in the genus Euphorbia and Chamae- Costapalmate Having defi nite costa (midrib) syce in which the unisexual fl owers are clus- unlike the typical palmate leaf, but the leafl ets tered together within a bract-like envelope. pl. are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. cyathia. Cotyledon The primary seed leaf within the Cylindric Tubular or rod shaped. embryo of a seed. Cylindric-acuminate Elongated and tapering to Cover Crop grown in between trees or in a point. fi elds primarily to protect the soil from ero- Cymbiform Boat shaped, elongated and having sion, to improve soil fertility and to keep off the upper surface decidedly concave. weeds. Cyme An infl orescence in which the lateral axis Crenate Round-toothed or scalloped as of leaf grows more strongly than the main axis with margins. the oldest fl ower in the centre or at the ends. Crenulate Minutely crenate, very strongly scal- adj. cymose loped. Cymule A small cyme or one or a few fl owers. 860 Scientifi c Glossary

Cystidium A relatively large cell found on the Dimorphic Having or occurring in two forms, hymenium of a Basidiomycete, for example, as of stamens of two different lengths or a on the surface of a mushroom. plant having two kinds of leaves. Cystocarp Fruitlike structure (sporocarp) devel- Dioecious With male and female unisexual fl owers oped after fertilization in the red algae. on separate plants. cf. monoecious. Deciduous Falling off or shedding at maturity Diploid A condition in which the chromosomes or a specifi c season or stage of growth. in the nucleus of a cell exist as pairs, one set Decompound As of a compound leaf; consisting being derived from the female parent and the of divisions that are themselves compound. other from the male. Decorticate To remove the bark, rind or husk Diplobiontic life cycle Life cycle that exhibits from an organ; to strip of its bark; to come off alternation of generations, which features of as a skin. spore-producing multicellular sporophytes Decumbent Prostrate, laying or growing on the and gamete-producing multicellular gameto- ground but with ascending tips. cf. ascending, phytes. mitoses occur in both the diploid and procumbent. haploid phases. Decurrent Having the leaf base tapering down Diplontic life cycle Or gametic meiosis, wherein to a narrow wing that extends to the stem. instead of immediately dividing meiotically to Decussate Having paired organs with succes- produce haploid cells, the zygote divides sive pairs at right angles to give four rows as mitotically to produce a multicellular diploid of leaves. individual or a group of more diploid cells. Defl exed Bent downwards. Dipterocarpous Trees of the family Dipterocar- Dehisce To split open at maturity, as in a capsule. paceae, with two-winged fruit found mainly in Dehiscent Splitting open at maturity to release tropical lowland . the contents. cf. indehiscent. Disc (Botany) refers to the usually disc shaped Deltate Triangular shape. receptacle of the fl ower head in Asteraceae; Deltoid Shaped like an equilateral triangle. also the fl eshy nectariferous organ usually Dendritic Branching from a main stem or axis between the stamens and ovary; also used for like the branches of a tree. the enlarged style-end in Proteaceae. Dentate With sharp, rather coarse teeth perpen- Disc fl oret The central, tubular 4 or 5-toothed or dicular to the margin. lobed fl oret on the disc of an infl orescence, as Denticulate Finely toothed. of fl ower head of Asteraceae. Diadelphous Having stamens in two bundles as Disciform Flat and rounded in shaped. cf. dis- in Papilionaceae fl owers. coid, radiate. Diageotropic The tendency of growing parts, Discoid Resembling a disc; having a fl at, circu- such as roots, to grow at right angle to the line lar form; disk-shaped cf. disciform, radiate. of gravity. Discolorous Having two colours, as of a leaf Dichasium A cymose infl orescence in which which has different colors on the two surfaces. the branches are opposite and approximately cf. concolorous. equal. pl. dichasia. adj. dichasial. Dispersal Dissemination of seeds. Dichotomous Divided into two parts. Distal Site of any structure farthest from the Dicotyledon Angiosperm with two cotyledons. point of attachment. cf. proximal. Didymous Arranged or occurring in pairs as of Distichous Referring to two rows of upright anthers, having two lobes. leaves in the same plane. Digitate Having digits or fi ngerlike projections. Dithecous Having two thecae. Dikaryophyses Or dendrophydia, irregularly, Divaricate Diverging at a wide angle. strongly branched terminal hyphae in the Domatium A part of a plant (e.g., a leaf) that Hymenomycetes (class of Basidiomyctes) has been modifi ed to provide protection for fungi. other organisms. pl. domatia. Scientifi c Glossary 861

Dormancy A resting period in the life of a plant Epicarp Outermost layer of the pericarp of a during which growth slows or appears to stop. fruit. Dorsal Referring to the back surface. Epicormic Attached to the corm. Dorsifi xed Attached to the back as of anthers. Epicotyl The upper portion of the embryonic Drupaceous Resembling a drupe. axis, above the cotyledons and below the fi rst Drupe A fl eshy fruit with a single seed enclosed in true leaves. a hard shell (endocarp) which is tissue embed- Epigeal Above grounds with cotyledons raised ded in succulent tissue (mesocarp) surrounded above ground. by a thin outer skin (epicarp). adj. drupaceous. Epiparasite An organism parasitic on another Drupelet A small drupe. that parasitizes a third. Ebracteate Without bracts. Epipetalous Borne on the petals, as of stamens. Echinate Bearing stiff, stout, bristly, prickly hairs. Epiphyte A plant growing on, but not parasitic Edaphic Refers to plant communities that are on, another plant, deriving its moisture and distinguished by soil conditions rather than by nutrients from the air and rain e.g. some Orchi- the climate. daceae. adj. epiphytic. Eglandular Without glands. cf. glandular. Erect Upright, vertical. Ellipsoid A 3-dimensional shape; elliptic in out- Essential oils Volatile products obtained from a line. natural source; refers to volatile products Elliptic Having a 2-dimensional shape of an obtained by steam or water distillation in a ellipse or fl attened circle. strict sense. Eongate Extended, stretched out. Etiolation To cause (a plant) to develop without Emarginate Refers to leaf with a broad, shallow chlorophyll by preventing exposure to sunlight. notch at the apex. cf. retuse. Eutrophic Having waters rich in mineral and Embryo (Botany) a minute rudimentary plant organic nutrients that promote a proliferation contained within a seed or an archegonium, of plant life, especially algae, which reduces composed of the embryonic axis (shoot end the dissolved oxygen content and often causes and root end). the extinction of other organisms. Endemic Prevalent in or peculiar to a particular Excentric Off the true centre. geographical locality or region. Excrescence Abnormal outgrowth. Endocarp The hard innermost layer of the peri- Excurrent Projecting beyond the tip, as the carp of many fruits. midrib of a leaf or bract. Endosperm Tissue that surrounds and nourishes Exserted Sticking out, protruding beyond some the embryo in the angiosperm seed. enclosing organ, as of stamens which project Endospermous Refers to seeds having an beyond the corolla or perianth. endosperm. Exstipulate Without stipules. cf. stipulate. Endotrophic As of mycorrhiza obtaining nutri- Extra-fl oral Outside the fl ower. ents from inside. Extrose Turned outwards or away from the axis Ensilage The process of preserving green food as of anthers. cf. introrse, latrorse. for livestock in an undried condition in airtight Falcate Sickle shaped, crescent-shaped. conditions. Also called silaging. Fascicle A cluster or bundle of stems, fl owers, Entire Having a smooth, continuous margin stamens. adj. fasciculate. without any incisions or teeth as of a leaf. Fasciclode Staminode bundles. Entisols Soils that do not show any profi le Fastigiate A tree in which the branches grow development other than an A horizon. almost vertically. Ephemeral Transitory, short-lived. Ferrosols Soils with an iron oxide content of Epicalyx A whorl of bracts, subtending and greater than 5%. resembling a calyx. Ferruginous Rust coloured, reddish-brown. 862 Scientifi c Glossary

Fertile Having functional sexual parts which are Fusiform A 3-dimensional shape; spindle capable of fertilisation and seed production. shaped, i.e. broad in the centre and tapering at cf. sterile. both ends thick, but tapering at both ends. Filament The stalk of a stamen supporting and Gall-fl ower Short styled fl ower that do not subtending the anther. develop into a fruit but are adapted for the Filiform Having the form of or resembling a development of a specifi c wasp within the fruit thread or fi lament. e.g. in the fi g. Fimbriate Fringed. Gamete A reproductive cell that fuses with Fixed oils Non volatile oils, triglycerides of another gamete to form a zygote. Gametes are fatty acids. haploid, (they contain half the normal (dip- Flaccid Limp and weak. loid) number of chromosomes); thus when Flag leaf The uppermost leaf on the stem. two fuse, the diploid number is restored. Flaky In the shape of fl akes or scales. Gametophyte The gamete-producing phase in a Flexuous Zig-zagging, sinuous, bending, as of a plant characterized by alternation of genera- stem. tions. Floccose Covered with tufts of soft woolly hairs. Gamosepalous With sepals united or partially Floral tube A fl ower tube usually formed by the united. basal fusion of the perianth and stamens. Geniculate Bent like a knee, refer to awns and Floret One of the small individual fl owers of fi laments. sunfl ower family or the reduced fl ower of the Geocarpic Where the fruit are pushed into the grasses, including the lemma and palea. soil by the gynophore and mature. Flower The sexual reproductive organ of fl ow- Geophyte A plant that stores food in an under- ering plants, typically consisting of gynoe- ground storage organ e.g. a tuber, bulb or rhi- cium, androecium and perianth or calyx zome and has subterranean buds which form and/or corolla and the axis bearing these aerial growth. parts. Geotextile Are permeable fabrics which, when Fluted As of a trunk with grooves and folds. used in association with soil, have the ability Fodder Plant material, fresh or dried fed to to separate, fi lter, reinforce, protect, or drain. animals. Glabrescent Becoming glabrous. Foliaceous Leaf-like. Glabrous Smooth, hairless without pubes- Foliar Pertaining to a leaf. cence. Foliolate Pertaining to leafl ets, used with a num- Gland A secretory organ, e.g. a nectary, extra- ber prefi x to denote the number of leafl ets. fl oral nectary or a gland tipped, hair-like or Foliose Leaf-like. wart-like organ. adj. glandular. cf. eglandular. Follicle (Botany) a dry fruit, derived from a sin- Glaucous Pale blue-green in colour, covered gle carpel and dehiscing along one suture. with a whitish bloom that rubs off readily. Forb Any herb that is not grass or grass-like. Gley soils A hydric soil which exhibits a green- Free central placentation The arrangement of ish-blue-grey soil color due to wetland condi- ovules on a central column that is not con- tions. nected to the ovary wall by partitions, as in the Globose Spherical in shape. ovaries of the carnation and primrose. Globular A three-dimensional shape; spherical Frond The leaf of a fern or cycad. or orbicular; circular in outline. Fruit Ripened ovary with adnate parts. Glochidiate Having glochids. Fugacious Shedding off early. Glochidote Plant having gkochids. Fulvous Yellow, tawny. Glochids Tiny, fi nely barbed hair-like spines Funiculus (Botany) short stalk which attaches found on the areoles of some cacti and other the ovule to the ovary wall. plants. Scientifi c Glossary 863

Glume One of the two small, sterile bracts at the Heliotropic Growing towards sunlight. base of the grass spikelet, called the lower and Herb A plant which is non-woody or woody at upper glumes, due to their position on the the base only, the above ground stems usually rachilla. Also used in Apiaceae, Cyperaceae being ephemeral. adj. herbaceous. for the very small bracts on the spikelet in Herbaceous Resembling a herb, having a habit which each fl ower is subtended by one fl oral of a herb. glume. adj. glumaceous. Hermaphrodite Bisexual, bearing fl owers with Guttation The appearance of drops of xylem both androecium and gynoecium in the same sap on the tips or edges of leaves of some vas- fl ower. adj. hermaphroditic. cular plants, such as grasses and bamboos. Heterocyst A differentiated cyanobacterial cell Guttule Small droplet. that carries out nitrogen fi xation. Gymnosperm A group of spermatophyte seed- Heterogamous Bearing separate male and bearing plants with ovules on scales, which female fl owers, or bisexual and female fl ow- are usually arranged in cone-like structures ers, or fl orets in an infl orescence or fl ower and not borne in an ovary. cf. angiosperm. head, e.g. some Asteraceae in which the ray Gynoecium The female organ of a fl ower; a col- fl orets may be neuter or unisexual and the disk lective term for the pistil, carpel or carpels. fl orets may be bisexual. cf. homogamous. Gynomonoecious Having female fl owers and Heteromorphous Having two or more distinct bisexual fl owers on the same plant. cf. forms. cf. homomorphous. andromonoecious. Heterophyllous Having leaves of different form. Gynophore Stalk that bears the pistil/carpel. Heterosporous Producing spores of 2 sizes, the Habit The general growth form of a plant, com- larger giving rise to megagametophytes prising its size, shape, texture and stem orien- (female), the smaller giving rise to microg- tation, the locality in which the plant grows.. ametophytes (male). Refer to the ferns and Halophyte A plant adapted to living in highly fern allies. cf. homosporous. saline habitats. Also a plant that accumulates Heterostylous Having styles of two different high concentrations of salt in its tissues. adj. lengths or forms. halophytic. Heterostyly The condition in which fl owers on Hapaxanthic Refer to palms which fl owers only polymorphous plants have styles of different once and then dies. c.f. pleonanthic. lengths, thereby facilitating cross-pollination. Haploid Condition where nucleus or cell has a Hilar Of or relating to a hilum. single set of unpaired chromosomes, the hap- Hilum The scar on a seed, indicating the point loid number is designated as n. of attachment to the funiculus. Haplontic life cycle Or zygotic meiosis wherein Hirsute Bearing long coarse hairs. meiosis of a zygote immediately after karyo- Hispid Bearing stiff, short, rough hairs or bris- gamy, produces haploid cells which produces tles. more or larger haploid cells ending its diploid Hispidulous Minutely hispid. phase. Histosol Soil comprising primarily of organic Hastate Having the shape of an arrowhead but materials, having 40 cm or more of organic with the basal lobes pointing outward at right soil material in the upper 80 cm. angles as of a leaf. Hoary Covered with a greyish layer of very Hastula A piece of plant material at the junction short, closely interwoven hairs. of the petiole and the leaf blade; the hastula Holdfast An organ or structure of attachment, can be found on the top of the leaf, adaxial or especially the basal, root-like formation by the bottom, abaxial or both sides. which certain seaweeds or other algae are Heartwood Wood from the inner portion of a tree. attached to a substrate. Heliophilous Sun-loving, tolerates high level of Holocarpic Having the entire thallus developed sunlight.. into a fruiting body or sporangium. 864 Scientifi c Glossary

