Synthesis of Peptide and Protein Thioesters Through an N→S Acyl Shift
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Amide Bond Formation and Peptide Coupling
Tetrahedron 61 (2005) 10827–10852 Tetrahedron report number 740 Amide bond formation and peptide coupling Christian A. G. N. Montalbetti* and Virginie Falque Evotec, 112 Milton Park, Abingdon OX14 4SD, UK Received 2 August 2005 Available online 19 September 2005 Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................. 10828 2. Amide bond formation: methods and strategies ....................................... 10828 2.1. Acyl halides . .......................................................... 10829 2.1.1. Acyl chlorides .................................................... 10829 2.1.1.1. Acyl chloride formation ...................................... 10829 2.1.1.2. Coupling reactions with acyl chlorides ........................... 10831 2.1.1.3. Limitations of acyl chlorides .................................. 10831 2.1.2. Acyl fluorides .................................................... 10831 2.1.3. Acyl bromides .................................................... 10832 2.2. Acyl azides . .......................................................... 10832 2.3. Acylimidazoles using CDI ................................................. 10833 2.4. Anhydrides . .......................................................... 10834 2.4.1. Symmetric anhydrides .............................................. 10834 2.4.2. Mixed anhydrides .................................................. 10834 2.4.2.1. Mixed carboxylic anhydrides .................................. 10834 2.4.2.2. Mixed carbonic anhydrides ................................... -
Chiral Proton Catalysis: Design and Development of Enantioselective Aza-Henry and Diels-Alder Reactions
CHIRAL PROTON CATALYSIS: DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ENANTIOSELECTIVE AZA-HENRY AND DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS Ryan A. Yoder Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University June 2008 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty, Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Doctoral Committee _____________________________ Jeffrey N. Johnston, Ph.D. _____________________________ Daniel J. Mindiola, Ph.D. _____________________________ David R. Williams, Ph.D. _____________________________ Jeffrey Zaleski, Ph.D. April 24, 2008 ii © 2008 Ryan A. Yoder ALL RIGHTS RESERVED iii DEDICATION This work is dedicated to my parents, David and Doreen Yoder, and my sister, LeeAnna Loudermilk. Their unwavering love and support provided the inspiration for me to pursue my dreams. The sacrifices they have made and the strength they have shown continue to motivate me to be a better person each and every day. Thank you mom, dad, and little sis for being the rocks that I can lean on and the foundation that allowed me to find the happiness I have today. Without you, none of this would have been possible. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost I want to thank my research advisor, Professor Jeffrey N. Johnston. I am incredibly grateful for his mentoring and guidance throughout my time in the Johnston group. He has instilled in me a solid foundation in the fundamentals of organic chemistry and at the same time has taught me how to apply innovative and creative solutions to complex problems. -
Amide-Forming Chemical Ligation Via O-Acyl Hydroxamic Acids
Amide-forming chemical ligation via O-acyl hydroxamic acids Daniel L. Dunkelmanna,1, Yuki Hirataa,1, Kyle A. Totaroa, Daniel T. Cohena, Chi Zhanga, Zachary P. Gatesa,2, and Bradley L. Pentelutea,2 aDepartment of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 Edited by Jerrold Meinwald, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, and approved February 28, 2018 (received for review October 20, 2017) The facile rearrangement of “S-acyl isopeptides” to native peptide ligation have relied on the use of thiol nucleophiles to form bonds via S,N-acyl shift is central to the success of native chemical S-acyl isopeptides, which undergo rapid S,N-acyl shifts through ligation, the widely used approach for protein total synthesis. small rings. An exception is the use of selenocysteine (23–26) α