Revista Istorică

REVISTA ISTORICĂ SERIE NOUĂ TOMUL XXIII, NR. 5–6 septembrie – decembrie 2012 S U M A R MAREA NEAGRĂ – INTERESE REGIONALE ŞI JOCURI POLITICE CONSTANTIN ARDELEANU, Danube Navigation and the Danube-Black Sea Canal (1830–1856)................................................................................................................. 415 EMANUEL PLOPEANU, Romanian-Turkish Relations in the Interwar Period: Issues, Perceptions and Solutions. The Case of the Black Sea Straits’ Regime and Turkish- Tatar Emigration .......................................................................................................... 433 MIOARA ANTON, Diplomacy and Conflict in the Black Sea Region. British Strategies (1939–1941)................................................................................................................. 449 COSMIN POPA, In Quest of a New Empire. Russia’s Energy Policy in the Wider Black Sea Region (1991–2010).............................................................................................. 471 PUTERE CENTRALĂ ŞI APARAT DE STAT – TRANSFORMĂRI ŞI EVOLUŢII LAURENŢIU RĂDVAN, Schimbări în oraşele din Ţara Românească la finele Evului Mediu. Studiu de caz: roşii şi slujitorii (a doua jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea – a doua jumătate a secolului al XVII-lea)......................................................................... 505 ANDREEA-ROXANA IANCU, Le prince, le sultan et le sujet: une question d’autorité. Bref parcours historiographique................................................................................... 531 SCHIMBĂRI LEGISLATIVE – ÎNTRE ECHITATE ŞI NEDREPTATE CIPRIANA SUCILĂ, Evoluţia legislaţiei penitenciare în Principatele Române şi Vechiul Regat. O evaluare comparativă .................................................................................... 545 ADRIAN-ALEXANDRU HERŢA, Sistemul de repartizare geografică a mandatelor parlamentare stabilit prin Legea electorală românească din martie 1926 ..................... 561 „Revista istorică”, tom XXIII, 2012, nr. 5–6, p. 411–618 PERSONALITĂŢI, IDEI, DESTINE RALUCA TOMI, Un aboliţionist francez şi scrierile sale despre robii ţigani din spaţiul românesc: Paul Bataillard......................................................................... 573 ROBERT PĂIUŞAN, Gheorghe Zane, succesorul lui Mihail Manoilescu la Politehnica din Bucureşti ..................................................................................... 591 ISTORIE ŞI ISTORIOGRAFIE MIHAELA TEODOR, Despre comunicarea ştiinţifică în perioada interbelică. Studiu de caz: „Cercetări istorice. Revistă de istorie românească” (1925–1943) ........... 599 ANCA ŞINCAN, Continuing the Historiographical Battle: The Orthodox and Greek Catholic Rewriting Their History in Post-Communism ....................................... 609 HISTORICAL REVIEW NEW SERIES TOME XXIII, NOS. 5–6 September – December 2012 C O N T E N T S THE BLACK SEA – REGIONAL INTERESTS AND POLITICAL GAMES CONSTANTIN ARDELEANU, Danube Navigation and the Danube-Black Sea Canal (1830–1856)................................................................................................................. 415 EMANUEL PLOPEANU, Romanian-Turkish Relations in the Interwar Period: Issues, Perceptions and Solutions. The Case of the Black Sea Straits’ Regime and Turkish-Tatar Emigration............................................................................................. 433 MIOARA ANTON, Diplomacy and Conflict in the Black Sea Region. British Strategies (1939–1941)................................................................................................................. 449 COSMIN POPA, In Quest of a New Empire. Russia’s Energy Policy in the Wider Black Sea Region (1991–2010).............................................................................................. 471 CENTRAL POWER AND STATE APPARATUS – TRANSFORMATIONS AND DEVELOPMENTS LAURENŢIU RĂDVAN, Changes in Wallachian Towns at the End of the Middle Ages. A Case Study: The roşi and slujitori (Latter Half of the Sixteenth Century – Latter Half of the Seventeenth Century)................................................................................. 505 ANDREEA-ROXANA IANCU, Le prince, le sultan et le sujet: une question d’autorité. Bref parcours historiographique................................................................................... 531 LEGISLATIVE CHANGES – BETWEEN JUSTICE AND INJUSTICE CIPRIANA SUCILĂ, The Evolution of Penitentiary Legislation in the Romanian Principalities and the Old Kingdom. A Comparative Assessment ..................................................... 545 ADRIAN-ALEXANDRU HERŢA, The Geographical Distribution System of Parliamentary Mandates Established by the Romanian Electoral Law of March 1926 ....................... 