COUNTRY REPORT
ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee 38th Session
14 - 19 November 2005 Hanoi, Viet Nam
JAPAN CONTENTS
I. Overview of Meteorological and Hydrological Conditions during the Year
II. Meteorology
1. Progress in Member’s Regional Cooperation and Selected RCPIP Goals and Objectives 2. Progress in Member’s Important, High-Priority Goals and Objectives 3. Opportunities for Further Enhancement of Regional Cooperation
III. Hydrology
1. Progress in Member’s Regional Cooperation and Selected RCPIP Goals and Objectives 2. Progress in Member’s Important, High-Priority Goals and Objectives 3. Opportunities for Further Enhancement of Regional Cooperation
IV. Disaster Prevention and Preparedness
1. Progress in Member’s Regional Cooperation and Selected RCPIP Goals and Objectives 2. Progress in Member’s Important, High-Priority Goals and Objectives 3. Opportunities for Further Enhancement of Regional Cooperation
V. Typhoons that Impacted Japan
I. Overview of Meteorological and Hydrological Conditions during the Year
I. Overview of Meteorological and Hydrological Conditions during the Year
1. Meteorological Assessment
In 2005, twenty tropical cyclones (TCs) of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher generated in the western North Pacific as of 14 October. Among them, eleven came into the areas within 300 km from the Japanese islands, and three made landfalls on Japan.
For the early preparedness of the people for TCs and subsequent hazards, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) provided the general public and disaster prevention organizations with various information for disaster prevention that includes; (1) 3-hourly TC analyses/forecasts with relevant information on possible hazardous events associated with TCs such as flood, landslide, and storm surge, (2) advisories and warnings for specific severe weather events such as storm, heavy rain, flood, storm surge and high waves, (3) hourly analyses of TCs in the area within 300km from the Japanese islands, (4) flood forecasts jointly with the River Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MLIT) or local governments.
On 26 February 2005, JMA successfully launched the Multi-functional Transport Satellite-1R (MTSAT-1R) as successor to GMS-5 since. MTSAT-1R took over the observing service of GOES-9 in June 2005, which had been served as a backup for GMS-5 since May in 2003. To follow MTSAT-1R, MTSAT-2 is currently in its final testing phase and will serve as an in-orbit backup satellite for MTSAT-1R.
With respect to the prediction of TCs, several upgrades were achieved in the operational typhoon models including; introduction of a new radiation scheme, employment of four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system, and revision of cloud radiation parameterization. Researches seeking new techniques to increase typhoon prediction accuracies were underway such as; simulation of sea surface temperature decrease near TCs by a coupled model, high-resolution simulation of wind structure and precipitation distribution in the inner core of typhoons, and influence of Maddenn-Julian Oscillation on TC landfalls on Japan.
In addition, JMA actively contributed to capacity building of the TC Members, holding various training courses such as JICA Group Training Course and On-the-job Training for Female Forecasters in JMA and sending lectures to Typhoon Roving Seminar in Beijing and Training Course on Typhoon Forecast by using NWP Technique in Bangkok.
- 1 - 2. Hydrological Assessment
With its project based on the Regional Cooperative Program Implementation Plan (RCPIP), Japan is playing a central role in promoting technical cooperation projects for the Preparation of Flood Hazard Maps and the Establishment of Warning Systems for Flash Floods, including Debris Flow and Landslides. For the flood hazard map project, Japan sent questionnaires to WGH members to clarify issues in providing hazard map manuals in each country. At the International Workshop on Risk Management held in Malaysia last September, Japan emphasized the importance of the legal roles of flood hazard maps by introducing Japan’s Flood Fighting Law. Moreover, the extension of the project to advance flood hazard mapping further by maintaining collaboration with PWRI-JICA training was recommended. As for the warning system project, on-site training for designating sediment-related disaster hazard areas was provided under Japan leadership.
In 2004, many floods and sediment-related disasters caused by a great number of torrential rains and a record-high 10 typhoons inflicted severe damages throughout Japan. These disasters clarified several issues which our country contains, such as the vulnerability of medium- and small-size rivers to torrential rains and delays in issuing evacuation instructions for residents living along such rivers. In response, the Flood Fighting Law, which institutes flood fighting activities to be conducted, such as flood forecasting and warnings, was revised in May, 2005 to make it obligatory for authorities responsible for areas with medium- and small-sized rivers to designate anticipated inundation area for which flood hazard maps have to be prepared by municipalities concerned, and for authorities responsible for areas with large rivers to provide warnings of expected inundation areas and water levels during flooding. The Sediment-related Disaster Prevention Law was also revised to make it obligatory for authorities to provide sediment-related disaster hazard maps and information with risk predictions. After these revisions, it is expected that warnings identifying anticipated inundation areas will be provided for 2,200 rivers (238 have already been done) and flood hazard maps will be provided by 1,800 municipal governments — 311 have already done so.
“The International Center for Water Hazard and Risk Management under the auspices UNESCO” will be established at the Public Works Research Institute in Japan next year. Japan intends to strengthen cooperation with other countries and to promote activities related to flood and sediment-related disaster reduction through the research, training, and information networking on flood damage to be conducted at this Center and through the activities at the International Flood Network (IFNet), International Sabo Network [for erosion control].
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3. Socio-Economic Assessment
The frequency and intensity of adverse natural phenomena and the severity of the damage caused by them are increasing. Asia is the most disaster-prone region in the world, where ninety-percent of the victims of disasters are counted. Under such circumstances, the United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) was held from 18 to 22 January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. The Conference was attended by almost 4,000 participants from 168 States, and provided a unique opportunity to promote a strategic and systematic approach to reducing vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for, and identified ways of, building the resilience of nations and communities to disaster. The Conference adopted the “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015” as a guiding framework for the next decade on disaster reduction. The Thematic Sessions were held in five themes previously identified as the priority areas of work for the next ten years through the Review of the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action (The five Themes were; 1. Governance: institutional and policy frameworks for risk reduction, 2. Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning, 3. Knowledge, innovation and education: Building a culture of safety and resilience, 4. Reducing the underlying risk factors, 5. Preparedness for effective response). At the Conference, Junichiro Koizumi, Prime Minister of Japan, addressed that we are pouring our energy into such international cooperative efforts as the strengthening of ties with neighboring countries in the area of disaster reduction cooperation through the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC). Japan has made every effort to develop the regional networking for disaster reduction in the Asian area, in close cooperation with the United Nations. ADRC held a training course on flood hazard mapping in Vietnam, in cooperation with United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN/OCHA), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government.
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II. Meteorology
Japan Meteorological Agency
1. Progress in Member’s Regional Cooperation and Selected RCPIP Goals and Objectives: a. Hardware and Software Progress a.1 Observations (a) Satellite Observations The Multi-functional Transport Satellite-1R (MTSAT-1R) was successfully launched on 26 February, 2005. MTSAT-1R took over the meteorological communication function, i.e. relay of data from Data Collection Platform (DCP) and broadcast of WEFAX imagery derived from GOES-9 observations, from the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite-5 (GMS-5) on 28 April, 2005. The meteorological payload of MTSAT-1R has been operational since 28 June, 2005 and will fulfill its meteorological mission in the next five years. With regard to MTSAT-2, which is to follow MTSAT-1R, it has already completed the manufacturing stage and is now under final testing phase. MTSAT-2 will be stationed above the equator at 135 or 145 degrees east after the launch, as an in-orbit backup satellite of MTSAT-1R. As MTSAT-1R became operational, the High Rate Information Transmission (HRIT), the High Resolution Imager Data (HiRID; compatible with S-VISSR), and the Low Rate Information Transmission (LRIT) have been provided since 28 June 2005. WEFAX imagery has also been derived from MTSAT-1R instead of GOES-9. Broadcasting service of HiRID and WEFAX is planned to be continued until the end of 2007 for S-VISSR/WEFAX users in the transition to HRIT/LRIT. The timetable of imagery dissemination from MTSAT-1R is available at the website of the Meteorological Satellite Center (MSC) of JMA (http://mscweb.kishou.go.jp/operation/daily_sch.pdf). Satellite imagery (Infrared channel 1: 10.5-11.5µm) has also been provided for registered National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) through the Internet as a backup service of the direct broadcast via the satellite. In this service, JMA began to offer HRIT imagery on 28 June 2005 and finished providing S-VISSR type imagery derived from observations of GOES-9 on 14 July 2005. JMA presents the latest information on MTSAT series is on its website (http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/satellite/index.html).
(b) Surface Observations JMA operates twenty weather radars equipped with Radar Echo Digitizing Dissemination System (REDIS). JMA completed its equipment of new REDIS with all of the weather radars in March 2002. The new system enables remote control of the radars by District Observatories of JMA and produces various radar products (CAPPIs at five vertical levels, echo tops, regionally composite low level CAPPI calibrated by rain gauge data). These products are transmitted to the Headquarters and the local observatories for various applications such as NWP and precipitation monitoring.
M-1 JMA finished the replacement of the synoptic observation system of about 150 JMA synoptic stations from the JMA-80 type to the JMA-95 type in October 2004. The new system enables automated data quality control and housekeeping self-diagnosis. Forty-three unmanned synoptic stations out of 150 carry present-weather sensors (visibility sensors) as well as other conventional sensors.
(c) Upper-air Observations Rawinsonde observations are routinely made at 00 and 12UTC at 18 upper-air stations. In addition, JMA makes enhanced observations at 06 and 18UTC when typhoons are in the area within 300km from the mainland of Japan. JMA operates the wind profiler network (WINDAS) which consists of 31 wind profilers. WINDAS makes upper-wind observation every 10 minutes up to a height of 6 or 7km in summer and 3 or 4km in winter. JMA has ceased the radiowind observations at 06 and 18UTC since 1 March 2004 in Japan.
(d) Oceanographic Observations JMA performs oceanographic and marine meteorological observations in the seas adjacent to Japan and in the western North Pacific with five research vessels (Ryofu Maru, Keifu Maru, Kofu Maru, Chofu Maru and Seifu Maru). From October 2004 to September 2005, JMA carried out six cruises in total for marine meteorological observations in the typhoon genesis area of the western North Pacific. During June and July 2005, Chofu Maru and Seifu Maru took part in Bai-u Hunter 2005, a field experiment of JMA on Bai-u front with research vessels and Aerosonde (unmanned aircraft with sondes on board), to observe the storms associated with Bai-u front over the seas west of Kyushu. Observational data from this experiment will be used for improvement of a high-resolution numerical prediction model. a.2 Telecommunication Circuits NIL a.3 Global Numerical Weather Prediction Model (a) Introduction of a New Radiation Scheme A new radiation scheme was introduced to Global Spectrum Model (GSM) on 2 December 2004 aiming at more accurate calculation of the atmospheric radiative heating rates. A major refinement in the longwave radiation scheme was replacement of the conventional statistical band model by the k-distribution method and the table look-up technique. In addition, a revision of water vapor continuum parameterization and an introduction of absorption effects by trace gases were made. The absorption coefficient parameterization in the shortwave radiation scheme was also revised. Results of data assimilation and forecast experiments with the new radiation scheme
M-2 mentioned above showed that the temperature bias reduced in both the troposphere and the stratosphere. This amelioration in the temperature forecasts led to better wind predictions. In fact, root mean square errors in the 250hPa wind speed forecasts in the tropics reduced especially in the period after fifth day of forecast time (Figure 1).
NEW SCHEME OLD SCHEME RMSE [m/s] RMSE
0 72 144 216 FORECAST TIME [hr]
Figure 1 RMSE in wind speed forecasts in the tropics for August 2004 by old scheme (blue lines) and new scheme (red lines). Solid and dashed lines represent results of 250 and 850hPa wind forecasts, respectively.
