DRAFT REPORT Nagpur Environmental Status Report 2017-18
21° 8' 47.8788'' N 79° 5' 19.8960'' E
National Environmental Engineering Research Institute CSIR-NEERI, Nehru Marg Nagpur, 440020
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Contents
1. Introduction ...... 1 1.1 Purpose of the ESR ...... 1 1.2 Nagpur City ...... 2 2. Climate and Climate Change ...... 5 3. Land Use & Land Cover ...... 7 3.1 Remote Sensing Analysis ...... 7 3.2 False Colour Composite (FCC) ...... 9 3.3 Supervised Classification ...... 11 3.4 Change Detection Analysis ...... 14 4. Water Environment ...... 18 4.1 Water Supply ...... 18 4.1.1 Old Gorewada Source ...... 19 4.1.2 Kanhan Water Source...... 19 4.1.3 Pench Source ...... 19 4.1.4 Kanhan and Pench River Water Quality ...... 20 4.1.5 Present Annual Water Reservation & Actual drawl ...... 22 4.1.6 Present Water Distribution Systems ...... 23 4.2 Wastewater Generation and Treatment ...... 25 4.2.1 Sewage Treatment Plan under Execution...... 27 4.2.1.1 Wastewater Recycle and Re-use ...... 27 4.2.1.2 Capacity enhancement existing WWTP and new WWTPs ...... 27 4.3 Surface Water ...... 28 4.3.1 Nag River, Pili River and Pora River Water Quality ...... 28 4.3.2 Initiative taken by Nagpur Municipal Corporation ...... 36 4.4 Lake Water Quality ...... 37 4.5 Ground Water Quality ...... 39 5. Municipal Solid Waste ...... 57 5.1 Solid Waste Generation ...... 57 5.2 Solid Waste Management...... 57 5.2.1 Existing Status of Solid Waste Management in Nagpur City ...... 57 5.2.2 Category of Solid Waste Generation ...... 57
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
5.2.3 Municipal Solid Waste ...... 58 5.2.4 Operation of MSW Management System in NMC Area ...... 58 5.2.5 Waste Generation in Nagpur ...... 58 5.2.6 Physical Composition ...... 59 5.2.7 Chemical Composition ...... 70 5.2.8 Waste Segregation ...... 73 5.2.9 Waste Collection ...... 74 5.2.10 Transportation of MSW ...... 75 5.2.11 Waste Processing and Disposal in Nagpur City ...... 76 5.3 Bio-medical Waste (BMW) and its Management ...... 77 5.4 Electronic Waste Management in Nagpur City...... 78 5.5 Waste Reduction Model (WARM) for Nagpur City ...... 79 5.5.1 Alternative Waste Management Scenario ...... 81 6. Ambient Air Quality Status of Nagpur ...... 85 6.1 Air Quality Status of the Region ...... 85 6.1.1 Air Quality Monitoring Details ...... 85 6.2 Air Quality Status ...... 89 6.3 Meteorology of the Study Region ...... 96 7. Noise Monitoring of Nagpur ...... 97 7.1 Methodology ...... 97 7.1.1 Study Area and Noise Monitoring Locations ...... 97 1.1.2 Monitoring ...... 97 1.1.3 Analysis of Noise levels ...... 97 1.1.4 Noise Mapping ...... 98 1.2 Noise Monitoring ...... 98 7.3 Noise levels ...... 103 7.4 Noise Map ...... 109 8. Biodiversity ...... 110 8.1 Biological Diversity of Nagpur NMC ...... 110 8.2 Gardens of Nagpur ...... 111 8.3 Brief Note on impact of the urban activities on the birds around Nagpur ...... 115 9. Happiness Index & Stress Levels...... 119 9.1 Status of Psychological and Mental Health in Nagpur: Changing Scenario ...... 119
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
10. Economic Evaluation of Ecosystem Damage ...... 120 10.1 Case Study 1: Economic Assessment of Damage Related to (GHGs) Emissions ..... 120 10.2 Case Study 2: Economic Assessment of Damage Related to Air Pollution...... 122 11. Linkage of Environmental Status Report (ESRs) to SDG ...... 126 12. NMC Initiatives ...... 127 12.1 Initiatives ...... 127 12.2 Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Limited ...... 127 13. Citizen Corner ...... 129 14. Recommendations ...... 130 14.1 Water Environment ...... 130 14.2 Lakes ...... 131 14.3 Solid waste Management ...... 131 14.4 Air Environment ...... 132 14.5 Noise Environment ...... 144 14.6 Biological Diversity ...... 145
Annexure 1-4……………………………………………………………………….….…...147
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
List of Figures
Figure Page Figure No. No.
1.1 Indicators monitored for Nagpur city 2
1.2 The first documented planning map of Nagpur city in 1936 3
2.1 Temperature trends in Nagpur in the last 147 years 5
2.2 Climate of Nagpur city-Rainfall 6
2.3 Rainfall Trend in Nagpur City- June to September (Shows Negative 6 Trend)
3.1 FCC of Nagpur (2005) 10
3.2 BFCC of Nagpur (2012) 10
3.3 FCC of Nagpur (2017) 11
3.4 LULC of Nagpur (2005) 12
3.5 LULC of Nagpur (2012) 12
3.6 LULC of Nagpur (2017) 13
3.7 Graphical Representation of LULC inventory of Nagpur City 13
3.8 Insets of FCC in and around Ambazari lake 15
3.9 Insets of FCC in and around Futala lake 15
3.10 Insets of FCC in and around Shukrawari lake 16
3.11 Insets of FCC in and around Gorewara lake 16
3.12 Insets of FCC in and around Sakkardara lake 16
3.13 Insets of FCC in and around Naik and Lendi lake 17
4.1 Nagpur Water Supply 18
4.2 Water quality in intermittent and continuous supply Zone: Pre 24 Monsoon season (2017)
4.3 Water quality in intermittent and continuous supply Zone: Post-monsoon 24 season (2017)
4.4 A Schematic diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant at Nagpur 26
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Figure Page Figure No. No.
4.5 Sampling Locations of Surface Water Quality 31
4.6 River Water Sampling being performed by CSIR-NEERI 32
4.7 Comparison of Nag River Quality 2016-18 35
4.8 Comparison of Pili River Quality 2016-18 35
4.9 Pora River Quality 2017-18 36
4.10 Prominent Lakes of Nagpur 41
4.11 Sampling Locations of Futala Lake 41
5.1 Physical Composition of MSW in Nagpur City 59
5.2 (a) Zone – 1 Laxmi Nagar MSW Sampling 60
5.2 (b) Zone – 2 Dharampeth MSW Sampling 61
5.2 (c) Zone – 3 Hanuman Nagar MSW Sampling 62
5.2 (d) Zone – 4 Dhantoli MSW Sampling 63
5.2 (e) Zone – 5 Nehru Nagar MSW Sampling 64
5.2 (f) Zone – 6 Gandhi Bagh MSW Sampling 65
5.2 (g) Zone – 7 Satranjipura MSW Sampling 66
5.2 (h) Zone – 8 Lakadganj MSW Sampling 67
5.2 (i) Zone – 9 Ashi Nagar MSW Sampling 68
5.2 (j) Zone – 10 Mangalwari MSW Sampling 69
5.3 Dustbins distribution in slums by CSIR-NEERI 73
5.4 Collection of MSW in Different Areas of Nagpur City 74
5.5 Open Burning of Waste near Slums 75
6.1 Map of AAO Monitoring Stations in Nagpur 85
6.2 Graphical Representation of SOx and NOx trend in Nagpur 94
6.3 Graphical Representation of PM10 trend in Nagpur 95
6.4 Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 trend between Nagpur and Delhi 95
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Figure Page Figure No. No.
6.5 Wind rose diagram during study period 96
7.1 Noise Monitoring Locations (Nagpur City) 99
7.2 Noise levels along railway on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 103
7.3 Noise levels along national highway on Working Day 104
7.4 Noise levels along ring roads on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 104
7.5 Noise levels along state highways on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 105
7.6 Noise levels along major roads on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 105
7.7 Noise levels along minor roads on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 106
7.8 Noise level in industrial areas on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 106
7.9 Noise level in commercial areas on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 107
7.10 Noise level in residential areas on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 107
7.11 Noise level in silence zones on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 108
7.12 Noise level in all categories in Nagpur City on Working Day 108
7.13 Spatial Noise Map of Nagpur City (Working Day) 109
8.1 Some Important Trees Species of Nagpur District 110
8.2 Some Important Fruit bearing Species of Nagpur District 110
8.3 Medicinal Biodiversity of Nagpur Garden 111
8.4 Bird Species of Nagur City & NEERI Nagpur 113
8.5 Butterflies Spotted in Nagpur 114
10.1 Emissions vis-à-vis Damages for GHG Emissions of Nagpur City 121
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
List of Tables
Table Page Table No. No.