Proximity-driven amide bond formation via acyl transfer reactions and peptide- selenoesters (27, 28), which exhibit analogous but in other contexts has proven generally less effective. Here, we heightened reactivity. show that under neutral aqueous conditions, “O-acyl isopeptides” We sought to expand the scope of nucleophiles that might be derived from hydroxy-asparagine [aspartic acid-β-hydroxamic acid; employed in acyl transfer-based chemical ligation, and to rein- Asp(β-HA)] rearrange to form native peptide bonds via an O,N-acyl vestigate the possibility of O,N-acyl transfer across medium-size shift. This process constitutes a rare example of an O,N-acyl shift rings. Hydroxamic acids (29) were found to be sufficiently re- that proceeds rapidly across a medium-size ring (t1/2 ∼ 15 min), active to enable the formation of an O-acyl isopeptide from a α and takes place in water with minimal interference from hydroly- peptide- thioester and an N-terminal Asp(β-HA)-peptide at sis. -
Alkyldihydropyrones, New Polyketides Synthesized by a Type III Polyketide Synthase from Streptomyces Reveromyceticus
The Journal of Antibiotics (2014) 67, 819–823 & 2014 Japan Antibiotics Research Association All rights reserved 0021-8820/14 www.nature.com/ja ORIGINAL ARTICLE Alkyldihydropyrones, new polyketides synthesized by a type III polyketide synthase from Streptomyces reveromyceticus Teruki Aizawa1, Seung-Young Kim1, Shunji Takahashi2,3, Masahiko Koshita1, Mioka Tani1, Yushi Futamura3, Hiroyuki Osada2,3 and Nobutaka Funa1 Genome sequencing allows a rapid and efficient identification of novel catalysts that produce novel secondary metabolites. Here we describe the catalytic properties of dihydropyrone synthase A (DpyA), a novel type III polyketide synthase encoded in a linear plasmid of Streptomyces reveromyceticus. Heterologous expression of dpyA led to the accumulation of alkyldihydropyrones A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4), which are novel dihydropyran compounds that exhibit weak cytotoxicity against the leukemia cell line HL-60. DpyA catalyzes the condensation of b-hydroxyl acid thioester and methylmalonyl-CoA to yield a triketide intermediate that then undergoes lactonization of a secondary alcohol and a thioester to give alkyldihydropyrone. The Journal of Antibiotics (2014) 67, 819–823; doi:10.1038/ja.2014.80; published online 2 July 2014 INTRODUCTION Very recently, Tang et al.11 discovered that presulficidin, which is Type III polyketide synthase (PKS), which is widely distributed synthesized by Cpz6, a type III PKS from the caprazamycin among higher plants, fungi and bacteria, catalyzes the assembly of biosynthetic cluster, relays sulfonate from 30-phosphoadenine-50- primary metabolites such as acyl-CoA compounds to synthesize phosphosulfate to caprazamycin. structurally complex polyketides.1 The reaction catalyzed by type III Genome sequence analyses of Streptomyces species have shown that PKS starts with the formation of a thioester bond between the the number of biosynthetic gene clusters encoded on the chromosome catalytic center cysteine and an acyl group derived from a starter is much higher than the number of secondary metabolites isolated substrate. -
The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: a Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean
life Article The Reaction of Aminonitriles with Aminothiols: A Way to Thiol-Containing Peptides and Nitrogen Heterocycles in the Primitive Earth Ocean Ibrahim Shalayel , Seydou Coulibaly, Kieu Dung Ly, Anne Milet and Yannick Vallée * Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Département de Chimie Moléculaire, Campus, F-38058 Grenoble, France; [email protected] (I.S.); [email protected] (S.C.); [email protected] (K.D.L.); [email protected] (A.M.