(b) Improvement of Typhoon Track Forecasts Using 4D-Var A four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) system has been operationally employed in the Global Analysis at JMA since February 2005. To secure sufficient computation time for the operation of time-consuming 4D-Var, a semi-Lagrangian scheme was introduced as the advection scheme of the Global Spectral Model in place of the former Eulerian scheme. Because the 4D-Var analysis allows for adequate assimilation of observational data and produces more realistic analysis fields, the forecast score with 4D-Var showed much better performance than the former 3D-Var based system. The improvement of the analysis fields resulted in improvement of the typhoon track forecasts. Results of the parallel run tests for August 2004 demonstrated that the typhoon position error by 4D-Var system at forecast times of 12 through 72 hours reduces by 5 to 10 percents as shown in Figure 2.
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T0411_T0418 Position Error 2004 350 4D-Var 300 3D-Var 250
200
150
Position Error (km) Error Position 100
50
0 0 122436486072 Forecast Time (hour)
Figure 2 Averaged typhoon position error in August 2004 by 4D-Var (red line) and 3D-Var (blue line) system.
(c) A Revised Parameterization of Cloud in Radiation Computation Atmospheric radiation is strongly affected by cloud parameters such as a fractional coverage, a vertical overlapping and optical properties. Therefore, a good parameterization of cloud is fundamental to express accurately radiation transfer in numerical models. The parameterization was revised in the JMA GSM on 7 July 2005 for a precise description of cloud-radiation interactions. The revisions were (a) application of the maximum-random cloud overlap assumption to radiation computations, (b) sophistication of the cloud overlapping in the longwave radiation scheme by taking account of cloud layer emissivity properly, and (c) modification of a parameterization for effective radii of ice cloud particles. The revised parameterization improved predictions of temperature and wind in the upper troposphere. Small improvements were also achieved in prediction of typhoon tracks (Figure 3).
M-4 Figure 3 Typhoon central position prediction errors (averaged from T0411 to T0418). Blue and red lines indicate errors by the previous model and the revised one, respectively.
(d) A New Thinning Scheme for One-hour Time Slots Introduced in 4D-Var for ATOVS Assimilation A new thinning scheme for one-hour time slots was introduced in the JMA operational global 4D-Var assimilation system for ATOVS radiance assimilation on 2 August 2005. Since the former thinning scheme was a method for 3D-Var system with six-hour window, overlapping observation data by multiple satellites were removed when their observation times differ by more than one hour. The introduction of the new thinning scheme increased the number of ATOVS data available for the 4D-Var analysis, particularly around the polar regions, by a factor of 1.5. As for AMSU-A onboard Aqua satellite, whose orbit is mostly overlapped with NOAA-16, more data are available at low and mid-latitudes. To assess the impacts of the new scheme, one-month observation system experiments were performed for August 2004 and January 2005. The experiment for August 2004 demonstrated large positive impacts on forecast skills as shown in Figure 4. The quality of the typhoon track predictions was also improved as in Figure 5. In the other experiment impacts of the new scheme were globally neutral for the 500hPa geopotential height, but positive for the surface pressure (not shown).
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1 August 2004 – 31 August 2004 TEST
) CNTL
Num. of Samples les km p (
Number of Sam
TEST Positional Error Anomaly Correlation CNTL
Forecast Time (hour) Forecast Time (hour)
Figure 4 Global anomaly correlation for Figure 5 Averaged typhoon track error in the 500hPa geopotential height verified August 2004. Blue dots indicate the against analysis in August 2004 for the number of cases used in this statistics. new thinning scheme (TEST) and the former scheme (CNTL). b. Implications to Operational Progress b.1 RSMC Data Serving System The RSMC Data Serving System (RSMC-DSS), which was renewed in April 2002, has bee stably operated to provide users with high accessibility to the JMA products through the Internet. The system provides ten user countries/territories with data and products as shown in Tables 1 and 2 as of 1 October 2005. On 5 October 2005, the new DSS was put into operation. In the new system, the directory structure will be reorganized and filenames will be changed in accordance with the WMO standards. Types of the data will remain unchanged. After the two-month period of a parallel operation with the existing one, the new system will fully take over the service of the RSMC DSS. b.2 Provision of IR-1 data through the Internet JMA has been providing meteorological satellites imagery for the MDUS users through the Internet since December 2002. Originally, this service started as part of the backup operations for the aging GMS-5 to provide imagery from GOES-9. Although all the services of GOES-9 and GMS-5 were taken over by the MTSAT-1R and a new HRIT direct dissemination service was started, the JMA decided to continue this service for user's convenience. As of 1 October 2005, 12 countries/territories are registered to access the data.
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Table 1 List of GPV Products on the RSMC Data Serving System. October 2005 Area 20S-60N, 80E-160W 20S-60N, 60E-160W Global area Global Global 2.5 x 2.5 degrees 1.25 x 1.25 degrees Resolution 2.5 x 2.5 deg 1.25 x 1.25 deg 2.5 x 2.5 deg Weekly Ensemble thinned grid Forecast Products Level Surface(P,U,V,T,TTd,R) Surface(P,U,V,T,TTd,R)** Surface(P,U,V,T,TTd*) Surface(P,R,U,V,T) Surface(P,R,U,V,T,RH) Surface(P) & 850hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd,ω) 1000hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 1000hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd*) 1000hPa(Z) 1000hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω) 1000hPa(Z)
Elements 700hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd,ω) 925hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd,ω) 850hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 850hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 925hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω) 850hPa(U,V,T)
500hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd,ζ) 850hPa(Z*,U*,V*,T*,TTd*,ω,ψ,χ) 700hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 700hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 850hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω,ψ,χ) 500hPa(Z)
300hPa(Z,U,V,T) 700hPa(Z*,U*,V*,T*,TTd*,ω) 500hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd*) 500hPa(Z,U,V,T) 700hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω) 250hPa(U,V) 250hPa(Z,U,V,T) 500hPa(Z*,U*,V*,T*,TTd*,ζ) 400hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd*) 300hPa(Z,U,V,T) 600hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω) 200hPa(Z,U,V,T) 400hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 300hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd*) 250hPa(Z,U,V,T)* 500hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω,ζ) 250hPa(Z,U,V,T) 200hPa(Z,U,V,T) 150hPa(Z,U,V,T) 300hPa(Z,U,V,T,TTd) 400hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω) 200hPa(Z,U,V,T) 100hPa(Z,U,V,T)* 100hPa(Z,U,V,T) 250hPa(Z,U,V,T) 300hPa(Z,U,V,T,RH,ω) 150hPa(Z,U,V,T) 70hPa(Z,U,V,T)* 200hPa(Z*,U*,V*,T*,ψ,χ) 250hPa(Z,U,V,T) 100hPa(Z,U,V,T) 50hPa(Z,U,V,T)* 150hPa(Z,U,V,T) 200hPa(Z,U,V,T,ψ,χ)
M-7 - 6 70hPa(Z,U,V,T) 30hPa(Z,U,V,T)* 100hPa(Z,U,V,T) 150hPa(Z,U,V,T) 70hPa(Z,U,V,T) 50hPa(Z,U,V,T) Note: 30hPa(Z,U,V,T) 100hPa(Z,U,V,T) Above GPVs are 50hPa(Z,U,V,T) 70hPa(Z,U,V,T) 30hPa(Z,U,V,T) 20hPa(Z,U,V,T) ensemble mean and 10hPa(Z,U,V,T) 50hPa(Z,U,V,T) standard deviation of 20hPa(Z,U,V,T) 30hPa(Z,U,V,T) 10hPa(Z,U,V,T) ensemble forecast 20hPa(Z,U,V,T) members 10hPa(Z,U,V,T) FCST (00 and 12UTC) (00 and 12UTC) (00 and 12UTC) (00 and 12UTC) (00 and 12UTC) (12UTC) Hours 00,06,12,18,24,30,36, 00,06,12,18,24,30,36,42,48,54,60 00 24,48,72 0 – 84 every 6 hours 0 – 192 every 12 48,60,72 , *: 00UTC only In addition (12UTC) In addition (12UTC), hours 66,72,78,84 96,120,144,168,192 96 – 192 every 12 hours In addition (12UTC), *: 96,120 only *: 96,120,144,168,192 **: 90 - 192 every 6 hours Initial 00 and 12 UTC 00 and 12 UTC 00 and 12 UTC 00 and 12 UTC 12 UTC times Note: Cl : cloud amount TTd : dew point depression ζ : relative vorticity P : pressure reduced to MSL U : u-component of wind χ : velocity potential R : total precipitation V : v-component of wind ψ : stream function RH : relative humidity Z : geopotential height ω : vertical velocity T : temperature
Table 2 List of Other Products and Data on the RSMC Data Serving System.
October 2005 Products/ Data Satellite data Typhoon Information Global Wave Model (GRIB) Observational data Contents (a) MTSAT-1R data (GRIB) Tropical cyclone related • Wave height (a) Surface data •Equivalent blackbody temperature information (BUFR) • Wave period (SYNOP, SHIP) • Position, etc. • Prevailing wave direction (b) Upper-air data Forecast hours: (TEMP, parts A-D) 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60, 66, 72, (PILOT, parts A-D) 78, 84 (00 and 12 UTC); 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 156, 168, 180 and 192 hours (12 UTC) - 7 Initial times 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC 00 and 12 UTC
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b.3 Western North Pacific Expanded Best Track Data At the 36th session of the Typhoon Committee held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia in December 2003, a plan to produce an "Expanded Best Track Data Set for the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea" (EBT) was approved. Accordingly, Members were requested to send observation data to RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center (hereafter referred as the Center) for inclusion in the EBT by the Center after a basic screening. Several Members sent observational data from 1996 to 2003. b.4 Provision of Information under GMDSS JMA has been providing meteorological messages for the safety of shipping under the framework of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS) since 1992. The messages are broadcast via two independent systems, SafetyNET and NAVTEX. SafetyNET broadcasts the messages for ocean regions through Inmarsat-C, while NAVTEX uses MF transmission to cover coastal areas.
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SafetyNET JMA is responsible for preparation and issuance of meteorological messages for METAREA XI (hereinafter referred to as the AREA; see Figure 6) with the cooperation of Hong Kong Observatory (HKO) and Bureau of Meteorology (BoM) of Australia, which cover the South China Sea and the seas south of the equator of the AREA, respectively. The messages give warnings and analytical information on disturbances in the AREA and are issued four times a day for the north of the equator of the AREA and two times a day for the south as described in Table 3. When unexpected developments are identified in the disturbances, urgent messages are issued at any of the four scheduled times when necessary. In addition to those messages, JMA issues messages about tropical cyclones for the north of the equator of the AREA when a tropical cyclone occurs in the area. The messages are issued four times a day for individual storms. When a storm is expected to attain (or develops to attain) STS intensity, urgent messages are additionally issued four times a day between the routine issuances.
Figure 6 METAREA XI
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Table 3 SafetyNET meteorological messages and their issuance schedule. (for general disturbances) Issuance Times Type of message Preparation Service Broadcast Area (UTC) JMA 0230, 0830 North of the equator of Hong Kong 1430, 2030 METAREA XI Routine South of the equator Darwin (BoM) 0815, 2015 of METAREA XI 0530, 1130 Circular area centered JMA 1730, 2330 the disturbance 0500, 1100 Urgent Hong Kong, China South China Sea 1700, 2300 4 times/day for South of the equator Darwin (BoM) each disturbance of METAREA XI
(for tropical cyclones) Issuance Times Type of message Preparation Service Broadcast Area (UTC) 0110*, 0710* North of the equator of Routine JMA 1310*, 1910* METAREA XI 0410*, 1010* Circular area centered Urgent JMA 1610*, 2210* the tropical cyclone Note: *Approximate time
NAVTEX NAVTEX covers the area within 300 nautical miles from the coast of Japan. The NAVTEX area is divided into 12 regions, which include 37 sub regions in total. Meteorological messages for NAVTEX are prepared by 12 Regional Forecast Centers of JMA and are transmitted in one bulletin to the five NAVTEX operation centers via the Japan Coast Guard. The NAVTEX messages provide Vital Warnings (Typhoon, Storm and Gale), Important Warnings (Near Gale, Swell, Fog and Ice), and Forecasts (disturbances affecting 12 regional areas within 24 hours) as presented in Table 4.