3.1 Details of satellite data 7
3.2 Classification scheme as per NRSC/ISRO 8
3.3 Inventory of LULC classes of Nagpur 13
4.1 Average Physio-Chemical Parameters of Rivers of Nagpur City 21
4.2 Average Metals Concentration in Rivers of Nagpur City 22
4.3 Present Actual Water Drawl 23
4.4 Present Treated Water Supply 23
4.5 Quantity of Sewage generated from each Zone 25
4.6 Characteristics of Raw Sewage and Treated Sewage 26
4.7 Details of Sewage Treatment Plant at Bhandewadi 27
4.8 Sampling Locations for Nag. Pili & Pora Rivers 32
4.9 River Water Quality: Physical and Inorganic Parameters, 2018 33
4.10 River Water Quality: Nutrient Parameters, 2018 33
4.11 (a) River Water Quality: Heavy Metals of Rivers of Nagpur City, 2018 34
4.11 (b) Bacteriological quality of Surface water, Nagpur City 34
4.12 Sampling Location Details of Lakes 42
4.13 Water Quality of Futala Lake – Physio-Chemical (January, 2018) 43
4.14 Water Quality of Futala Lake –Metals (January 2018) 44
4.15 Water Quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara 45 Lakes–Physio-chemical Parameters
4.16 Water Quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara 46 Lakes – Metals and COD
4.17 Water Quality-Microbial Parameters of Futala Lake 47
4.18 Water Quality-Microbial Parameters of Futala Lake 48
4.19 Biological Parameter : Phytoplankton Species Futala Lake 49
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Table Page Table No. No.
4.20 Biological Parameter: Zooplankton 50
4.21 Zooplankton Species 50
4.22 Water Quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara 51 Lakes – Bacteriological Parameters (April 2018)
4.23 Sampling Locations for Water Quality Assessment of Ground Water, 52 Nagpur
4.24 Water Quality – Physicochemical Parameters of Ground Water 54 Samples, Nagpur
4.25 Water Quality of Ground Water – Metals (April, 2018) 55
4.26 Ground Water Quality – Bacteriological Parameters 56
5.1 Waste Generation in Different Zones of Nagpur City 59
5.2 Standard Methods used for Analysis of Physical Parameters 70
5.3 Chemical Characterisation of MSW of Nagpur City (Using Mixed 71 MSW)
5.4 Chemical Characterisation of MSW of Nagpur City (Using Organic 72 Fraction of MSW)
5.5 Transportation Vehicles of Nagpur City 75
5.6 (a) Segregation and Storage of BMW in the City 78
5.6 (b) Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation in the Treatment of 78 BMW
5.7 GHG Emissions from Baseline Waste Management (WARM Model, 80 Ver 14)
5.8 GHG Emissions from Alternative Waste Management (WARM 82 Model, Ver 14)
6.1 Summary of 10 Selected Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations 86
6.2 Methodology & Monitoring Instruments Used in Air Quality 87 Monitoring
6.3 Summary of Air Quality Monitoring Locations, Parameters and 88 Frequency
6.4 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, 2009) 88
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Table Page Table No. No.
6.5 Site wise Status of Gaseous Pollutants 89
6.6 Site wise Status of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Concentration 90
6.7 Heavy metals concentrations observed at the monitored sites 91
6.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon concentration observed at monitored 92 sites
6.9 Summary of Meteorological Observations during the Study Period 96
7.1 Noise Monitoring Locations in Nagpur City 99
10.1 Sectoral Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nagpur City 120
10.2 Monetised Damages of GHG emissions of Nagpur City 121
10.3 Mortality and Morbidity in Nagpur due to Air Pollution 123
10.4 Monetary Valuation of Air Pollution Health Impacts in Nagpur City 124
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose of the ESR
• Understand the existing state of the environmental health in the city and interlink environmental issues with quality of life of the citizens ▪ Pressure on the environment (e.g. discharge of industrial wastewater/ sewage, solid waste management) ▪ Impact on population / ecosystem (pesticide contaminated foodstuff, drinking water quality, exposure to pests, loss of biodiversity) • Provide information support for investment and management decisions for the NMC. Be an important input into the annual budgeting and planning exercises of the NMC. • Serve as a tool for citizens' use, serving as both an information / education resources, and as a way for tracking improvements. The ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
(OECD) established in 1961 has a membership 35 countries including India, has developed key environmental indicators that can monitor the state of health of a city or target niche. These are,
1. CLIMATE CHANGE – CO2 and Greenhouse gas emission intensities
2. OZONE LAYER - Ozone depleting substances
3. AIR QUALITY – Sox and Nox emission intensities
4. WASTE GENERATION – Municipal waste generation intensities
5. FRESHWATER QUALITY – Reuse of Wastewater in order to conserve freshwater
6. FRESHWATER RESOURCES – Intensity of use of water resources
7. FOREST RESOURCES – Intensity of use of forest resources
8. FISH RESOURCES – Intensity of use of fish resources
9. ENERGY RESOURCES – Intensity of energy use
10. BIODIVERSITY – Threatened species
These indicators provide a guideline for developing the Environmental Status Report.
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
This report, for Nagpur city, was compiled using the indicators indicated in Figure 1.1.
Fig. 1.1 Indicators monitored for Nagpur city Air, Water, Solid Waste, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Noise, Happiness / Stress levels and Economic Evaluation of environmental damage
This ESR; 2017-18 has been prepared based on the primary data collected by CSIR- NEERI and secondary data collected, from various institutions, organizations and the previous years’ environmental status reports. History data, area, population statistics of the city have been provided by NMC.
1.2 Nagpur City
Referred to as the Second Capital of the state of Maharashtra, Nagpur has a glorious past. Until 1960, it used to be the capital of the erstwhile Central Provinces of Berar and Madhya Pradesh. Being centrally located and with a rich source of natural resources, it attracted the attention of the British Government and the first recorded map for development of this city was presented by a British planner, Sir Pettrick Goddes in 1936 (Figure 1.2).
Current Nagpur is a mixture of the traditional and the modern, of farming and industry, spread over 23,521 hectares. The railway line running through Nagpur broadly demarcates the city into East and West regions. The old city including the old areas of the once famous Empress and Model Mills, Medical College and Hospital are located in the East area while the Western part includes the State and Central government offices, Airport etc. The extreme east comprises mainly of agricultural land and the extreme west and North West is mainly covered by low hills and forest. 2
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig. 1.2 The first documented planning map of Nagpur city in 1936
Nagpur is the geographical centre of India, holding the “Zero Mile” and is well connected by roads and railways. Coordinates are 21° 8' 47.8788'' N and 79° 5' 19.8960'' E. It boasts of a number of places of historic and architectural importance. A few are listed here -
1) Sitabuldi fort
2) Jumma Tank/ Gandhi Sagar
3) Telankhedi garden and temple
4) Royal burial ground also known as Kashibai temple on Nag river
5) Sakkardhara tank and temple
6) Tulsibagh temple
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
7) Gandhi gate
8) High court building
9) Old secretariat building
10) Diksha bhoomi etc.
About 47% of Maharashtra state's power is generated around Nagpur and the city is experiencing a steady growth as one of the largest Industrial Estates of Asia at Butibori near Nagpur. Nagpur is a major educational hub in Central India with four state universities: Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University (founded in 1923 as Nagpur University, one of the oldest in the country and having more than 600 affiliated colleges); Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University; Kavikulaguru Kalidas Sanskrit University and Maharashtra National Law University. Data estimates by UNICEF from the last census puts Nagpur's literacy rate at 92.38%, which is higher than other cities in Maharashtra like Mumbai and Pune.