Homochromous Having all the fl orets of the Hypocotyl The portion of the stem below the same colour in the same fl ower head cf. het- cotyledons. erochromous. Hypodermis The cell layer beneath the epidermis Homogamous Bearing fl owers or fl orets that do of the pericarp. not differ sexually cf. heterogamous. Hypogeal Below ground as of germination of Homogenous endosperm Endosperm with even seed. surface that lacks invaginations or infoldings Hysteresis Refers to systems that may exhibit of the surrounding tissue. path dependence. Homogonium A part of a fi lament of a cyanobac- Imbricate Closely packed and overlapping. cf. terium that detaches and grows by cell divi- valvate. sion into a new fi lament. pl. homogonia. Imparipinnate Pinnately compound with a single Homomorphous Uniform, with only one form. terminal leafl et and hence with an odd number cf. heteromorphous. of leafl ets. cf. paripinnate. Homosporous Producing one kind of spores. Inceptisols Old soils that have no accumulation Refer to the ferns and fern allies. cf. hetero- of clays, iron, aluminium or organic matter. sporous. Incised Cut jaggedly with very deep teeth. Hurd fi bre Long pith fi bre of the stem. Included Referring to stamens which do not Hyaline Colourless, almost transparent. project beyond the corolla or to valves which Hybrid The fi rst generation progeny of the sexual do not extend beyond the rim of a capsular union of plants belonging to different taxa. fruit. cf. exserted. Hybridisation The crossing of individuals from Incurved Curved inwards; curved towards the different species or taxa. base or apex. Hydathode A type of secretory tissue in leaves, Indefi nite Numerous and variable in number. usually of Angiosperms, that secretes water Indehiscent Not opening or splitting to release through pores in the epidermis or margin of the contents at maturity as of fruit. cf. dehis- the leaf. cent. Hydrophilous Water loving; requiring water in Indumentum Covering of fi ne hairs or bristles order to be fertilized, referring to many aquatic commonly found on external parts of plants. plants. Indurate To become hard, often the hardening Hygrochastic Applied to plants in which the developed only at maturity. opening of the fruits is caused by the absorp- Indusium An enclosing membrane, covering tion of water. the sorus of a fern. Also used for the modifi ed Hygrophilous Living in water or moist places. style end or pollen-cup of some Goodeniaceae Hymenial cystidia The cells of the hymenium (including Brunoniaceae ). adj. indusiate. develop into basidia or asci, while in others Inferior Said of an ovary or fruit that has sepals, some cells develop into sterile cells called cys- petals and stamens above the ovary. cf. superior. tidia. Infl ated Enlarged and hollow except in the case of Hymenium Spore-bearing layer of cells in cer- a fruit which may contain a seed. cf. swollen. tain fungi containing asci (Ascomycetes) or Infl exed Bent or curved inward or downward, as basidia (Basidiomycetes). petals or sepals. Cup-like receptacles of some Infl orescence A fl ower cluster or the arrange- dicotyledonous fl owers formed by the fusion ment of fl owers in relation to the axis and to of the calyx, corolla, and androecium that each other on a plant. surrounds the ovary which bears the sepals, Infrafoliar Located below the leaves. petals and stamens. Infraspecifi c Referring to any taxon below the Hypha Is a long, branching fi lamentous cell of a species rank. fungus, and also of unrelated Actinobacteria. Infructescence The fruiting stage of an infl ores- pl. hyphae. cence. Scientifi c Glossary 865

Inrolled Curved inwards. humans and usually possess more diverse phe- Integuments Two distinct tissue layers that sur- notypes and genotypes. They have not been round the nucellus of the ovule, forming the improved by formal breeding programs. testa or seed coat when mature. Laterite Reddish–coloured soils rich in iron Intercalary Of growth, between the apex and the oxide, formed by weathering of rocks under base; of cells, spores, etc., between two cells. oxidizing and leaching conditions, commonly Interfoliar Inter leaf. found in tropical and subtropical regions. adj. Internode Portion of the stem, culm, branch, or lateritic. rhizome between two nodes or points of Latex A milky, clear or sometimes coloured sap attachment of the leaves. of diverse composition exuded by some plants. Interpetiolar As of stipules positioned between Latrorse Turned sideways, i.e. not towards or petioles of opposite leaves. away from the axis as of anthers dehiscing lon- Intrastaminal Within the stamens. gitudinally on the side. cf. extrorse, introse. Intricate Entangled, complex. Lax Loose or limp, not densely arranged or Introduced Not indigenous; not native to the crowded. area in which it now occurs. Leafl et One of the ultimate segments of a com- Introrse Turned inwards or towards the axis or pound leaf. pistil as of anthers. cf. extrorse, latrorse. Lectotype A specimen chosen after the original Involucre A whorl of bracts or leaves that sur- description to be the type. round one to many fl owers or an entire infl o- Lemma The lower of two bracts (scales) of a rescence. grass fl oret, usually enclosing the palea, lodi- Involute Having the margins rolled inwards, cules, stamens and ovary. referring to a leaf or other fl at organ. Lenticel Is a lens shaped opening that allows Jugate Of a pinnate leaf; having leafl ets in pairs. gases to be exchanged between air and the Juvenile Young or immature, used here for inner tissues of a plant, commonly found on leaves formed on a young plant which are dif- young bark, or the surface of the fruit. ferent in morphology from those formed on an Lenticellate Dotted with lenticels. older plant. Lenticular Shaped like a biconvex lens. cf. Keel A longitudinal ridge, at the back of the leaf. lentiform. Also the two lower fused petals of a ‘pea’ fl ower Lentiform Shaped like a biconvex lens, cf. in the Papilionaceae, which form a boat-like lenticular. structure around the stamens and styles, also Leptomorphic Temperate, running bamboo called carina. adj. keeled. cf. standard, wing. rhizome; usually thinner then the culms they Labellum The modifi ed lowest of the three petals support and the internodes are long and forming the corolla of an orchid, usually larger hollow. than the other two petals, and often spurred. Liane A woody climbing or twining plant. Laciniate Fringed; having a fringe of slender, Lignotuber A woody, usually underground, narrow, pointed lobes cut into narrow lobes. tuberous rootstock often giving rise to numer- Lamella A gill-shaped structure: fi ne sheets of ous aerial stems. material held adjacent to one another. Ligulate Small and tongue shaped or with a lit- Lamina The blade of the leaf or frond. tle tongue shaped appendage or ligule, star Lanate Wooly, covered with long hairs which shaped as of fl orets of Asteraceae. are loosely curled together like wool. Ligule A strap-shaped corolla in the fl owers of Lanceolate Lance-shaped in outline, tapering Asteraceae; also a thin membranous outgrowth from a broad base to the apex. from the inner junction of the grass leaf sheath Landrace Plants adapted to the natural environ- and blade. cf. ligulate. ment in which they grow, developing naturally Limb The expanded portion of the calyx tube or with minimal assistance or guidance from the corolla tube, or the large branch of a tree. 866 Scientifi c Glossary

Linear A 2-dimensional shape, narrow with nearly Megastrobilus Female cone, seed cone, or ovu- parallel sides. late cone) contains ovules within which, when Linguiform Tongue shaped cf. ligulate. fertilized by pollen, become seeds. The female Lithosol A kind of shallow soils lacking well- cone structure varies more markedly between defi ned horizons and composed of imperfectly the different conifer families. weathered fragments of rock. Meiosis The process of cell division that results Littoral Of or on a shore, especially seashore. in the formation of haploid cells from diploid Loam A type of soil mad up of sand, silt, and cells to produce gametes. clay in relative concentration of 40–40–20% Mericarp A 1-seeded portion of an initially respectively. syncarpous fruit (schizocarp) which splits Lobed Divided but not to the base. apart at maturity. Cf. coccus. Loculicidal Opening into the cells, when a ripe Meristem The region of active cell division in capsule splits along the back. plants, from which permanent tissue is derived. Loculus Cavity or chamber of an ovary. pl. loculi. adj. meristematic Lodicules Two small structures below the ovary -merous Used with a number prefi x to denote which, at fl owering, swell up and force open the basic number of the 3 outer fl oral whorls, the enclosing bracts, exposing the stamens and e.g. a 5-merous fl ower may have 5 sepals, 10 carpel. petals and 15 stamens. Lyrate Pinnately lobed, with a large terminal Mesic Moderately wet. lobe and smaller laterals ones which become Mesocarp The middle layer of the fruit wall progressively smaller towards the base. derived from the middle layer of the carpel Macronutrients Chemical elements which are wall. cf. endocarp, exocarp, pericarp. needed in large quantities for growth and Mesophytes Terrestrial plants which are adapted development by plants and include nitrogen, to neither a particularly dry nor particularly phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium. wet environment. Maculate Spotted. Micropyle The small opening in a plant ovule Mallee A growth habit in which several to many through which the pollen tube passes in order woody stems arise separately from a lignotu- to effect fertilisation. ber; usually applied to certain low-growing Microsporangium The sporangium containing species of Eucalyptus. microspores in petridophyes. cf. megasporan- Mangrove A distinctive vegetation type of trees gium. and shrubs with modifi ed roots, often vivipa- Microspore A small spore which gives rise to the rous, occupying the saline coastal habitats that male gametophyte in heterosporous pterido- are subject to periodic tidal inundation. phytes. Also for a pollen grain. cf. megaspore. Marcescent Withering or to decay without fall- Midvein The main vascular supply of a simple ing off. leaf blade or lamina. Also called mid-. Margin The edge of the leaf blade. Mitosis Is a process of cell division which results Medulla The pith in the stems or roots of certain in the production of two daughter cells from a plants; or the central portion of a thallus in single parent cell. certain lichens. Mollisols Soils with deep, high organic matter, Megasporangium The sporangium containing nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), megaspores in fern and fern allies. cf. typically between 60 and 80 cm thick. microsporangium. Monadelphous Applied to stamens united by Megaspore The large spore which may develop their fi laments into a single bundle. into the female gametophyte in heterosporous Monocarpic Refer to plants that fl ower, set ferns and fern allies. cf. microspore. seeds and then die. Megasporophyll A leafl ike structure that bears Monochasial A cyme having a single fl ower on megasporangia. each axis. Scientifi c Glossary 867

Monocotyledon Angiosperm having one coty- producing inter-and intracellular fungal ledon. growth in root cortex and forming specifi c Monoecious Having both male and female uni- fungal structures, referred to as vesicles and sexual fl owers on the same individual plant. arbuscles. abbrev. VAM. cf. dioecious. Native A plant indigenous to the locality or region. Monoembryonic seed The seed contains only Naviculate Boat-shaped. one embryo, a true sexual (zygotic) embryo. Necrotic Applied to dead tissue. polyembryonic seed. Nectariferous Having one or more nectaries. Monolete A spore that has a simple linear scar. Nectary A nectar secretory gland; commonly in a Monopodial With a main terminal growing fl ower, sometimes on leaves, fronds or stems. point producing many lateral branches pro- Nervation Venation, a pattern of veins or nerves gressively. cf. sympodial. as of leaf. Monotypic Of a genus with one species or a Node The joint between segments of a culm, family with one genus; in general, applied to stem, branch, or rhizome; the point of the stem any taxon with only one immediately subordi- that gives rise to the leaf and bud. nate taxon. Nodule A small knoblike outgrowth, as those Montane Refers to highland areas located below found on the roots of many leguminous, that the subalpine zone. containing Rhizobium bacteria which fi xes Mucilage A soft, moist, viscous, sticky secre- nitrogen in the soil. tion. adj. mucilaginous. Nomen Dubium An invalid proposed taxo- Mucous (Botany) slimy. nomic name because it is not accompanied by Mucro A sharp, pointed part or organ, espe- a defi nition or description of the taxon to cially a sharp terminal point, as of a leaf. which it applies. abbrev . nom. dub. Mucronate Ending with a short, sharp tip or mucro, Nucellus Central portion of an ovule in which resembling a spine. cf. cuspidate, muticous. the embryo sac develops. Mucronulate With a very small mucro; a dimin- Nomen Illegitimum Illegitimate taxon deemed utive of mucronate. as superfl uous at its time of publication either Mulch Protective cover of plant (organic) or because the taxon to which it was applied non-plant material placed over the soil, pri- already has a name, or because the name has marily to modify and improve the effects of already been applied to another plant. abbrev . the local microclimate and to control weeds. nom. illeg. Multiple fruit A fruit that is formed from a Nomen Nudum The name of a taxon which has cluster of fl owers. never been validated by a description. abbrev . Muricate Covered with numerous short hard nom. nud. outgrowths. cf . papillose. Nucellar embryony A form of seed reproduc- Muriculate With numerous minute hard out- tion in which the nucellar tissue which sur- growths; a diminutive of muricate. rounds the embryo sac can produce additional Muticous Blunt, lacking a sharp point. cf . embryos (polyembryony) which are geneti- mucronate. cally identical to the parent plant. This is found MYB proteins Are a superfamily of transcrip- in many citrus species and in mango. tion factors that play regulatory roles in devel- Nut A dry indehiscent 1-celled fruit with a hard opmental processes and defense responses in pericarp. plants. Nutlet A small. 1-seeded, indehiscent lobe of a Mycorrhiza The mutualistic symbiosis (non- divided fruit. pathogenic association) between soil-borne Ob- Prefi x meaning inversely or opposite to. fungi with the roots of higher plants. Obconic A 3-dimensional shape; inversely Mycorrhiza (vesicular arbuscular) Endomyc- conic; cone shaped, conic with the vertex orrhiza living in the roots of higher plants pointing downward. 868 Scientifi c Glossary

Obcordate Inversely cordate, broad and notched Orbicular Of circular outline, disc-like. at the tip; heart shaped but attached at the Order A taxonomic rank between class and pointed end. family used in the classifi cation of organisms, Obdeltate Inversely deltate; deltate with the i.e. a group of families believed to be closely broadest part at the apex. related. Oblanceolate Inversely lanceolate, lance- Orifi ce An opening or aperture. shaped but broadest above the middle and Organosols Soils not regularly inundated by tapering toward the base as of leaf. marine waters and containing a specifi c thick- Oblate Having the shape of a spheroid with the ness of organic materials within the upper part equatorial diameter greater than the polar of the profi le. diameter; being fl attened at the poles. Ovary The female part of the pistil of a fl ower Oblong Longer than broad with sides nearly which contains the ovules (immature seeds). parallel to each other. Ovate Egg-shaped, usually with reference to Obovate Inversely ovate, broadest above the two dimensions. middle. Ovoid Egg-shaped, usually with reference to Obpyramidal Resembling a 4-sided pyramid three dimensions. attached at the apex with the square base Ovule The young, immature seed in the ovary which facing away from the attachment. becomes a seed after fertilisation. adj. ovular.. Obpyriform Inversely pyriform, resembling a Ovulode A sterile reduced ovule borne on the pear which is attached at the narrower end. cf. placenta, commonly occurring in . pyriform. Oxisols Refer to ferralsols. Obspathulate Inversely spathulate; resembling Pachymorphic Describes the short, thick, rhi- a spoon but attached at the broadest end. cf. zomes of clumping bamboos with short, thick spathulate. and solid internode (except the bud-bearing Obtriangular Inversely triangular; triangular internodes, which are more elongated). cf. but attached at the apex. cf. triangular. sympodial. Obtrullate Inversely trullate; resembling a Palate (Botany) a raised appendage on the lower trowel blade with the broadest axis above the lip of a corolla which partially or completely middle. cf. trullate. closes the throat. Obtuse With a blunt or rounded tip, the con- Palea The upper of the two membraneous bracts verging edges separated by an angle greater of a grass fl oret, usually enclosing the lodi- than 90 degrees. cules, stamens and ovary. pl. paleae. adj. pal- -oid Suffi x denoting a 3-dimensional shape, e.g. eal. cf . lemma. spheroid. Paleate Having glumes. Ochraceous A dull yellow color. Palm heart Refers to soft, tender inner core and Ocreate Having a tube-like covering around some growing bud of certain palm trees which are stems, formed of the united stipules; sheathed. eaten as vegetables. Also called heart of palm, Oleaginous Oily. palmito, burglar’s , chonta or swamp Oligotrophic Lacking in plant nutrients and having cabbage. a large amount of dissolved oxygen throughout. Palmate Describing a leaf which is divided into Operculum A lid or cover that becomes several lobes or leafl ets which arise from the detached at maturity by abscission, e.g. in same point. adj. palmately. Eucalyptus , also a cap or lid covering the bud Palmito See palm heart. and formed by fusion or cohesion of sepals Palustrial Paludal, swampy, marshy. and/or petals. adj. operculate. Palustrine Marshy, swampy. Opposite Describing leaves or other organs Palustrine herb Vegetation that is rooted below which are borne at the same level but on oppo- water but grows above the surface in wetland site sides of the stem. cf. alternate. system. Scientifi c Glossary 869

