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©~~~[L REPORT 78-28 Tundra Disturbances and Recovery Following the 1949 Exploratory Drilling, Fish Creek, Northern Alaska USGS

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©~~~[L REPORT 78-28 Tundra Disturbances and Recovery Following the 1949 Exploratory Drilling, Fish Creek, Northern Alaska USGS ©~~~[L REPORT 78-28 Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, Northern Alaska USGS II~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~3 8595 00003011 9 For conversion of-51 metric units to U.S./British customary units of measurement consult ASTM Standard £380, Metric Practice Guide, published by the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103. Cover: Oblique aerial photograph of Fish Creek Test Well No. 1 in 1949 (view west). Drill rig with canvas enclosure is in the center. Bulldozed and multiple pass trails extend away f;om· tbe' s-ite, and two drainage ditches in the. center drai'n the area into debris~littered pG.nds in the foreground. Camp Creek is in the background. (Photograph provided by U.S. Navy.] ARLIS ALASKA RESOURCES LIBRARY & INFORMATION SERVICES 3150C STREET, SUITE 100 ANCHORAGE, ALASKA 99503 G-8 ~ '//)( 1 c75 nP•7g,z.) CRREL Report 78-28 Tundra disturbances and recovery following the 1949 exploratory drilling, Fish Creek, Northern Alaska D.E. Lawson, J. Brown, K.R. Everett, A.W. Johnson, V. Komarkova, B.M. Murray, D.F. Murray and P.J. Webber j. ·-~Y ·;· ....-.... ""- ---~ J LIBRAPY [_,; _-- - ,J,-' :? ~'VICES December 1978 3l.3QC:j_;c: __ ::-., -~;,-,~ ~ _] ANCHOfL'-\GE, ../;a_Lr\S:~A SJ:..5Q3 Public Inquiries Office u.s. Geologt~·E: - 423() u;£ve~~~~Y~ _Rnl. 1()1 An~g{};c~~~~ ·- --. Est l 997 . --------------------- Prepared for U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY By DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY COLD REGIONS RESEARCH AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY _ CORPS OF ENGINEERS _ HANOVER, NEW HAMPSHIRE 03755 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered) READ INSTRUCTIONS REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE BEFORE COMPLETING FORM 1. REPORT NUMBER rGOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER CRREL Report 78-28 4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT a PERIOD COVERED TUNDRA DISTURBANCES AND RECOVERY FOLLOWING THE 1949 EXPLORATORY DRILLING, FISH CREEK, NORTHERN ALASKA 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER 7. AUTHOR(a) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s) D.E. Lawson, J. Brown, K.R. Everett, A.W. J ohfiSon, V. Komarkova, B.M. Murray, D.F. Murray and P.J. Webber 9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT, PROJECT, TASK AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory DA Project 4A 1611 02AT24 Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 Scientific Area 02, Work Unit 002 11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE December 1978 U.S. Geological Survey 13. NUMBER OF PAGES Washington, D.C. 91 14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME lie ADDRESS(If dllferant from Controlling Office) 15. SECURITY CLASS. (of this report) Unclassified 15a. DECLASSIFICATION/DOWNGRADING SCHEDULE 16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of this Report) Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. 17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered in Block 20, If different from Report) 18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Partially funded by the Directorate of Facilities Engineering, Office, Chief of Engineers. 19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverse aida ll necessary and identify by block number) Arctic regions Tundra Environmental effects Vegetation Oil pollution Permafrost 20. ABSTRACT ("CimtiZiue ...,. ........, .. tJftbl II,..,.,....,. -.lld&rUlty by block number) A 1949 drill site in the Naval Petroleum Reserve Number 4, Alaska, the Fish Creek Test Weill, was examined in August 1977 to determine the disturbance caused by drilling activities and to analyze the response and recovery of the vegetation, soils, permafrost, and surficial materials to that disturbance. Man-made disturbances include bladed and unbladed vehicular trails, a winter runway, excavations, pilings, remains of camp structures, steel drums and other solid waste, and hydrocarbon spills. The most intense and lasting disturbance to the vegetation, soils, and permafrost resulted from bulldozing of surface materials, diesel fuel spills, and trails developed by multiple passes of vehicles. Thermokarst subsidence and thermal erosion, caused by increased thaw of permafrost due to disturbance, FORM EDJTION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE DD \JAN 73 1473 Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Jnren Data Entered) Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entered) 20. Abstract (cont'd) resulted in the development of a hummocky topography and water-filled depressions at the drill site. Some ice wedges disturbed in 1949 are still melting. Soil disturbance ranges from minor modification to complete destruction of the soil morphology. The effects of hydrocarbon