The 2011 census has estimated the population of Nagpur to be 2,405,665. Estimates indicate that every year the population has increased by 0.22 Million and hence, the population of Nagpur in 2017-18 was forecasted to be 2.81 Million. Agriculture contributes significantly to the city’s economy. Nagpur oranges are very popular throughout the country, earning the nickname of “Orange City”. The crops of Nagpur can be broadly categorized into two groups known as Kharif and Rabi. The significant Kharif crops include sugarcane, soyabean, cotton and pulses, while the major Rabi crops include gram, linseed and jowar.
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2. Climate and Climate Change
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
2. Climate and Climate Change
Nagpur has a tropical savannah climate with dry conditions prevailing for most of the year. Summer months are March to June; Winter from October to February and Monsoon from July to September. May records the highest temperatures and July and August record the highest rainfall. Almost throughout the summer, the temperature remains beyond 40 degree Celsius. Sometimes it may be as high as 46 degree Celsius. Changing weather conditions, shifting rainfall patterns are being observed and many researchers suggest that the global warming and Climate Change are the chief factors for these changes. News from NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies reported that March 2018 was the hottest summer globally.
In 2013, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report concluded that "It is extremely likely that human influence has been the dominant cause of the observed warming since the mid-20th century. The largest human influence has been the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. Climate model projections summarized in the report indicated that during the 21st century, the global surface temperature is likely to rise a further 0.3 to 1.7 °C (0.5 to 3.1 °F) in the lowest emissions scenario, and 2.6 to 4.8 °C (4.7 to 8.6 °F) in the highest emissions scenario. These findings have been recognized by the national science academies of the major industrialized nations and are not disputed by any scientific body of national or international standing. Figure 2.1 demonstrates Temperature Trend in Nagpur City from 1870 to 2017 and records a 0.7 oC increase in 147 Years.
Ref: Data from NASA Fig. 2.1 Temperature trends in Nagpur in the last 147 years 5
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig. 2.2 Climate of Nagpur city-Rainfall
Figure 2.2 & 2.3 show the trend of rainfall in Nagpur city in the last two decades and from June to September, respectively.
Fig. 2.3 Rainfall Trend in Nagpur City- June to September (Shows Negative Trend)
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur
3. Land Use & Land Cover
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
3. Land Use & Land Cover
3.1 Remote Sensing Analysis
Remote sensing technology offers an efficient and timely data to map not only the current land use and land cover (LULC) distribution and pattern, but also to monitor such changes and trends in the LULC over a period of time. Land use refers to “man’ activities and various uses which are carried on land. Land cover refers to “natural vegetation, water bodies, rock/soil, artificial cover and other resulting due to transformation” the term land use and land cover is closely related and interchangeable.
The methodology for remote sensing analysis of satellite images comprised of the following:
• acquisition of satellite data
• collection of Ground truth (GT) and Ground Control Points (GCPs)
• pre-processing of data
• Image classification
• accuracy assessment
For this, the satellite images were procured from National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC), Hyderabad. The metadata of the images are presented in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Details of satellite data Satellite Sensor Resolution, m Date of pass
Landsat TM 30 9 April 2005
Landsat TM 15 6 May 2012
Resourcesat-2 LISS IV 5.8 12 May 2017
The national LULC classification system was designed as a reconnaissance scheme applicable in Indian environment with varying needs and perspectives. The LULC Classification Scheme is presented in the 2006 report, NRSC/ISRO (2006) and is described below in Table 3.2.
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Table 3.2 Classification scheme as per NRSC/ISRO Sr. Description 1 Description 2 Classes No. Residential, Mixed built-up, Public / Semi-Public, Communication, Public utilities/facility, Commercial, Urban Transportation, Reclaimed land, Vegetated Area, Recreational, Industrial, 1 Built-up Industrial / Mine dump, Ash / Cooling pond Rural Rural Mine / Quarry, Abandoned Mine Pit, Mining Landfill area Kharif, Rabi, Zaid, Two cropped, More Cropland than two cropped Plantation - Agricultural Horticultural, Plantation 2 Agriculture Agro Horticultural Fallow Current and Long Fallow Current Shifting Current Shifting cultivation cultivation Evergreen / Semi Dense / Closed and Open category of evergreen Evergreen / Semi evergreen Dense / Closed and Open category of Deciduous Deciduous and Tree Clad Area 3 Forest Forest Plantation Forest Plantation Scrub Forest, Forest Blank, Current & Scrub Forest Abandoned Shifting Cultivation Swamp / Mangroves Dense / Closed & Open Mangrove Grassland: Alpine / Sub-Alpine, 4 Grass/ Grazing Grass/ Grazing Temperate / Sub Tropical, Tropical / Desertic Slight, Moderate & Strong Salt Affected Salt-Affected Land Land Gullied / Ravenous Gullied, Shallow ravine & Deep ravine Land area Barren/ Dense / Closed and Open category of 5 unculturable Scrubland /Wastelands scrub land Sandy area Desertic, Coastal, Riverine sandy area Barren rocky Barren rocky Rann Rann Wetlands Inland Natural and Inland Manmade 6 Inland Wetland /Water Bodies wetland
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Coastal Natural and Coastal Manmade Coastal Wetland wetland River / Stream / Perennial & Dry River/stream and line & canals unlined canal drain Perennial, Dry, Kharif, Rabi & Zaid Water bodies extent of lake/pond and reservoir and tanks Snow and 7 - Seasonal and Permanent snow Glacier
The satellite data from the compact disc is loaded on the hard disk and by visual interpretation (the sampled image of the appropriate area); the sub-scene of the study area is extracted. Indian Remote Sensing images procured from NRSC are already georeferenced and ortho-rectified. A detailed survey is being carried out using Global Positioning System (GPS) and digital camera for collection of ground truth and Ground Control Point (GCP) in and around the study area for LULC analysis. The remote sensing analysis is performed using Erdas Imagine.
3.2 False Colour Composite (FCC)
Based on the above methodology, pre-processing of the image was carried out in terms of geo-referencing, rectification and preparation of FCC map. The image was subset for required study area which is municipal boundary of Nagpur.
Figures 3.1 to 3.3 shows False Colour Composite (FCC) of the study area for the years 2005, 2012 and 2017 respectively. FCC is combination of near infra-red, red and green spectral bands. This FCC images was further used for remote sensing analysis along with the extensive ground truth survey for precise estimation and assessment of LULC classification.
In the FCC image, vegetation appears red, built-up in cyan, barren/waste land appears light green and water body appears black in colour. Attributes such as colour, tone, texture, shape and size are used for visual image interpretation. Based on the visual interpretation of the FCC images, the study area is majorly occupied by Built-up followed by barren/waste land, Vegetation/plantation, agricultural land and water bodies.
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig. 3.1 FCC of Nagpur (2005)
Fig. 3.2 BFCC of Nagpur (2012)
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig. 3.3 FCC of Nagpur (2017)
3.3 Supervised Classification
Based on the procured satellite data, supervised classification was performed for satellite imagery of April 2005, May 2012, and May 2017. The images are classified under the
LULC classes of Agriculture, Barren/waste land, Built-up, Vegetation/Plantation and
Waterbody. The LULC classification map of Nagpur is shown in Figure 3.4 to 3.6 during the years of 2005, 2012 and 2017 respectively.
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig. 3.4 LULC of Nagpur (2005)
Fig. 3.5 LULC of Nagpur (2012) 12
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig. 3.6 LULC of Nagpur (2017)
Table 3.3 Inventory of LULC classes of Nagpur LULC Class 2005(%) 2012(%) 2017(%) Agriculture 8.8 2.3 3.4 Barren/Waste/Scrub 19.0 17.1 12.6 Built-up 55.4 66.2 70.3 Vegetation/Plantation 15.2 12.9 12.3 Water Body 1.6 1.5 1.4
Fig. 3.7 Graphical Representation of LULC inventory of Nagpur City 13
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
The total geographical area coming under Nagpur is 210.93 sq km for 2005 and 2012 but 219.88 sq km due to addition of Narsala and Hudkeshwar block in Nagpur Municipal Corporation in 2013. The highest spatial extent of LULC class is observed of built-up followed by barren/waste/scrub land, vegetation/plantation, agriculture and waterbody with percentage share of 70.3 %, 12.6 %, 12.3 %, 3.4 % and 1.4 % respectively. The spatial extent of built-up was increased by 10.8 %during 2005 to 2012 and by 4 % from 2012 to 2017 with overall increase in spatial extent of 14.8 % during the study span. The barren/waste/scrub land in the study area decreased by 2.1 % during 2005 to 2012 and by 4.5 % during 2012 to 2017, having an overall decrase of 6.4 % during the whole study span. The spatial extent of vegetation/plantation decreased by 2.3 % during 2005 to 2012 and by 0.6 % during 2012 to 2017, having an overall decrase of 2.9% during the whole study span.