Panduriform Fiddle shaped, usually with refer- Pellucid-dotted Copiously dotted with immersed, ence to two dimensions. pellucid, resinous glands. Panicle A compound, indeterminate, racemose Peltate With the petiole attached to the lower infl orescence in which the main axis bears lat- surface of the leaf blade. eral racemes or spikes. adj. paniculate. Pendant Hanging down. Pantropical Distributed through-out the tropics. Pendulous Drooping, as of ovules. Papilionaceous Butterfl y-like, said of the pea Penniveined or penni-nerved Pinnately veined. fl ower or fl owers of Papilionaceae, fl owers Pentamerous In fi ve parts. which are zygomorphic with imbricate petals, Perennial A plant that completes it life cycle one broad upper one, two narrower lateral or lives for more than 2 years. cf. annual, ones and two narrower lower ones. biennial. Papilla A small, superfi cial protuberance on the Perfoliate A leaf with the basal lobes united surface of an organ being an outgrowth of one around – and apparently pierced by – the stem. epidermal cell. pl. papillae. adj. papillose. Pergamentaceous Parchment-like. Papillate Having papillae. Perianth The two outer fl oral whorls of the Papillose Covered with papillae. Angiosperm fl ower; commonly used when the Pappus A tuft (or ring) of hairs, bristles or scales calyx and the corolla are not readily distin- borne above the ovary and outside the corolla guishable (as in ). as in Asteraceae often persisting as a tuft of Pericarp (Botany). The wall of a ripened ovary; hairs on a fruit. adj. pappose. fruit wall composed of the exocarp, mesocarp Papyraceous Resembling parchment of paper. and endocarp. Parenchyma Undifferentiated plant tissue com- Persistent Remaining attached; not falling off. posed of more or less uniform cells. cf. caduceus. Parietal Describes the attachment of ovules to Petal Free segment of the corolla. adj. petaline. the outer walls of the ovaries. cf. lobe. Paripinnate Pinnate with an even number of Petiolar relating to the petiole. leafl ets and without a terminal leafl et. cf. Petiolate Having petiole. imparipinnate. Petiole Leaf stalk. adj. petiolate. -partite Divided almost to the base into segments, Petiolulate Supported by its own petiolule. the number of segments written as a prefi x. Petiolule The stalk of a leafl et in a compound Patelliform Shaped like a limpet shell; cap- leaf. adj. petiolulate. shaped and without whorls. pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a Patent Diverging from the axis almost at right solution. It is defi ned as the cologarithm of the angles. activity of dissolved hydrogen ions (H+). Peat Is an accumulation of partially decayed Phenology The study of periodic plant life cycle vegetation matter. events as infl uenced by seasonal and interan- Pectin A group of water-soluble colloidal car- nual variations in climate. bohydrates of high molecular weight found in Phyllary A bract of the involucre of a composite certain ripe fruits. plant, term for one of the scale-like bracts Pectinate Pinnatifi d with narrow segments beneath the fl ower-head in Asteraceae. resembling the teeth of a comb. Phylloclade A fl attened, photosynthetic branch Pedicel The stalk of the fl ower or stalk of a or stem that resembles or performs the func- spikelet in Poaceae. adj. pedicellate. tion of a leaf, with the true leaves represented Pedicellate Having pedicel. by scales. A stalk supporting an infl orescence. Phyllode A petiole that function as a leaf. adj. adj. pedunculate phyllodineous. cf. cladode. Pellucid Allowing the passage of light; trans- Phyllopodia Refer to the reduced, scale-like parent or translucent. leaves found on the outermost portion of the 870 Scientifi c Glossary

corm where they seem to persist longer than conifers, extending out from a central axis are typical sporophylls as in the fern Isoetes. microsporophylls (modifi ed leaves). Under Phytoremediation Describes the treatment of each microsporophyll is one or several environmental problems (bioremediation) microsporangia (pollen sacs). through the use of plants which mitigate the Pollinia The paired, waxy pollen masses of environmental problem without the need to fl owers of orchids and milkweeds. excavate the contaminant material and dispose Polyandrous (Botany) having an indefi nite of it elsewhere. number of stamens. Pileus (Botany) cap of mushroom. Polyembryonic seed Seeds contain many Piliferous (Botany) bearing or producing hairs, embryos, most of which are asexual (nucellar) as of an organ with the apex having long, hair- in origin and genetically identical to the mater- like extensions. nal parent. Pilose Covered with fi ne soft hairs. Polygamous With unisexual and bisexual fl ow- Pinna A primary division of the blade of a com- ers on the same or on different individuals of pound leaf or frond. pl. pinnae. the same species. Pinnate Bearing leafl ets on each side of a central Polymorphic With different morphological axis of a compound leaf; divided into pinnae. variants. Pinnatifi d, pinnatilobed A pinnate leaf parted Polypetalous (Botany) having a corolla com- approximately halfway to midrib; when posed of distinct, separable petals. divided to almost to the mid rib described as Pome A fl eshy fruit where the succulent tissues deeply pinnatifi d or pinnatisect. are developed from the receptacle. Pinnatisect Lobed or divided almost to the midrib. P o r e A tiny opening. Pinnule A leafl et of a bipinnate compound leaf. Premorse Abruptly truncated, as though bitten Pistil Female part of the fl ower comprising the or broken off as of a leaf. ovary, style, and stigma. Procumbent Trailing or spreading along the Pistillate Having one or more pistils; having ground but not rooting at the nodes, referring pistils but no stamens. to stems. cf. ascending, decumbent, erect. Placenta The region within the ovary to which Prophyll A plant structure that resembles a leaf. ovules are attached. pl. placentae. Prostrate Lying fl at on the ground. Placentation The arrangement of the placentae Protandous Relating to a fl ower in which the and ovules in the ovary. anthers release their pollen before the stigma Plano- A prefi x meaning level or fl at. of the same fl ower becomes receptive. Pleonanthic Refer to palms in which the stem Proximal End of any structure closest to the does not die after fl owering. point of attachment. cf. distal. Plicate Folded like a fan. Pruinose Having a thick, waxy, powdery coat- Plumose Feather-like, with fi ne hairs arising lat- ing or bloom. erally from a central axis; feathery. Pseudocarp A false fruit, largely made up of Pneumatophore Modifi ed root which allows tissue that is not derived from the ovary but gaseous exchange in mud-dwelling shrubs, from fl oral parts such as the receptacle and e.g. mangroves. calyx. Pod A dry 1 to many-seeded dehiscent fruit, as Pseudostem The false, herbaceous stem of a applied to the fruit of Fabaceae ie. Caesalpini- banana plant composed of overlapping leaf aceae, Mimosaceae and Papilionaceae. bases. Podzol, Podsolic soil Any of a group of acidic, Pteridophyte A vascular plant which repro- zonal soils having a leached, light-coloured, gray duces by spores; the ferns and fern allies. and ashy appearance. Also called spodosol. Puberulent Covered with minute hairs or very Pollen cone Male cone or microstrobilus or fi ne down; fi nely pubescent. pollen cone is structurally similar across all Puberulous Covered with a minute down. Scientifi c Glossary 871

Pubescent Covered with short, soft hairs. Resupinate Twisted through 180 degrees. Pulvinate Having a swelling, pulvinus at the Reticulate Having the appearance of a network. base as a leaf stalk. Retrorse Bent or directed downwards or back- Pulviniform Swelling or bulging. wards. cf. antrorse. Pulvinus Swelling at the base of leaf stalk. Retuse With a very blunt and slightly notched Punctate Marked with translucent dots or glands. apex. cf. emarginated. Punctiform Marked by or composed of points Revolute With the margins inrolled on the lower or dots. (abaxial) surface. Punctulate Marked with minute dots; a diminu- Rhizine A root-like fi lament or hair growing tive of punctate. from the stems of mosses or on lichens. Pusticulate Characterized by small pustules. Rhizoid Root-like fi laments in a moss, fern, fun- Pyrene The stone or pit of a drupe, consisting of gus, etc. that attach the plant to the substratum. the hardened endocarp and seed. Rhizome A prostrate or underground stem con- Pyriform Pear-shaped, a 3-dimensional shape; sisting of a series of nodes and internodes with attached at the broader end. cf. obpyriform. adventitious roots and which generally grows Pyxidium Seed capsule having a circular lid horizontally. (operculum) which falls off to release the seed. Rhizophore A stilt-like outgrowth of the stem Raceme An indeterminate infl orescence with a which branches into roots on contact with the simple, elongated axis and pedicellate fl owers, substrate. youngest at the top. adj. racemose. Rhombic Shaped like a rhombus. Rachilla The main axis of a grass spikelet. Rhomboid Shaped like a rhombus. Rachis The main axis of the spike or other infl o- Rib A distinct vein or linear marking, often rescence of grasses or a compound leaf. raised as a linear ridge. Radiate Arranged around a common centre; as Riparian Along the river margins, interface of an infl orescence of Asteraceae with mar- between land and a stream. ginal, female or neuter, ligulate ray-fl orets and Rosette A tuft of leaves or other organs arranged central, perfect or functionally male, tubular, spirally like petals in a rose, ranging in form disc fl orets. cf . disciform, discoid. from a hemispherical tuft to a fl at whorl. adj. Radical Arising from the root or its crown, or the rosetted, rosulate. part of a plant embryo that develops into a root. Rostrate Beaked; the apex tapered into a slen- Ray The marginal portion of the infl orescence der, usually obtuse point. of Asteraceae and Apiaceae when distinct Rostrum A beak-like extension. from the disc. Also, the spreading branches of Rosulate Having a rosette. a compound umbel. Rotate Wheel shaped; refers to a corolla with a Receptacle The region at the end of a pedicel or very short tube and a broad upper part which is on an axis which bears one or more fl owers. fl ared at right angles to the tube. cf. salverform. adj. receptacular. Rotundate Rounded; especially at the end or Recurved Curved downwards or backwards. ends. Refl exed Bent or turned downward. Rugae Refers to a series of ridges produced by Regosol Soil that is young and undeveloped, folding of the wall of an organ. characterized by medium to fi ne-textured Rugose Deeply wrinkled. unconsolidated parent material that maybe Rugulose Finely wrinkled. alluvial in origin and lacks a signifi cant hori- Ruminate (Animal) chew repeatedly over an zon layer formation. extended period. Reniform Kidney shaped in outline. Ruminate endosperm Uneven endosperm sur- Repand With slightly undulate margin. face that is often highly enlarged by ingrowths Replicate Folded back, as in some corolla lobes. or infoldings of the surrounding tissue. cf. Resinous Producing sticky resin. homogenous endosperm. 872 Scientifi c Glossary

Rz value Is a numerical reference to the mesh/ Secondary venation Arrangement of the lateral emulsion equalization on the screen. veins arising from the midrib in the leaf lamina. Saccate Pouched. Secund With the fl owers all turned in the same Sagittate Shaped like an arrow head. direction. Saline soils Soils that contain excessive levels Sedge A plant of the family Apiaceae, Cyper- of salts that reduce plant growth and vigor by aceae. altering water uptake and causing ion-specifi c Segmented Constricted into divisions. toxicities or imbalances. Seminal root Or seed root originate from the Salinity Is characterised by high electrical con- scutellar node located within the seed embryo ductivities and low sodium ion concentrations and are composed of the radicle and lateral compared to calcium and magnesium seminal roots. Salverform Applies to a gamopetalous corolla Senescence Refers to the biological changes having a slender tube and an abruptly expanded which take place in plants as they age. limb. Sensu lato In a broad or wide sense. Samara An indehiscent, winged, dry fruit. Sensu stricto In a narrow or strict sense. Sand A naturally occurring granular material Free segment of the calyx. adj. sepaline. composed of fi nely divided rock and mineral Septum A partition or cross wall. pl. septa. adj. particles range in diameter from 0.0625 m m to septate. 2 mm. adj. sandy Seriate Arranged in rows. Saponins Are plant glycosides with a distinctive Sericeous Silky; covered with close-pressed, foaming characteristic. They are found in fi ne, straight silky hairs. many plants, but get their name from the soap- Serrate Toothed like a saw; with regular, asym- wort plant ( Saponaria) . metric teeth pointing forward. Saprophytic Living on and deriving nourish- Serrated Toothed margin. ment from dead organic matter. Serratures Serrated margin. Sapwood Outer woody layer of the tree just Serrulate With minute teeth on the margin. adjacent to and below the bark. Sessile Without a stalk. Sarcotesta Outermost fl eshy covering of Cycad Seta A bristle or stiff hair. pl. setae. adj. setose, seeds below which is the sclerotesta. setaceous. Scabrid Scurfy, covered with surface abrasions, Setaceous Bristle-like. irregular projections or delicate scales. Setate With bristles. Scabrous Rough to the touch. Setiform Bristle shaped. Scale Dry bract or leaf. Setulose With minute bristles. Scandent Refer to plants, climbing. Sheathing Clasping or enveloping the stem. Scape Erect fl owering stem, usually leafl ess, rising Shrub A woody plant usually less than 5 m high from the crown or roots of a plant. adj. scapose. and many-branched without a distinct main Scapigerous With a scape. stem except at ground level. Scarious Fry, thin and membranous. Silicula A broad, dry, usually dehiscent fruit Schizocarp A dry fruit which splits into longitu- derived from two or more carpels which usu- dinally multiple parts called mericarps or ally dehisce along two sutures. cf. siliqua. cocci. adj. schizocarpous. Siliqua A silicula which is at least twice as long Sclerotesta The innermost fl eshy coating of as broad. cycad seeds, usually located directly below Silt Is soil or rock derived granular material of a the sarcotesta. grain size between sand and clay, grain parti- Scorpoid Refers to a cymose infl orescence in cles ranging from 0.004 to 0.06 mm in diam- which the main axis appears to coil. eter. adj. silty. Scutellum (Botany) any of various parts shaped Simple Refer to a leaf or other structure that is like a shield. not divided into parts. cf. compound. Scientifi c Glossary 873

Sinuate With deep wavy margin. Spinulate Covered with small spines. Sinuous Wavy. Spinulose With small spines over the surface. Sinus An opening or groove, as occurs between Spodosol See podsol. the bases of two petals. Sporangium A spore bearing structure found in Sodic soils Contains high levels of sodium salts ferns, fern allies and gymnosperms. pl. spo- that affects soil structure, inhibits water move- rangia. adj. sporangial. ment and causes poor germination and crop Sporidia Asexual spores of smut fungi. establishment and plant toxicity. Sporocarp A stalked specialized fruiting struc- Sodicity Is characterised by low electrical con- ture formed from modifi ed sporophylls, con- ductivities and high sodium ion concentrations taining sporangia or spores as found in ferns compared to calcium and magnesium. and fern allies. Soil pH Is a measure of the acidity or basicity of Sporophore A spore-bearing structure, especially the soil. See pH. in fungi. Solitary Usually refer to fl owers which are Sporophyll A leaf or bract which bears or sub- borne singly, and not grouped into an infl ores- tends sporangia in the fern allies, ferns and cence or clustered. gymnosperms. Sorocarp Fruiting body formed by some cellular Sporophyte The spore-producing phase in the slime moulds, has both stalk and spore mass. life cycle of a plant that exhibits alternation of Sorophore Stalk bearing the sorocarp. generations. Sorosis Fleshy multiple fruit formed from fl owers Spreading Bending or spreading outwards and that are crowded together on a fl eshy stem e.g. horizontally. pineapple and mulberry. Spur A tubular or saclike extension of the Sorus A discrete aggregate of sporangia in ferns. corolla or calyx of a fl ower. pl. sori Squama Structure shaped like a fi sh scale. pl. Spadix Fleshy spike-like infl orescence with an squamae. unbranched, usually thickened axis and small Squamous Covered in scales. embedded fl owers often surrounded by a Squarrose Having rough or spreading scale-like spathe. pl. spadices. processes. Spathe A large bract ensheathing an infl ores- Stamen The male part of a fl ower, consisting cence or its peduncle. adj. spathaceous. typically of a stalk (fi lament) and a pollen-bear- Spatheate Like or with a spathe. ing portion (anther). adj. staminal, staminate . Spathulate Spatula or spoon shaped; broad at Staminate Unisexual fl ower bearing stamens the tip and narrowed towards the base. but no functional pistils. Spicate Borne in or forming a spike. Staminode A sterile or abortive stamen, often Spiculate Spikelet-bearing. reduced in size and lacking anther. adj. sta- Spike An unbranched, indeterminate infl ores- minodial. cence with sessile fl owers or spiklets. adj. spi- Standard Refers to the adaxial petal in the cate, spiciform. fl ower of Papilionaceae. cf. keel, wing. Spikelet A small or secondary spike characteris- Starch A polysaccharide carbohydrate consist- tics of the grasses and sedges and, generally ing of a large number of glucose units joined composed of 2 glumes and one or more fl o- together by glycosidic bonds a -1-4 linkages. rets. Also applied to the small spike-like infl o- Stellate Star shaped, applies to hairs. rescence or infl orescence units commonly Stem The main axis of a plant, developed from found in Apiaceae. the plumule of the embryo and typically bear- Spine A stiff, sharp, pointed structure, formed ing leaves. by modifi cation of a plant organ. adj. spinose. Sterile Lacking any functional sexual parts Spinescent Ending in a spine; modifi ed to form which are capable of fertilisation and seed a spine production. 874 Scientifi c Glossary

