Piers Plowman Tradition
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A Study of Four Single-Witness English Texts from the 14th and 15th Centuries in Manuscript, Early Print, and Modern Editions by Kathleen J. Ogden A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto © Copyright by Kathleen J. Ogden 2018 A Study of Four Single-Witness English Texts from the 14th and 15th Centuries in Manuscript, Early Print, and Modern Editions Kathleen J. Ogden Doctor of Philosophy Department of English University of Toronto 2018 Abstract This dissertation examines four single-witness manuscripts, written in English, dating from between the last quarter of the fourteenth century and the third quarter of the fifteenth: London, British Library MS Cotton Nero A.x, which contains the Pearl poems; Cambridge, Cambridge University Library MS Ll.iv.14, containing the fragmentary poem Richard the Redeless; London, British Library MS Additional 41666, which holds the fragmentary poem Mum and the Sothsegger; and London, British Library Additional MS 61823, which contains The Book of Margery Kempe. Each chapter traces the editorial and scholarly history of a single-witness medieval literary text from its first manuscript inscription through its various later forms, including manuscript marginalia, early printed versions, as well as modern editions from the mid-nineteenth century through to the present day. What unites each of these studies is a central interest in the relationship between the single manuscript version of each text and the various other versions of the text that have emerged since its medieval composition. I interrogate the decisions made by individual agents as they read, transcribed, edited, and critiqued these texts across time, and in the way that these decisions reflect contemporary scholarly, social, and political concerns. I am interested in the intractability of certain kinds of editorial decisions, even ii long after the assumptions that preceded them have changed or disappeared, and in the way that certain decisions—many of them built on editorial principles of authority and textual stability— become cemented in the editorial tradition of the texts, sometimes against manuscript evidence or to the exclusion of other, equally possible readings. Throughout, I hope to enact a kind of criticism that is mobilized by curiosity: curiosity about why editors and critics made the choices that they did, and curiosity about what else might be possible if we could get out from under the weight of already-inscribed interpretations. I am interested in seeing what happens when the editorial tradition of these texts is cracked open: when texts whose form has seemed to be settled can be unsettled again, even temporarily, in order to generate new ways of seeing them. iii Acknowledgements I owe an enormous amount to my supervisor, Alexandra Gillespie, who pushed and supported in equal measure, and who has made me better in so many ways; and to my committee members William Robins and Christopher Warley, both of whom were enormously generous throughout this process. I am also so grateful to my external examiner, David Coley, whose work was very influential on my own and who engaged with my project with such generousity while also pushing me to think more deeply about it. Thanks also to Alexandra Bolintineanu, whose enthusiasm, positivity, and insight have been so valuable over the years. I am also grateful to Satoko Tokunaga and Tanaka Matsuda, at Keio University in Tokyo, for taking me in and mentoring me for 6 months; and to Judith Herz and Manish Sharma, my mentors from my years at Concordia. I have been blessed with an amazingly supportive community which has helped me over the years: thanks especially to my sister Nancy, without whom I could not have done any of this; to my mom, and the memory of my dad and gramma; my three incredible nieces, Adele, Rose, and Laurel; Francis, Trudy and Bill Moul, who have been an incredible source of support and good humour; and. So many friends have helped me through this process, and I’m grateful especially to Laurel Koop, Genne Speers, Jen Raso, Peter Buchanan, Helen Marshall, Emma Gorst, Jessica Lockhart, Margaret Herrick, Sandy Carpenter, Joel Rogers, Abi Dennis, and Jay Rajiva: I’ve learned so much from all of you, and I’m so grateful. Throughout my work at UofT, I was also very fortunate to have been funded generously: thank you to the Department of English; the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council for funding my work through the Canada Graduate Scholarship and the Michael Smith Foreign Study Grant; and to the Ontario Graduate Scholarship. In addition to research funding, I have been extremely lucky to have had a lot of work opportunities throughout my PhD, and I am grateful to many supportive colleagues and supervisors: Jane Freeman, Rachael Cayley, and Peter Grav at the Graduate Centre for Academic Communication; Megan Burnett, Marie Vander Kloet, Alli Diskin, and Michal Kasprzak at the Centre for Teaching Support and Innovation, as well as the staff of the Teaching Assistant’s Training Program; and my incredible colleagues at the Academic Success Centre. iv Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ..................................................................................................................... IV TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................................... V CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND A BRIEF HISTORY OF EDITING .........................................2 1.1 SYNOPSIS OF THIS PROJECT ..............................................................................................................2 1.2 CURIOSITY AS A CRITICAL MODE ....................................................................................................5 1.3 EDITORIAL THEORY IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: LACHMANN’S STEMMATIC METHOD .........11 1.4 TWENTIETH-CENTURY EDITING .....................................................................................................12 1.4.1 Best-Text .................................................................................................................................12 1.4.2 Greg and McKerrow: New Bibliography and the Copy-Text .................................................12 1.4.3 Greg’s Legacy: Bowers and Tanselle .....................................................................................15 1.4.4 Institutional Norms and the MLA ...........................................................................................17 1.4.5 Post-Structuralism, Deconstruction, and Reader Response ...................................................18 1.4.6 Jerome McGann and the Social Text ......................................................................................21 1.4.7 D.F. McKenzie and the “Sociology of Texts” ........................................................................22 1.5 MEDIEVAL MANUSCRIPT TEXTS .....................................................................................................24 1.6 THE DIGITAL TURN ........................................................................................................................32 1.7 THEORY AND PRAXIS .....................................................................................................................34 1.8 THE CHAUCERIAN EDITORIAL TRADITION ....................................................................................35 1.9 THE PIERS PLOWMAN TRADITION ...................................................................................................40 1.10 IN SUMMARY ...............................................................................................................................44 CHAPTER 2 : THE PEARL MANUSCRIPT .........................................................................................48 TEXTUAL DIVISIONS ......................................................................................................................49 2.1 STRUCTURAL DIVISIONS: STANZA GROUPS, THEMES, AND FITTS .................................................49 2.2 DIVISIONS IN SGGK .......................................................................................................................51 2.2.1 The Stanzaic Divisions of Pearl ..............................................................................................62 2.3 SGGK’S BOB-LINES .......................................................................................................................69 2.4 DEFINING SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN KNIGHT .........................................................................77 2.4.1 Morgan La Fee in SGGK ........................................................................................................80 2.5 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................88 v CHAPTER 3 : RICHARD THE REDELESS AND MUM AND THE SOTHSEGGER ........................90 PLAN OF CHAPTER .........................................................................................................................92 3.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE REIGNS OF KING RICHARD II AND KING HENRY IV ............................94 3.2 EDITORIAL HISTORY OF THE MANUSCRIPTS ..................................................................................98 3.2.1 Richard the Redeless ...............................................................................................................98