spills are still detectable in the soils. Little of the original vegetation remains in the intensely disturbed area, such as around the drill pad where a grass-dominated community prevails. After 28 years, the vegetation cover is closed over most mesic sites, shallow wet sites are well vegetated, and xeric sites, areas of diesel fuel spills and areas of severe erosion remain mostly bare. Pioneering plant species on bare, disturbed areas are members of mature vegetation assemblages from the undisturbed tundra which have high reproductive and dispersal capacities. A hypothetical model of natural revegetation and vegetation recovery is proposed. Vascular plants, bryophytes, and lichens were collected from the Fish Creek site area for the first time. Recommendations on cleanup and restoration of sites are presented. ii Unclassified SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE(When Data Entere~ PREFACE This report was prepared by Dr. Daniel E. Lawson, Research Physical Scienli~t. and Dr. jerry Brown, Chief, l::arth Sciences Branch, Research Division, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and l:ngineering Laboratory; and by Or. KayP R. l:verdt of the Institute of Polar Studies, Ohio State University; Or. Albert W. john~on of S,lll Diego State University; Barbara M. Murray and Dr. David I. Murrdy oi th~· In­ stitute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska; and Or. Vera Korn,1rkova dnd Or. Patrick ). Webber of the Institute of Arctic and Alpine ResecJrch, University of Colorado. (Authors aft1~r Lawson are listed alphdbelicc~lly.) This study was performed in cooperation with and prim,nily fund1~d by tlw U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Additional funding wa~ providt•d by LJA l'rOJP< t 4A1b1102AT24, Research in Snow, Ice and Fro/en Ground, Scienl1flc Art-d 02, Cold Regions l:nvironmental Interactions, Work Unit 002, Culd Regions f.n­ vironmental Factors. Paul Sellmann of CRREL c1nd Or. Stephen Young of the CPntPr tor Nortlwrn Studies technically rPvit•wed this report. The authors wish to express their appreciation to tlw following llldividuc~l~ diHI organiLations. Or. Max Brewer and Or. G~·orgt• Cryc of thp USCS providt-d con­ siderable encouragenwnt c1nd assistance throughout tlw planning diHI !'X<'culion of the study. Husky Oil Co., primary contrc~ctor for curn·nt t•xplur,JIIon in tlw Na­ tional Petroleum Reserv1~. Alc1~ka, providt~d exu·IIPnt logi~l1< -,upporl. john Schindler of Husky Oil's Anchordge Office and Dr. V,d ZcHlnik, uses. RP'>tOil, Virginia, were extrenwly lwlptul in providing inform,Jiion. I h<' '>ludy WdS facilitated by the rnesenu· of several on-going U<RI:L prow<'' ,dong tlw hc~ul road and the Yukon RivPr. l·iPid parties associc1ted with lh!''><' I t·ckr,d Highwc~y Administration, Department of l:nergy and CRRI:L projpch dlong the road were used at Fish Creek. Methods, results and experit•nce devPlopPd from thew studies and research funded by the National Science Foundation were Pmployed. The information developed from the Fish Creek site is being disseminc~ted in conjunction with the US-USSR Environmental Protection Agreement's project Protection of Northern l:cosystems. As part of that proj~·ct, reporb and informa­ tion on the introduction of plant species onto disturbed tundra sites are being ex­ changed with organiLations based in Leningrad, Moscow, Norilsk, Y<~kutsk, and Magadan. A set of vascular plants collected on the sitP is bt-ing exchanged be­ tween the University of Alaska Herbarium (ALA) c~nd the Komarov 13otanical In­ stitute in Leningrad (LE) where there is both an intense inter~·st c1nd experli~P in the Alaskan arctic flora. The contents of this report are not to be used for advertising or promot1ont~l purposes. Citation of brand names does not constitute <1n <jffici,d endorsenwnt or approval of the use of such commercial products. iii CONTENTS Page Abstract ..................................................... ·.. Preface . iii Summary. viii Introduction (J. Brown)........................................... 1 Location and background. 1 Study objectives. 1 The site (D.E. Lawson, J. Brown and K.R. Everett)..................... 3 History...................................................... 3 Regional and local setting. 3 Types of disturbance. 7 Disturbance of permafrost, massive ground ice, and surficial materials (D.E. Lawson and J. Brown)................................... 14 Introduction................................................. 14 Methods . 16 Discussion and conclusions. 17 Soils and their reaction to impact and hydrocarbon spills (K.R. Everett). 25 Soils........................................................ 25 Anthropogenically disturbed soils. 26 Summary.................................................... 29 Floristics of the disturbances and neighboring locales (A.W. Johnson, B.M. Murray and D.F. Murray). 30 Introduction . 30 Vascular plants. 30 Bryophytes and lichens. 31 Description of disturbance and recovery. 31 Discussion and conclusions. 39 Geobotanicaf mapping, vegetation disturbance and recovery (V. Komarkova and P.J. Webber)................................
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