Stigma The sticky receptive tip of an ovary with Subulate Narrow and tapering gradually to a or without a style which is receptive to pollen. fi ne point, awl-shaped. Stilt root A supporting root arising from the Succulent Fleshy, juicy, soft in texture and usu- stem some distance above the ground as in ally thickened. some mangroves, sometimes also known as a Suckers Young plants sprouting from the under- prop root. ground roots of a parent plant and appearing Stipe A stalk that support some other structure around the base of the parent plant. like the frond, ovary or fruit. Sulcate Grooved longitudinally with deep fur- Stipel Secondary stipule at the base of a leafl et. rows. pl. stipellae. adj. stipellate. Sulcus A groove or depression running along Stipitate Having a stalk or stipe, usually of an the internodes of culms or branches. ovary or fruit. Superior Refers to the ovary is free and mostly Stipulated Having stipules. above the level of insertion of the sepals, and Stipule Small leaf-like, scale-like or bristle-like petals. cf. inferior. appendages at the base of the leaf or on the Suture Line of dehiscence. petiole. adj. stipulate. Swidden Slash-and-burn or shifting cultivation. Stolon A horizontal, creeping stem rooting at the Syconium A type of pseudocarp formed from a nodes and giving rise to another plant at its tip. hollow receptacle with small fl owers attached Stoloniferous Bearing stolon or stolons. to the inner wall. After fertilization the ovaries Stoma A pore in the epidermis of the leaf or of the female fl owers develop into one-seeded stem for gaseous exchange. pl . stomata. achenes, e.g. fi g. Stone The hard endocarp of a drupe, containing Symbiosis Describes close and often long-term the seed or seeds. mutualistic and benefi cial interactions between Stramineous Chaffy; straw-liked. different organisms. Striae Parallel longitudinal lines or ridges. adj. Sympetalous Having petals united. striate. Sympodial Refers to a specialized lateral growth Striate Marked with fi ne longitudinal parallel pattern in which the apical meristem. cf lines or ridges. monopodial. Strigose Bearing stiff, straight, closely appressed Synangium An organ composed of united spo- hair; often the hairs have swollen bases. rangia, divided internally into cells, each con- Strobilus A cone-like structure formed from taining spores. pl. synangia. sporophylls or sporangiophores. pl. strobili Syncarp An aggregate or multiple fruit formed Style The part of the pistil between the stigma from two or more united carpels with a single and ovary. style. adj. syncarpous. Sub- A prefi x meaning nearly or almost, as in Syncarpous Carpels fused forming a compound subglobose or subequal. pistil. Subcarnose Nearly fl eshy. Tannins Group of plant-derived phenolic com- Sub-family Taxonomic rank between the family pounds. and tribe. Taxon The taxonomic group of plants of any rank. Subglobose Nearly spherical in shape. e.g. a family, genus, species or any infraspecifi c Subretuse Faintly notched at the apex. category. pl. taxa. Subsessile Nearly stalkless or sessile. Tendril A slender, threadlike organ formed from Subshrub Intermediate between a herb and shrub. a modifi ed stem, leaf or leafl et which, by coil- Subspecies A taxonomic rank subordinate to ing around objects, supports a climbing plant. species. Tepal A segment of the perianth in a fl ower in Substrate Surface on which a plant or organism which all the perianth segments are similar in grows or attached to. appearance, and are not differentiated into Subtend Attached below something. calyx and corolla; a sepal or petal. Scientifi c Glossary 875

Terete Having a circular shape when cross- Trullate With the widest axis below the middle and sectioned or a cylindrical shape that tapers at with straight margins; ovate but margins straight each end. and angled below middle, trowel-shaped. Terminal At the apex or distal end. Truncate With an abruptly transverse end as if Ternate In threes as of leaf with 3 leafl ets. cut off. Testa A seed coat, outer integument of a seed. Tuber A stem, usually underground, enlarged as Tetrasporangium A sporangium containing a storage organ and with minute scale-like four haploid spores as found in some algae. leaves and buds. adj. tuberous. Thallus Plant body of algae, fungi, and other Tubercle A wart-like protuberance. adj. tuber- lower organisms. culate. Thyrse A dense, panicle-like infl orescence, as Tuberculate Bearing tubercles; covered with of the lilac, in which the lateral branches ter- warty lumps. minate in cymes. Tuberization Formation of tubers in the soil. Tomentellose Mildly tomentose. Tuft A densely packed cluster arising from an Tomentose Refers to plant hairs that are bent axis. adj. tufted. and matted forming a wooly coating. Turbinate Having the shape of a top; cone-shaped, Torus Receptacle of a fl ower. with the apex downward, inversely conic. Transpiration Evaporation of water from the Turgid Distended by water or other liquid. plant through leaf and stem pores. Turion The tender young, scaly shoot such as Tree That has many secondary branches sup- asparagus, developed from an underground ported clear of the ground on a single main bud without branches or leaves. stem or trunk. Turnery Articles made by the process of turning. Triangular Shaped like a triangle, 3-angled and Twining Winding spirally. 3-sided. Ultisols Mineral soils with no calcareous mate- Tribe A category intermediate in rank between rial, have less than 10% weatherable minerals subfamily and genus. in the extreme top layer of soil, and with less Trichome A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis. the 35% base saturation throughout the soil. Trichotomous Divided almost equally into three Umbel An infl orescence of pedicellate fl owers parts or elements. of almost equal length arising from one point Tridentate Three toothed or three pronged. on top of the peduncle. adj. umbellate. Trifi d Divided or cleft into three parts or lobes. Umbellet A secondary umbel of a compound Trifoliate Having three leaves. umbel. cf. umbellule. Trifoliolate A leaf having three leafl ets. Umbellule An, a secondary umbel of a com- Trifurcate Having three forks or branches. pound umbel. cf. umbellet. Trigonous Obtusely three-angled; triangular in Uncinate Bent at the end like a hook; unciform. cross-section with plane faces. Undershrub Subshrub; a small, usually sparsely Tripartite Consisting of three parts. branched woody shrub less than 1 m high. cf . Tripinnate Relating to leaves, pinnately divided shrub. three times with pinnate pinnules. Undulate With an edge/margin or edges wavy Tripliveined Main laterals arising above base of in a vertical plane; may vary from weakly to lamina. strongly undulate or crisped. cf. crisped. Triploid Describing a nucleus or cell that has Unifoliolate A compound leaf which has been three times (3n) the haploid number (n) of reduced to a single, usually terminal leafl et. chromosomes. Uniform With one form, e.g. having stamens of Triveined Main laterals arising at the base of a similar length or having one kind of leaf. cf. lamina. dimorphic. Triquetrous Three-edged; acutely 3-angled. Uniseriate Arranged in one row or at one level. 876 Scientifi c Glossary

Unisexual With one sex only, either bearing the Vesicle A small bladdery sac or cavity fi lled anthers with pollen, or an ovary with ovules, with air or fl uid. adj. vesicular. referring to a fl ower, infl orescence or individ- Vestigial The remaining trace or remnant of an ual plant. cf. bisexual. organ which seemingly lost all or most of its Urceolate Shaped like a jug, urn or pitcher. original function in a species through evolution. Utricle A small bladdery pericarp. Vestiture Covering; the type of hairiness, scali- Valvate Meeting without overlapping, as of ness or other covering commonly found on the sepals or petals in bud. cf. imbricate. external parts of plants. cf. indumentums . Valve One of the sections or portions into which Vibratile Capable of to and fro motion. a capsule separates when ripe. Villose Covered with long, fi ne, soft hairs, fi ner Variant Any defi nable individual or group of indi- than in pilose. viduals which may or may not be regarded as Villous Covered with soft, shaggy unmatted representing a formal taxon after examination. hairs. Variegate, variegated Diverse in colour or Vine A climbing or trailing plant. marked with irregular patches of different Violaxanthin Is a natural xanthophyll pigment colours, blotched. with an orange color found in a variety of plants Variety A taxonomic rank below that of subspe- like pansies. cies. Viscid Sticky, being of a consistency that resists Vein (Botany) a strand of vascular bundle tissue. fl ow. Velum A fl ap of tissue covering the sporangium Viviparous Describes seeds or fruit which in the fern, Isoetes. sprout before they fall from the parent plant. Velutinous Having the surface covered with a Whorl A ring-like arrangement of leaves, fi ne and dense silky pubescence of short fi ne sepals, stamens or other organs around an hairs; velvety. cf. sericeous axis. Venation Distribution or arrangement of veins Winged Having a fl at, often membranous expan- in a leaf. sion or fl ange, e.g. on a seed, stem or one of Veneer Thin sheet of wood. the two lateral petals of a Papilionaceous Ventral (Botany) facing the central axis, fl ower or one of the petal-like sepals of Poly- opposed to dorsal. galaceae. cf. keel, standard. Vernation The arrangement of young leaves or Xanthophylls Are yellow, carotenoid pigments fronds in a bud or at a stem apex. cf. circinnate found in plants. They are oxidized derivatives Verrucose Warty. of carotenes. Verticil A circular arrangement, as of fl owers, Xeromorphic Plant with special modifi ed struc- leaves, or hairs, growing about a central point; ture to help the plant to adapt to dry condi- a whorl. tions. Verticillaster False whorl composed of a pair of Xerophyte A plant which naturally grows in dry opposite cymes as in Lamiaceae. regions and is often structurally modifi ed to Verticillate Whorled, arranged in one or more withstand dry conditions. whorls. Zygomorphic Having only one plane of sym- Vertisol A soil with a high content of expansive metry, usually the vertical plane, referring montmorillonite clay that forms deep cracks to a fl ower, calyx or corolla. cf. actino- in drier seasons or years. morphic. Vertosols Soils that both contain more than 35% Zygote The fi st cell formed by the union of clay and possess deep cracks wider than 5 mm two gametes in sexual reproduction. adj. during most years. zygotic. Common Name Index

A Barbados cherry , 153, 620 Abate cola , 168 Basil , 191, 583 Açai , 154, 157 Bay , 537, 577, 584, 644, 743 A2780 human carcinoma cell lines , 408 Bay leaves , 537, 577, 644 Acerola , xiv, 153–158, 634, 636 Be17402 hepatocarcinoma , 408 Achiote , 205 Beans , 46, 210–212, 214, 216, 217, 244, 256, 263, 320, Adenovirus (ADV) , 92, 368 455, 458, 504, 518, 537, 652 Adenovirus type 3 (AD3) , 92 Behen tree , 453 African breadfruit , 446–450 Behn tree , 453 A549 human lung carcinoma cells , 89, 314, 407 Bell apple , 738 Ajowan , 577, 662 Bell fruit , 738 Ajwain , 321 Bell peppers , 320, 537 Alligator pear , 78 Bendo , 312 Allspice , xvii, 577, 655–663, 687 Benign prostate hyperplasia , 295, 514 Almond , 53, 93, 128, 192, 233, 306, 447, 573 Ben nut , 453 Amelonado , 209 Ben oil tree , 453 American ginseng , 18 Ben tree , 453 American mulberry , 439 Benzolive tree , 453 Androgen-independent (PC-3) Betel nut , 520, 736 prostate cancer cell lines , 89 B16-F1 melanoma cells , 407 Apple banana , 554 BGC823 (human gastric gland carcinoma cells) , Apple guava , 684 407, 408 Apricot , 210, 212 B380 human leukemia cells , 408 Araçá , xiv, 156, 601, 616, 618, 671, 672, 674, 679, 684, Big mike , 528 686, 728–730 Bindi , 160 Araça-boi , 618 Bissy , 175 Araçá-pera , 672, 674 Bitter cola , 175 Arazá , 616–618, 631, 674, 675, 684 Black Armyworm , 282 fruited mulberry , 399, 430, 439 Arrowroot , xiv, xv mulberry , 402, 403, 406, 430–434, 436, 439, 441 Asupina , 500, 539, 552, 553, 565 pepper , 81, 537, 577 Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) , 92, 368 peppercorns , 577 Murta , 732 plum , 745, 748 Avocado , xiv, 76, 78–97, 697 tiger shrimp , 712 Avocado pear , 78 , 493 Blood leaf banana , 493 Blueberry , 154, 636, 732, 744, 768 B Blue grape , 639–641 Baby pink banana , 567 Bluggoe , xvii, 557–559 Bacang , 773 Bluggoe banana , 557–559 Baker's yeast , 750 Bluggoe plantain , 557 Balubiton , 101 B16 mouse melanoma cells , 408 Banana , xvi, xvii, 81, 154, 289, 493–500, 502–522, 528, Bourao , 104 529, 531–533, 536, 538–541, 544–547, 549–560, Box fruit , 101, 102 563–565, 567–569, 740 Brack-water mangrove , 114 Banana rojo , 493, 531 Brazilian cherry , 609, 620 Banyan , 320 Brazilian cocoa , 252

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits, 877 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 878 Common Name Index

Brazilian grape , 665 "Cuban Red," 531 Brazilian grapetree , 665 Cayenne cherry , 620 Brazilian guava , 601, 696, 728 CCD-18CO and HT-29 , 281 Brazil nut , xiv, 53, 54, 124–131, 145, 146, 306 Celery , 81 Brazil nut pecan , 53 Cerapu , 773 Brazilnut tree , 124 Cervical carcinoma , 407, 585, 709 Brazil pecan , 54 Ceylon hill cherry , 732 Breadfruit , xvi, 287–298, 304–307, 312, 377, 446–450, Ceylon hill gooseberry , 732 452, 504 Champedak , 341 Breadnut , xvi, 287, 304–307, 446 Champedan , 337 Breadnut tree , 287, 307 Chayote , 46 Breast and colorectal cancer , 22 Chempedak , xvi, 337–342 Breast cancer , 90, 236, 281, 294, 314, 329, 350, 513, 661 Cherry alder , 767 Breast cancer cells (T47D) , 294 Cherry guava , 674 Broadleaf fi g , 358 Cherry satinash , 767 Broccoli , 54 Chick pea , 505 Brush cherry , 743, 744 Chilli , 81, 82, 162, 321, 402, 456, Buruni , 316, 348, 443 577, 687 Bush , 107, 399, 570, 732, 789, 790 China chestnuts , 198, 199 Bush nutmeg , 570 China guava , 674 Butong , 101 Chinese banana , 502 Butternut , 124 Chinese white mulberry , 399 Butter pear , 78 Chocolate , xv, 72, 82, 125, 145, 169, 176, 205, 206, Butun , 101, 115 208–210, 212–233, 236–244, 253, 256, 257, 402, 431, 577 Chocolate tree , 208 C Cilantro , 537 Cabbage tree , 453 Cinnamon , 191, 504, 537, 577, 583, 584, 657, 661, 662, Cacao 687, 751, 761 blanco , 204, 206 Cinnamon stick , 577 maraco , 206 Claret banana , 531 tree , 208 Climbing fi cus , 379 Calabura , 486–491 Climbing fi g , 379 Calabur-tree , 486 Clove , xvii, 504, 577, 582, 657, 687, 767 Camansi , 305 bud , 661, 662 Camu-camu , 156, 631–637 lilli pilli , 767 Camu-camu sylvestral fruit , 156 Clover pepper , 655 Canary banana , 502, 503 Clown , 356 Cane fruit , 259 Cluster fi g , 384 Cannonball tree , 133–135, 137 Cluster fi g tree , 384 Cape nutmeg , 570 Cluster tree , 384 Caprifi gs , 374 CMV. See Cytomegalovirus (CMV) Capulin , 486 Cocoa , xv, 169, 176, 181, 204–206, 208–244, 253, 255, Carambola , 46 256, 521, 595 Cardaba , 544 Cocoa tree , 208, 209, 243 Cardamom , 148, 191, 577, 582 Coconut , 46, 48, 87, 107, 111, 120, 125, 154, 209, Carparthian walnut , 60 243, 288, 289, 320, 321, 332, 333, 338, 341, Cas , 674, 675, 681, 729 345, 346, 358, 456, 504, 536, 537, 545, 546, Cas acida , 681 570, 687, 736, 774 Cashew nuts , 54, 585 Coconut-strawberry fi g , 358 Cashews , xiv, 54, 156, 320, 585, 636, 769 Coffee , 46, 48, 81, 82, 97, 148, 162, 169, 171, 173, 176, Cassava , 260 180, 191, 239, 298, 342, 364, 393, 504, 508, 521, Castilian guava , 728 526, 577, 675, 765 Castor oil , 387, 588, 706, 707 Cola , 169, 171, 173, 175–178, 180 Catfi sh , 712 Cola nut , 168, 175, 180 Cattle tick , 662 Colon cancer , 235, 256, 281, 332, 585, 668, Cattley guava , 674, 675, 679 709, 782 Caulifl ower , 577 carcinoma HCT116 , 783 Cavendish banana , 502, 503, 506, 509–512, 522, 531, Colorectal cancer , 22, 513 555, 556 Common fi g , 362, 374, 393 Common Name Index 879