The other LULC class which showed a decrease in spatial extent is agriculture. The agriculture area in the study area is decreased by 6.5 % during 2005 to 2012, but there is an increasement by 1.1 % found in spatial extant of agriculture during 2012 to 2017 due to addition of Narsala and Hudkeshwr block, because agriculture activity is present in those blocks, but overall decrease of 5.4 % during the whole study span. The waterbody is increased by 0.1 % during 2005 to 2012 and by 0.5 % during 2012 to 2017, having an overall increase of 0.6 % during the whole study span.
There is no significant change but gradual decrease was found in the spatial extent of waterbody. Nagpur shows very significant increase in built-up area and decreasing trends in barren/waste/scrub land. Disappearing agricultural land increasing urbanization near water bodies will definitely contribute to degrading ecosystems.
3.4 Change Detection Analysis
Change detection using satellite image is a process of evaluating and determining the spatio-temporal variation in Land Use Land Cover (LULC) of an area. The main objective of the change detection analysis is to discriminate the areas based on digital images that depict change features of interest. The basic principal behind change detection analysis is that landscape dynamics causes changes in electromagnetic radiation and that changes in electromagnetic radiation can be remotely sensed.
Figure 3.8 shows the insets of FCC image in and around the Ambazari lake. It could be clearly seen that the development activity near the Ambazari lake has increased partially
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 during the years, decreasing of algal bloom in the periphery of the lake was decreasing during this study span. Slightly decrease in vegetation area also found near the lake.
April 2005 May 2012 May 2017 Fig. 3.8 Insets of FCC in and around Ambazari lake
Figure 3.9 clearly shows that areal decrease of water expansion of lake due to growth of algal bloom. It was also observed that development of built-up area, espcially in northan part of the lake.
April 2005 May 2012 May 2017 Fig. 3.9 Insets of FCC in and around Futala lake
Figure 3.10 is the inset of Shukrawari lake, which is located almost centre of the city, this area is already highly urbanized from the past, despite this trouth it was found from temporal satellite images that there was a small waterbody near the lake in 2005, but in 2012 it was occupied by built-up. It is also found that overall growth of built-up is increasing day by day. There is a increase in vegetation infront of mall complex.
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
April 2005 May 2012 May 2017 Fig 3.10 Insets of FCC in and around Shukrawari lake
Figure 3.11 is the Gorewara lake which is situated in the northern part of the city. It is clearly found that there is no change in spatial extent of the lake water, but in present decade urbanization activity sprawling in the eastern part of the lake.
April 2005 May 2012 May 2017 Fig 3.11 Insets of FCC in and around Gorewara lake
Figure 3.12 shows the inset of Sakkardara lake, this lake is surrounded by huge urban activity. Algal growth in lake water was found in recent image, this may be possible because of releasing of domestic sewage and anthropogenic activities in the lake.
April 2005 May 2012 May 2017 Fig 3.12 Insets of FCC in and around Sakkardara lake 16
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Figure 3.13 shows Naik and Lendi talav, which are important waterbodies in Nagpur city. In 2005, both the ponds were free of algal bloom, but in 2012, Lendi talav was fully covered by vegetation and the situation still persists.
April 2005 May 2012 May 2017 Fig 3.13 Insets of FCC in and around Naik and Lendi lake
The main reason for eutrophication of water bodies is the untreated domestic wastewater being channelled into the lakes. Agricultural run-offs are also a primary reason for increase of nutrients in the lakes promoting weed growth. The remote sensing data indicates alarming deterioration of ecosystem of Nagpur city and a massive drive and awareness program needs to be initiated to fight this.
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4. Water Environment
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
4. Water Environment
4.1 Water Supply
Water supply to Nagpur City was drawn from three surface sources viz. Gorewada Tank, Kanhan River, and Pench canal. Gorewada tank source was developed in the year 1911. As city grew and the need for water increased, Gorewada tank source became inadequate. As augmentation was not possible due to the site conditions, surface water from river Kanhan 15 km. away from city was considered as perennial source.
In 1976, the Irrigation Department, Govt. of Maharashtra executed a storage dam across river Pench for hydroelectric project at Totaladoh and pickup dam at Navegaon Khairy. With source as Pench Dam, Pench-I, II & III Scheme was commissioned in 1982, 1984, and 2003 respectively. A fourth scheme Pench-IV is commissioned in 2018 with the aim to provide 24 X 7 water supply. At present, the city coverage with water supply network is 89%.
Fig 4.1 Nagpur Water Supply
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4.1.1 Old Gorewada Source
This was developed in the year 1911. It consists of an earthen bund across river Pili at a distance of about 8 km towards North-East of Nagpur City having gross and live storage capacities 8.82 Mm3 and 7.92 Mm3 respectively. On the downstream of Gorewada Tank, conventional Water Treatment Plant of 16.0 MLD capacity is constructed. Treated water is collected in pure water sump and then pumped to Seminary hills G.S.R for further distribution.
4.1.2 Kanhan Water Source
Surface water intake located approximately 14 km from Nagpur City and 300 m. downstream of the confluence of the River Kolar and the River Kanhan was constructed in year 1940. In 1956 a barrage was constructed across Kanhan River about 500 m upstream of Kanhan head works with a storage capacity of 7.82 Mm3. Kanhan Water Supply Scheme was commissioned in four phases during the years 1940 - 1970. The first phase capacity in 1940 was 27.3 MLD, which was augmented to 63.6 MLD in 1954. The capacity was further augmented to 86.3 MLD in 1966 and finally to 109 MLD in 1970.
Under this scheme, two intake wells in Kanhan river bed and two dry wells on the right bank of Kanhan River are constructed. Raw water is pumped to conventional treatment plant of 109 MLD capacity. Treated water from the Treatment Plant is pumped to G.S.R. of capacity 22.74 ML at Government House through 600 to 900 mm dia. M.S. parallel rising mains of length 15.24 km. which are interconnected to each other. At present Kanhan Water treatment plant supplies 185 MLD to Nagpur City vis a vis 240 MLD capacity.
4.1.3 Pench Source
(A) Pench Project Phase – I
In this scheme 113.5 MLD water is drawn from Pench right bank canal by gravity to the Mahadulla pumping station. The raw water is pumped to the B.P.T. of capacity 5.7 lakhs litre through 1606 mm Dia M.S. Rising Main of length 5624 m. from B.P.T. water is taken to the Gorewada balancing tank through 700 mm Dia duplicate C.I. gravity mains each of length 400 m. from Gorewada Tank it is drawn to the conventional treatment plant of capacity 113.5 MLD through 1200 mm Dia M.S. gravity main. The filtered and chlorinated water from the treatment plant is pumped to Seminary Hills G.S.R. of capacity 20.43 ML and Gittikhadan
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G.S.R. of capacity 5.94 ML. Sitabuldi G.S.R. is fed from Seminary Hills G.S.R. through 700 mm Dia M.S. Feeder Main of length 4000 m.
(B) Pench Project Phase – II
Under Pench Phase - II a baby canal from Pench right bank canal to Mahadulla pumping station was constructed to draw additional 136 MLD of water. The raw water is pumped to the existing B.P.T. of capacity 5.70 lakh litres. through 1626mm Dia M.S. Rising Main of length 5.60 km from B.P.T. water is conveyed to Gorewada tank through 1500 mm Dia P.S.C. 8 Kg.cm2 gravity main of length 400 m. from Gorewada Tank water is taken to conventional water treatment plant of capacity 145 MLD through 1100 mm and 1000 mm Dia P.S.C. 4 Kg./Sq.cm. gravity mains of length 650 m and 325 m respectively. Pure water is pumped to Seminary Hills G.S.R. of capacity 20.43 ML through 1321mm Dia M.S. Rising Main of length 3760 m. In this scheme two E.S.R.s at Jaripatka and Sharda Rolling Mill each of capacity 22.7 lakhs litres are constructed.