Table 4 Issuance time and interval of NAVTEX Meteorological Messages Issuance Time (UTC) NAVTEX Meteorological Message Issuance Interval (Observation Time) Typhoon Warning 0020(21), 0320(00) 0620(03), 0920(06) Vital Warnings Storm Warning 3 hours 1220(09), 1520(12) Gale Warning 1820(15), 2120(18) Near Gale, Swell Important 0320(00), 0920(06) Fog, Ice 6 hours Warnings 1520(12), 2120(18) No warning Forecasts 12 hours 0045(21), 1245(09)
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c. Interaction with Users, other Members, and/or other Components c.1 Message Switching System The Message Switching System (MSS) of JMA was upgraded in October 2005 for the improvement of capability in information exchange to allow JMA to meet the current and future requirements of WMO and TC members. d. Training Progress d.1 Typhoon Operational Forecasting Training at the RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center The Typhoon Operational Forecasting Training has been annually conducted by the RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center of JMA according to the decision byh the Typhoon Committee since 2001. The purpose of the Training is to improve tropical cyclone analysis/forecasting skills of forecasters from Members of the Typhoon Committee. In 2005, the training was carried out with participation of two woman forecasters from Macao, China and Singapore from 20 to 29 July at the Center. The training provided the participants with the introduction of operations at the Center, lectures on tropical cyclone analysis/forecast, and on-the-job training of tropical cyclone analysis/forecast using archived data of past tropical cyclones. Participants also joined a technical tour to Meteorological Satellite Center to see operations of typhoon analysis by MTSAT-1R, which was launched in February 2005.
. d.2 International Training Seminar on Typhoon Monitoring and Forecasting in the Western North Pacific "International Training Seminar on Typhoon Monitoring and Forecasting in the Western North Pacific" was held at the RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center of JMA from 17 February to 4 March 2005 in cooperation with the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and
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Transport (MLIT) and the Japan Weather Association (JWA). This seminar aimed at sharing knowledge and techniques on the latest typhoon monitoring and forecasting and exchanging opinions on the improvement of the typhoon information with forecasters from National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) in the Western North Pacific. Four forecasters and meteorologists from NMHSs of Cambodia, Laos, Micronesia and the Philippines participated in the Seminar. Participants took training in typhoon analysis and visited relevant organizations concerning disaster prevention and preparedness including a local government, broadcast company and an electric power company.
d.3 Group Training Course in Meteorology JMA renewed the Group Training Course in Meteorology in 2003. The primary purpose of the renewal was to place special emphasis upon the subjects which are increasingly essential to developing countries for their operational forecasting. The new Training Course focuses on “Utilization of satellite data including nephanalysis”, “Application of numerical predictions” and “Application of climate information”. In September 2005, the Training Course for the year started with 8 participants from 8 countries, including Laos. d.4 Typhoon Roving Seminar Typhoon Roving Seminars were held in Beijing, China, from 22 to 24 November 2004, and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, from 25 to 27 November 2004, with the support of WMO in response to the proposal approved at the 36th session of the Typhoon Committee. Head of the National Typhoon Center gave lectures on the operations of RSMC Tokyo, typhoon disaster, ensemble forecast of typhoon tracks, storm surge prediction in JMA, summary of the 2004 typhoon season, and the Numerical Typhoon Prediction (NTP) Web
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Site formally inaugurated by JMA as of 1 October 2004. d.5 Training Course on Typhoon Forecast by using NWP Technique “Training Course on Typhoon Forecast by using Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) Technique” was held at the Thai Meteorological Department (TMD) in Bangkok, Thailand from 22 to 31 August, 2005. The purpose of the training course is for the staff of TMD to acquire the fundamental knowledge essential for operation, development and improvement of NWP system as well as application of NWP to typhoon forecast. TMD invited Head of the National Typhoon Center, who gave lectures on the overview of typhoon, analysis and forecast method of typhoon, the overview of NWP system, quality control, data assimilation, physical processes of NWP model, verification, application of NWP, and finite difference method. e. Research Progress e.1 Sea Surface Temperature Decrease and Suppressed Typhoon Intensification Reproduced by a High-resolution Coupled Model A mixed-layer ocean model developed by MRI (Meteorological Research Institute), was coupled to the MRI/NPD (Numerical Prediction Division of JMA) unified nonhydrostatic atmospheric model with a horizontal resolution of 6 km, to include typhoon-ocean interaction which is expected to cool sea surface temperature (SST) due to disturbance of sea water by typhoon’s strong wind. Preliminary numerical experiments were conducted for the cases of Typhoons Bilis (0010) and Tokage (0423). For Typhoon Bilis, the coupled model simulated a notable SST decrease on the right side of the storm motion, which was consistent with observations by TRMM/TMI. For Typhoon Tokage, the coupled model significantly reduced the over-intensification of the Typhoon, which is simulated by the uncoupled model. e.2 High-resolution Simulation of Wind Structure and Precipitation Distribution in the Inner Core of Typhoons MRI is developing a high-resolution typhoon model with a multiply-nested movable mesh configuration with a two-way interactive nesting strategy. By using the high-resolution typhoon model, detailed wind structure, precipitation distribution in the inner core of typhoons and post-landfall wind structure changes were simulated. For example, the model with a horizontal grid-length of about 1 km in the inner-most region successfully reproduced the polygonal eyewall structure similar to that observed by radar for Typhoon Rusa in 2002. Strong winds observed in a narrow area in the left-rear quadrant of Typhoon Ma-on in 2004 during its passage over the southern portion of the Kanto Plain could also be simulated.
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e.3 Influence of Tropical Intraseasonal Variation on TC Landfalls on Japan The reason for the record-breaking number (10) of tropical cyclone (TC) landfalls on Japan in 2004 was examined by analyzing the behavior of tropical intraseasonal variation, which is called Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO). The analysis revealed that MJO played an important role in TC landfalls on Japan in 2004. There were three active phases of MJO during the typhoon season in 2004, that is, June, August and October over the western North Pacific. The inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) was enhanced during the active phase over the western North Pacific and most of the TCs were generated over ITCZ. The steering flow of TCs during the active phase shifted from westward to northwestward toward Nansei Islands and was maintained by the strong and long-lived MJO westerlies, which brought the favorable condition of TC landfalls on Japan. e.4 Estimation of Tropical Cyclone Intensity Using Microwave Radiometer Data MRI of JMA is now developing a method to estimate tropical cyclone intensity using satellite-borne microwave radiometer data. The relationship between microwave radiometer data (brightness temperature) and intensity (maximum wind speed) using TRMM/TMI data and QuikSCAT was analyzed. On the basis of the analysis, the estimation method was developed using the data from July 1999 to 2003 tropical cyclone season. This method is validated with tropical cyclones over northwest Pacific Ocean in 2004, and RMSEs of about 5 to 6 m/s, for best track and of about 7m/s for QuikSCAT are obtained.
Fig.7 Scatter plot of maximum wind speed from typhoon best track and estimated wind speed by TMI brightness temperature.
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e.5 Investigation of the Impact of Dropsonde Observations near Typhoons on Track Forecasts The impact of dropsonde observations near typhoons, which was made in the DOTSTAR (Dropsonde Observations for Typhoon Surveillance near the Taiwan Region) project, on the performance of GSM typhoon track forecast was investigated. The investigations were made for typhoons Dujuan (T0313), Melor (T0319), Nida (T0402), Conson (T0404) and Mindulle (T0407) with and without dropsondes data. The initial times of the forecasts were 12UTC 1 September 2003, 12UTC 2 November 2003, 12UTC 17 May 2004, 12UTC 8 June 2004, and every 12 hour from 12UTC 27 June to 12UTC 29 June 2004, respectively. Figure 8 shows the impact of dropsonde observations on the track forecast of T0404. It is found that typhoon track forecast was improved by assimilating the dropsonde data. The improvement seems to come from modification of steering flow near the typhoon by the dropsonde observations. Figure 9 shows mean positional error of all experiments with and without the dropsonde observations. It is clear that the GSM typhoon track forecasts were improved by the dropsonde observations.
Mean Forecast Positional Errors 600 12
500 10
400 8
300 6 Nos. 200 4
(km) Error Mean 100 2 0 0 0 12243648607284 Forecast Time (hour)
Figure 8 Comparison of track forecasts Figure 9 Comparison of mean forecast positional about Nida. Black line shows analysis, errors of typhoon tracks between models into which blue line shows track forecast with dropsondes data were assimilated or not. Horizontal dropsondes and red line shows that axis shows forecast time (hour), vertical axis on left without dropsondes. Initial time of side shows mean error of typhoon track forecast to forecasts is 12UTC 8 June 2004. analysis (km) and vertical axis on right side shows number of samples. Black circles show mean error of typhoon track forecasts with dropsondes and blue triangles show that without dropsondes. Cross marks show number of samples.
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2. Progress in Member’s Important, High-Priority Goals and Objectives a. Hardware and Software Progress NIL b. Implications to Operational Progress b.1 Limited Area Numerical Weather Prediction Model NIL b.2 Provision of information on a developing tropical depression in the vicinity of Japan JMA started to issue information on a developing tropical depression in the vicinity of Japan on 1 June 2005. This information is issued 6 hourly (4 times a day) in case that a tropical depression is expected to develop into a tropical storm (TS) and approach Japan within 300km in the next 24-hour period. It includes an analysis (center position, central pressure, and movement speed and direction) of the tropical depression and its 24-hour track forecast. This information is expected to contribute to disaster prevention against developing depressions in the vicinity of Japan, in such a case of Malou (0411) which made landfall on Japan only half a day after it developed into a TS. c. Interaction with Users, other Members, and/or other Components NIL d. Training Progress d.1 Expert Services - An expert of JMA on Numerical Weather Prediction visited KMA in October 2004 - Two experts of JMA on Numerical Weather Prediction visited Hong Kong Observatory in January 2005 - An expert of JMA on Storm Surge Prediction visited China in July 2005 - An expert of JMA on Typhoon Forecast visited Thai Meteorological Department in August 2005
d.2 Technical visits to JMA - Two expert of KMA visited JMA for the technical exchange on satellite meteorology in October 2004 - Fifteen experts of National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) of Republic of Korea visited JMA in October 2004 - Eleven experts of KMA visited JMA for technical exchange on disaster preparedness and mitigation November 2004
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- An expert of KMA visited JMA for the technical exchange on numerical weather prediction on September 2005
e. Research Progress NIL
3. Opportunities for Further Enhancement of Regional Cooperation NIL
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III. Hydrology
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport 1. Progress in Member’s Regional Cooperation and Selected RCPIP Goals and Objectives 1.1 Flood Hazard Mapping Project In the Flood Hazard Mapping Project Member countries of the Typhoon Committee have been called on to make efforts to reduce damage from flood disasters, particularly, human loss, inflicted by typhoons. To do this, it is essential that the flood forecasting and warning and evacuation advisories and directives be made functional and effective. It is therefore important that the accuracy and transmission of the flood forecasting and warning be improved and that flood hazard maps be created to provide knowledge of flood risks and evacuation. It is expected that the synergetic effect of these two efforts will lead to voluntary and rapid evacuation when necessary. This year, 2005, is the fourth year of the Project planned for 2002 to 2006. Initial implementation plan is the revision of the flood hazard map manuals prepared and distributed to member countries by Japan so as to make it applicable to the disaster management system and current conditions in member countries.” At a Workshop held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, September 5 to 9, 2005, discussions were made to share the information obtained by questionnaire which were distributed to gather information on member countries’ flood hazard maps for use as basic data for revising the flood hazard map manual. To help strengthen the legal systems related to flood hazard map, in addition to technical aspects, the revision of Japan’s Flood-Fighting Act (discussed below) was explained. Disaster prevention systems vary among member countries, and the Japanese systems are not necessarily applicable everywhere as they are. However, the member countries recognized the importance of strengthening the systems needed to properly develop and use flood hazard maps. The participants also recognized the importance of training. A trainee who participated in the “Flood Hazard Mapping Training Program” conducted by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) with the Flood Hazard Mapping Project of the Typhoon Committee, gave a report to the Workshop on the results of the training and their subsequent activities. Three years (2002-2004) have passed since the project started, and the levels of progress made in the model project vary from country to country. It is expected that progress in each of the member countries will be enhanced by linking future flood hazard mapping training with the hazard mapping itself.