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 September 2018; Accepted: 18 October 2018; Published: 19 October 2018 Abstract: The Strecker reaction of aldehydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide first leads to α-aminonitriles, which are then hydrolyzed to α-amino acids. However, before reacting with water, these aminonitriles can be trapped by aminothiols, such as cysteine or homocysteine, to give 5- or 6-membered ring heterocycles, which in turn are hydrolyzed to dipeptides. We propose that this two-step process enabled the formation of thiol-containing dipeptides in the primitive ocean. These small peptides are able to promote the formation of other peptide bonds and of heterocyclic molecules. Theoretical calculations support our experimental results. They predict that α-aminonitriles should be more reactive than other nitriles, and that imidazoles should be formed from transiently formed amidinonitriles. Overall, this set of reactions delineates a possible early stage of the development of organic chemistry, hence of life, on Earth dominated by nitriles and thiol-rich peptides (TRP). Keywords: origin of life; prebiotic chemistry; thiol-rich peptides; cysteine; aminonitriles; imidazoles 1. Introduction In ribosomes, peptide bonds are formed by the reaction of the amine group of an amino acid with an ester function. -
The Relative Rates of Thiol–Thioester Exchange and Hydrolysis for Alkyl and Aryl Thioalkanoates in Water
Orig Life Evol Biosph (2011) 41:399–412 DOI 10.1007/s11084-011-9243-4 PREBIOTIC CHEMISTRY The Relative Rates of Thiol–Thioester Exchange and Hydrolysis for Alkyl and Aryl Thioalkanoates in Water Paul J. Bracher & Phillip W. Snyder & Brooks R. Bohall & George M. Whitesides Received: 14 April 2011 /Accepted: 16 June 2011 / Published online: 5 July 2011 # Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011 Abstract This article reports rate constants for thiol–thioester exchange (kex), and for acid- mediated (ka), base-mediated (kb), and pH-independent (kw) hydrolysis of S-methyl thioacetate and S-phenyl 5-dimethylamino-5-oxo-thiopentanoate—model alkyl and aryl thioalkanoates, respectively—in water. Reactions such as thiol–thioester exchange or aminolysis could have generated molecular complexity on early Earth, but for thioesters to have played important roles in the origin of life, constructive reactions would have needed to compete effectively with hydrolysis under prebiotic conditions. Knowledge of the kinetics of competition between exchange and hydrolysis is also useful in the optimization of systems where exchange is used in applications such as self-assembly or reversible binding. For the alkyl thioester S-methyl thioacetate, which has been synthesized in −5 −1 −1 −1 −1 −1 simulated prebiotic hydrothermal vents, ka = 1.5×10 M s , kb = 1.6×10 M s , and −8 −1 kw = 3.6×10 s . At pH 7 and 23°C, the half-life for hydrolysis is 155 days. The second- order rate constant for thiol–thioester exchange between S-methyl thioacetate and 2- −1 −1 sulfonatoethanethiolate is kex = 1.7 M s . -
Protein Ligation: an Enabling Technology for the Biophysical Analysis of Proteins Vasant Muralidharan & Tom W Muir
REVIEW Protein ligation: an enabling technology for the biophysical analysis of proteins methods Vasant Muralidharan & Tom W Muir Biophysical techniques such as fluorescence spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic .com/nature e resonance (NMR) spectroscopy provide a window into the inner workings of proteins. These approaches make use of probes that can either be naturally present within the .natur w protein or introduced through a labeling procedure. In general, the more control one has over the type, location and number of probes in a protein, then the more information one can extract from a given biophysical analysis. Recently, two related approaches have http://ww emerged that allow proteins to be labeled with a broad range of physical probes. Expressed oup r protein ligation (EPL) and protein trans-splicing (PTS) are both intein-based approaches G that permit the assembly of a protein from smaller synthetic and/or recombinant pieces. Here we provide some guidelines for the use of EPL and PTS, and highlight how the lishing b dovetailing of these new protein chemistry methods with standard biophysical techniques Pu has improved our ability to interrogate protein function, structure and folding. Nature 6 An intimate understanding of protein structure and studying protein structure and function in vitro. The goal 200 function remains a principal goal of molecular biology. of this review is to provide an overview of these protein- © The seemingly byzantine structure-activity relationships engineering approaches, with a particular eye toward the underlying protein function make this endeavor extreme- nonspecialist interested in using these techniques to gener- ly challenging and one that requires ever more sophistica- ate labeled proteins for biophysical studies. -