(C) Pench Project Phase – III
Under Pench III Phase – I, additional 100 MLD water drawn from PRBC to Mahadula pumping station through the baby canal. Additional pumps are provided at Mahadula for Raw Water Pumping. A new treatment plant is also constructed at Gorewada with capacity of 120 MLD.
(D) Pench Godhni Project Phase – IV
This is new water treatment plant of 115 MLD capacity for Nagpur was constructed under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM), has come up on a 5- acre site to provide 24x7 water supply to Nagpur. Citizens, especially North and Central Nagpur residents, as Nagpur Municipal Corporation's (NMC) water works department commissioned its Pench IV water treatment plant (WTP) at Godhani with Mahadula canal to enable lifting of water. It is at present working at actual supply of 86 MLD.
4.1.4 Kanhan and Pench River Water Quality
The Kanhan River is an important right bank tributary of the Wainganga River draining a large area lying south of Satpura range in central India. Along its 275 km run through the
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Indian States of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh, it receives its largest tributary Pench River, a major water source for the metropolis of Nagpur. Within Maharashtra, the river is at its widest at Kamptee where it receives the Pench River- a left bank tributary and its largest one. Another tributary connecting it at its right bank is Kolar River - the spill off from Kolar Dam. The river now comes to be at the northeast of Nagpur from which it receives the metropolitan city's effluent waste by the way of the Nag River. A little further from Kamptee, it flows along the town Kanhan - its etymology derived from the river. Situated alongside the town is a large coalmine, one of the many coalmines situated along its river basin. From here, the river flows south-east and ends its course by joining the Wainganga at the village of Ambora in Nagpur District.
The secondary data collected form the NMC is compiled and presented in Table 4.1. The data shows that the pH of the Kanhan and Pench rivers are slightly alkaline in nature. Conductivity is more in Kanhan than Pench River, COD and BOD are more or less similar in both waters. Comparatively Kanhan River’s water is more polluted than the Pench, in terms of alkalinity, hardness, TDS, sulphates, total solids. The average metal concentration in both the rivers are presented in Table 4.2.
Table 4.1 Average Physio-Chemical Parameters of Rivers of Nagpur City Kanhan Pench Sr. No. Parameters Unit River River 1. Turbidity NTU 8.9 7.3 2. Colour Hazen 2.5 2.0 3. pH - 8.1 8.1 4. Conductivity µS/cm 494 275 Total Alkalinity as 5. mg/l 162 110 CaCO3 6. Chloride as Cl- mg/l 31.8 17.1 7. Nitrates (NO3) mg/l 4.0 2.9 8. Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 8.2 7.9 9. COD mg/l 19.6 18.6 10. BOD mg/l 4.3 3.6 11. Total Hardness mg/l 171 118 12. Sulphate (SO4) mg/l 25.4 8.2
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13. Fluoride mg/l 0.27 0.21 14. Total Solids mg/l 296 182 15. TDS mg/l 287 174 16. TSS mg/l 9.3 7.3 MPN/100 17. Total Coliform 32. 32 ml MPN/100 18. E. Coli 25 17 ml Source of Data: Provided by NMC, Nagpur (2015)
Table 4.2 Average Metals Concentration in Rivers of Nagpur City Kanhan Sr. No. Metal Unit Pench River River 1. Iron mg/l 0.236 0.20 2. Manganese mg/l <0.01 <0.01 3. Calcium mg/l 44 29.8 4. Magnesium mg/l 14.7 10.4 5. Arsenic mg/l <0.005 <0.005 6. Copper mg/l <0.01 <0.01 7. Lead mg/l <0.005 <0.005 8. Zinc mg/l <0.01 <0.01 9. Mercury mg/l <0.0005 <0.0005
Source of Data: Provided by NMC, monitored by MEPL, Nagpur (2015)
4.1.5 Present Annual Water Reservation & Actual drawl
Present Annual Raw Water reservation from various source for city water supply & respective present drawl is presented in Table 4.3.
As per billing by Irrigation department to NMC. Losses through Canal seepage in the length of 48.50 Km length of travel is @ 20-25% as per the observation of Water audit & Leak detection Study.
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Table 4.3 Present Actual Water Drawl
Actual Drawl Annual Reservation Source (As per Billing to NMC) Mm3/ year MLD Mm3/ year MLD Kanhan River 55.00 150.70 43.80 120.00 Pench Project (PRBC) @ 112.00 306.88 143.00* 400.00 Mahadula 78.00 213.72 Gorewada Lake 5.80 16.00 6.80 20.00 Total 250.80 687.30 217.60 540.00
Treated Water from Various water treatment plants to Nagpur City are as follows in Table 4.4 Table 4.4 Present Treated Water Supply Water treatment Plant Capacity, MLD Actual Supply, MLD Kanhan Water Works 240 185 Pench Phase – I 136 148 Pench Phase – II 133 122 Pench Phase – III, Stage – I 120 100 Godhni Pench-IV 115 86 Old Gorewada 16 16 Total 760 657 Source of Data : NMC , Nagpur
4.1.6 Present Water Distribution Systems
Existing water distribution system of Nagpur city consists of appx 2100 km of pipe network is broadly divided in to three areas. a) North / East / South part of Nagpur city with water supply from Kanhan Head Works & WTP. b) North / West / South / Central part of Nagpur city with water supply from Pench project and WTP at Gorewada. c) North / Central part of Nagpur city with water supply from both the sources i.e. Pench & Kanhan.
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Under NMC’s efforts for regular water supply, the Rehab work consist of 40 out of 68 Command Areas. About 604 Km pipeline laid and 1,68,693 House Service Connections(HSC) established. 24x7 water supply in given in ten areas and 25.59% i.e. 3,17,378 HSC. 85 bulk Flow meters are installed receiving 24x7 supply.
NEERI has performed the water Quality of point of use sources (about 50 each) of three representative Command areas of Nagpur: Nalanda nagar, Pratap Nagar and Ram Nagar are presented in Figures 4.2 and 4.3 below, which clearly indicates contamination at point of use in some of the houses.
Fig. 4.2 Water quality in intermittent and continuous supply Zone: Pre-monsoon season (2017)
Fig. 4.3 Water quality in intermittent and continuous supply Zone: Post-monsoon season (2017) 24
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
4.2 Wastewater Generation and Treatment
Nagpur city’s sewage disposal system is based on topography and the existing Sewerage system of the city is further divided in three zones viz.
1. North Sewerage Zone 2. Central Sewerage Zone 3. South Sewerage Zone
Out of these three zones, only central zone of Nagpur has proper underground sewerage network and treatment system, whereas the other zones do not have any STPs. Thus, raw sewage can find its way through nullahs and unregulated channels into inland surface water making it unpotable for consumption. As per guidelines from CPHEEO Nagpur city needs 150 litres of water per person per day out of which 120 litres of water is turned in to waste water per day per person and additionally 5% of ground water is also turned in to wastewater making it 126 litres per day per person.
Envisaging and anticipation future growth in population in all three zones as stated above the requirement of water and wastewater treatment is expected to be as given in Table 4.5.
Table 4.5 Quantity of Sewage generated from each Zone
Total Sewerage North Sewerage Central South Sewerage Projected generation in Zone Sewerage Zone Zone Year Nagpur City (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) (MLD) 1 2 3 4 5 2011 117.44 142.55 85.40 345.39 2026 185.39 189.50 135.63 510.52 Source: NMC, Nagpur
According to NMC about 400 MLD wastewater is generated in Nagpur. However, if 80% of the water supply is considered of 657 MLD, about 525 MLD wastewater is expected to be generated in Nagpur. Central zone being heavily populated area Bhuyari sewerage system is in place. Wastewater generated at Central zone is being treated at Bhandewadi Treatment Plant where two such units are operational which is treating 70-80 MLD and 130 MLD wastewater together around 200 MLD of wastewater is being treated every day. Around 70 % area in central zone is connected to sewerage lines.
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Sewage is collected through sewer collection system and partially treated in sewage treatment plants (STPs) to protect public health and prevent spread of diseases. Nagpur city has 1670 KM long sewerage line with diameter of 150 to 1800 mm. At sewage treatment plants, domestic sewage is treated to control water pollution before discharging it into surface waters. The schematic of the STP is shown in Figure 4.4 and the performance data is presented in Table 4.6. The details of the Bhandewadi STP are presented in Table 4.7.