Common ginkgo , 1 E Common hop , 652 Echovirus type 11 (ECV-11) , 368 Common mulberry , 430 Edible fi g , 362 Common myrtle , 643 Edible hibiscus , 111 Common putat , 114 Elephant ear fi g tree , xvi, 358 Common sterculia , 201 Elephant fi gs , 359, 360 Common walnut , 60 Elephant jack , 353 Copoasu , 252 Engkala , 75–77 Coriander , 81, 455, 577 English walnut , 60, 71 Corn , 87, 143, 195, 196, 282, 292, 332, 363, 367, 449, Entawak , 301 506, 518, 522, 538, 559, 625 Epstein-Barr virus , 274, 281, 463, 626 Costa rican guava , 681, 682 ER (+) and ER (–) human breast cancer cell lines , 314 Costarrica , 212 European corn borer , 282 Cotton candy tree , 486 European myrtle , 643 Cottonseed , 595 European walnut , 60 Country fi g , 384 Eve’s apron , 358 Cream nut , 124, 141 Creek cherry riberry , 767 Creek lilly pilly , 743 F Creek satinash , 743, 767 Falsa , 184, 601 Creeping fi g , 379, 382 Fehi banana , 520, 563 Creeping ivy fi g , xvi Fei banana , xvii, 563, 565 Creeping rubber plant , 379 Feijoa , xvii, 601–607, 732 Criollo , 209, 212–214, 244 Fennel , 77 Criollo cocoa , 214 Fig , 356, 358, 362–367, 372, 374, 377, 379, 384, 396, Crown Eugenia , 613 498, 503, 554, 555, 601 Cultivated fi g , 362 guava , 601 Cumin , 81, 456, 537, 577 ivy , 379 Cupuaçu , 157, 209, 253, 255–257 wasp , 382 Cupuassu , xv, 252, 254–257 Figwood , 396 Cut nut , 104, 106, 107, 110–112 Fish-killer tree , 101, 114 Cytomegalovirus (CMV) , 331 Fish-poison tree , 101, 114 Fish-poison wood , 114 fl or de cacao , 205 D Fluffy blueberry , 732 Dadak , 309 Flukes , 593 Daeking tree , 45 Forastero , 209, 244, 732 Damson plum , 745 Forest satinash , 789 Dates , 81, 169, 367 French cherry , 620 Dinner plate fi g , 377 Freshwater mangrove , 114 Dinner plate fi g tree , xvi Fuzzy banana , 567 Doko , 269, 270, 276 Dokong , 265–268, 270, 271, 276 Downy myrtle , 732 G Downy rose myrtle , 732, 733, 736 Garden cherry , 153 Drumstick , xvi, 321, 453, 455–458, 460–463, 475, Garlic , 81, 536–538, 687, 761 477, 478 Gaulin , xiv Drumstick tree , xvi, 453 Giant Cavendish , 502–503, 509, 552 DU-145 (Human prostate cancer cell lines) , 709 Giant Cavendish banana (Williams) , 502 Duck's foot tree , 1 Giant Indian fi g , 358 Dugdug , 306 Giant Kepok banana , 546 Duku , xv, 265–267, 269–273, 275, 276 Ginger , 537, 538, 577 Duku-langsat , 267, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276 Gingko , 1–7, 11, 12, 14, 15, 30, 32, 34, 35 Durian , 77, 84, 85, 773 Gingko nuts , 1 Durian daun , 773 Ginkgo , xiii Durian, mango , 84, 85 Ginseng , 18, 34 Durian nyekak , 773 Gnemon tree , 45 Dwarf barbados cherry , 153 Gnetum nut , 45 Dwarf cavendish , 496, 497, 502–522, 538, Gobbo , 160 542, 547 Gold banana , 498 880 Common Name Index

Golden fossil tree , 1 Human breast cancer cells , 90, 236, 294, 314 Gombo , 160, 161 MCF-7 , 89, 236, 281, 314, 346, 407, 489, 585, Goolar fi g , 384 661, 782 Goora nut , 168, 175 MCF-10A human mammary epithelial cells , 20, 236, Gowok , 776, 777 281 Grain pulse beetle , 595 MDA-MB-231 , 236, 281, 314, 489 Grande Naine (Chiquita Banana) , 502, 503, 509, 522 MDA MB-436 , 236 Grapefruit , 81, 704 MDA MB-468 , 236 Grapes , 49, 157, 216, 639–641, 665 SKBR-3 , 236, 782 Graviola , 157 Human breast carcinoma MCF-7 , 89, 407 Greek myrtle , 643 Human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) , 117, 119, 350, Green peas , 456, 505 407, 489, 709, 755 Green plum , 150 Human colon cancer , 256, 332, 709, 782 Green tea , 31, 176, 422, 668, 704 SW-480 , 256, 294, 782 Grewia , xv, 184–188 SW480 cell lines , 668 Gros michel , 503, 528–529 Human colon adenocarcinoma (HT-29) , 89 , 503, 528 Human hepatocarcinoma Hep3B cells , 407 Grumichama , 609, 611 Human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells , 20, 68, 69 Guatemalan avocado , 78, 97 Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) , 70, 157, 240, Guava , xiv, xvii, 156, 157, 601, 602, 672, 675, 677, 680, 297, 331, 408, 464, 518, 605, 713, 755, 784 682, 684–689, 691–720, 740 Human immunodefi ciency virus HIV-1 , 70, 331, 518, Guavaberry , 631 713, 784 Guava Brazilera , 601 Human leukemia cells (HL-60) , 764 Guavasteen , 601 Human mammary adenocarcinoma MCF-7 , 782 Guinea guava , 728 Human mammary adenocarcinoma SKBR-3 cell line , Güisara guava , 728 782 Guisaro sour guava , 728 Human mouth epidermal carcinoma (KB) cell line , 708 Gumbo , 160, 162, 537 Human cell lines , 89 Human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-2) , 157 Human ovarian cancer HO-8910 cells , 408 H Human prostate adenocarcinoma (PC-3) cells , 89 HaCaT keratinocytes , 69 Human prostate cancer DU145 cells , 708 Hawthorn , 6, 7 Human carcinoma (HSG) , 157, HCT-8 (human colon cancer) , 407, 408 330, 605 HCT116 colon cancer cells line , 281, 668 Human T47D breast cancer , 329 HeLa. See Human cervical carcinoma cells (HeLa) Human tumour KB cells , 463 HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines , 755 Hep-2 (human epidermoid cancer) , 21, 541, 707, 708 Hepa 1c1c7 (mouse hepatoma) cells , 489 I HepG2 hepatoma cells , 68, 408, 518, 649 Illawarra fi g , 396 Herpes simplex type 1 virus (HSV-1) , 92, 368, 409, 463 Illawarri fi g , 396 HSV-2 , 331 Illinois nut , 51 Hickory , xiii, xiv, 51 Indian big leaf fi g , 358 Highland breadfruit , 377 Indian blackberry , 745 Highlands Kapiak , 377 Indian cherry , 153, 486 Hill guava , 732 Indian mulberry , 430 Hippo apple , 114 Indian phalsa , 184 Hirsute walnut , 60 Infl uenza virus , 240 HIV. See Human immunodefi ciency virus (HIV) Isenberg bush , 732 HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia cells) , 90, 346, 389, 489, 764 Horn plantains , xvii, 497, 500, 518, 535–542, 552, J 553, 558 Jabotica , 665 Horseradish tree , xvi, 453 Jaboticaba , xvii, 639, 665–669 HT-29 colon cancer cell line , 89, 281, 489, 668, 709 Jack , 269, 318, 320, 321, 323, 328, 329, 348–350, 353 HT-29 human colon cancer cells , 709 Jackfruit , xvi, 46, 297, 318–333, 337, 340, 346, 348, 446 Huesito , 153 Jack tree , 318, 349 Hueta , 563 Jak , 318, 320, 332 Human adenocarcinoma cell line SK-HEP-1 , 764 Jakfruit , 318, 324 Human B lymphoid NC–NC cells , 649 Jak nut , 318, 320 Common Name Index 881

Jalapenos chillies , 81 Lemon , xiv, 79–82, 152, 156, 273, 380, 504, 541, 577, Jamaican cherry , 486, 491 674, 679, 687, 761 Jamaican pepper , 655 Lemon guava , 674, 679 Jamaican , 531 Lentil , 456, 517, 518 Jamaica pepper , 655 Lettuce , 81, 513 Jambolan , 67, 745–752, 754–756 Leukaemic cell line HL60 , 408 Jambolan plum , 745 Leukemia , 236, 294, 311, 314, 340, 408, 436, 513, 514, Jambos , 745, 760 518, 585, 605, 764 Jambu mawar , 739, 760, 773, 778 Leukemia cells (L-1210) , 21, 294 Jamfruit , 486 Leukemia P-388 cancer cell , 311 Jamfruit tree , 486 Licorice , 582 Jamum , 753 Lime , 79–81, 288, 298, 315, 320, 333, 342, 380, 443, Japanese termite , 662 613, 614, 640 Java apple , 778–783, 785 Litsea , xiv, 75–77, 662 Java plum , 745 Little-leaf fi g , 396 Java roseapple , 778 LNCaP , 89, 514, 708 Jentik-jentik , 773 LNCaP and androgen-independent (PC-3) prostate Johey oak , 344 cancer cell line , 89 Joint-fi r , 45 LNCaP human prostate cancer cell line , 514 Joint-fi r spinach , 45 LNCaP prostate cancer cell , 708 Jurkat leukemia T cell line , 585 Long bean , 46 Lonkong , xv, 265, 269–276 LOVO , 783 K Lowland avocado , 78 K-562 (human myeloid leukemia) , 408, Lugo , 101 489, 586 Lung cancer , 332, 350, 585 KB (Human oral epidermoid carcinoma) , 294, 350, 463, 708 , 566 M Kechapi , 278 Macadamia , 53, 125, 306 Keledang wood , 302 Mace , xvii, 573, 575–578, 580–588, 590, 593–595 Kembang semangkok , 189, 191 Madeira nogal , 60 Kew tree , 1 Madeira walnut , 60 Kidney bean , 518 Magenta cherry , 743 Kirkirnan , 500, 531, 539, 552, 553 Mahogany , xv Kiwi , xiv, 156 Maidenhair fern , 3 Kola , xv, 169, 173, 175, 176, 178–181 Maidenhair tree , 1, 6, 7 nut , 168, 169, 171–173, 175, 176, 178–181, 263 Maize , 162, 181, 205, 260, 263, 341, 506, 522 nut tree , 168, 175 Makjong , 189, 191 seed , 175 Malabar plum , 745, 760 Kuini , 773 Malacca apple , 769 Kwai muk , 284, 285 Malay apple , 769–774 Malay rose apple , 769, 773 Malaysian duku , 265 L Male nutmeg , 572 Lady apple , 789, 790 Malva nut , 189–191 Lady's fi nger , 160, 498 Mamau , 257 Lakatan , xvi, 495–498, 500, 528, 529, 532, 533, 539, Mammary cancer , 129 547, 550, 551, 553, 555, 556, 558 Mamorano , 257 banana , 495, 496 Mango , 84, 85, 157, 320, 505, 697 Langasat , 101 Mangosteen , 278, 698 Langsat , xv, 265–267, 269–276, 740 Manzana banana , 554 Langsat/Dokong , 265–267 Manzanita , 153, 486 Langsep , 267, 269, 270, 276 Maoli , 549, 550 Lansones , 269, 270 Maoli plantains , 549 Lanzon , 269 Marang , xvi, 344–346, 351, 453–455 Large-fl owered cocoa , 252 Mas banana , 498 Large fruited rose apple , 769 Melinjo , 45–49 Latundan , 554, 555 Melinjo nut , 45 banana , 554, 555 Metastatic DU 145 , 237 882 Common Name Index

Mexican avocado , 78, 97 Oregano , 536, 537, 583, 585 Michelia , 147 Ornamental cherry , 486 Midshipman's butter , 78 Otaheite apple , 769 Mint , 154, 380 Otaheite cashew , 769 Miracle berry , 259 Miracle-fruit , 259 Miraculous berry sweet prayer , 259 P Mocambo , 204 P-388 (lymphocytic leukemia cells) , 281, 294, 311, 314, Monkey jack , 348–350 340, 348, 488, 489 Monkey jackfruit , 348 Pacifi c plantains , 500, 539, 548, 549, 553 Monkey nut , xiv Paddy , 45, 360 Monkey pot , 138, 139, 141 Palm oil , 260, 479, 480, 504, 507, 521, 536, Monkey pot nut , 144 537, 595 Monk's plum , 150 Palm oil mill effl uent (POME) , 479, 480 Morado , 531, 532 Panama berry , 486 Moringa oil , 480 Pancreatic cancer (MIA PaCa-2 and Panc-1) cell , 21 Mosquito , 120, 275, 298, 476, 596, 652 Pao nut , 104, 107, 110 Motherwort , 6, 7 Papaya , 156, 320, 322, 342, 456, 513, 544, 697, 740 Motong-Botong , 101 Papaya banana , 544 Mountain apple , 769, 778 Papillomas , 462, 585, 755 Mountain nutmeg , 572 Para , 124, 125, 150, 671, 756 Mulberry , xvi, 159, 399, 402, 403, 405–425, 430–442 Paradise nut , xiv, 138, 141, 144–146 bush , 399 Paragrass hay , 522 tree , 399, 409, 419 Para guava , 671 Murine leukemia (P-388) , 311, 314, 340 Paranut , 124 Mushrooms , 158, 295, 327, 417, 435, 447, 518, 521, Parsa phalsa , 184 591, 595 Passion fruit , 157, 525 Myeloid leukemia , 605 Patashte , 204 Myrtle , xvii, 643–652, 732, 733, 736 Pau nut , 104, 107, 110 Pea , 505, 517, 518 Peanut butter fruit , 150 N Peanuts , 46, 54, 104, 150, 151, 216, 306, 313, 456, 461, Native cherry , 153 503, 518, 779 Neem , 710, 711 Pear guava , 684 Nicaraguan cocoa , 204 Pecan , xiv, 51–57 Nonmetastatic 22Rv1 prostate cancer cell lines , 237 Pecan nut , xiv, 51–55, 57 Non-small cell lung cancer cell line NCI-H520 , 332 Pedalai , 351, 352 Nutmeg , xvii, 575–596 Pelai , 315 Pepper , 80, 81, 289, 402, 504, 521, 536, 537, 583, 655, 687 O Persian mulberry , 430 Oats , 45 Persian walnut , xiv, 60, 65 Okinawa torch , 560 Pertun , 101 Okra , xv, 160–166 Peru cocoa , 204 Okro , 160, 161 Peruvian cacao , 204 Olive , 54, 66, 87, 128, 161, 289, 307, 459, 537 Puerto rico cherry , 153 Onion , 81, 162, 289, 302, 402, 507, 537, 538, 577, 687 Phalsa , 184, 185 Onion lime , 81 Pimenta , 655, 656 Ooitabi , 381 Pimento , 655–657, 659, 660, 662 Oral and gastrointestinal cancer , 181 Pine , 54, 97, 595, 662 Oral cavity cancer cells , 22 Pineapple , xiv, 80, 81, 154, 156, 157, 601, 602 SCC-25 , 22 Pineapple guava , 601 SCC-1483 , 22 Pinewood nematode , 662 SCC-QLL1 , 22 Pink banana , 531, 567–569 Orange , xiv, 3, 48, 81, 82, 151, 152, 155–157, 185, 202, Pink fruiting banana , 567 203, 266, 273, 285, 301, 302, 317, 321, 338, 339, Pink velvet banana , 567, 568 349, 350, 357, 377, 385, 402, 443, 444, 447, 494, Pinworms , 372 499, 500, 514, 521, 532, 539, 549, 552, 553, Pisang ambon banana , 528 555, 561, 564, 565, 568, 570, 573, 577, 618, Pisang barangan , 495 623, 632, 636 Pisang berangan , 495, 496 Common Name Index 883