H-1 1.2 Program to establish flash flood warning systems, including warnings of debris flow and landslides As regards the flash flood and sediment disaster forecasting/warning system project (“Establish a flash flood and sediment disaster forecasting/warning system in a pilot area in cooperation with DPP component and spread to other area”), the simplified critical line setting method (hereinafter called the “simplified method”) that the Japanese Government proposed in the 2004 Seoul Workshop was applied to five sediment disaster cases in 2004 and proved to be effective. The result shows that, in all cases, the amount of rainfall was in the a range above the critical line, namely, at a level creating conditions in which there was a risk that sediment disaster would occur (See Fig. 1.). This simplified method was found out to be effective even when no rainfall data was available. The Japanese Government reported on the results at the 2005 Kuala Lumpur Workshop. It is expected that the experiences and technology accumulated in this project will be efficiently disseminated in each member country when the flash flood and sediment disaster forecasting/warning system is introduced, not over the entire national land, but to the extracted areas with high risk of flash flood and sediment disaster. As an example of the technology to extract areas prone to sediment disaster risk, field training on establishing sediment disaster warning areas and special sediment disaster warning areas was conducted at the 2005 Kuala Lumpur Workshop. The Japanese Government prepared the technical data used in this field training and distributed it to the member countries.
Fig. 1 An example of verification result (Miyama Cho, Fukui Prefecture)
Fig. 2 Example of data for field training (setting the sediment disaster warning area)
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1.3 Implementation of the JICA group training, “Rivers and Dam Engineering III” The River Bureau of the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and the National Institute for Land and Infrastructure Management, PWRI, and JICA have served as implementing agencies in the JICA group training program, “Rivers and Dam Engineering III,” which was started in 1973. They have provided engineers working for the administration for flood control and water resource development all over the world with the lectures on how the Japanese Government has addressed the flood disaster prevention, exercises related to hydrological statistics and runoff analysis, lectures and exercises on dam design and construction, and on-the-spot visits to relevant facilities, etc. In 2005, engineers have been invited from Indonesia, Iran, Kenya, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, and Vietnam during the period from August to November for training.
1.4 Implementation of the PWRI “Flood Hazard Mapping Training” (1) Objectives PWRI organized the region-focused training course “Flood Hazard Mapping” from January 31 to February 18, 2005 in cooperation with the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). This training course is planned over a period of 5 years with the aim to transfer professional knowledge necessary to produce flood hazard maps as well as to enhance understanding on their effectiveness. The first training course was designed for technical managers or engineers engaged in river or flood management in the public sectors in East and Southeast Asia. The training course invited 16 trainees from 8 Asian countries, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Cambodia, Thailand, Philippines, Lao PDR, China and Vietnam. (2) Activities of the 1st training course The first training course included various lectures on science and technology of flood hazard mapping. And as lecturers, professional researchers were invited not only from the Japanese research organizations but also from the international organizations such as China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research and Mekong River Commission. It included the practical application exercises sessions such as “Town Watching (On-site inspection).” It was conducted in the middle reach of the Tone River which has been historically most flood-affected such as the Typhoon Kathleen in 1947. They surveyed the area and made interviews to the local people/community on their awareness of flood disasters. Through the Town Watching, participants gained indispensable viewpoints to produce flood hazard map by visiting the actual sites. On the last day of this training course, participants proposed their “Action Plan”, which were their activities Fig. 3 Interviewing to a related to flood hazard mapping in their own countries. resident in “Town Watching” Many of them thought that disseminating flood hazard maps and enlightening residents were very important. (3) Achievement of the 1st training course Achievements of the 1st training course is that participants learned a lot of knowledge on flood hazard mapping and had a chance to discuss with other members from different countries, and that participants developed the capacity to propose action plans to reduce or mitigate flood damage, and that UNESCO-PWRI Centre formed a stronger relationship with all participants and leading FHM specialists both nationally and internationally. At the international workshop held by Typhoon Committee in Kuala Lumpur on September 5-8,
H-3 PWRI proposed to hold an international workshop on flood hazard mapping in collaboration with TC after the two organizations complete their programs in 2008. In addition, the representatives from Korea and Thailand highly evaluated the PWRI’s training activities.
H-4 2. Progress in Member’s Important, High-Priority Goals and Objectives 2.1 New measures in response to disasters in 2004 In 2004, Japan has experienced great damage due to disasters caused by torrential rain and frequent landfall of typhoons during the rainy season. Frequent torrential rain, resulted in flooding of vulnerable medium and small rivers and sediment-related disasters. In particular, victims included the elderly and preschool children, for whom special disaster-prevention related considerations are required in view of Japan’s low birthrate and aging population. In addition, the vulnerability of regional mutual assistance systems became evident because of a decline in regional community activities and the decrease and aging of flood-fighting corps members. To adequately cope with the new issues that emerged in the series of disasters, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport established a Committee on Preparedness and General Policy for Disasters Related to the Heavy Rain, which thoroughly examined preparedness for conventional flood and sediment disaster discussed measures for their fundamental improvements. The Committee summarized its work in a report entitled, “Urgent Proposal for General Heavy Rain Disaster Preparedness” and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport drafted a “Heavy Rain Preparedness Urgent Action Plan.” On the basis of the plan, the Ministry undertook revision of the Flood-Fighting Act and the Sediment Disasters Prevention Act in order to promote flood and sediment-related disaster preparedness for torrential-rain prone medium and small rivers to prevent and alleviate damage caused by such disasters.
(1) Conventional flood-fighting in Japan Japan is located, topographically and meteorologically, in the natural environment prone to flood disasters and has the long history of mitigation of flood disasters, so that the self-defense flood-fighting activities by the autonomous organizations, mainly by villages, were made through the ages along with the flood control works. However, learning lessens from the large-scale flood disasters inflicted by the Cathleen Typhoon in 1947, the Flood-Fighting Act was established in 1949, on the basis of recognition of the importance of flood-fighting activities against great disasters by large typhoon. An outline of the Flood-Fighting Act is provided below.
＜Outline of the Act＞ ・Flood-fighting organization Because of the historical background for flood-fighting activities were that they were operated and developed by a traditional autonomous organization, mainly, the municipalities , the Act, as a rule designates local authorities as responsible for “flood-fighting administration bodies.” These bodies can organize “flood-fighting corps” and put the standing fire services under their control for engagement in flood-fighting activities. ・Preparation of the flood-fighting plan The chief administrator of the flood-fighting administration body (i.e., the mayor of a town or village) is required to establish a flood-fighting plan providing for monitoring, warning, communications, contact, transport, and operation of related facilities, and cooperation and support among flood-fighting administration bodies. ・Implementation of flood forecasting and warnings The Act stipulates that, for rivers (Class A 109 river systems and some of the Class B rivers) whose flooding may cause critical or substantial damage to the national economy, the Ministry or prefectural government, in conjunction with the Japan Meteorological Agency, will issues the flood forecasts to announce the possibility of flooding to residents in affected areas. The Ministry or the prefectural government will also issue flood-fighting warnings to provide guidelines for flood-fighting activities of the administration bodies by designating
H-5 the rivers, lakes and marshes or coasts involved. ・Official announcement of the expected flooding area and flood hazard maps The Ministry or the prefectural government designates expected flooding areas, the areas where flooding is expected when the rivers whose flooding is forecast are actually flooding. The Ministry or the prefectural government authorities announce and inform local authorities of the expected flooding area and the estimated water depth in the case designed. The local authorities prepare flood hazard maps (maps facilitating rapid and smooth evacuation of residents and enhancement of disaster preparedness) on the basis of the expected flooding area map and make them widely available to residents. To now, the flood hazard maps (FHM) have already been made available to 402 local authorities, and our aim is to prepare FHM completely in about 1,800 local authorities by March 2009. ・Measures concerning underground spaces The flooding depth increases more rapidly in the underground spaces, such as underground malls, subways, and parking areas, than in above-ground spaces. The Act stipulates that a flood forecasting communication method must be established for smooth and rapid evacuation in case of floods for the areas where are underground malls or other facilities in the expected flooding area.
(2) Revision of the Flood Flood-Fighting Act in 2005 In order to improve the function of preparedness for at communities flood, the 2005 revised Flood-Fighting Act calls for designation of expected flooding areas for an expanded scope of rivers, a more effective supply of flood information related to medium and small rivers, the establishment of flood-fighting cooperative bodies, and the establishment of a retirement bonus payment system for part-time flood-fighting corps members.
1) Expansion of designation of the expected flooding areas to major medium and small rivers (provision of data on water levels) In addition to rivers covered by the existing flood forecasting, the expected flooding areas are designated for major medium and small rivers designated by the Minister or the Governor. In line with this, local authorities in the expected flooding areas prepare the flood hazard maps (Fig. 4) and make their contents known to the public through the distribution of printed materials. 洪水ハザードマップの作成イメージ
Informatio Location and n City Flood Hazard name of transmissio evacuation Map destination
Information centers - Administrative agencies - Medical facilities - Lifeline
Distribution for underground
Knowledge and Expected flooding possessions area and clear needed for indication of flood
Fig. 4 Image of the flood hazard map
H-6 2) Improvement of dissemination of flood information pertaining to major medium and small rivers A special warning water-level (Fig. 5) to serve as a substitute for flood forecasting is one guideline established for evacuation instructions for major medium and small rivers other than flood forecasting rivers designated by the Minister or Governor. The flood-fighting administrators and other are notified when the water level reaches this level, and announcements are issued to the general public. Cooperation of the media is sought as necessary. In addition, in Japan, the following flood forecasts are issued according to the water level established for each river: Danger level: Water level that may cause flooding, possibly resulting in a dike break or flood damage. When there is risk of the water reaching this level, a flood warning is issued to residents of the region in cooperation with the flood-fighting corps, administrative agencies concerned, and broadcasting media and newspapers. Warning level: This water level is a guideline or standard used to indicate that flood-fighting activities should be activated. Flood-fighting activities, including patrol by the flood-fighting corps on the dikes, etc. are conducted when the water rises to this level and could possibly exceed it. Designated water level: This water level is a guideline indicating preparation of flood-fighting activities is needed. In the event of the water level reaching the designated level, the corps allocates mobilized members and prepares equipment.
Announcement of Notification that the special water level warning level is reached Special warning water Design high Change in level water level water level Water level as a guideline for evacuation
Warning water level Water level as a guideline for mobilization of the corps
Normal water level Design high water level: Design water level to allow flood to flow safely Fig. 5 Image of special warning water-levels 3) Enhancement and improvement of flood forecasting in large rivers For large rivers that are the flood forecasting rivers designated by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport and whose overflow flooding will cover a wide area, forecasting of the flood area and water depth by flooding will be made possible after flooding in addition to conventional forecasting of the water level and flow. 4) Establishment of the flood-fighting cooperation bodies, etc. The flood-fighting administrator is authorized to designate, upon application, the public interest corporations and incorporated nonprofit organizations as the flood-fighting bodies (Fig. 6). A retirement bonus payment system was also established for part-time members.
Flood-fighting administrator (mayor)
Application Designation
Flood-fighting Tie-up cooperation bodies Fire service ・Cooperation activities, such as Flood-fighting monitoring and warning corps ・Collection and dissemination of flood-fighting related information, and enlightenment activities
Fig. 6 Designating the flood-fighting cooperation bodies
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5) Preparation of an evacuation plan for underground facilities The owner or administrator of underground malls, etc. inside the expected flooding area prepares, individually or collectively, an evacuation plan for security evacuation routes, information systems and etc.