Fig. 4.4 A Schematic diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant at Nagpur Table 4.6 Characteristics of Raw Sewage and Treated Sewage Parameter STP Inlet STP Outlet 2012 2013 2015 2012 2013 2015 pH 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.7 7.7 TDS 512 554 578 492 528 498 TSS 98.0 116.0 105.5 12.0 18.0 16.0 Chlorides 62.0 83.0 88.7 56.0 74.0 77.0 Sulphates 46.0 68.0 74.1 24.0 49.0 53.0 Phosphates 2.1 3.2 3.6 3.4 2.6 2.5 Nitrates 11.2 7.3 8.8 10.9 5.5 5.4 BOD 138.0 117.0 145.0 12.0 10.5 12.1 COD 462.0 411.0 465.0 48.0 43.0 40.0
Source: NMC, Nagpur (2015)
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Table 4.7 Details of Sewage Treatment Plant at Bhandewadi Sr. Number of Unit Size No. Units 1. Receiving Chamber 1 6.6 m x 8.1mx 1.3 m LD l.3 x 1.6 m, 10 x 50 mm, 20 mm clear 2. Fine Bar screen 3 opening 3. Grit chamber 3 8 m x 8 m xl.35 m SWD 4. Parshall flume 3 - 5. Distribution Chamber 6 - 6. Primary Clarifier 3 39 m dia x 3 m SWD 7. Aeration Tank 3 32 m x 64 m x 4.5 SWD 8. Secondary Clarifier 3 41.2 m dia x 3.5 m SWD 9. Sludge thickener 3 20 m dia x 3 m SWD Primary digester (RCC fixed 10. 3 24.2 m dia x 8.4 m SWD dome) Secondary digester (RCC 11. 3 26 m dia x 9 m depth fixed dome) 12. Centrifuge 1 90 % dewatering 13. Sludge drying bed 20 8 x 29 m.
Source of Data: Provided by NMC, Nagpur (2015)
4.2.1 Sewage Treatment Plan under Execution 4.2.1.1 Wastewater Recycle and Re-use NMC & MAHAGENCO have entered in to an agreement on 4th October 2008 to commission CETP for 130 MLD which is in progress. This project which is costing 130.11 crore has been approved by JNNURAM. Central State of Maharashtra and NMC will be sharing the cost in the ratio 50:20:30. According to the agreement between NMC & MAHAGENCO, the cost for NMC will be borne by MAHAGENCO. The treated water to the tune of 130 MLD will be used by MAHAGENCO in their Koradi plant where MAHAGENCO is coming out with 3x660 MW plant which has been planned by Maharashtra Electricity Board. NMC has forwarded the grant it received from JNNURAM to MAHAGENCO. This project has been commissioned and operational since July 2016.
4.2.1.2 Capacity enhancement existing WWTP and new WWTPs
Capacity enhancement of existing WWTP is proposed to increase its capacity from 100 MLD to 200 MLD and a MOU has been signed with M/S Vishwaraj Infrastructure Pvt. Ltd. As joint Venture (JV) wherein planning will be made by NMC. Similarly, a PPP venture has
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 been announced on 12 December 2014 and the work for the same is in progress. Under this project 200 MLD wastewater will be treated and the same is expected to be commissioned by May 2018. It is expected that both these project when operational around 330 MLD wastewater will be treated per day with the result the pollution in Nag River and Gosikhurd Dam will be reduced considerably. Besides NMC has commissioned two wastewater plants, one 5 MLD and 2 MLD plants which is treating wastewater for Pili River at Mankapur and Nag River at Mokshdham respectively.
4.3 Surface Water Based on the geological characteristics, the city is segregated into West Nagpur, occupied by the Deccan trap formation, and East Nagpur, occupied by the metamorphic and crystalline series. The west side area does not have the hills of any great height, though it is interspersed with low ranges which are the extension of the prominent Satpura Ranges in the form of Starkey Point, Seminary Hills, Ramnagar Hill and Sitabuldi Hill. The southward area of the city is similar to its west part. To the southeast, east and the northeast, the surface area is mostly a plain covered with alluvial deposit of the Kanhan and their tributaries. There are two rivers flowing through the city. City of Nagpur is named after the Nag River. Nag river has its origin in the limestone rocks of lava near Dabha, Pili Nadi finds its origin in the Spill over water of Gorewada lake and Pora is near Hingna and it also gets water from the overflow of the Sonegaon lake.The catchment of Ambazari lake is present in MIDC area recharge of the lake was perennial. Overflow of lake also joins the river Nag. There is another lake called Gorewada, which is to the north-west of the city and its overflow constitutes origin of another river called Pili. This river ultimately meets the river Nag. The Nag River forms a part of the Kanhan-Pench river system and it originates in Lavha village and joins the Pili River before pouring into the Kanhan River in Wainganga, sub-basin of Godavari.
There is one more river named Pora River, which originates from Sonegaon, in the south-western part of the city and flows towards the south east, just outside the southern part of the city.
4.3.1 Nag River, Pili River and Pora River Water Quality
There are mainly two surface water bodies namely Nag River and Pilli River flowing through the city areas. The Nag River flows through the central part of the city carrying mostly sewage generated from the central sewerage zone. The river Pilli passing through north sewerage zone of city also carries domestic sewage generated from localities, such as 28
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Gorewada, Mankapur, Vandevi Nagar, Kalamna followed by Pardi and Punapur-Bharatwada area, where it meets Nag river .Over the years, these rivers have been carrying heavy sewage load and transformed into wastewater carrying streams. Pora river's origin remains untraceable and flows from Yashoda Nagar in South-West Nagpur and confluences with the Nag river after passing through Jaitala Road, Trimurti Nagar, Khamla , Somalwada, Manish Nagar and Besa. The Pora River is the second tributary of the Nag River after Pili. When Nag and Pili rivers are struggling to get back their lost glory, the Pora River cries to get the mere status of river.
According to TOI news : 2013 when the cleaning campaign of the rivers started : “The Nagpur municipal corporation (NMC) has taken the river on its record after finding its presence on the city's topography sheets prepared during the British era.
While putting all its hands for rejuvenation and conservation of the Nag River, the civic body also proposed to include the Pora River in the list of water bodies for the central government's funds. Mayor Anil Sole even mentioned Pora River, the city's third river, during his address at the beginning of NMC's 15-day campaign to clean Nag River. The first dried stretch of the river is clearly visible along the abandoned Defence Railway Line at Yashoda Nagar parallel to Hingna Road. The river might have flowed from the hillocks situated at Hingna and SRPF camp if directions given in topography sheets are to be believed. The breadth that the river once had can be gauged from the size of the black stone bridge constructed by the British on the railway line.
The river has remained in the form of small nullah passing through agricultural farms which have remained intact right adjacent to mass residential area called as Ramabai Ambedkar slum and Hiranwar Layout. The farms are still cultivated by Vinod Gudadhe Patil, former minister of state and a resident of Jaitala. After passing below Jaitala Road, the Pora flows parallel to the Airport's compound wall and takes a U-turn, crossing from below Defence Railway Line for the second time. Here too, a well-constructed bridge exists till date. The river passes below the road connecting Jaitala T-point and Wardha Road and heads towards Surve Nagar. Then the river passes through Trimurti Nagar and takes a U-turn to flow below the road again. For the third time, the river passes below the Defence Railway line at Khamla market. A long bridge exists here. The river passing aside Sahkar Nagar crematorium enters into Somalwada flowing below Sonegaon road.
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An ancient Nag temple is situated beside Sonegaon Road Bridge at Sahkar Nagar and prove the river's status at once upon a time. The river passing aside Sonegaon police station flows below Wardha road and main railway line before entering Manish Nagar. The stretch from Yashoda Nagar to Manish Nagar comes under the NMC's jurisdiction.
It's obvious that the river carries only sewage. It does not even have its own identity. The citizens simply name it after the areas it passes through. It is called Khamla nullah or Somalwada nullah. Fortunately, the river is relatively free of encroachments due to a retaining wall from Jaitala Road to Manish Nagar.”
The water quality in these rivers is highly polluted due to storm water, sewerage and effluent discharge. NMC takes efforts to clean these rivers each year during pre-monsoon season to avoid their overflowing that causes severe civic disturbances and has launched its 45 day Cleaning and Mass awareness drive from the month of May 2018. Public awareness campaigns are also carried out during this period to promote public participation in keeping these rivers clean.
