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Prog Grama a De Do Tesis Octora S Docto PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN ECONOMÍA TESIS DOCTORAL: Modelos de evaluación de eficiencia de los destinos turísticos: Los recursos culturales como factor determinante de la competitividad turística Presentada por Mafalda Gómez Vega para optar al grado dde Doctora por la Univerrsidad de Valladolid Dirigida por el Profesor Dr. Luis César Herrero Prieto, Caatedrático de Economía Aplicada. Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid, octubre de 2018 PROGRAMA DE DOCTORADO EN ECONOMÍA TESIS DOCTORAL: Modelos de evaluación de eficiencia de los destinos turísticos: Los recursos culturales como factor determinante de la competitividad turística Presentada por Mafalda Gómez Vega para optar al grado de Doctora por la Universidad de Valladolid Dirigida por el Profesor Dr. Luis César Herrero Prieto, Catedrático de Economía Aplicada. Universidad de Valladolid Facultad de Comercio Departamento de Economía Aplicada Universidad de Valladolid Valladolid, octubre de 2018 1 “Siempre estoy haciendo lo que no puedo hacer, para poder aprender cómo hacerlo” “Una palabra afable nada hace perder” Ǥ Àǡ ×Ǥǡ ǡ À× ǡ± Ǥǩ À ǡ ǡ Ǩ ǡ ±ǡ ×Ǥ Àǡ ǡ ± ±Ǥ Ó × ǣ À ǡ Ǣ Ǣ Ǥ À Ǥ ± À ± ǡ × Ǥ × × Ǥǡ ǡ À ǡ Ǥ × À Àǡ Ó × ǡ Ǥ± Ó À ǡ Dzdz Ǥ ǡ Óǡ ± ÓǤ ï À Ǥ Ǥï ǡ Ǥ ïǡ ± ǡ Ó Ǥ Ǥ ǡ ǡ ǡ ± ǡ ǡ ǡ Ǥ ǡ ǤǤǡ ǡ ÓǡǤ Ǥ × Ó ± Ǥ Ó± Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ó×ǡ Ǥ ± ǡ ± ǤǤ ǣ ÀǤ ǡ ǡ × ÀǤǤ ïÀ ǡÀ ǡ Ǥ ± ǡ ï×Ǥ Dzdzǡ ÀǤ Ó ǡÓÀ ïÓǤ ÍNDICE Estructura de la tesis doctoral……………………………………………………………………………………………3 Introducción…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….5 1. Justificación y objetivos de la investigación doctoral…………………………………………………..7 2. La importancia del turismo y del turismo cultural…………………………………………………….14 3. Metodología: Modelos de evaluación de la eficiencia y la competitividad turística……...17 3.1. Métodos de frontera: Análisis Envolvente de Datos…………………………………………….17 3.2. Modelos de eficiencia condicionada en dos etapas……………………………………………...22 3.3. Construcción de indicadores sintéticos de competitividad turística…………………….24 4. La evaluación de la eficiencia de los destinos turísticos: estado del arte………………...…...27 5. Aportaciones de la investigación doctoral……………………...……………………...…………………32 CAPÍTULO 1. Cultural resources as a factor in cultural tourism attraction: Techni- cal efficiency estimation of regional destinations in Spain……………………...……………………........37 CAPÍTULO 2. Determinantes de la eficiencia en la captación de turismo cultural nacional y extranjero en España: Un análisis regional……………………...……………………...………...61 CAPÍTULO 3. Analysing how cultural factors influence the efficiency of tourist destinations in Chile……………………...……………………...……………………...……………………...…………87 CAPÍTULO 4. Achieving tourist destination competitiveness: Evidence from Latin-American and Caribbean countries……………………...……………………...…………………….......103 CAPÍTULO 5. Ranking world tourist destinations with a composite indicator of competitiveness: To weigh or not to weigh?.……………………...…………………….......119 Conclusiones……………………...……………………...……………………...……………………...…………………...147 Bibliografía……………………...……………………...……………………...……………………...……………………..153 1 2 ESTRUCTURA DE LA TESIS DOCTORAL De acuerdo con la normativa vigente para la presentación y defensa de la tesis doctoral en la Universidad de Valladolid (aprobado por el Consejo de Gobierno en sesión de 3 junio de 2016. BOCyL nº114 de 15 de junio), esta tesis doctoral se presenta en la modalidad “tesis por compendio de publicaciones”. En ella se incluyen un total de cinco artículos, los cuatro primeros ya publicados en revistas científicas y el quinto en proceso de revisión en el momento del depósito. Los artículos 1º, 3º y 4º están publicados en revistas indexadas WOS SSCI JCR, por lo que cumplen con los requisitos establecidos por la Comisión del Programa de Doctorado en Economía. A continuación se incluyen los artículos que conforman la tesis doctoral, así como la revista en la que están publicados y su base indexación. Se recoge también la filiación de los coautores. 1. Herrero-Prieto, L.C. and Gómez-Vega, M. (2017). Cultural resources as a factor in cultural tourism attraction: Technical efficiency estimation of regional destinations in Spain. Tourism Economics, 23(2), 260-280. Doi.org/10.1177/1354816616656248 Indexación: WOS SSCI JCR Impact Factor (2017): 0.942. Subject: Economics (Q3; 217/353); Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism (Q4; 42/50) 2. Gómez Vega, M. y Herrero Prieto, L.C. (2017). Determinantes de la eficiencia en la captación de turismo cultural nacional y extranjero en España: Un análisis regional. Estudios de Economía Aplicada, 35(3), 849-872. Indexación: Thomson. Emerging sources citation index. Factor de Impacto IN-RECS (2009): 0.103. Subject: Economía (Q2; 33/87) 3. Figueroa-Arcila, V., Herrero-Prieto, L.C., Báez-Montenegro, A. and Gómez-Vega, M. (2018). Analysing how cultural factors influence the efficiency of tourist destinations in Chile. International Journal of Tourism Research. 