Identification of a Thioesterase Bottleneck in the Pikromycin Pathway Through Full-Module Processing of Unnatural Pentaketides
Article pubs.acs.org/JACS Identification of a Thioesterase Bottleneck in the Pikromycin Pathway through Full-Module Processing of Unnatural Pentaketides † ‡ † § † ‡ ⊥ ∥ Douglas A. Hansen, , Aaron A. Koch, , and David H. Sherman*, , , , † ‡ § ⊥ Life Sciences Institute, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Department of Chemistry, and ∥ Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Polyketide biosynthetic pathways have been engineered to generate natural product analogs for over two decades. However, manipulation of modular type I polyketide synthases (PKSs) to make unnatural metabolites commonly results in attenuated yields or entirely inactive pathways, and the mechanistic basis for compromised production is rarely elucidated since rate-limiting or inactive domain(s) remain unidentified. Accordingly, we synthesized and assayed a series of modified pikromycin (Pik) pentaketides that mimic early pathway engineering to probe the substrate tolerance of the PikAIII-TE module in vitro. Truncated pentaketides were processed with varying efficiencies to corresponding macrolactones, while pentaketides with epimerized chiral centers were poorly processed by PikAIII-TE and failed to generate 12-membered ring products. Isolation and identification of extended but prematurely offloaded shunt products suggested that the Pik thioesterase (TE) domain has limited substrate flexibility and functions as a gatekeeper in the processing of -
Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry to Construct Novel Thioester and Disulfide Lipids
Using dynamic combinatorial chemistry to construct novel thioester and disulfide lipids A dissertation submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of MSc by Research Chemistry In the Faculty of Science and Engineering 2017 Jack A. Yung School of Chemistry Table of Contents List of figures, tables and equations 5 Symbols and abbreviations 10 Abstract 12 Declaration 13 Copyright statement 13 Acknowledgements 14 The author 14 Chapter 1. Introduction 15 1.1 The cell membrane 16 1.1.1 Function and composition 16 1.2 Membrane lipids 16 1.2.1 Lipid classification 16 1.2.2 Amphiphiles 17 1.2.3 Glycolipids 17 1.2.4 Sterols 18 1.2.5 Phospholipids 19 1.3 Lipid vesicles 20 1.3.1 Supramolecular self-assembly 20 1.3.2 Interaction free energies 21 1.3.3 Framework for the theory of self-assembly 22 1.3.4 Micelles 23 1.3.5 Lipid bilayers 24 1.3.6 Vesicles 25 1.3.7 Phase-transition temperature 27 1.4 Amphiphilic building blocks 27 1.5 Thioesters 29 1.5.1 Thioester reactivity 29 1.5.2 Trans-thioesterification 30 1.5.3 Thioester exchange reactions in DCC 31 1.6 Disulfides 32 2 1.6.1 Disulfide reactivity 32 1.6.2 Thiol-disulfide interchange reactions 32 1.6.3 Disulfide exchange reactions in DCC 33 1.7 Pre-biotic lipids 34 1.7.1 Sources of pre-biotic organic compounds 34 1.7.2 The first pre-biotic membrane structure 36 1.7.3 The role of sulfur in pre-biotic chemistry 36 1.8 Artificially designed vesicles 37 1.8.1 Applications of artificially designed vesicles 37 1.8.2 Zeta-potential 37 1.8.3 Vesicle design 38 1.9 Targets 39 1.9.1 Aims 39 Chapter 2. -
Chiral Phosphorus Containing Calix[4]Arenes for Asymmetric Catalysis Andrii Karpus
Chiral phosphorus containing calix[4]arenes for asymmetric catalysis Andrii Karpus To cite this version: Andrii Karpus. Chiral phosphorus containing calix[4]arenes for asymmetric catalysis. Catalysis. Uni- versité Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2017. English. NNT : 2017TOU30045. tel-01811136 HAL Id: tel-01811136 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01811136 Submitted on 8 Jun 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. 5)µ4& &OWVFEFMPCUFOUJPOEV %0$503"5%&-6/*7&34*5²%&506-064& %ÏMJWSÏQBS Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Cotutelle internationale avec Université nationale Taras-Chevtchenko de Kiev 1SÏTFOUÏFFUTPVUFOVFQBS KARPUS Andrii le mardi 24 janvier 2017 5JUSF Calix[4]arènes chiraux contenant des groupes phosphine comme ligands pour la catalyse ²DPMF EPDUPSBMF et discipline ou spécialité ED SDM : Chimie organométallique de coordination - CO 043 6OJUÏEFSFDIFSDIF CNRS - UPR 8241 - Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (LCC) %JSFDUFVSUSJDF T EFʾÒTF Dr. MANOURY Eric Pr. VOITENKO Zoia Jury : Dr. MANOURY Eric, Directeur de thèse Pr. VOITENKO Zoia, Co-directrice de thèse Dr. SEMERIL David, Rapporteur Pr. KOROTKIKH Nikolay, Rapporteur Pr. GENISSON YVES, Examinateur Dr. SMOLII Oleg, Examinateur Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Andrii O. -