Primary data of the Rivers was monitored by CSIR-NEERI in the month of April and the results are presented in Tables 4.9 – 4.11(b). In total 5 sampling locations were selected for the water quality analysis of Nag river and Pili Nadi and 4 sampling locations were taken for monitoring Pora Nadi quality. (Figure 4.5 and 4.6)
The first sample of Nag River (NR1) is near the outfall of Ambazari falls under the B Class i.e. outdoor bathing. Subsequently Nag River gets polluted through several drains coming from residential and commercial areas situated close to its banks, as reported in details in Nagpur ESR, 2016-2017 by CSIR-NEERI. Subsequently due to high organic pollution in terms of COD 176-256 mg/l and BOD (112-178 mg/l), the river does not fall under A-D designated best use Criteria. The total coliform counts indicated that the microbiological quality of water is poor and heavily contaminated by sewage.
Pilli River, which originates from Gorewada Lake (PR1), has a drinking water quality in all respects except microbial contamination. However, it is a discharge point for many drains in the city and untreated sewage enters into this river at several points. This is evident by the increase in organic pollution in terms of COD in the range 208-308 mg/l and BOD in the range 115 - 194 mg/l. The conductivity and Total dissolved solids also increase from 341 to 919 µS/cm and 234 to 638 mg/l, respectively.
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As compared with 2016-2017, there is no decrease in pollution in the rivers Figures 4.7-4.8 however situation can be improved through various scientific measures.
Pora River was monitored at four sampling locations as presented in Figure 4.9. The water quality characteristics indicate high conductivity with total dissolve solids in the range 646-992 mg/l. The organic pollution in terms of COD and BOD are in the range of 105- 332 mg/l and 70-220 mg/l.
Fig. 4.5 Sampling Locations of Surface Water Quality
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Table 4.8 Sampling Locations for Nag. Pili & Pora Rivers Nag River Sampling Location Latitude Longitude NR 1 21° 7'28.96"N 79° 2'36.81"E NR 2 21° 8'25.79"N 79° 4'57.95"E NR 3 21° 8'25.30"N 79° 7'10.08"E NR 4 21° 8'53.04"N 79° 8'58.02"E NR 5 21° 9'55.94"N 79°10'32.25"E Pili River PR 1 21°11'37.68"N 79° 2'49.79"E PR 2 21°11'23.77"N 79° 4'44.46"E PR 3 21°11'38.57"N 79° 7'11.80"E PR 4 21°10'36.87"N 79° 9'23.98"E PR 5 21° 9'59.17"N 79°10'31.38"E Pora River P 1 21° 4'12.79"N 79° 3'34.68"E P 2 21° 5'7.95"N 79° 7'28.32"E P 3 21° 5'11.08"N 79° 8'36.91"E P 4 21° 5'14.50"N 79° 8'53.06"E
Fig. 4.6 River Water Sampling being performed by CSIR-NEERI 32
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Table 4.9 River Water Quality: Physical and Inorganic Parameters, 2018
Parameters Sr. Sample Total No. Code Cond Alkalinity Chloride Sodium Potassium pH TDS TSS Hardness Ca Mg - (µS) (CaCO3) (Cl ) (Na ) (K ) (CaCO3) 1 NR 1 7.8 526 100 374 8 184 20 32 110 54 6.2 2 NR 2 7.8 694 192 481 16 188 12 37 170 132 12.4 3 NR 3 7.6 697 184 501 8 160 27 22 140 140 22 4 NR 4 7.7 877 220 616 12 166 36 18 100 166 30 5 NR 5 7.6 909 204 628 10 244 29 41 105 188 32 6 PR 1 7.7 341 52 234 26 212 38 27 155 74 16.4 7 PR 2 7.5 826 100 576 32 196 14 45 105 125 16.2 8 PR 3 7.8 840 88 580 10 188 19 33 180 132 16.8 9 PR 4 7.8 919 112 638 14 184 10 45 115 184 15 10 PR 5 8.1 840 120 600 14 204 28 32 15 188 15.2 11 P 1 7.4 1182 212 828 12 396 46 67 60 232 42 12 P 2 7.7 916 212 646 28 204 43 23 115 188 18 13 P 3 7.8 1399 316 992 64 224 27 37 105 258 24 14 P 4 7.7 1194 264 786 174 213 26 37 115 168 20
Table 4.10 River Water Quality: Nutrient Parameters, 2018 Parameters Sr. Sample Sulphate Phosphate Nitrate No. name DO COD BOD 2- - (SO4 ) (P) (NO3 ) 1 NR 1 5.8 10 <4 1.1 0.63 ND 2 NR 2 0.9 196 120 2.7 11.1 ND 3 NR 3 0.1 256 178 2.7 6.1 ND 4 NR 4 0.2 196 116 10.5 12 ND 5 NR 5 0.5 176 112 7.0 9 ND 6 PR 1 4.4 4 <2 12 BDL 11.9 7 PR 2 0.4 212 124 11.5 7.4 ND 8 PR 3 0.6 208 115 9.0 7.3 ND 9 PR 4 ND 308 194 27.5 10.5 ND 10 PR 5 0.2 236 156 8.0 15 ND 11 P 1 ND 105 70 5.5 10 9.3 12 P 2 ND 157 98 10 10 ND 13 P 3 ND 226 148 22 12 ND 14 P 4 ND 332 220 33.5 9.5 ND (All Parameters are in mg/L)
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Table 4.11 (a) River Water Quality: Heavy Metals of Rivers of Nagpur City, 2018
Sample Cd Co Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn Code NR1 BDL BDL BDL 0.08 0.08 0.06 BDL 0.05 0.93 NR2 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.18 0.10 BDL 0.08 0.22 NR3 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.56 0.13 BDL 0.03 0.30 NR4 BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.18 0.10 BDL 0.01 0.16 NR5 BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.24 0.13 BDL 0.01 0.10 PR1 BDL BDL BDL 0.01 BDL 0.07 BDL 0.01 0.09 PR2 BDL BDL BDL 0.03 2.35 0.25 BDL 0.02 0.64 PR3 BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.45 0.21 BDL 0.01 0.24 PR4 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.85 0.18 BDL 0.01 0.22 PR5 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.67 0.19 BDL 0.01 0.18 P1 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 1.35 0.28 BDL 0.01 0.20 P2 BDL BDL BDL 0.01 0.13 0.31 BDL 0.01 0.22 P3 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.55 0.19 BDL 0.01 0.18 P4 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 1.48 0.28 BDL 0.01 0.28
Table 4.11 (b) Bacteriological quality of Surface water, Nagpur City
No. of colonies /100mL Sr. No. Water Sample Total coliforms M-FC agar M-EC agar 1. NR1 63 x 102 27 x 102 14 x 102 2. NR2 87 x 105 84 x 105 20 x 105 3. NR3 79 x 105 56 x 105 4 x 105 4. NR4 13 x 105 6 x 105 3 x 105 5. NR5 5 x 105 16 x 105 13 x 105 6. PR1 17x 103 28 x 102 37 x 102 7. PR2 76 x 105 68 x 105 48 x 105 8. PR3 20 x 105 6 x105 3 x 105 9. PR4 82 x 105 16 x 105 14 x 105 10. PR5 16 x 105 3 x 105 2 x 105 11. P1 87 x 105 32 x 102 7 x 105 12. P2 89 x 105 41 x 105 11 x 105 13. P3 56 x107 36 x107 24 x107 14. P4 85 x107 19x107 14 x107
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Fig 4.7 Comparison of Nag River Quality 2016-18
Fig 4.8 Comparison of Pili River Quality 2016-18
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Fig. 4.9 Pora River Quality 2017-18
4.3.2 Initiative taken by Nagpur Municipal Corporation
▪ Nag River Pollution Abatement is being planned by M/S NJS at a cost of Rs. 1252.33 crore where in 1500 KM sewerage pipe line will be laid down. The Diameter of pipe line varies between 150 to 1800 mm Dia. Under this project small and Large WWTP will be commissioned to treat 82 MLD of wastewater. This project is being proposed under NRCP for which sanction is expected. ▪ Hudkeshwar Narsada is new area being developed under NMC and wastewater generation from this locality is expected to be 20 MLD for which a proposal to set up WWTP costing Rs. 140.0 crore is underway to Gov. of Maharashtra. ▪ NMC has proposed expansion plan for South Sewerage system wherein 30 MLD wastewater will be treated at a cost of Rs. 770.0 crore. The plant is proposed in Chikhali Khurd area. This project proposal is expected to be included in Centre- State sponsored AMRUT scheme. ▪ NIT has also initiated abatement of pollution in rivers and proposed a 65 MLD treatment plant. ▪ NMC initiated water quality monitoring during the month of April 2018 with respect to Microbial contamination wherein Coliform and Thermo-tolerant microorganisms were
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monitored at the point of us source i.e. tap . The monitoring was carried out by Maharashtra Public health Department. About 210 samples were taken randomly were all over the city for monitoring. Corrective measures were initiated in contaminated samples. ▪ Cleaning of Nag and Pilli Nadi was initiated by NMC. Save the Nag-Pili rivers campaign was kicked-off from the origin of Pili river at Gorewada lake in April, 2018. The civic body faces a tough task this year, since the Pili river requires correction of slope and channelization. Weeds and waste will be removed from riverbeds and banks with the help of sanitary workers . ▪ The following tasks are identified during river restoration programme: Silt in Pili river will be removed and dumped on banks in the form of embankment by machines. Correction of riverbed's slope will be done by machines to ensure faster flow of water. Riverbed will be channelized by cutting edges in proper shape. Points from where sewage flows into the river will be identified and documented.