6) Dissemination of flood forecasts to facilities whose principal users are the elderly, etc. A method to transmit flood forecasts to facilities whose principal users are the elderly and infants inside disseminate expected flooding area is stipulated in the local disaster prevention plan.
(3) Revision of the Sediment-related Disasters Prevention Act To protect lives and prevent injuries to people from sediment disasters, the Sediment-related Disasters Prevention Act provides for the designation of zones exposed to potential damage and special zones exposed to potential damage, development of warning and evacuation systems, restrictions of specific development activity, and structural regulations of covering buildings, etc. The revised Sediment Disasters Prevention Act sets forth mandatory preparation of sediment disaster hazard maps describing the potential damage zones, shelters, and evacuation routes. It also stipulates that the sediment-related disaster information forecasting the possibility of occurrence of sediment-related disasters must be provided to local authorities to help them issue evacuation instructions or determine that residents should consider voluntary evacuation. Up to now, local authorities in Japan have been preparing sediment-related disaster hazard maps. In order to promote further hazard mapping, the Ministry has prepared a “Draft Guideline for Preparation of Sediment-related Disaster Hazard Maps and Explanations” describing fundamentals and other references to be taken into account in preparation. This draft of the Guideline is currently being distributed to local authorities. Our aim is to designate, by March 2009, approximately 6,000 locations where disasters have occurred in recent years.
H-8 3. Opportunities for Further Enhancement of Regional Cooperation 3.1 Approach of the Center on Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM) under the auspices of UNESCO The importance of international approaches toward water-related disasters occurring with high frequency all over the world has been acknowledged and proposed in numerous international meetings. On the basis of existing knowledge and experience accumulated to overcome water-related disasters and by attempting tie-ups with related governmental agencies and research institutes, PWRI is in the process of preparing for establishment of an international center for “Water Hazard and Risk Management under the auspices of UNESCO.” The Secretariat for Preparatory Activities of ICHARM established within PWRI in April 2004 is engaged in planning and preparation of research-training-information networking as described below and shown in Fig. 7, namely, the pillars of the activities of this Center, along with various procedures toward establishment of the Center in 2005.
1) Research > Contribution to development of indices and preparation of case studies in the “Risk Management” field in the World Water Development Report (WWDR) in the UN World Water Assessment Plan (WWAP) > Promotion of the International Flood Initiative (IFI) > Technical development and dissemination of the Global Flood Alert System (GFAS) in conjunction with the International Flood Network (IFNet) Fig. 7 Activities of UNESCO Center > Interdisciplinary studies on flood disaster alleviation measures for overseas river basis, Mekong River, Menam Chao Phraya, Chang Jiang, etc. > Technical development concerning hydrological data observation and processing 2) Training > Planning and implementation of training activities mainly for practitioners and researchers in developing countries “Flood hazard mapping training”; “Rivers and dam engineering training”; and “Tsunami disaster prevention training” (under preparation) ※ In particular, “Flood Hazard Mapping Training” was strongly supported with great expectation by the participating members of the Working Group of the Typhoon Committee held in Kuala Lumpur in September this year. 3) Information networking > Development of databases of meteorological and hydrological data, damage conditions, risk management systems, etc. pertaining to water-related disasters all over the world > Construction of an international and interdisciplinary network with domestic and overseas researchers, practitioners, and those who have completed training by utilizing the Web site and newsletter
The Center is to be officially inaugurated when the agreement is concluded with UNESCO on the basis of a decision by the Cabinet Council of Janpanese Government after the approval of establishment by member countries in the 33rd UNESCO General Conference in October, 2005. It is expected that tie-ups and cooperation among the Typhoon Committee member countries on water disasters will be promoted further via this Center.（For details, refer to http://www.unesco.pwri.go.jp.）
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3.2 Approach of the International Flood Network (IFNet) The International Flood Network (IFNet) was established at the 3rd World Water Forum in 2003 for the purpose of promoting international cooperation in flood measures by promoting participation of the governments, international organizations, and individuals, which have the knowledge and experience needed to deal with flood problems, and by sharing the knowledge, technologies, and information for flood measures implemented in various countries of the world. IFNet is an open network, with a total of 394 entities from 69 countries registered as of the end of August 2005. Flood-related problems and damage, which have shown an increasing trend in recent years, have conventionally been regarded as the problems of the limited regions directly involved in each case. There have been no international agencies or networks specializing in flood-related problems. Actually, the experiences and knowledge accumulated for flood measures in certain areas of the world have not been exchanged and therefore have not been utilized in other areas as they could. Moreover, in order to enable safe and sustainable development by alleviating loss of lives and socioeconomic losses by from floods, it is essential to promote implementation of the policies that can terminate the spiral of the poverty and resultant environment degradation and to encourage each country to address flood-related problems as a higher-level policy concern. IFNet utilizes its function as a network participated by those concerned with flood damage alleviation, providing a platform to exchange information among parties concerned while alleviating the importance of flood-related problems by attending the international meetings. In addition, IFNet is operating the Global Flood Alert System (GFAS), which is a project to offer the information necessary to rank the risk of flood occurrence by utilizing satellite observation of rainfall amounts. GFAS will start automatic distribution of information by the end of this year. GFAS consists of supplying, via IFNet, the rainfall information and its occurrence probability (flood occurrence possibility) based on global rainfall data observed every three hours by multiple earth observation satellites. This is expected to provide valuable information for flood forecasting and warnings in areas along large rivers where rainfall in upstream areas takes several days to reach downstream areas and the telemeter system has not been developed or in international rivers where it is difficult to transmit information on upstream areas to downstream areas. Beginning this year, preparation of the “Flood Disaster Alleviation Action Report” for wide sharing of lessons learned from flood measures in countries or regions will be started. This report will be presented in the 4th World Water Forum to be held in Mexico in March 2006.
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IV. Disaster Prevention and Preparedness
Cabinet Office
1. Progress in Member’s Regional Cooperation and Selected RCPIP Goals and Objectives:
(1) UN World Conference on Disaster Reduction The frequency and intensity of adverse natural phenomena and the severity of the damage caused by them have been increasing. Asia is the most disaster-prone region in the world, almost where ninety-percent of the victims of disasters are counted. Under these circumstances, the United Nations World Conference on Disaster Reduction (WCDR) was held from 18 to 22 January 2005 in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan. The Conference was attended by almost 4,000 participants from 168 States, and provided a unique opportunity to promote a strategic and systematic approach to reducing vulnerabilities and risks to hazards. It underscored the need for, and identified ways of, building the resilience of nations and communities to disasters. The Conference adopted the “Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015” as a guiding framework for the next decade on disaster reduction. The Thematic Sessions were held in five themes previously identified as the priority areas of work for the next ten years through the Review of the Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action (The five Themes were; 1. Governance: institutional and policy frameworks for risk reduction, 2. Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning, 3. Knowledge, innovation and education: Building a culture of safety and resilience, 4. Reducing the underlying risk factors, and 5. Preparedness for effective response). At the Conference, Junichiro Koizumi, Prime Minister of Japan, addressed that we are pouring our energy into such international cooperative efforts as the strengthening of ties with neighboring countries in the field of disaster reduction cooperation through the Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC).
(2) Asian Disaster Reduction Center (ADRC) Japan has made every effort to develop the regional networking for disaster reduction in the Asian region, in close cooperation with the United Nations. ADRC conducted a training course on flood hazard mapping in Vietnam, in cooperation with the United Nations Office for Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UN/OCHA), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Vietnamese government. At the Global Disaster Information Network (GDIN) Conference held in Canberra, Australia in March 2001, ADRC proposed to develop a standardized code (GLIDE: the Global unique disaster IDEntifier) system for managing information on disasters around the world. This proposal was accepted and launched as a pilot project. In 2004, GLIDEnumber.net, ADRC and OCHA ReliefWeb, jointly developed with technical assistance from LaRED, have begun to work for issuing GLIDE numbers to disasters immediately after they occur. Moreover, ADRC, jointly with CRED, IRI/Columbia University, USAID/OFDA,
D - 1 WMO, IFRC, UNDP, and the ISDR Secretariat, agreed using GLIDE number as standard format for identifying the disaster. (See Diagram 1-1)
Diagram 1-1 Anatomy of the GLIDE Number
Source: ADRC, http://glidenumber.net
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2. Progress in Member’s Important, High-Priority Goals and Objectives
(1) Japan as a Disaster-prone Country The natural conditions of Japan—its location, topography, geology and climate—make the country highly vulnerable to natural disasters including earthquakes, typhoons, heavy rain and snowfall, and volcanic eruptions. Natural disasters cause the loss of many precious lives and resources each year, yet there has been a long-term decline since the 1950s in the numbers of dead and missing. (See Diagram 2-1) The most serious natural disasters in terms of dead and missing persons, aside from the major losses due to earthquakes in 1993 and 1995, are landslides, followed by heavy rain and snowfall. (See Diagram 2-2)
Diagram 2-1 Dead and missing persons due to natural disasters (persons) 7,000(persons) 7,000 6,481 6,481 6,062 6,000 6,062 5,868 6,000 5,868
5,000 4,897 5,000 4,897
4,000 4,000
3,212 3,212 3,000 2,926 3,000 2,926
2,120 2,000 1,950 2,120 2,000 1,950 1,504 1,515 1,504 1,291 1,515 1,210 1,291 975 1,210 1,000 902 975 765 727 902 607 587 1,000 765 528 575 578 524 449 727 438 381 575 367 578 607 350 587 528 307 324 273 524301 306 449 259 213 208 232 438 381 367 183 163 174 153 148 199 199 148 190 141 307 350 85 324 301 69 93 96 123 84 71 109 78 90 306 259 273 232 19 39 48 62 183 163 213 174 153 208 148 199 199 148 190 85 93 96 123 84 109 141 90 0 69 19 39 71 78 48 62 05 7 9 1 3 5 9 1 5 7 1 3 7 9 3 5 9 1 5 7 9 1 3 94 5 95 96 96 97 97 98 99 99 00 0 1 5 194 7 194 9 19 1 195 3 1 5 1957 195 9 1 1 1963 196 5 1 7 1969 197 1 1 3 1975 197 7 1 9 1981 198 3 1 5 1987 198 9 1 1 1993 199 5 1 7 199 9 2 1 20 3 94 5 95 96 96 97 97 98 99 99 00 0 1 194 194 19 195 1 1957 195 1 1963 196 1 1969 197 1 1975 197 1 1981 198 1 1987 198 1 1993 199 1 199 2 (year)20 (year) Sources: For 1945, physical chronologies of dead and missing in major disasters. For 1946-52, Japan Meteorological Agency disaster reports. For 1953-62, National Police Agency data. For 1963 and later, Fire and Disaster Management Agency data. Note: Among the dead in 1995 are 912 killed in various ways in the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.
D - 3
Diagram 2-2 Annual numbers of dead and missing persons from various types of disaster (persons) 1,000(persons) Other 1,000 Other Snow damage 900 Snow damage 900 Earthquakes Earthquakes 800 6,481 800 6,481 Storm and floods Storm and floods 700 700
600 600
500 500 438 438 400 400 306 300 306 300
200 190 190 200 123 141 123 109 141 93 96 84 90 100 69 71 109 78 62 93 96 84 90 48 100 69 39 71 78 62 19 39 48 0 19 0 1 2 89 9 98 00 0 1987 1988 19 1990 19 1 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 19 1999 20 2001 20 2 2003 2004 89 9 98 00 0 (year) 1987 1988 19 1990 19 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 19 1999 20 2001 20 2003 2004(year) Data: Compiled by the Cabinet Office from Fire and Disaster Management Agency data. Earthquake figures include tsunami casualties. Note: Among the dead in 1995 are 912 killed in various ways in the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake.