561 „Revista istorică”, tom XXIII, 2012, nr. 5–6, p. 411–618 PERSONALITIES, IDEAS, DESTINIES RALUCA TOMI, A French Abolitionist and His Writings on the Gypsy Slaves in the Romanian Principalities: Paul Bataillard.............................................................. 573 ROBERT PĂIUŞAN, Gheorghe Zane, Mihail Manoilescu’s Successor at the Polytechnic School of Bucharest.......................................................................... 591 HISTORY AND HISTORIOGRAPHY MIHAELA TEODOR, Scientific Communication in the Interwar Period. A Case Study: „Cercetări istorice. Revistă de istorie românească” (1925–1943) ............. 599 ANCA ŞINCAN, Continuing the Historiographical Battle: The Orthodox and Greek Catholic Rewriting Their History in Post-Communism ....................................... 609 MAREA NEAGRĂ – INTERESE REGIONALE ŞI JOCURI POLITICE DANUBE NAVIGATION AND THE DANUBE-BLACK SEA ∗ CANAL (1830–1856) CONSTANTIN ARDELEANU∗∗ By the early 1830s, a series of international developments completely altered the political and economic significance of the Lower Danube, turned into a hot spot of diplomatic conflict between Russia and the Western cabinets, a rivalry that nourished the Near Eastern antagonism that was eventually settled by the Crimean War. Firstly, the Russo-Turkish Peace of Adrianople (1829) granted the two Romanian Principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia full freedom to engage in trade and to navigate on the Danube, provisions which secured the inland ports of Galaţi (Galatz) and Brăila (Ibraila) the conditions to become large suppliers of grain on the European markets. In a short time, the Romanian provinces, endowed with a favourable customs policy and a legislation that stimulated foreign ventures, were turned into a veritable commercial heaven for both the exportation of agro-pastoral goods and the importation of western manufactures, in better conditions than in the case of the Russian outlets from the northern Black Sea coast. Secondly, by the early 1830s a joint-stock company founded in Vienna by two British investors, supported by high ranking Austrian officials, introduced steam navigation on the Danube. In September 1830, the trial trip of “Francis I,” the 60 HP steamer of the First Austrian Danube Steam Navigation Company (Erste österreichische Donau Dampfschiffahrts Gesellschaft – DDSG) marked the beginning of a new era in Danubian history. In a short time, the company built several new steamboats, which plied the entire Middle Danube and even succeeded to cross the insurmountable gorge of the Iron Gates. In 1834, Austrian steamers sailed on the Lower Danube and in the Black Sea, an accomplishment that secured the uninterrupted transfer of voyagers and goods on the route between Vienna and Constantinople and made the Danube one of “the most important lines of communication in Europe.” Austria, Hungary and Germany, in fact the entire Central and South-Eastern Europe were finally ∗ This work was possible with the financial support of the Sectoral Operational Programme for Human Resources Development 2007–2013, co-financed by the European Social Fund, contract no. POSDRU 89/1.5/S/61104, entitled Ştiinţele socio-umaniste în contextul evoluţiei globalizate – dezvoltarea şi implementarea programului de studii şi cercetare postdoctorală. ∗∗ “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galaţi; [email protected]. „Revista istorică”, tom XXIII, 2012, nr. 5–6, p. 415–432 416 Constantin Ardeleanu 2 unchained, and “flourishing possibilities were opened up for these territories with a large productivity.”1 Thirdly, the political relevance of the Lower Danubian area grew considerably after the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi, in July 1833, which thoroughly unveiled the Russian menace to British interests in the Near East. The agreement precipitated Britain’s policy to counteract the extension of Russia’s control in the Black Sea area, whereas the Russo-Turkish Convention of St. Petersburg (January 1834), which stipulated the evacuation of Russian troops from Moldo-Wallachia, represented an excellent opportunity to explore and exploit better the increasing economic value of the two provinces, a buffer region between the rival Russian and Ottoman Empires.2 All these factors had as a common denominator: the fact that by the Treaty of Adrianople Russia occupied the Danube Delta, the area connecting the mainland to the Black Sea and further to the routes of European trade. As early as 31 October 1829, George Hamilton Gordon, 4th Earl of Aberdeen, the British foreign secretary, stated that the treaty put the whole Danubian trade under Russian control,3 a reproach that became recurrent in the correspondence of the foreign consuls appointed in Bucharest and Iaşi. Up

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