Pisitan , 267, 270, 276 Robusta , 502, 503, 505, 509, 512 Pistachio , 54 Rock fi g , 396 Pitanga , 620–624, 626–628 Rojo , 531 Pitanga cherries , 621, 622 Rose apple , 760–765 Pitangueira , 620, 626 Rose myrtle , xvii, 732, 733, 736 Plantain , xvi, xvii, 495–497, 500, 504–506, 508, 510, Rosita , 205 514, 516–522, 535–542, 544, 545, 548–550, 552, Rotavirus(s) , 588, 706 553, 557, 558, 563 Round guava , 684 Plinia caulifl ora , 637, 665–669 Roxburgh fi g , 358 Plum , 150, 367, 499, 532, 549, 558, 687, 745, 748, 760 Rumberry , 631 Plum rose , 760 Russian mulberry , 399 Pomegranate , 154 Rusty fi g , 396 Pomerac , 769, 771 Popo'ulu plantains , 549 Porpay , 674 S Port jackson fi g , 396 , 544, 545, 547 Portuguese plum , 745 Samarang rose apple , 778 Potato(s) , 81, 213, 288, 320, 408, 456, 507, 518, 522, San pablo , 544 547, 577, 654, 694 San perdo , 374 Potnut , 144 Santol , xv, 278–282 Powder-puff tree , 114 Sapucaia nut , 141–144 Prayer plant , xiv, 259 Sapucaya nut , 144 Prostate cancer , 22, 70, 89, 237, 295, 514, 708, 709 Scarlet banana , 560 Prostate hyperplasia , 236, 237, 295, 514 Scrub cherry , 743 Purple cattley guavas , 675 Seabob shrimp , 711 Purple guava , 674 Sea poison tree , 101 Purple monkey apple , 743 Sea putat , 101 Purple plum , 745 Sentol , 278, 282 Purple strawberry guava , 675, 679, 680 Silk banana , 554 Putat , 101, 114, 115, 117, 122, 180, 230 Silk fi g banana , 554, 555 Putat laut , 101 Silkwood tree , 486 Silkworm mulberry , 399, 430 Silkworm tree , 399 R Silver-back artocarpus , 284 Raja banana , 551, 552 Simian rotavirus , 706 Rambutan , 698 Singapore cherry , 486 Rat hepatoma (dRLh84) cells , 408 Skin papillomas , 585 Red Small jackfruit , 337 banana , 521, 531, 567 Small-leaved barringtonia , 114 banana tree , 493 Small leaved lilly pilly , 767 Brazil cherry , 620 Small-leaved rock fi g , 396 bush apple , 789 SMMC-7721 human cancer cells , 294 cavendish banana , 531 Smyrna fi gs , 374 dacca , 500, 531, 532, 539, 553 Snake , 424, 477, 518, 519, 662 fl owering banana , 560 Soft-shelled hickory , 51 fl owering thai banana , 560 Solid tumour cancer cells , 660 lily pilly, 767 Sour guava , 616, 728 mulberry , 434, 439–442 Soyabean , 88, 95, 477 strawberry guava , 674–680 Soybean , 90, 91, 448, 449, 506, 507, 518 torch banana , 560 Spanish cherry , 609 Red-fl eshed grumichama , 609 Spanish jointfi r , 45 Red-fruited mulberry , 439 SPC-A-1(human lung adenocarcinoma) , 294 Redondo , 257 Star fruit , 636, 677, 740 Redwood fi g , 384 Strawberry Renal cell carcinoma , 513 cattley guava , 675 Rhodomyrtus , 73 guava , xvii, 674, 676, 677, 679 Riberry , 767, 768 tree , 486 Rice , 46, 76, 81, 162, 263, 279, 315, 320, 360, 402, 456, Sucrier , 498–500, 539, 553 505, 518, 519, 521, 537, 545, 577, 596, 712, 735, Sudan cola nut tree , 175 739, 761, 771, 776 Surinam cherry , 153, 620, 621, 628 884 Common Name Index

Sweet artocarpus , 284 V Sweet myrtle , 643 Vanilla , 176, 536, 577 Sweet peas , 537 Varicellazoster virus (VZV) , 331 Sweet potato(s) , 288, 402, 522, 657 Vegetable marrow , 78 SW-480 human colon cancer cell lines , 256, 294, Very sweet duku , 265 668, 782 Vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) , 129 SW 872 human liposarcoma cells , 294 Vuton , 101 Sycamine , 430 VZV. See Varicellazoster virus (VZV)

T W Tac8113 cell lines , 21 Wain , 500, 539, 553 Tahitian red , 563 Walnut , xiv, xiii, 53, 60–72, 128 Taiwang , 565 Water apple , 738–741 Tamaran , 353–355 Water cherry , 738 Tamarind , 46, 320, 475 Watery rose apple , 738 Tampang bulu , 309 Wax apple , 778 Tampoi kuning , 773 Wax jambu , 778, 780, 785 3 T3 (normal) cells , 489 West Indian avocado , 78, 97 T47D (human breast cancer cells) , 281, West Indian ben , 453 294, 329 West Indian cherry , 153, 486 Tea , 31, 46, 61, 70, 82, 131, 148, 169, 171, 173, 176, Wheat , 363, 506, 518 180, 228, 239, 260, 281, 315, 363, 364, 369, 385, White-fruited mulberry , 399 386, 411, 416, 422, 456, 487, 504, 521, 606, 668, Whiteleg shrimp , 472 675, 688, 698, 699, 703–705, 710, 711, 719, 752, White mulberry , 399, 402, 403, 406, 424, 433, 434, 442 764, 770 Wild breadfruit-tree , 312 Testicular cancer , 242 Wild cacao , 204 Thyme , 583, 584 Wild fi g , 362 Ticky creeper , 379 Wild guava , 114, 681, 728, 729 Tiger cocoa , 204 Wild mangosteen , 278 Tilapia fi sh , 472, 774 Wild nutmeg , 572 Tomato(s) , 54, 80, 81, 156, 507, 513, 518, 519, 537, 545, Williams , 509, 522 577, 596, 761 Williams Cavendish , 508, 510 Tomentose rose myrtle , 732 Trapp avocado , 78 Trinitario , 209, 244 Y Tropical guava , 684 Yam , 263 Tropical ivy , 379 Yautia (tannier) , 537 True myrtle , 643 Yellow araza , 616 Tulip tree , 45 Yellow cattley guava , 674, 679 Turmeric , 321, 456, 537, 538, 541, 542 Yellow-head virus , 712 Two leaf , 45 Yellow strawberry guava , 674, 675, 679, 680

U Z Urdbean leaf crinkle virus , 187 Zabucaya nut , 144 Scientifi c Name Index

A Andrographis paniculata , 418 Abelmoschus Angelica sinensis , 418 bammia , 160 Annona esculentus , xv, 160, 164, 165 cherimola , 92 manihot , 111 muricata , 157 multiformis , 160 Anoma moringa , 453 Abroma augusta , 751 Anopheles stephensi , 392, 476, 595 Acca Antiaris palembanica , 309 sellowiana , 601 Areca catechu , 519 sellowiana var. rugosa , 601 Aristolochia giberti , 624 Acetobacter Artemia aceti , 507 franciscana , 669, 764 rancens , 507 salina , 92, 274 Achyrocline satureioides , 627 Artemisia capillaris , 416 Acidovorax konjaci , 596 Artocarpus , xv, xvi Acmena smithii , 788 africana , 446 Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans , 370 altilis , xvi, 287, 292–295, 297, 298, 306 Actinomyces sp. , 710 anisophyllus , 301 viscosus , 584 anisophyllus var. sessifolius , 301 Adiantum , 3 biformis , 316 Aedes aegypti , 92, 372, 392 blumei , 312, 351 Aeromonas hydrophila , 491, 516, 710, 711, 764 blumei var. kunstleri , 312 Afrormosia laxifl ora , 180 brasiliensis , 318 Agasta camansi , xvi, 288, 304, 307 asiatica , 101 cannonii , 356 indica , 101 champeden , 337 splendida , 101 communis , 287, 293, 296, 297, 326, 422 Aglaia , xv corneri , 312 aquea , 269 cuspidatus , 348 domestica , 269 dadah , 309–311 domesticum , 275 denisoniana , 316 dookkoo , 265 dimorphophylla , 348 dookoo , 269, 275 echinata , 348 intricatoreticulata , 269 elasticus , 312–314, 329, 351 merrillii , 269 erythrocarpus , 309 sepalina , 269 glaucescens , 316 steenisii , 269 glaucescens var. tephrophylla , 316 Agrobacterium tumefaciens , 596 glaucus , 316, 317 Alcaligenes faecalis , 710, 764 heterophylla , 318 Alfaroa costaricensis , xiv heterophyllus , xvi, 296, 297, 314, 318, 323–329, Allium sativum , 541 331–333, 340 Alpinia speciosa , 625 hirsutissima , 337 Alstonia sp. , 315 hypargyreus , 284, 285 Alternaria alternata , 57, 596 incisa , 287 Amomum subulatum , 582 incisa f. var. muricata , 304 Anacardium occidentale , 719 inconstantissimus , 309 Ananas comosus , 154 integer , xvi, 337, 340, 341

T.K. Lim, Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits, 885 DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-2534-8, © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012 886 Scientifi c Name Index

Artocarpus, (cont.) B integer var. silvestris , 337 Baccaurea integrifolia , 318, 337 polyneura , 773 integrifolia var. glabra , 318 reticulata , 773 integrifolia var. heterophylla , 318 Bacillus integrifolia var. hirsuta , 337 cereus , 70, 263, 328, 329, 391, 392, 471, 491, 541, jaca , 318, 337 650, 710, 711, 735 jarrettiae , 312 megaterium , 710 kertau , 348 stearothermophilus , 750 laevis , 287 subtilis , 70, 274, 311, 328, 382, 391, 392, 408, lakoocha , 309 470–472, 512, 541, 624, 625, 710, 712, 735, 755 lakoocha var. malayanus , 309 Barringtonia , xiv, 101–112, 114–120, 122–123 lanceifolius , 314, 329 apiculata , 114 leeuwenii , 287 asiatica , 101, 103 limpato , 443 brosimos , 107 macrocarpon , 337 butonica , 101 mariannensis , 288, 306 caffra , 114 maxima , 318 celebesensis , 114 mollis , 309 ceylanica , 114 muricata , 348 edulis , 104, 106–108, 110, 112 mutabilis , 344 elongata , 114 odoratissimus , xvi, 326, 344, 346 excelsa , 104, 107, 110, 114 papuanus , 443 guppyana , 110 peltatus , 309 inclyta , 114 philippinensis , 318 insignis , 114 polyphema , 337 lageniformis , 114 pubescens , 312 levequii , 101 reniformis , 309 littorea , 101 rigidus , 348, 350 longiracemosa , 114 rima , 287 magnifi ca , 110 rufa , 309 novae-hiberniae , 104, 107 rufescens , 309 oblongifolia , 107 scortechinii , 312 obtusangula , 114 sericicarpus , 351 pallida , 114 superbus , 301 procera , 104, 106–108, 110 tamaran , 353 racemosa , 114–120 tampang , 309 racemosa var. elongata , 114 tarap , 344 racemosa var. minor , 114 tephrophylla , 316 racemosa var. procera , 114 varians , 348 racemosa var. subcuneata , 114 zollingeriana , 316 rosaria , 114 Aspalathus linearis , 31 rosata , 114 Aspergillus sp. , 119 rumphiana , 114 candidus , 711 salomonensis , 114 fl avus , 263, 480, 651, 661, 711 schuchardtiana , 110 fumigatus , 661 scortechinii , 122 glaucus , 596 scortechinii var. globosa , 122 nidulans , 472 seaturae , 104 niger , 187, 263, 274, 471, 472, 480, 596, 651, senequei , 101 711, 730 speciosa , 101, 110 oryzae , 472 stravadium , 114 parasiticus , 651 terrestris , 114 thiogenitalis , 187 timorensis , 114 terreus , 472 Basidiobolus Aspiculuris tetraptera , 372 haptosporus , 470 Asteracanthus longifolia , 328 ranarum , 470 Australimusa , xvi Bertholletia Austromyrtus exaltata , 767 excelsa , xiv, 124, 127, 146 Averrhoa carambola , 677 nobilis , 124 Azadirachta indica , 710 Bichea solitaria , 168 Scientifi c Name Index 887

Bifi dobacterium Campomanesia lactis , 712 multifl ora , 728 longum , 240 tomentosa , 728 Biomphalaria glabrata , 120 Candida sp. , 92, 711 Bixa orellana , 205 albicans , 70, 172, 187, 263, 274, 371, 382, 391, 471, Blastophaga pumilae , 382 605, 651, 711, 783 Blattella germanica , 595 apicola , 711 Bocconia frutescens , 57, 70 gigantea , 172 Bordetella bronchiseptica , 650 krusei , 263, 391, 755 Bothrops asper , 95, 662 millenii , 172 Brassica napus , 579 tropicalis , 711 Britoa acida , 671 Caprifi cus insectifera , 362 Broussonetia , xv Careya jambosoides , 789 Brysonima nitida , 150 Carica papaya , 342 Bubroma grandifl orum , 252 Carpophyllum macropodum , 189–191 Bunchosia , 150–152 Carya angustifolia , 150 angustifolia , 51 argentea , 151 diguetii , 51 armeniaca , 150 illinoensis , 51, 57, 70 pilocarpa , 150 illinoinensis , xiv, 51 Burkholderia glumae , 596 olivaeformis , 51 Bursaphelenchus xylophilus , 97, 662 oliviformis , 51 Butonica tetraptera , 51 alba , 114 Caryophyllus apiculata , 114 corticosus , 745 caffra , 114 jambos , 745 ceylanica , 114 malaccensis , 769 edulis , 104 pimenta , 655 inclyta , 114 Cassytha , xiv procera , 110 Ceiba pentandra , 194 racemosa , 114 Cerocarpus aqueus , 738 rosata , 114 Ceropia pachystachya , 624 rumphiana , 114 Cinnamomum samoensis , 104 aromaticum , xiv terrestris , 114 verum , xiv zeylanicum , 625, 751 Cissampelos pareira , 187 C Citrobacter sp. , 711 Cacao freundii , 371, 711 bicolor , 204 Citropsis articulata , 173 guianensis , 137, 208 Citrus , 120, 504 minus , 208 Cladosporium cladosporioides , 471 sativa , 208 Clarias macrocephalus , 712 theobroma , 208 Clompanus foetida , 192 Caenorhabditis elegans , 10, 573 Clostridium perfringens , 478 Caesalpinia sappan , 736 Cnidosculous aconitifolius , 85 Callimusa , xvi Cocos nucifera , 154 Callistemon , xvii Cola Callosobruchus chinensis , 196, 595 acuminata , 168, 169, 171–173, 178, 180, 181 Calyptranthes anomala , 178 capitellata , 745 macrocarpa , 168 caryophyllifolia , 745 milleni , 180 cumini , 745 nitida , 169, 171–173, 175, 176, 178–182 cuminodora , 745 nitida alba , 171, 182 jambolana , 745 nitida mixta , 182 jambolifera , 745 nitida pallida , 182 oneillii , 745 nitida rubra , 171, 182 Calyptropsidium friedrichsthalianum , 681 pseudoacuminata , 168 Calystegia sepium , 517 supfi ana , 168 Camellia sinensis , 31 vera , 175 888 Scientifi c Name Index