20(1), 11-24. Doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2149 Indexación: WO SSCI JCR Impact Factor (2017): 2.449. Subject: Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism (Q2; 15/50) 4. Gómez-Vega, M. and Herrero-Prieto, L.C. (2018). Achieving tourist destination competitiveness: Evidence from Latin-American and Caribbean countries. International Journal of Tourism Research. Doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2231 Indexación: WOS SSCI JCR Impact Factor (2017): 2.449. Subject: Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism (Q2; 15/50) 5. Gómez-Vega, M. and Picazo-Tadeo, A. Ranking world tourist destinations with a composite indicator of competitiveness: To weigh or not to weigh? Tourism Management. (en 2ª ronda de revisión) Indexación: WOS SSCI JCR. Impact Factor (2017): 5.921. Hospitality, Leisure, Sport & Tourism (Q1; 1/50); Environmental Studies (Q1; 4/108); Management (Q1; 8/209) 3 Filiaciones de los coautores: Luis César Herrero Prieto. Catedrático de Economía Aplicada. Universidad de Valladolid. Víctor Figueroa Arcila. Profesor Asociado. Categoría II. Universidad Austral de Chile Andrea Báez Montenegro Profesor Asociado. Categoría II. Universidad Austral de Chile Andrés J. Picazo Tadeo. Catedrático de Economía Aplicada. Universidad de Valencia 4 Ƶ 5 6 1. Justificación y objetivos de la tesis doctoral La evaluación de la competitividad de los destinos turísticos es una línea de investigación relativamente reciente dentro del ámbito de estudio de la economía del turismo. Sin embargo, en los últimos años ha comenzado a recibir una atención cada vez mayor por parte de los investigadores, como se refleja en el número creciente de trabajos publicados, con gran diversidad, tanto en aplicaciones empíricas como en evolución metodológica, que incluso ha dado lugar a estudios de meta-análisis, como el recientemente publicado por Sainaghi et al. (2017). Esto hace de este ámbito de estudio una línea de trabajo consolidada con múltiples posibilidades de análisis, tanto en el desarrollo teórico y metodológico, como en sus comprobaciones empíricas. Una de las principales razones de este auge radica en la creciente importancia económica que demuestra el sector turístico a nivel internacional, pero también por las transformaciones recientes que hacen del sector una rama productiva compleja y cada vez más extensa. En primer lugar, en términos de demanda, el sector turístico en la actualidad no es uniforme, sino que presenta una clara segmentación en forma de múltiples motivaciones para viajar, porque las preferencias de los individuos, en la actualidad, tampoco son uniformes (Lee, 2015). De este modo, no podemos seguir hablando solo del turismo de sol y playa, que responde a un patrón de comportamiento uniforme, tanto en demanda como en oferta, típico del fenómeno de la masificación y estandarización del turismo de finales del siglo pasado. Por el contrario, la extensión del turismo en la actualidad, viene dada por la amplitud del concepto de ocio en un sentido temporal y de jerarquía de valores y preferencias del individuo, respecto las decisiones de ocupación de su tiempo (Delgado, 2000 y Herrero, 2011a). En este contexto, han comenzado a surgir multitud de nuevas motivaciones turísticas que diversifican profundamente los usos del ocio y que dan lugar a flujos de turismo, como el turismo congresual, cultural, de negocios, médico, etc. (De Vita y Kyaw, 2016). En segundo lugar, por el lado de la oferta, el turismo presenta una imagen igualmente compleja. En la actualidad, el turismo es un fenómeno de escala global, recientemente han surgido multitud de destinos que multiplican las posibilidades de viajar, facilitado también por un abaratamiento e incremento de la accesibilidad. Si al hecho de que todo territorio se ha hecho global y es susceptible de ser visitado, sumamos la constatada capacidad de este sector para generar impacto y desarrollo económico, se hace evidente una tendencia natural a la competencia de los destinos turísticos. Por un lado entre países, que buscan acaparar los flujos turísticos internacionales; y de igual modo a escala interna, donde los enclaves pugnan por atraer flujos de visitantes domésticos o foráneos como una fuente de actividad y, por lo tanto, de desarrollo económico. 7 Este es el contexto en el que se enmarca nuestra tesis doctoral, cuyo planteamiento conceptual parte del marco teórico desarrollado por Crouch y Ritchie (1999; 2003), y posteriormente replanteado por autores como Dwyer y
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