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Springer Handbookoƒ Computational Intelligence Kacprzyk Pedrycz Editors 123 Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence Springer Handbooks provide a concise compilation of approved key information on methods of research, general principles, and functional relationships in physical and applied sciences. The world’s leading experts in the fields of physics and engineering will be as- signed by one or several renowned editors to write the chapters com- prising each volume. The content is selected by these experts from Springer sources (books, journals, online content) and other systematic and approved recent publications of scientific and technical information. The volumes are designed to be useful as readable desk reference book to give a fast and comprehen- sive overview and easy retrieval of essential reliable key information, including tables, graphs, and bibli- ographies. References to extensive sources are provided. HandbookSpringer of Computational Intelligence Janusz Kacprzyk, Witold Pedrycz (Eds.) With 534 Figures and 115 Tables K H Editors Janusz Kacprzyk Polish Academy of Sciences Systems Research Inst. ul. Newelska 6 01-447 Warsaw, Poland [email protected] Witold Pedrycz University of Alberta Dep. Electrical and Computer Engineering 116 Street 9107 T6J 2V4, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada [email protected] ISBN: 978-3-662-43504-5 e-ISBN: 978-3-662-43505-2 DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-43505-2 Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2015936335 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2015 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Production and typesetting: le-tex publishing services GmbH, Leipzig Senior Manager Springer Handbook: Dr. W. Skolaut, Heidelberg Typography and layout: schreiberVIS, Seeheim Illustrations: Hippmann GbR, Schwarzenbruck Cover design: eStudio Calamar Steinen, Barcelona Cover production: WMXDesign GmbH, Heidelberg Printing and binding: Printer Trento s.r.l., Trento Printed on acid free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) V Preface We are honored and happy to be able to make available this Springer Handbook of Computational Intelligence, a large and comprehensive account of both the state-of- the-art of the research discipline, complemented with some historical remarks, main challenges, and perspectives of the future. To follow a predominant tradition, we have divided this Springer Handbook into parts that correspond to main fields that are meant to constitute the area of computational intelligence, that is, fuzzy sets theory and fuzzy logic, rough sets, evolutionary computation, neural networks, hybrid approaches and systems, all of them complemented with a thorough coverage of some foundational issues, methodologies, tools, and techniques. We hope that the handbook will serve as an indispensable and useful source of information for all readers interested in both the theory and various applications of computational intelligence. The formula of the Springer Handbook as a convenient single-volume publication project should help the potential readers find a proper tool or technique for solving their problems just by simply browsing through a clearly composed and well-indexed contents. The authors of the particular chapters, who are the best known specialists in their respective fields worldwide, are the best assurance for the handbook to serve as an excellent and timely reference. On behalf of the entire computational intelligence community, we wish to express sincere thanks, first of all, to the Part Editors responsible for the scope, authors, and composition of the particular parts for their great job to arrange the most appropriate topics, their coverage, and identify expert authors. Second, we wish to thank all the authors for their great contributions in the sense of clarity, comprehensiveness, novelty, vision, and – above all – understanding of the real needs of readers of diverse interests. All that efforts would not end up with the success without a total and multifaceted publisher’s dedication and support. We wish to thank very much Dr. Werner Skolaut, Ms. Constanze Ober, and their collaborators from Springer, Heidelberg, and le-tex publishing GmbH, Leipzig, respectively, for their extremely effective and efficient han- dling of this huge and difficult project. September 2014 Janusz Kacprzyk Warsaw Witold Pedrycz Edmonton VII About the Editors Janusz Kacprzyk graduated from the Department of Electronics, Warsaw Univer- sity of Technology, Poland with an MSc in Automatic Control, a PhD in Systems Analysis and a DSc (Habilitation) in Computer Science from the Polish Academy of Sciences. He is Professor of Computer Science at the Systems Research Institute, Pol- ish Academy of Sciences, Professor of Computerized Management Systems at WIT – Warsaw School of Information Technology, and Professor of Automatic Control at PIAP – Industrial Institute of Automation and Measurements, in Warsaw, Poland, and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cracow University of Technol- ogy, Poland. He is the author of 5 books, (co)editor of ca. 70 volumes, (co)author of ca. 500 papers. He is Editor-in-Chief of 6 book series and of 2 journals, and on the Editorial Boards of more than 40 journals. Witold Pedrycz is a Professor and Canada Research Chair (CRC) in Computational Intelligence in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. He is also with the Systems Research Institute of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw. He also holds an appointment of special profes- sorship in the School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, UK. His main research directions involve computational intelligence, fuzzy modeling and granular computing, knowledge discovery and data mining, fuzzy control, pattern recognition, knowledge-based neural networks, relational computing, and software engineering. He has published numerous papers and is the author of 15 research monographs covering various aspects of computational intelligence, data mining, and software engineering. He currently serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems and is a member of a number of Editorial Boards of other international journals. IX About the Part Editors Cesare Alippi Part D Politecnico di Milano Cesare Alippi received his PhD in 1995 from Politecnico di Milano, Italy. Currently, Dip. Elettronica, Informazione e he is Professor at the same institution. He has been a visiting researcher at UCL (UK), Ingegneria MIT (USA), ESPCI (F), CASIA (RC), USI (CH). Alippi is an IEEE Fellow, Vice- 20133 Milano, Italy President Education of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society, Associate Editor [email protected] of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine, Past Editor of the IEEE-TIM and IEEE-TNN(LS). In 2004 he received the IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society Young Engineer Award and in 2013 the IBM Faculty Award. His current research focuses on learning in non-stationary environments and intelligence for embedded systems. He holds 5 patents, has published 1 monograph book, 6 edited books and about 200 papers in international journals and conference proceedings. Thomas Bartz-Beielstein Part E Cologne University of Applied Sciences Thomas Bartz-Beielstein is a Professor of Applied Mathematics at Cologne University Faculty of Computer Science and of Applied Sciences (CUAS). His expertise lies in optimization, simulation, and Engineering Science statistical analysis of complex real-world problems. He has more than 100 publications 51643 Gummersbach, Germany on computational intelligence, optimization, simulation, and experimental research. [email protected] He has been on the program committees of several international conferences and organizes the prestigious track Evolutionary Computation in Practice at GECCO. His books on experimental research are considered as milestones in this emerging field. He is speaker of the research center Computational Intelligence plus at CUAS and head of the SPOTSeven team. Christian Blum Part F University of the Basque Country Christian Blum holds a Master’s Degree in Mathematics (1998) from Dep. Computer Science and Artificial the University of Kaiserslautern, Germany, and a PhD degree in Applied Intelligence Sciencies (2004) from the Free University of Brussels, Belgium. He 20018 San Sebastian, Spain currently occupies a permanent post as Ikerbasque Research Professor at [email protected] the University of the Basque Country, San Sebastian, Spain. His research interests include the development of swarm intelligence techniques and the combination of metaheuristics with exact approaches for solving difficult optimization problems. So

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