Colaria acuminata , 168, 169 aerogenes , 472, 605 Colletotrichum cloacae , 605 coccodes , 57, 596 Enterococcus faecalis , 329, 371, 735 gloeosporioides , 596 Epidermophyton fl occosum , 470 , 596 Episyzygium oahuense , 674 truncatum , 57 Erythrina senegalensis , 181 Communis incisa , 287 Escherichia coli , 70, 71, 136, 157, 180, 262, 263, 311, Corneybacterium diphtheria , 491 328, 329, 360, 370, 371, 381, 382, 392, 409, 450, Couratari pedicellaris , 133 470–472, 478, 512, 517, 541, 584, 605, 612, 624, Couroupita 625, 649–651, 660, 661, 707–709, 711, 712, 730, acreensis , 133 735, 755 antillana , 133 Eschweilera cordata , 138 crenulata , 141 Eucalyptus , xvii, 693 froesii , 133 Eugenia sp. xvii guianensis , 133–136 alba , 738 guianensis var. surinamensis , 133 aquea , 738 idolica , 133 arechavaletae , 620 lentula , 141 australis , 743 membranacea , 133 bracteolaris , 609 peruviana , 133 brasiliana , 620 saintcroixiana , 133 brasiliensis , 609, 611, 612 surinamensis , 133 brasiliensis var. erythrocarpa , 609 venezuelensis , 133 brasiliensis var. leucocarpa , 609 Covellia callophylla , 738 glomerata , 384 calyptrata , 745 macrophylla , 358 caryophyllifolia , 745 Crataegus monogyna , 6 caulifl ora , 665 Cryptococcus coronata , 613 luteolus , 711 coronata var. macrophylla , 613 neoformans , 70, 92, 371, 711 costata , 620 Cucurbita moschata , 467 cumini , 745 Culex dasyblasta , 620 pipiens molestus , 652 decidua , 620 quinquefasciatus , 392 decora , 760 Curcuma longa , 476, 541, 660 divaricata , 631 Cylicodaphne garciae , 75 dombeyi , 609 Cymbopogon citratus , 625 domestica , 769 Cynodon dactylon , 515 ferruginea , 674 Cynomyrtus tomentosa , 732 fi lipes , 609 grandiglandulosa , 631 indica , 620 D jaboticaba , 665 Daboia russelii , 424 jamboides , 760 Dammaropsis kingiana , 377 jambolana , 515, 745, 755 Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus , 262 jambolana var. caryophyllifolia , 745 Dicraspidia , xvi jambos , 760 Diospyros mespiliformis , 716 jambos var. sylvatica , 760 Donax daniellii , 259 jambosa , 760 Durio jambosoides , 789 kutejensis , 773 javanica , 778 lowianus , 773 javanica var. parvifl ora , 778 javanica var. roxburghiana , 778 lacustris , 620 E leptantha var. parvifolia , 767 Edwardia littorea , 613 acuminata , 168 luehmannii , 767 lurida , 168 macrophylla , 769 Emblica offi cinalis , 187 malaccensis , 738, 760, 769 Enterobacter sp. , 472 malaccensis f. cericarpa , 760 Scientifi c Name Index 889

michelii , 620 dammaropsis , xvi, 377 micrantha , 655 diepenhorstii , 443 microphylla , 620 glomerata , 384, 389 mindanaensis , 738 goolereana , 384 monantha , 760 hanceana , 379 myrtifolia , 620, 743 inconstantissima , 309 myrtoides , 613 kopetdagensis , 362 nodifl ora , 738 latifolia , 362 oblongifolia , 620 leichhardtii , 396 observa , 738 leucocarpa , 362 palmarum , 639 longipedicellata , 379 parkeriana , 620 lucescens , 384 parvifolia , 767 macrocarpa , 358, 362 pimenta , 655 macrophylla , 358 pimenta var. longifolia , 655 macrophylla var. pubescens , 396 polycephala , 776 minima , 379 pseudomalaccensis , 769 mollis , 384 pseudovenosa , 674 obliqua var. petiolaris , 396 purpurascens , 769 pachycarpa , 362 purpurea , 769 parcellii , 356 racemosa , 114 platypoda var. angustata , 396 samarangensis , 778 platypoda var. leichhardtii , 396 simmondsiae , 743 praecox , 362 stipitata , xiv, 156, 616, 618 pumila , xvi, 379, 381 stipularis , 738 racemosa , xvi, 384–393 strigosa , 620 regia , 358 suborbicularis , 789 religiosa , 372 ubensis , 609 repens , 379 unifl ora , 620, 623–628 roxburghii , 358 unifl ora var. atropurpurea , 620 rubiginosa , 396, 397 urceolata , 674 scandens , 379 vulgaris , 760 sclerocarpa , 358 willdenowii , 620 semicostata , 384 Eumusa , xvi stipulata , 379 Euterpe oleracea , 154, 157 vesca , 384 welsitschii , 446 whytei , 446 F Firmiana affi nis , 189 Fasciola Foeniculum vulgare , 627 gigantica , 593 Fusarium sp. , 119 hepatica , 593 graminearum , 584 Feijoa oxysporum , 196, 311, 596, 661 obovata , 601 sambucinum , 57 schenkiana , 601 semitectum , 596 sellowiana , 601, 604–606 solani , 57 sellowiana f. elongata , 601 verticillioides , 57, 661 sellowiana var. rugosa , 601 Fusobacterium nucleatum , 239 sellowiana var. sellowiana , 601 Ficus , xvi aspera , 356, 357 G auriculata , xvi, 358, 360 Ganoderma australis , 396 lucidum , 119 baileyana , 396 tropicum , 119 benghalensis , 372 Garcinia cannonii , 356 mangostana , 698 caprifi cus , 362 prainiana , 773 carica , xvi, 362, 366–374, 393 Gelpkea stipularis , 738 carica ssp. carica , 374 Giardia lamblia , 627 carica ssp. rupestris , 374 Ginkgo biloba , xiii, 1, 4–34 890 Scientifi c Name Index

Glycyrrhiza Hicoria glabra , 582 oliva , 51 infl ata , 422 pecan , 51 uralensis , 422 Hicorius pecan , 51 Gnemon domestica , 45 Horsfi eldia australiana , xvii, 570–571 Gnetum Humulus lupulus , 652 acutatum , 45 Huttum brunonianum , 45 edule , 104 gnemon , xiii, 45, 46, 48, 49 racemosum , 114 gnemon var . domesticum , 45 speciosum , 101 gnemon var. gnemon , 49 Hyperanthera gnemon var. laurinum , 45 arborea , 453 gnemon var. lucidum , 45 decandra , 453 gnemon var. majusculum , 45 moringa , 453 gnemon var. ovalifolium , 45 gnemon var. stipitatum , 45 gnemon var. tenerum , 49 J Gossypium barbadense , 165 Jacapucaya brasiliensis , 141 Gouania polygamy , 662 Jambolifera Grewia coromandelica , 745 asiatica , 184, 186–188 pedunculata , 745 hainesiana , 184 Jambosa obtecta , 184 alba , 738 rotundifolia , 184 aquea , 738 subinaequalis , 184 australis , 743 vestida , 184 calophylla , 738 Guaiacum coulteri , 92 caulifl ora , 776 Guajava domestica , 769 acutangula , 671 jambos , 760 albida , 728 javanica , 778 benthamiana , 728 macrophylla , 769 cattleiana , 674 madagascariensis , 738 costa-ricensis , 728 malaccensis , 769 guineensis , 728 malaccensis f. cericarpa , 760 laurifolia , 728 myrtifolia , 743 mollis , 728 palembanica , 760 obovata , 674 polycephala , 776 ooidea , 728 purpurascens , 769 pumila , 684 purpurea , 769 pyrifera , 684 samarangense , 778 schiedeana , 728 thozetiana , 743 Guazuma grandifl ora , 252 vulgaris , 760 Guilandina moringa , 453 Jatropha , 480 Gymnosperma glutinosum , 91, 92 Juglans angustifolia , 51 cylindrica , 51 H duclouxiana , 60 Helicobacter pylori , 92, 157, 165, 584, 605 fallax , 60 Heliothis virescens , 673 illinoinensis , 51 Helminthosporium teres , 673 kamaonia , 60 Hemidesmus indicus , 187 mollis , 57, 70 Hevea brasiliensis , 165 olivaeformis , 51 Hibiscus orientis , 60 esculentus , 160 pecan , 51 fi cifolius , 160 regia , xiv, 57, 60, 66, hispidissimus , 160 68–70, 710 longifolius , 160 regia subsp. kamaonica , 60 praecox , 160 regia var. orientis , 60 sabdariffa , 165, 467 regia var. sinensis , 60 tiliaceus , 104, 165 sinensis , 60 Scientifi c Name Index 891

K venusta , 144 Kaempferia parvifl ora , 541 zabucajo , 144–146 Klebsiella sp. , 625, 711 Leonurus cardiaca , 6 aerogenes , 471, 651, 711 Lepidadenia kawakamii , 75 pneumoniae , 70, 136, 172, 180, 328, 409, 470–472, Leptospermum , xvii 541, 624, 711, 755 Leuconostoc sp. , 263 Kosuria rhizophila , 490, 491 Lippia alba , 660 Listeria monocytogenes , 329, 370, 491, 584, 618, 650, 661, 662, 710 L Litopenaeus vannmaei , 472 Lachanodendron domesticum , 269 Litsea Lactobacillus aurea , 75 acidophilus , 712 cubeba , 662 casei , 584, 669 garciae , xiv, 75, 76 helveticus , 240 kawakamii , 75 Lansium Luma strigosa , 620 aqueum , 269 Lymnaea acuminata , 593 breviracemosum , 275 domesticum , xv, 265–267, 269–276 domesticum var. aqueum , 269 M domesticum var. pubescens , Maclura , xv 269, 276 Magnaporthe grisea , 596 domesticum var. typica , 276 Magnolia domesticum var. typicum , 269 macclurei , 147 humile , 275 macclurei var. sublanea , 147 javanicum , 269 mediocris , 147 membranaceum , 275 mediocris var. angustifolia , 147 parasiticum , 269 Malassezia parasiticum var. aqueum , 269 furfur , 92 pedicellatum , 269 pachydermatis , 92 sepalinum , 269 Malidra aquea , 738 Laurus Malpighia nobilis , xiv armenica , 150 persea , 78 berteroana , 153 Lecythis bifl ora , 153 amapaensis , 141 dicipiens , 153 amazonum , 141 emarginata , 153, 154, 156, 158 bracteata , 133 fallax , 153 cordata , 138 glabra , 153, 158 crassinoda , 144 glabra var. acuminata , 153 davisii , 144 glabra var. antillana , 153 davisii var. gracilipes , 144 glabra var. guatemalensis , 153 hians , 144 glabra var. lancifolia , 153 hoppiana , 141 glabra var. typica , 153 lecomtei , 144 glabra var. undulata , 153 marcgraaviana , 141 lanceolata , 153 ollaria , 138–140 lucida , 153 paraensis , 141 myrtoides , 153 pillaris , 141 neumanniana , 153 pisonis , 142 nitida , 153 pisonis subsp. usitata , 141 oxycocca var. bifl ora , 153 setifera , 141 peruviana , 153 sphaeroides , 141 punicifolia , 153 tumefacta , 144 punicifolia var. lancifolia , 153 urnigera , 141 punicifolia var. obovata , 153 usitata , 141 punicifolia var. vulgaris , 153 usitata var. paraensis , 141 retusa , 153 usitata var. tenuifolia , 141 semeruco , 153 validissima , 144 umbellata , 153 velloziana , 141 undulata , 153 892 Scientifi c Name Index

Malpighia (cont.) alba f. skeletoniana , 399 unifl ora , 153 alba f. tatarica , 399 urens var. lanceolata , 153 alba var. acidosa , 405 virgata , 153 alba var. constantinopolitana , 399 Mammea asiatica , 101 alba var. multicaulis , 399 Mangifera alba var. nigra , 409, 435, 436 foetida , 773 alba var. purpurea , 399 indica , 718 alba var. tatarica , 399 odorata , 773 argutidens , 439 Maranta arundinacea , xiv atropurpurea , 399 Marlierea macedoi , 631 canadensis , 439 Mastosuke rubiginosa , 396 indica , 399, 409 Megadendron ambigumm , 114 japonica , 430 Melia , xv laciniata , 430 Melia koetjape , 278 laevigata , 402, 433, 434 Melissa offi cinalis , 416 nigra , 402, 405, 430, 432–437, 440 Menichea rosata , 114 riparia , 439 Mesona chinensis , 380 rotundiloba , 417 Michelia rubra , 399, 433, 434, 437, 439–442 apiculata , 114 rubra var. tomentosa , 439 asiatica , 101 scabra , 430, 439 ceylanica , 114 tomentosa , 439 emarginata , xiv Moussonia deppeana , 92 macclueri , 147 Mucor sp. , 480 macclurei var. sublanea , 147 Muntingia , xvi mediocris , xiv, 147 calabura , xvi, 486–491 mediocris var. angustifolia , 147 Murraya koenigi , 476 racemosa , 114 Musa sp. , xvi, 510 rasata , 114 acuminata , xvi, xvii, 495, 502, 514, 517, 528 rubrifl ora , 147 acuminata (AA Group) , xvi, 498, 500, 529, 532, 533, subulifera , 147 547, 550, 553, 556 timorensis , 114 acuminata (AAA Group) , xvi–xvii, 497, 509–511, tonkinensis , 147 542, 547, 552 Micrococcus acuminata × balbisiana , xvi, 512, 554 fl avus , 710 acuminata × balbisiana (AAB Group) , xvii, 518, 535 luteus , 408, 650 acuminata × balbisiana (ABB Group) , xvii Microcos laterifl ora , 184 acuminata × balbisiana Colla (AAB Group) , 548, Microcystis aeruginosa , 479 551, 554 Microdesmis puberula , 181 acuminata × balbisiana Colla (ABB Group) , Microsporum 544, 557 audouinii , 764 acuminata Colla (AA Group) , 498, 558 canis , 371, 470 acuminata Colla (AAA Group) , 502, 528, 531 Mitraria commersonia , 101 acuminata Colla (Cavendish Group) , 502 Monostiche daniellii , 259 acuminata subsp. rubrobracteata , 493 Moringa , xvi, 453–480 acuminata subsp. zebrina , 493 erecta , 453 acuminata var. alasensis , 493 moringa , 453 acuminata var. bantamensis , 493 nux-ben , 453 acuminata var. breviformis , 493 octogona , 453 acuminata var. cerifera , 493 oleifera , xvi, 453, 455–459, 461–479 acuminata var. longipetiolata , 493 parvifolia , 453 acuminata var. nakaii , 493 polygona , 453 acuminata var. rutilipes , 493 pterygosperma , 453 acuminata var. violacea , 493 stenopetal , 470 acuminata var. zebrina , 493 stenopetata , xvi balbisiana , xvi, xvii , 507, 544, 568 zeylanica , 453 berteri , 554 Morus , xv, xvi berteroi , 554 alba , 369, 399, 402, 405–419, 421–424, 433, 434, berteroniana , 554 437, 442 brieyi , 493 alba f. macrophylla , 399 cavendishii , 493 Scientifi c Name Index 893