(2) Major Disasters and Response Measures since 2004 In 2004, Japan was affected by the largest number of disasters in recent years. Monsoon rain fronts and typhoons followed by floods and landslides caused major damage during the summer and autumn. (See Diagram 2-3) Particularly, 19 tropical cyclones came ashore and 10 made landfall on the Japanese Archipelago, which hit a new record of the number of landing tropical cyclones on Japan within a year since 1951. Through such disasters of meteorological/hydrological origin, 236 people were killed or reported missing, about 17,500 houses were collapsed and over 165,800 were damaged under water.
D - 4
Diagram 2-3 Major disasters of meteorological/hydrological origin since 2004 Persons Buildings damaged Date Event killed/ partially injured collapsed under missing collapsed water 2004 June Gust in 0 15 15 25 - 27 Saga Prefecture Heavy rainfall in July Niigata and Fukushima 16 4 70 5,354 2,149 12-13 Prefecture July Heavy rainfall in 5 19 66 135 4,052 17-18 Fukui Prefecture Typhoon July 29 No.10(NAMTHEUN), - 3 19 11 22 274 No.11(MALOU) and Aug. 6 heavy rainfall Typhoon No.15(MEGI) Aug. and frontal heavy 10 28 16 88 400 17-20 rainfall Aug. Typhoon No.16 17 288 35 133 14,565 27-31 (CHABA) Sep. Typhoon No.18 45 1,365 132 1,396 1,570 4-8 (SONGDA) Sep. Typhoon No.21 27 98 92 783 5,193 26-30 (MEARI) Oct. Typhoon No.22 9 166 135 287 1,561 8-10 (MA-ON) Oct. Typhoon No.23 98 552 893 7,762 14,289 18-21 (TOKAGE) Winter Snow damage 88 771 56 7 11 2005 season June Heavy rainfall in 12 13 6 2 327 -July monsoon rain front Sep. Typhoon No.14 29 174 284 347 11,619 5-8 (NABI) Data: Compiled by the Cabinet Office from Fire and Disaster Management Agency data.
In the report by CRED, Japan is ranked as number one in the top-10 list of the affected countries in terms of economic impact. The national government, with local governments, took measures with concerted efforts for each disaster. Thus, number of victims and affected people were relatively small.
D - 5 (3) Storm and Flood Countermeasures Many local governments have recently started providing disaster prevention information such as hazard maps that indicate potential damage areas by natural calamity, and damage projections. Hazard maps are particularly effective against flooding. By indicating the potentially affected area of floods, people become aware of what they need to do everyday and prepare to prevent and minimize damage. There are 375 municipalities that have completed a flood hazard map as of March 2005. In 2004, there were many casualties by storms and floods especially among the elderly because of delay in activities for evacuation and shelter. Learning from such disasters, we take countermeasures against transmission of accurate evacuation warning and evacuation conduct especially for elderly and disabled. The national government has developed two guidelines to measure such disasters and some local government have already provided for these disaster emergency measures. The one is creation of issue and transmission manuals on recommendations or orders for evacuation, which is also useful for municipalities to decide criteria of those judgments. The other is how to support the elderly, the disabled and other requiring special care to evacuate referring to share the necessary information among neighborhoods, organizations and municipalities who help those people.
D - 6
V. Typhoons that Impacted Japan
V. Typhoons that Impacted Japan
In 2005, nine tropical cyclones (TCs) of tropical storm (TS) intensity or higher came into areas within 300 km from the Japanese islands as of 9 September. Among them, seven affected Japan and three made landfall on Japan in 2005. The seven TCs are described as follows and their tracks are also shown in the figures on pages T-5 and T-6.
(1) TY Haitang (0505) HAITANG formed as a tropical depression (TD) over the sea south of Minamitorishima Island at 18UTC on 10 July 2005. It moved westward, and developed into a tropical storm (TS) west of Minamitorishima Island at 00UTC, 13 July. Moving to the west-southwest, it developed quickly to the typhoon (TY) intensity north of the Mariana Islands at 18UTC on the same day. Turning westward and then west-northwestward, HAITANG reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 105kt and central pressure of 920hPa over the waters south of Okinawa Island at 06UTC, 16 July. After it moved northwestwards over the sea south of Ishigakijima Island on 17 July, it turned in the counterclockwise direction off the eastern coast of Taiwan. HAITANG turned toward the northwest, crossed Taiwan on 18 July, and then made landfall on the southern China with the severe tropical storm (STS) intensity on 19 July. It weakened into a TD and dissipated in the central China at 06UTC, 20 July and 18UTC, 21 July, respectively. A peak gust of 54.8m/s and a daily rainfall of 231.5mm was observed at Yonagunijima (47912). Damage to houses and farm products by strong wind, electric power outage, and flight cancellations were reported in the southwestern part of the Nansei Islands.
(2) STS Banyan (0507) BANYAN formed as a tropical depression (TD) over the sea far east of the Philippines at 12UTC on 20 July 2005. Moving northward, it developed into a tropical storm (TS) over the same waters at 18UTC, 21 July. Keeping the track to the north, it was upgraded into the severe tropical storm (STS) intensity and reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 55kt and central pressure of 975hPa over the waters east of Okinotorishima Island at 12UTC and 18UTC, 23 July, respectively. From 24 to 25 July, it moved northward, weakening slowly. After it turned northeastward south of Japan, BANYAN made landfall on Honshu after 11UTC, 26 July. Keeping the northeast track, it transformed into an extratropical cyclone around the Kurile Islands at 00UTC, 28 July. It turned gradually toward the east and crossed the International Date Line around the Aleutian Islands before 06UTC, 31 July. A peak gust of 33.0m/s and a daily rainfall of 202mm was observed at Hachijojima (47678) and Chichibu (47641), respectively. Cancellation of flights and railways was reported in Kanto region.
T-1
(3) TY Matsa (0509) MATSA formed as a tropical depression (TD) over the sea south of Yap Island at 12UTC on 30 July 2005. Moving northwestward, it developed into a tropical storm (TS) far east of the Philippines at 12UTC, 31 July. It moved to the northwest, and was upgraded into the typhoon (TY) intensity over the waters east of the Philippines at 12UTC, 2 August. Keeping the northwest track, it passed Ishigakijima Island before 11UTC, 4 August. Soon after it entered the East China Sea, it reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 80kt and central pressure of 950hPa at 18UTC on the same day. Moving to the northwest, MATSA made landfall on the central China and then was downgraded into the severe tropical storm (STS) intensity at 00UTC, 6 August. After it turned abruptly toward the north, it weakened into a TD north of Nanjin at 12UTC, 7 August. It transformed into an extratropical cyclone around Shandong Peninsula at 06UTC, 8 August and then turned toward the northeast. MATSA passed the Bohai and then dissipated around Liaodong Peninsula at 12UTC, 9 August. A peak gust of 50.6m/s was observed at Ishigakijima (47918). Electric power outage, cancellation of flights and ships, and damages to farm products by strong wind were reported in the southwestern part of the Nansei Islands.
(4) TY Mawar (0511) MAWAR formed as a tropical depression (TD) over the waters northwest of the Mariana Islands at 06UTC on 19 August 2005. Moving westward, it developed into a tropical storm (TS) over the same waters at 18UTC, 19 August. Turning to the northwest, it was upgraded into the typhoon (TY) intensity over the same waters at 00UTC, 21 August and then reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 95kt and central pressure of 930hPa at 18UTC on the same day. After it recurved south of Honshu on 24 August, it made landfall on Honshu with the TY intensity after 19UTC, 25 August. Soon after MAWAR entered the Pacific again, it was downgraded into the TS intensity at 06UTC, 26 August. Moving to the east, it transformed into an extratropical cyclone over the same waters at 00UTC, 28 August. It turned abruptly to the north and then to the east again, and dissipated over the waters east of Japan at 06UTC, 1 September. A peak gust of 57.0m/s and a daily rainfall of 265.5mm was observed at Oshima (47675). Damage to houses by landslides and strong wind, electric power outage, and cancellation of flights and ships were reported in Kanto region.
(5) TY Talim (0513) TALIM formed as a tropical depression (TD) south of Guam at 18UTC on 25 August 2005. Moving to the west and then to the north-northwest, it developed into a tropical storm (TS) west of Guam at 00UTC, 27 August. Turning to the west-northwest, it developed into a
T-2 typhoon (TY) far east of the Philippines at 06UTC, 28 August and reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 95kt and central pressure of 925hPa over the waters southeast of Okinawa at 18UTC on the next day. With nearly peak intensity, it passed south of Yonagunijima Island and then made landfall on Taiwan late 31 August. Moving to the west-northwest, TALIM entered the Taiwan Strait and then made landfall on the southern China on 1 September. It weakened into a TD at 06UTC, 2 September and dissipated in the central China at 00UTC on the next day. A peak gust of 59.1m/s was observed at Ishigakijima (47918). Damage to houses by strong wind and cancellation of flights and ships were reported in the southwestern part of the Nansei Islands.
(6) TY Nabi (0514) NABI formed as a tropical depression (TD) east of the Mariana Islands at 00UTC on 29 August 2005. Moving to the west, it developed into a tropical storm (TS) over the same waters at 12UTC, 29 August. Turning to the west-northwest, it developed into a typhoon (TY) over the same waters at 18UTC, 30 August and reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 95kt and central pressure of 925hPa east of the Philippines at 06UTC, 2 September. Turning toward the north, it passed slowly through the Nansei islands and made landfall on Kyushu with the TY intensity after 05UTC, 6 September. It moved northeastward in the Japan Sea and made landfall again on Hokkaido on 7 September. Turning to the east, NABI transformed into an extratropical cyclone in the Sea of Okhotsk at 06UTC, 8 September.
Landslide in Kagoshima Prefecture on 6 September. (Photo by the Mainichi Newspaper Co., Ltd.)
A peak gust of 59.2m/s was observed at Tanegashima (47837), and a daily rainfall of
T-3 429mm was observed at Miyakonojo (47829). Total rainfall of more than 1300mm was observed at an unmanned station in the southern Kyushu. Twenty-nine people were killed/missing due to landslides and floods in the western Japan, particularly in the southern Kyushu. Damage to the houses and a highway by landslides were also reported in the western Japan.
（7） TY Khanun (0515) KHANUN formed as a tropical depression (TD) over the waters north of Yap Island at 18UTC, 5 September 2005. It moved northwestward and developed into a tropical storm (TS) over the waters far east of the Philippines at 00UTC, 7 September. Moving to the west-southwest, and then turning to the northwest, it was upgraded into the typhoon (TY) intensity over the same waters at 18UTC on the next day. Keeping the track to the northwest, KHANUN approached Miyakojima Island and reached the peak intensity with maximum sustained wind of 85kt and central pressure of 945hPa at 09UTC, 10 September. After it made landfall on China with the TY intensity on 11 September, it recurved with weakening the intensity in China. It transformed into an extratropical cyclone and dissipated in the Yellow Sea at 00UTC and 06UTC, 13 September, respectively. A peak gust of 47.5m/s was observed at Miyakojima (47927), and a daily rainfall of 432.5mm was observed at Miyakojima (47843). Damage to houses and farm products were reported in Miyakojima Island.