Regioselective and Stereodivergent Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Vic-Diamines from Chiral Β-Amino Alcohols with 2-Pyridyl and 0 † 6-(2,2 -Bipyridyl) Moieties
molecules Article Regioselective and Stereodivergent Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Vic-Diamines from Chiral β-Amino Alcohols with 2-Pyridyl and 0 y 6-(2,2 -Bipyridyl) Moieties Marzena Wosi ´nska-Hrydczuk,Przemysław J. Boraty ´nski and Jacek Skar˙zewski* Chair of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspia´nskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] (M.W.-H.); [email protected] (P.J.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-71-320-2464 This paper is dedicated to Professor Grzegorz Mlosto´non the occasion of his 70-th birthday. y Academic Editors: Zbigniew Czarnocki and Joanna Szawkało Received: 11 January 2020; Accepted: 6 February 2020; Published: 7 February 2020 Abstract: In this report, we describe the synthetic elaboration of the easily available enantiomerically pure β-amino alcohols. Attempted direct substitution of the hydroxyl group by azido-functionality in the Mitsunobu reaction with hydrazoic acid was inefficient or led to a diastereomeric mixture. These outcomes resulted from the participation of aziridines. Intentionally performed internal Mitsunobu reaction of β-amino alcohols gave eight chiral aziridines in 45–82% yield. The structural and configuration identity of products was confirmed by NMR data compared to the DFT calculated GIAO values. For 1,2,3-trisubstituted aziridines slow configurational inversion at the endocyclic nitrogen atom was observed by NMR at room temperature. Moreover, when aziridine was titrated with Zn(OAc)2 under NMR control, only one of two N-epimers directly participated in complexation. The aziridines underwent ring opening with HN3 to form the corresponding azido amines as single regio- and diastereomers in 90–97% yield. -
Rapid Flow-Based Peptide Synthesis
Rapid Flow-Based Peptide Synthesis The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. Citation Simon, Mark D., Patrick L. Heider, Andrea Adamo, Alexander A. Vinogradov, Surin K. Mong, Xiyuan Li, Tatiana Berger, et al. “Rapid Flow-Based Peptide Synthesis.” ChemBioChem 15, no. 5 (March 11, 2014): 713–720. As Published http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201300796 Publisher Wiley Blackwell Version Author's final manuscript Citable link http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/96181 Terms of Use Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike Detailed Terms http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ NIH Public Access Author Manuscript Chembiochem. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2015 March 21. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPublished NIH-PA Author Manuscript in final edited NIH-PA Author Manuscript form as: Chembiochem. 2014 March 21; 15(5): 713–720. doi:10.1002/cbic.201300796. Rapid Flow-Based Peptide Synthesis Mark D. Simona, Patrick L. Heiderb, Andrea Adamob, Alexander A. Vinogradova, Surin K. Monga, Xiyuan Lia, Tatiana Bergera, Rocco L. Policarpoa, Chi Zhanga, Yekui Zoua, Xiaoli Liaoa, Alexander M. Spokoynya, Prof Klavs F. Jensenb, and Prof Bradley L. Pentelutea Bradley L. Pentelute: [email protected] aDepartment of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States bDepartment of Chemical Engeneering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States Abstract A flow-based solid phase peptide synthesis methodology that enables the incorporation of an amino acid residue every 1.8 minutes under automatic control, or every three minutes under manual control, is described.