cavendishii var. hawaiiensis , 493 pleie , 382 cavendishii var. nana , 502 smegmatis , 451, 783 cavendishii var. pumila , 493 tuberculosis , 57, 70, 91, 294, 350, 451, 651 cerifera , 493 vaccae , 180 chinensis , 493, 502 Myrcia jaboticaba , 665 cliffortiana , 554 Myrciaria ssp. , xvii coccinea , 560, 561 baporeti , 637 corniculata , 535 caulifl ora , 634, 635, 641, 665, 667–669 dasycarpa , 567 caurensis , 631 emasculata , 535 divaricata , 631 fehi , 563 dubia , 631, 632, 634–637, 641 javanica , 493 fl oribunda , 637 laterita , 568 ibarrae , 637 lolodensis , 565 jaboticaba , 665 maclayi , 565 lanceolata , 631 minor , 493 lanceolata var. angustifolia , 631 nana , 502 lanceolata var. laxa , 631 paradisiaca , xvi, 511, 514–518 phillyraeoides , 631 paradisiaca ssp. sapientum , 554 pittieri , 639 protractorachis , 535 riedeliana , 631 rectispica , 563 tenella , 637 regia , 551 truncifl ora , 637 rhinozerotis , 493 vexator , 634, 635, 639–641 rosacea , 554 Myristica rumphiana , 493 affi nis , 572 sapientum , xvi, 507, 510, 540, 541 aromatica , 575 sapientum f. rubra , 531 fatua , 572, 573 sapientum var. compressa , 544 fi nschii , 572 sapientum var. paradisiaca , 539–541 fragrans , xvii, 575, 579–582, 584–586, 588–596 schizocarpa , xvii incetilis , 572 seemannii , 563 laurifolia var. lanceolata , 575 simiarum , 493 macrophylla , 572 simiarum var. violacea , 493 magnifi ca , 572 sinensis , 493, 502 masculas , 572 sundaica , 493 mindanensis , 572 textilis , xvii morindaefolia , 572 troglodytarum , xvii, 563 moschata , 575 troglodytarum var. acutibracteata , 563 nivea , 572 uranoscopos , 563 offi cinalis , 575 velutina , xvii, 567–569 sericea , 572 zebrina , xvii, 493 spanogheana , 572 zebrina f. cerifera , 493 tomentosa , 572 zebrina f. rutilipes , 493 wenzellii , 572 Musa × paradisiaca , 513, 549, 551 Myrtus Musa × paradisiaca L. , 502, 528, 544 acuta , 642 Musa × paradisiaca ssp. sapientum , 531 acutifolia , 642 Musa × paradisiaca ssp. sapientum var. lacatan , 495 angustifolium , 684 Musa × paradisiaca subsp. troglodytarum , 563 aromatica , 655 Musa × paradisiaca var. cubensis , 554 australis , 743 Musa × paradisiaca var. dacca , 554 brasiliana , 620 Musa × paradisiaca var. dorsata , 563 brasiliana var. diversifolia , 620 Musa × paradisiaca var. pumila , 493 brasiliana var. lanceolata , 620 Musa × sapientum , 554 brasiliana var. normalis , 620 Musa × sapientum subsp. troglodytarum , 563 canescens , 733 Musa × sapientum var. pumila , 493 caulifl ora , 665 Musa × sapientum var. troglodytarum , 563 communis , 642, 645–652 Mycobacterium communis subsp. communis , 642 bovis , 180 communis subsp. tarentina , 642 paratuberculosis , 651 communis var. acutifolia , 642 phlei , 470 communis var. angustifolia , 642 894 Scientifi c Name Index

Myrtus (cont.) Oroxylum indicum , 360 communis var. baetica , 642 Orthostemon communis var. balearica , 642 obovatus , 601 communis var. belgica , 642 sellowianus , 601 communis var. christinae , 642 Ostrina nubilalis , 282 communis var. eusebii , 642 communis var. foucaudii , 642 communis var. gervasii , 642 P communis var. grandifolia , 642 Pachylecythis egleri , 141 communis var. italica , 642 Paederia foetida , 741 communis var. tarentina , 642 Panax quinquefolium , 18 corticosa , 745 Pandanus conoideus , 48 dioica , 655 Paracoccidioides brasiliensis , 625 exaltata , 767 Parartocarpus papuana , 443 grumixama , 609 Pasteurella multocida , 419, 475 guajava , 684 Pediococcus cerevisae , 263 guajava var. pyrifera , 684 Pekea couroupita , 133 italica , 642 Penicillium italica var. petri-ludovici , 642 brevicompactum , 661 jaboticaba , 665 citrinum , 187 jambos , 760 expansum , 661 javanica , 778 notatum , 187 josephi , 642 sclerotigenum , 471 lanceolata , 642 Persea latifolia , 642 americana , xiv, 78, 84–89, 91–97 littoralis , 642 americana var. americana , 89, 97 macrophylla , 642, 769 americana var. angustifolia , 78 major , 642 americana var. drymifolia , 78, 97 malaccensis , 769 americana var. nubigena , 78, 97 media , 642 drymifolia , 78, 97 microphylla , 642 edulis , 78 minima , 642 fl occosa , 78 minor , 642 gigantea , 78 mirifolia , 642 gratissima , 78, 97 obovata , 745 gratissima var. ablonga , 78 oerstedeana , 642 gratissima var. drimyfolia , 78 petri-ludovici , 642 gratissima var. macrophylla , 78 pimenta var. brevifolia , 655 gratissima var. praecox , 78 pimenta var. longifolia , 655 gratissima var. vulgaris , 78 rodesi , 642 nubigena var. guatemalensis , 97 romana , 642 persea , 78 romanifolia , 642 pleiogyna , 78 samarangensis , 778 Pheretima posthuma , 372 sparsifolia , 642 Phrynium daniellii , 259 tarentina , 642 Pimenta theodori , 642 dioica , 655–662 tomentosa , 732 offi cinalis var. ovalifolia , 655 veneris , 642 offi cinalis var. tabasco , 655 vidalii , 642 pimenta , 655 willdenowii , 620 vulgaris , 655 willdenowii var. portoriccensis , 620 Pimentus aromatica , 655 dioica , 658, 659 N geminata , 655 Neisseria gonorrhoeae , 180, 755 vera , 655 Nephelium lappaceum , 698 Piper betle , 710 fulvescens , 624 O nigrum , 583 Ocimum gratissimum , 625 Plasmodium falciparum , 274, 275, 297, 314, 329, 340, Oreochromis niloticus , 627 350, 637, 719, 756 Scientifi c Name Index 895

Pleurotus guajava , 70, 627, 672, 677, 684, 686, ostreatus , 520 690, 691, 693–696, 698–701, 705–710, sajor-caju , 520 712–719, 751 Plinia guajava var. minor , 684 caulifl ora , 665 guava , 702 jaboticaba , 665 guineense , 728–730 jambos , 760 littorale , 674, 677 pedunculata , 620 littorale var. longipes , 674 petiolata , 620 littorale var. lucidum , Polyphema 678, 680 champeden , 337 molle , 728 jaca , 318 molle var. gracile , 728 Porphyromonas gingivalis , 239, molle var. robustum , 728 370, 408 monticola , 728 Pouteria sapota , 205 monticola var. gracile , 728 Prainea , xvi monticola var. robustum , 728 cuspidata , 443 multifl orum , 728 limpato , xvi, 443–445 obovatum , 674 limpato subsp. papuana , 445 ooideum , 728 limpato var. longipedunculata , 443 ooideum var. grandifolium , 728 microcephala , 443 ooideum var. intermedium , 728 multinervia , 443 ooideum var. longipedunculatum , 728 papuana , 443, 445 ooideum var. parvifolium , 728 Prevotella intermedia , 239, 370 persoonii , 671 Propionibacterium acnes , 70, 710 polycarpon , 728 Proteus sp. , 711 popenoei , 728 mirabilis , 180, 371, 471, 651, 711 rotundifolium , 728 morganii , 711 rufi nervum , 728 vulgaris , 491, 650, 651, 711 schiedeanum , 728 Pseudomonas sp. , 711 schippii , 728 aeruginosa , 70, 136, 157, 180, 274, 370, 371, 381, sericifl orum , 728 391, 408, 450, 470–472, 541, 605, 612, 618, 625, variabile , 674 650, 651, 710–712, 755 ypanemense , 728 fl uorescens , 711 Pterocarpus erinaceus , 180 pseudoalcaligenes , 711 Pterophyllus salisburiensis , 1 testosteronii , 711 Pythium ultimum , 673 Psidium sp. , xvii acidum , 671 acutangulum , 671–673 Q acutangulum var. acidum , 671 Quararibea funebris , 205 acutangulum var. crassirame , 671 Quisqualis indica , 774 acutangulum var. oblongatum , 671 acutangulum var. tenuirame , 671 araca , 728 R aromaticum , 684 Radermachia benthamianum , 728 incisa , 287 campicolum , 728 integra , 337 cattleianum , 674, 675, 677, 679, 680 Reticulitermes speratus , 662 cattleianum f. lucidum , 674 Rheedia aristata , 660 cattleianum Sabine forma lucidum , 677 Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus , 662 cattleianum var. littorale , 674, Rhizoctonia solani , 57, 196, 673 677–678, 680 Rhizopus sp. , 119 cattleianum var. lucidum , 676 oligosporus , 311 cattleianum var. purpureum , 674 stolonifer , 480 chrysobalanoides , 728 Rhodochlamys , xvi costa-ricense , 728 Rhodomyrtus cujavillus , 684 parvifl ora , 733 dichotomum , 728 tomentosa , 732–736 fragrans , 684 tomentosa var. parvifl ora , 733 friedrichsthalianum , 681 tomentosa var. tomentosa , 733 grandifl orum , 671 Rubia cordifolia , 187 896 Scientifi c Name Index

S Staphylococcus sp. , 710 Saccharomyces cerevisiae , 507, 750 albus , 172, 472 Saccharum offi cinarum , 187 aureus , 49, 70, 136, 180, 263, 274, 328, 329, 360, Saccus 370, 382, 391, 392, 408, 450, 470–472, 490, 491, arboreus minor , 337 512, 541, 612, 618, 624, 625, 650, 651, 709–712, communis , 287 715, 730, 735, 755, 764, 783 dadah , 309 cohnii , 764 Saliburya biloba , 1 epidermidis , 70, 157, 491, 605, 710, 735 Salisburia hominis , 764 adiantifolia , 1 pyogenus , 472 biloba , 1 subfava , 710 Salmonella sp. , 69, 472, 711 warneri , 764 enterica , 329, 661, 662 Stenocalyx enteritidis , 370, 512, 709, 710, 755 affi nis , 620 paratyphi , 541 brasiliensis , 609 paratyphi A , 709, 755 brasiliensis var. erythrocarpa , 609 paratyphi B , 709, 755 brasiliensis var. iocarpa , 609 paratyphi C , 709 brasiliensis var. leucocarpa , 609 typhi , 382, 450, 471, 472, 624, 651, brasiliensis var. silverstris , 609 709, 755 brunneus , 620 typhi A , 755 costatus , 620 typhimurium , 236, 262, 263, 329, 370, 472, 476, 478, dasyblastus , 620 649, 709, 711 glaber , 620 Sandoricum impunctatus , 620 indicum , 278 michelii var. membranacea , 620 koetjape , xv, 278, 280–282 michelii var. rigida , 620 maingayi , 278 strigosus , 620 nervosum , 278 ubensis , 609 vidalii , 278 unifl orus , 620 Saraca indica , 755 Sterculia Scaphium acuminata , 168 affi nis , 189 beccariana , 189 beccarianum , 189 foetida , xv, 192, 194–196 lychnophorum , 189 holttumii , 201 macropodum , xv, 189–191 lychnophora , 189 Schinus macrocarpa , 168 terebinthifolia , 624 macropoda , 189 weinmannifolia , 624 maingayi , 201 Scoparia dulcis , 390, 391 monosperma , xv, 198, 199 Selaginella , 341 nitida , 175 Serratia marcescens , 472 nobilis , 198 Sesbania grandifl ora , 774 obscura , 201 Shigella sp. , 263, 651 parvifl ora , xv, 201, 203 dysentarieae , 263 polyphylla , 192 dysenteriae , 450, 471, 472, 624, 709 var. monosperma , 200 fl exneri , 491, 516, 541, 707–709 var. subspontanea , 200 sonnei , 478, 709 Stravadium Sitodium album , 114 altile , 287 obtusangulum , 114 caulifl orum , 318 racemosum , 114 incisum , 287 rubrum , 114 macrocarpon , 337 Streptococcus sp. , 625, 715 Sitophilus oryzae , 196 agalactiae , 650 Smilax domingensis , 661, 662 anginosus , 370 Soccus arboreus major , 318 fecalis , 478 Socratea , 125 gordonii , 370, 735 Southwellia nobilis , 198 lactis , 263 Spodoptera frugiperda , 282 mitis , 669, 710 Spondias mombin , 698 mutans , 70, 239, 409, 584, 669, 677, 710, 735 Scientifi c Name Index 897

oralis , 669 grandifl ora , 252 pneumoniae , 650, 735 grandifl orum , xv, 157, 206, 252, pyogenes , 650, 735 255–257 salivarius , 669, 735 macrantha , 252 sanguinis , 239, 370, 669, 710 obovatum , 257 sanguis , 409, 584 ovatifolia , 204 sobrinus , 370, 409 silvestre , 252 Swietenia spp , xv sphaerocarpum , 208 Syphacia obvelata , 372 Tilapia oreochromis , 774 Syzygium ssp. , xvii, 783 Toona , xv aqueum , 738, 740, 741 Torulopsis glabrata , 391 aromaticum , 582 Trachyspermum ammi , 662 australe , 743 Treculia , xvi caryophyllifolium , 745 acuminata , 451 caulifl orum , 776 affona , 446 cumini , 718, 745, 748–755 africana , 447–452 cumini var. caryophyllifolium , 745 africana var. africana , 446, 447 cumini var. obtusifolium , 745 africana var. engleriana , 446 cumini var. tsoi , 745 africana var. nitida , 446 ellipticum , 684 centralis , 446 jambolanum , 745 dewevrei , 446 jambolanum var. acuminata , 745 erinacea , 446 jambolanum var. elliptica , 745 obovoidea , 451 jambolanum var. obovata , 745 Tribolium castaneum , 196 jambos , 760, 763, 764, 773 Tribroma bicolor , 204, 205 jambosoides , 789 Trichilia nervosa , 278 luehmannii , 767 Trichoderma malaccense , 769, 772–774, 779 konigii , 263 michelii , 620 koningii , 119 obovatum , 745 Trichomonas vaginalis , 650 obtusifolium , 745 Trichophyton polycephalum , 776, 777 mentagrophytes , 274, 382, 391, samarangense , 778, 779, 781–785 470, 764 samarangense var. parvifl orum , 778 rubrum , 391, 470 smithii , 787 soudanense , 391, 764 suborbiculare , 789 Trichosporan beigelii , 711 travancoricum , 755 Trypanosoma , 130 brucei , 172, 627, 699 brucei brucei , 573 T congolense , 627 Taeniochlaena polyneura , 269 cruzi , 332 Tamarindus indica , 475, 660 Terminalia arjuna , 755 U bellirica , 187 Ureaplasma urealyticum , 712 catappa , 719 Urostigma chebula , 187 diepenhorstii , 443 ferdinandiana , 632 scandens , 379 Tetradenia kawakamii , 75 Ustilago maydis , 196 Thaumatococcus daniellii , xv, 259, 261, 262 Theobroma bicolor , xv, 204, 206, 256 V cacao , xv, 205, 208, 209, 212, 231 Vampirolepis nana , 372 cacao fo. leiocarpum , 208 Vangueria infausta , 719 cacao subsp. leiocarpum , 208 Verticordia , xvii cacao subsp. pentagona , 208 Vibrio cacao subsp. sativa , 208 alginolyticus , 711 cacao var. leiocarpa , 208 cholerae , 707, 709, 712, 755 cacao var. typica , 208 fl uvialis , 711 898 Scientifi c Name Index

harveyi , 711 X parahaemolyticus , 370, 710, 711, 755 Xanthomonas campestris , 673 splendidus , 711 Xiphopenaeus kroyeri , 711 vulnifi cus , 711 Vitex pteropoda , 191 Vitis vinifera , 187 Y Volvariella volvacea , 595 Yersinia enterocolitica , 370, 585, 764