T-4 31 994 TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS 30 0507 988 50 50
29 990
40 28 984 40 0509
09 998 08 996 27 980 30 30 07 992 0505 21 26 1000 06 975 20 975 992
05 2 19 T-5 T-5 0 980 955 25 20 975 1004 18 04 12 1010 998 11/JUL 950 955 13 11 17 0505 965 920 925 24 14 03 16 975 965 960 15 11 23 0 70 10 02 985 1 980 10 22 990 120 01 21/JUL 60 994 21 1 998 0507 130 31/JUL 150 0509 31 140 1000
TS,STS or TY Position at 0000 UTC with date & central pressure YYNN Identification number TD or extratropical cyclone Position at 1200 UTC
T-5 TROPICAL CYCLONE TRACKS
50 50
0514 985 08 40 40
0511 30 01 31 1014 1006 1008 980 0515 07 29 1004 30 13 27 1000 28 0 26 994 3 1000 0513 12 985 992 950 960 06 25 02 945 996 11 935 945 05 24 20 950 0 01 955 940 2 23 960 10 04
930 T-6 31 22 925 935 970 945 30 21 03 1000 20/AUG 930 20 0511 29 09 965 02 955 11 935 0 70 10 01 950 985 1004 1 28 29/AUG 0 985 31 30 29 1 08 0514 980 12 07/SEP 0 07 27 160 0515 996 1002 26/AUG 26 130 1004 0513 150 140
TS,STS or TY Position at 0000 UTC with date & central pressure YYNN Identification number TD or extratropical cyclone Position at 1200 UTC
T-6 Format 1/6 REPORT ON DAMAGE CAUSED BY CYCLONES, FLOODS AND DROUGHT COUNTRY: Japan PERIOD COVERED BY THIS REPORT: from: 1 September 2004 to: 31 August 2005 ( date, month, year ) ( date, month, year ) PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY:
DATE PREPARED: 8 September 2005 ( date, month, year )
INTRODUCTION
1. It was decided at the fourteenth session of the Typhoon Committee (Manila, November 1981) that information on damage caused by typhoons and floods should be compiled and sent to the Typhoon Committee Secretariat (TCS) before each annual session of the Typhoon Committee. This information shall consist of statistics on loss of human life, damage to houses, public facilities, agricultural products, etc.
2. At the fifth session of Management Board of the Typhoon Operational Experiment (TOPEX) (Tokyo, February 1982) UNDRO and LRCS were asked to co-operate in the preparation of a simple standard format for the region and make proposals for consideration by the Board at its sixth session.
3. The Board considered the proposed format at its sixth session (Bangkok, November 1982) and requested ESCAP and WMO in consultation with UNDRO and LRCS to revise the format with a view to incorporating more elaborately ESCAP’s long experience in flood statistics and to avoiding duplication with the ongoing efforts of ESCAP to improve disaster statistics.
4. Accordingly this format was prepared for consideration at the third Planning Meeting for TOPEX (Tokyo, February 1983). The revised format was considered and adopted by the Meeting after some minor editorial amendments.
REPORT
1. This report should cover the total damage caused by typhoons and heavy rainfall, and associated storm-surges, floods, landslides etc.
2. This report should be prepared by an official of the agency responsible for the disaster preparedness and relief in consultation with other agencies concerned.
* Such official should be designated by each member and reported to TCS beforehand.
FORMAT
1. This format is designed to aid compilation of data and information which are already collected in each country. In other words, it does not propose any change in the existing systems of disaster damage survey in the various countries.
2. If final official figures for the reporting period are not available, it is recommended that tentative data be reported with appropriate notations.
3. Although this format covers broad aspects of disasters and detailed data, if the country is not prepared to provide data on some of the items, those may be left blank. However, it is recommended that the country report provides data at least on vital items marked with an asterisk and enclosed thick lines, which are regarded as basic elements in disaster statistics on typhoon damage.
4. Data processing involved in the estimation of damage costs require much time, therefore, if the data are still being processed at the time of reporting, it should be noted when such data will become available.
* = Applicable for the members of Typhoon Committee.
T-7
T-7 Note Format 2/6 For consistency, please use the following where necessary:
･･･ data are not available or not separately reported amount is negligible or nil N/A item is not applicable
Sequence No. Ⅰ. GENERAL 1 2 3 4
1. Type of disaster* Sequence number/code name of the typhoon and/or Typhoon 0418 Typhoon 0421 Typhoon 0422 Typhoon 0423 type of disaster caused by it or by a combination of weather disturbances such as rainfall, strong winds, storm-surges, (Songda) (Meari) (Ma-on) (Tokage) floods and landslides 4－8 24－30 7－10 17－21 2. Date or period of occurrence* September September October October 2004 2004 2004 2004 T-8 T-8 3. Name of regions/areas seriously affected* Whole Tohoku to Tohoku to Tohoku to country Okinawa Okinawa Okinawa District District District
Ⅱ. HUMAN DAMAGE UNIT
persons 4. Dead and missing * 45 27 9 98 persons 5. Injured 1,365 98 166 552 persons 6. Homeless Data are not available * families persons 7. Affected 1) Data are not available families persons 8. Total families 1,410 125 175 650 1) Please specify other categories of disaster victims covered here e.g. assisted by emergency relief activities, those whose normal activities are seriously disrupted.
Remarks:
T-8 Note Format 2/6 For consistency, please use the following where necessary:
･･･ data are not available or not separately reported amount is negligible or nil N/A item is not applicable
Sequence No. Ⅰ. GENERAL 5 6 7 8
1. Type of disaster* Sequence number/code name of the typhoon and/or Flood due to Flood due to Flood due to Typhoon 0505 type of disaster caused by it or by a combination of weather disturbances such as rainfall, strong winds, storm-surges, heavy rainfall heavy rainfall heavy rainfall (Haitang) floods and landslides 11－12 27 June－ 8－12 17－18 2. Date or period of occurrence* November 4 July July July 2004 2005 2005 2005 3. Name of regions/areas seriously affected* Kanto to Tohoku to Tokai to
T-9 T-9 Okinawa Kyushu Kyushu Kyushu District District District District
Ⅱ. HUMAN DAMAGE UNIT
persons 4. Dead and missing * 1 6 6 1 persons 5. Injured 0 10 3 8 persons 6. Homeless Data are not available * families persons 7. Affected 1) Data are not available families persons 8. Total families 1 16 9 9 1) Please specify other categories of disaster victims covered here e.g. assisted by emergency relief activities, those whose normal activities are seriously disrupted.
Remarks:
T-9 Note Format 2/6 For consistency, please use the following where necessary:
･･･ data are not available or not separately reported amount is negligible or nil N/A item is not applicable
Sequence No. Ⅰ. GENERAL 9 10
1. Type of disaster* Sequence number/code name of the typhoon and/or Typhoon 0507 Typhoon 0511 type of disaster caused by it or by a combination of weather disturbances such as rainfall, strong winds, storm-surges, (Banyan) (Mawar) floods and landslides 26－27 23－26 2. Date or period of occurrence* July August 2005 2005 Tohoku to Kinki Tohoku to Tokai 3. Name of regions/areas seriously affected* District District T-10
Ⅱ. HUMAN DAMAGE UNIT
persons 4. Dead and missing * 0 0 persons 5. Injured 5 6 persons 6. Homeless Data are not available * families persons 7. Affected 1) Data are not available families persons 8. Total families 5 6 1) Please specify other categories of disaster victims covered here e.g. assisted by emergency relief activities, those whose normal activities are seriously disrupted.
Remarks:
T-10 Format 3/6 Ⅲ. MATERIAL DAMAGE IN PHYSICAL TERMS
Sequence No. A. Houses and buildings2) Unit 1 2 3 4 Units 9. Destroyed * 132 92 135 893 Units 10. Damaged * 66,461 2,790 4,796 18,596 Units 11. Affected 3) please specify: * 8,196 19,605 7,046 55,409 Units 12. Total * 74,789 22,487 11,977 74,898
B. Farmland4)
hectares 13. Farmland * 279,955 40,753 6,601 53,916
T-11 T-11 C. Agricultural Products tons 14. Crops Data are not available * heads 15. Livestock Data are not available
number 16. Fruit plants Data are not available hectares
17. Others5) please specify: None
2) Houses and buildings affected includes public buildings and are classified into three groups: Those not able to be used without reconstruction enter into “Destroyed”; those which can be repaired enter into “Damaged” and others which were inundated, damaged in minor parts or whose fixtures and furniture were damaged enter into “Affected”.
3) Please specify other types of damage e.g. inundated, marooned, evacuated.
4) Farmland affected are those buried, washed away, inundated and/or whose products were damaged.
5) If data are available for other products such as vegetables, marine products, forest products, please use this column.
Remarks:
T-11 Format 3/6 Ⅲ. MATERIAL DAMAGE IN PHYSICAL TERMS
Sequence No. A. Houses and buildings2) Unit 5 6 7 8 Units 9. Destroyed * 0 2 4 0 Units 10. Damaged * 4 13 6 0 Units 11. Affected 3) please specify: * 929 3,423 382 0 Units 12. Total * 933 3,438 392 0
B. Farmland4)
hectares 13. Farmland * 124 2,793 10 0
C. Agricultural Products T-12 tons 14. Crops Data are not available * heads 15. Livestock Data are not available
number 16. Fruit plants Data are not available hectares
17. Others5) please specify: None
2) Houses and buildings affected includes public buildings and are classified into three groups: Those not able to be used without reconstruction enter into “Destroyed”; those which can be repaired enter into “Damaged” and others which were inundated, damaged in minor parts or whose fixtures and furniture were damaged enter into “Affected”.
3) Please specify other types of damage e.g. inundated, marooned, evacuated.
4) Farmland affected are those buried, washed away, inundated and/or whose products were damaged.
5) If data are available for other products such as vegetables, marine products, forest products, please use this column.
Remarks:
T-12 Format 3/6 Ⅲ. MATERIAL DAMAGE IN PHYSICAL TERMS
Sequence No. A. Houses and buildings2) Unit 9 10 Units 9. Destroyed * 0 0 Units 10. Damaged * 2 25 Units 11. Affected 3) please specify: * 0 89 Units 12. Total * 2 114
B. Farmland4)
hectares 13. Farmland * 908 74
T-13 C. Agricultural Products tons 14. Crops Data are not available * heads 15. Livestock Data are not available
number 16. Fruit plants Data are not available hectares
17. Others5) please specify: None
2) Houses and buildings affected includes public buildings and are classified into three groups: Those not able to be used without reconstruction enter into “Destroyed”; those which can be repaired enter into “Damaged” and others which were inundated, damaged in minor parts or whose fixtures and furniture were damaged enter into “Affected”.
3) Please specify other types of damage e.g. inundated, marooned, evacuated.
4) Farmland affected are those buried, washed away, inundated and/or whose products were damaged.
5) If data are available for other products such as vegetables, marine products, forest products, please use this column.
Remarks:
T-13 Format 4/6 Sequence No. D. Public works facilities Unit 1 2 3 4 km 18. Road* sites 1,144 1,093 2,005 2,072 19. Bridge* sites 7 9 18 144 20. River embankment sites 41 6 1 110 hectares 21. Irrigation facilities sites Data are not available 22. Reservoir and dam number Data are not available number 23. Harbour and port sites 532 12 0 76
24. Other please specify: None
E. Public utilities7) km 25. Railway sites 11 14 10 118 affected 26. Electric supply families 3,067,150 367,381 217,941 1,288,635 sites T-14 T-14 affected 27. Water supply families 12,680 4,085 6,479 31,820 sites circuits 28. Telecommunication sites 2,860 3,580 2,212 2,673
29. Other please specify: None
F. Others 30. Ships lost or damaged number 2,001 74 95 494 31. Landslides & collapse of slope sites 245 448 1,298 1,666 6) There are two types of classification methods in the public works facilities: a) classification in accordance with the nature of the service provided; b) classification in accordance with the administrative structure of the Government. Although the format was prepared according to the former classification, if necessary, appropriate changes might be allowed.
7) Public utilities include both private owned and state owned facilities. Column of “Other” can be used for the damage in airport, gas supply etc. Remarks:
T-14 Format 4/6 Sequence No. D. Public works facilities Unit 5 6 7 8 km 18. Road* sites 41 689 88 0 19. Bridge* sites 0 0 0 0 20. River embankment sites 0 34 0 0 hectares 21. Irrigation facilities sites Data are not available 22. Reservoir and dam number Data are not available number 23. Harbour and port sites 0 0 0 0
24. Other please specify: None
E. Public utilities7) km 25. Railway sites 2 3 0 0 T-15 26. Electric supply affected families 30 16,355 2,164 9,250 sites affected 27. Water supply families 0 0 0 0 sites circuits 28. Telecommunication sites 0 1 0 31
29. Other please specify: None
F. Others 30. Ships lost or damaged number 0 0 0 0 31. Landslides & collapse of slope sites 85 280 147 0 6) There are two types of classification methods in the public works facilities: c) classification in accordance with the nature of the service provided; d) classification in accordance with the administrative structure of the Government. Although the format was prepared according to the former classification, if necessary, appropriate changes might be allowed.
7) Public utilities include both private owned and state owned facilities. Column of “Other” can be used for the damage in airport, gas supply etc. Remarks:
T-15 Format 4/6 Sequence No. D. Public works facilities Unit 9 10 km 18. Road* sites 9 61 19. Bridge* sites 0 1 20. River embankment sites 0 36 hectares 21. Irrigation facilities sites Data are not available 22. Reservoir and dam number Data are not available number 23. Harbour and port sites 2 2
24. Other please specify: None
E. Public utilities7) km 25. Railway sites 0 0 affected 26. Electric supply families 1,461 49,132 sites T-16 T-16 affected 27. Water supply families 0 50 sites circuits 28. Telecommunication sites 0 0
29. Other please specify: None
F. Others 30. Ships lost or damaged number 0 0 31. Landslides & collapse of slope sites 5 34 6) There are two types of classification methods in the public works facilities: e) classification in accordance with the nature of the service provided; f) classification in accordance with the administrative structure of the Government. Although the format was prepared according to the former classification, if necessary, appropriate changes might be allowed.
7) Public utilities include both private owned and state owned facilities. Column of “Other” can be used for the damage in airport, gas supply etc. Remarks:
T-16 Format 5/6 Ⅳ. MATERIAL DAMAGE IN MONETARY TERMS
UNIT:* 100 million JPY EXCHANGE RATE:* ONE $US = 110 JPY
Sequence No. 1 2 3 4 8) 32. Damage of houses & loss of private property* includes: Houses and buildings for residential use, ・ ・Household furniture, appliances and possessions, Data are not available ・Stored goods & other assets of farmers’ & fishermen’s households, ・Other: 9) 33. Loss of agriculture production* includes: Crops, Vegetables, Fruits, etc. 1039.4 135.3 41.4 627.7 ・Livestock, ・Other: 10) 34. Loss of industry* Data are not available
8) Damage of houses and loss of private property includes damage to: a) houses and buildings for residential use, b) household furniture, appliances and possessions, c) stored goods and other assets of farmers’ and fishermen’s households. Damage to T-17 shops and manufacturies could be classified under item ”34. loss of industry”, however, if such separation was not possible for small shops and home-industries, such damage could be included in this item with an appropriate note.
Damage costs can be estimated by means of surveys listing the number of houses and buildings, their floor area and extent of damage, priced according to the value of the building or per unit area of floor space. Damage to household articles and personal effects such as clothing, furniture, electric appliances, cars, etc. are included in this category. If information on the household articles of an average family is available, loss may be calculated by multiplying the number of affected families by their total properties and an assessed percentage of damage. Damage to stored goods and other assets of farmers’ and fishermen’s households can be assessed in a similar manner.
9) Loss of agricultural production includes damage to: a) crops, vegetables, fruits, etc., b) livestock, c)marine products, d) forest products. Damage to agricultural products which had been stored in farmers’houses or warehouses should be counted under item “32. Damage of houses and loss of private property”.
Crop damage can be estimated by multiplying the damaged crop area by the average loss per hectare and unit price of the crop, after considering the extent of damage to crops inundated and buried under debris. Loss of livestock can be estimated in the same manner by multiplying the head of stock lost by unit market price.
10) Loss of industry includes damage to buildings, factories, warehouses, machinery, stored goods and other assets in factories and wholesale, retail and other service industries, but excludes agriculture, fishing and public utilities. Indirect losses due to suspension of routine activities are excluded here and if such data is available, please use column “V. OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DATA AVAILABLE”.
Estimates of the damage incurred can be sought from the industries concerned. Remarks:
T-17 Format 5/6 Ⅳ. MATERIAL DAMAGE IN MONETARY TERMS
UNIT:* 100 million JPY EXCHANGE RATE:* ONE $US = 110 JPY
Sequence No. 5 6 7 8 8) 32. Damage of houses & loss of private property* includes: Houses and buildings for residential use, ・ ・Household furniture, appliances and possessions, Data are not available ・Stored goods & other assets of farmers’ & fishermen’s households, ・Other: 9) 33. Loss of agriculture production* includes: Crops, Vegetables, Fruits, etc. 0.9 26.1 3.7 1.3 ・Livestock, ・Other: 10) 34. Loss of industry* Data are not available
8) Damage of houses and loss of private property includes damage to: a) houses and buildings for residential use, b) household furniture, appliances and possessions, c) stored goods and other assets of farmers’ and fishermen’s households. Damage to shops and manufacturies could be classified under item ”34. loss of industry”, however, if such separation was not possible for
small shops and home-industries, such damage could be included in this item with an appropriate note. T-18
Damage costs can be estimated by means of surveys listing the number of houses and buildings, their floor area and extent of damage, priced according to the value of the building or per unit area of floor space. Damage to household articles and personal effects such as clothing, furniture, electric appliances, cars, etc. are included in this category. If information on the household articles of an average family is available, loss may be calculated by multiplying the number of affected families by their total properties and an assessed percentage of damage. Damage to stored goods and other assets of farmers’ and fishermen’s households can be assessed in a similar manner.
9) Loss of agricultural production includes damage to: a) crops, vegetables, fruits, etc., b) livestock, c)marine products, d) forest products. Damage to agricultural products which had been stored in farmers’houses or warehouses should be counted under item “32. Damage of houses and loss of private property”.
Crop damage can be estimated by multiplying the damaged crop area by the average loss per hectare and unit price of the crop, after considering the extent of damage to crops inundated and buried under debris. Loss of livestock can be estimated in the same manner by multiplying the head of stock lost by unit market price.
10) Loss of industry includes damage to buildings, factories, warehouses, machinery, stored goods and other assets in factories and wholesale, retail and other service industries, but excludes agriculture, fishing and public utilities. Indirect losses due to suspension of routine activities are excluded here and if such data is available, please use column “V. OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DATA AVAILABLE”.
Estimates of the damage incurred can be sought from the industries concerned. Remarks:
T-18 Format 5/6 Ⅳ. MATERIAL DAMAGE IN MONETARY TERMS
UNIT:* 100 million JPY EXCHANGE RATE:* ONE $US = 110 JPY
Sequence No. 9 10 8) 32. Damage of houses & loss of private property* includes: Houses and buildings for residential use, ・ ・Household furniture, appliances and possessions, Data are not available ・Stored goods & other assets of farmers’ & fishermen’s households, ・Other: 9) 33. Loss of agriculture production* includes: Crops, Vegetables, Fruits, etc. 1.1 0.6 ・Livestock, ・Other: 10) 34. Loss of industry* Data are not available
8) Damage of houses and loss of private property includes damage to: a) houses and buildings for residential use, b) household T-19 furniture, appliances and possessions, c) stored goods and other assets of farmers’ and fishermen’s households. Damage to shops and manufacturies could be classified under item ”34. loss of industry”, however, if such separation was not possible for small shops and home-industries, such damage could be included in this item with an appropriate note.
Damage costs can be estimated by means of surveys listing the number of houses and buildings, their floor area and extent of damage, priced according to the value of the building or per unit area of floor space. Damage to household articles and personal effects such as clothing, furniture, electric appliances, cars, etc. are included in this category. If information on the household articles of an average family is available, loss may be calculated by multiplying the number of affected families by their total properties and an assessed percentage of damage. Damage to stored goods and other assets of farmers’ and fishermen’s households can be assessed in a similar manner.
9) Loss of agricultural production includes damage to: a) crops, vegetables, fruits, etc., b) livestock, c)marine products, d) forest products. Damage to agricultural products which had been stored in farmers’houses or warehouses should be counted under item “32. Damage of houses and loss of private property”.
Crop damage can be estimated by multiplying the damaged crop area by the average loss per hectare and unit price of the crop, after considering the extent of damage to crops inundated and buried under debris. Loss of livestock can be estimated in the same manner by multiplying the head of stock lost by unit market price.
10) Loss of industry includes damage to buildings, factories, warehouses, machinery, stored goods and other assets in factories and wholesale, retail and other service industries, but excludes agriculture, fishing and public utilities. Indirect losses due to suspension of routine activities are excluded here and if such data is available, please use column “V. OTHER ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DATA AVAILABLE”.
Estimates of the damage incurred can be sought from the industries concerned. Remarks:
T-19 Format 6/6 Sequence No. 1 2 3 4 11) 35. Loss of public works facilities* includes items under TERMS: ・Road, ・Bridge, ・River embankment etc., ・Irrigation Data are not available ・ ・ facility Reservoir Ⅲand dam, Harbour and port, and ・Public buildings, ・Rehabilitation. MATERIAL cost DAMAGE of farmland IN PHYSICAL at Government expense, ・Other: 12) 36. Loss of public utilities* includes items under TERMS: Data are not available Railway, ・Electric supply, ・Water supply, ・ ・ ・ Telecommunication, ⅢOther: 37. Total estimated/counted damage. MATERIAL cost* DAMAGE IN PHYSICAL sum of items: ・32, ・33, ・34, ・35, ・36 1039.4 135.3 41.4 627.7
11) Loss of public works facilities is the cost required for the following facilities at Government expense: a) road and bridge, b) flood control installations, c) agricultural land, d) irrigation and drainage installations, e) reservoirs and dams, f) harbour, fishing port and airport installations, g) erosion control and landslide structures, h) streets, urban sewerage systems and other public works facilities.
12) Public utilities include both private owned and state owned facilities. T-20
Remarks:
T-20 Ⅴ. OTHER INFORMATION AND DATA AVAILABLE Format 6/6 Sequence No. 5 6 7 8 11) 35. Loss of public works facilities* includes items under TERMS: ・Road, ・Bridge, ・River embankment etc., ・Irrigation Data are not available ・ ・ facility Reservoir Ⅲand dam, Harbour and port, and ・Public buildings, ・Rehabilitation. MATERIAL cost DAMAGE of farmland IN PHYSICAL at Government expense, ・Other: 12) 36. Loss of public utilities* includes items under TERMS: Data are not available Railway, ・Electric supply, ・Water supply, ・ ・ ・ Telecommunication, ⅢOther: 37. Total estimated/counted damage. MATERIAL cost* DAMAGE IN PHYSICAL sum of items: ・32, ・33, ・34, ・35, ・36 0.9 26.1 3.7 1.25
11) Loss of public works facilities is the cost required for the following facilities at Government expense: a) road and bridge, b) flood control installations, c) agricultural land, d) irrigation and drainage installations, e) reservoirs and dams, f) harbour, fishing port and airport installations, g) erosion control and landslide structures, h) streets, urban sewerage systems and other public works facilities. T-21 12) Public utilities include both private owned and state owned facilities.
Remarks:
T-21 Ⅴ. OTHER INFORMATION AND DATA AVAILABLE Format 6/6 Sequence No. 9 10 11) 35. Loss of public works facilities* includes items under TERMS: ・Road, ・Bridge, ・River embankment etc., ・Irrigation Data are not available ・ ・ facility Reservoir Ⅲand dam, Harbour and port, and ・Public buildings, ・Rehabilitation. MATERIAL cost DAMAGE of farmland IN PHYSICAL at Government expense, ・Other: 12) 36. Loss of public utilities* includes items under TERMS: Data are not available Railway, ・Electric supply, ・Water supply, ・ ・ ・ Telecommunication, ⅢOther: 37. Total estimated/counted damage. MATERIAL cost* DAMAGE IN PHYSICAL sum of items: ・32, ・33, ・34, ・35, ・36 1.1 0.6
11) Loss of public works facilities is the cost required for the following facilities at Government expense: a) road and bridge, b) flood control installations, c) agricultural land, d) irrigation and drainage installations, e) reservoirs and dams, f) harbour, fishing port and airport installations, g) erosion control and landslide structures, h) streets, urban sewerage systems and other public works facilities.
T-22 12) Public utilities include both private owned and state owned facilities.
Remarks:
T-22 T-23
T-23