The NMC will also undertake awareness activities along with the cleanliness drive. Under the drive, NMC is removing silt and transporting it to some designated spots. It is removing shrubs, weeds and garbage in and on the banks of these streams.
NMC has already started cleaning 13 stretches of Nag, Pili and Pora rivers. Nag has been divided into three stretches, Pili into four and Pora into three for effective execution of work. Each stretch is looked after by a core committee headed by additional municipal commissioners . A total of over 100 sanitary workers, 10 per stretch, have been deployed along with the machines. NMC’s health department has distributed gumboots along with caps, dress etc. to all workers.
4.4 Lake Water Quality
The city of Nagpur has a number of lakes, the prominent ones are Futala, Ambazari, Gorewada, Gandhi Sagar (Shukrawari / Jumma Talav), Sakkardara, Naik and Lendi Talav. The site specific scenarios in and around the lakes are evident from Figure 4.10 Plates 1 through 7. This study has explored the water quality of five major lakes namely Ambazari, Futala, Gandhi Sagar, Sakkardara and Sonegaon. These lakes are mainly used for recreational activities besides being exploited by unprecedented anthropogenic activities. On the bank/s of 37
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 these lakes, slum settlements are located and the habitants are seen using the readily available lake water for washing, bathing and other domestic activities. NMC has always been proactive to protect these lakes from being polluted due to local activities. In order to generate lake water quality scenario in the city a total of 23 number of sampling locations have been identified for examination of lake water viz. 3 sampling locations from Ambazari lake, 13 from Futala lake, 3 from Gandhisagar lake, 2 from Sakkardara lake and 2 from Sonegaon lake. Figure 4.11 depicts the sampling locations in Futala Lake while Table 4.12 gives the details of sampling locations of the other lakes under study. The water quality - physico-chemical, organic, and metals present in Futala Lake is given in Table 4.13 – 4.14. It was observed that the physico- Chemical water quality of Futala lake is within the acceptable limits of BIS 10500 : 2012. Significant organic load was not observed in the Futala lake. Table 4.14 depicts the metal content in the Futala lake. Iron being geogenic contaminant was found to be within the permissible limit of BIS. The water quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara lakes pertaining to physico-chemical parameters, metals and COD are presented in Tables 4.15 and 4.16 respectively. The mineral contents were found to be exceeding the desirable value as prescribed by the BIS (IS 10500:2012) with respect to dissolved solids in Gandhisagar and Sakkardara lakes. Total Alkalinity (Carbonates) and total hardness were found to be above the desirable limits in Gandhisagar and Sakkardara lakes. Sulphates were found to be above the desirable limits in Gandhisagar Lake. It has been observed that Sakkardara Lake is organic load form of COD above 200mg/L. Portion of Futala and Sakkardara lakes were observed to be covered with water lilies and other aquatic weeds. The banks of these lakes were seen loaded with garbage dumps. Nutrient load in terms of phosphate are found to be increased in Ambazari, Futala, Gandhisagar and Sakkardhara and Sonegaon lakes, hence are on the verge of eutrophication. The metal contaminations in these lakes were not found significant when compared with drinking water standards.
Microbial quality of Futala and other lakes under study was investigated and the water samples were analysed for Bacterial indicator organisms viz. Total coliforms (TC), Fecal coliforms (FC), E.coli (EC) using Membrane Filter Technique (culture based method. Water samples (diluted 1:100) were filtered (100 ml) through membrane filtration assembly and membrane placed on specific media plates for detecting and enumerating coliforms. Significant number of fecal coliform and E Coli were found in Futala lake as is evident from Table 4.17. Biological water quality with respect to phytoplankton and zooplankton was 38
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 carried out. Table 4.18-4.20 depicts the presence of Family Chlorophyceae, Myxophyceae and Euglenophyceae indicates the organic pollution, whereas family Bacillariophyceae is the clean water indicator. Further, presence of Group Protozoa, Copepoda and Rotifera indicates the organic pollution while Cladocera is the clean water indicator. Table 4.22 gives an indication of the presence of thermotolerant Coliforms.
4.5 Ground Water Quality
The data from the Central Groundwater Board (CGWB), Nagpur, estimates that the ground water availability in Nagpur is above 25 Mcm per year. The depth of ground water varies from 1.65-1.95m in the central part of the city and extends up to 16 m in the peripheral areas. Ground water resources can be tapped in the north-eastern part of the city, as it can serve as a supplementary source of water supply. Also considering the scarcity of surface water during the summer season and insufficient supply in the outskirts of the city, it is essential to make provisions for exploiting the ground water reserves.
The ground water samples were collected from 19 locations. Location details are given in Table 4.23. The ground water samples were analysed for physical, chemical parameters, metals and bacteriological parameters and the results are presented in Tables 4.24 -4.26. All 19 ground water samples collected were observed to be clear and did not have any objectionable odour. The pH of ground water samples was found to be ranging from 6.9 to 7.8 and these values were within the desirable range 6.5 to 8.5 prescribed by the BIS.
Five of the 19 samples were found to have dissolved solids exceeding the desirable value as per the BIS IS 10500: 2012, however well below the permissible limit of 2000 mg/l. Almost 16 samples were observed to have total alkalinity above the desirable concentrations of 200 mg/L. Magnesium was found to be exceeding marginally in samples HP2 and HP3. Phosphates were found to range between 0.1 and 1.0 mg/L. Fluoride was found to exceed the desirable limit of 1.0mg/L in five of the ground water samples (HP1, HP2, HP3, HP8, and BW15). Thirteen of the ground water samples were found to have total hardness exceeding the desirable value of 200 mg/L. Other parameters were found to be well within the desirable limits of IS 10500:2012.
Out of the analysed ground water samples, 12 had the load of total coliform and 11 have the load of Faecal coliform ranging from 0.0 to 7x103 cfu/100ml and 0.0 to 2x103 39
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 cfu/100ml. Overall quality of ground water samples is good in terms of physio-chemical characteristics, but are contaminated with coliforms and require proper treatment before consumption.
Gandhi Sagar Lake (Plate 1) Futala Lake (Plate 2)
Sakkardara Lake (Plate 3) Ambazari Lake (Plate 4)
Sonegaon Lake (Plate 5) Naik Lake (Plate 6)
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Lendi Lake (Plate 7)
Fig. 4.10 Prominent Lakes of Nagpur
Fig. 4.11 Sampling Locations of Futala Lake
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Table 4.12 Sampling Location Details of Lakes Sampling Date -02-04 /April /2018 Sr. Sample Sample Details / location Sources Latitude Longitude Other Observations No Code details Near Empress mall Anthropogenic Activity Bathing and Washing 1 GS-1 Lake 21 ˚08′51″ 79 ̊05′45″ Gandhisagar lake Clothes Opposite to Raman Science Anthropogenic Activity Bathing and Washing 2 GS-2 Lake 21 ˚08′44″ 79 ̊05′45″ Gate Gandhisagar lake Clothes Near Sindhu Jhulelal Temple Anthropogenic Activity all stuffs used in 3 GS-3 Lake 21 ˚08′41″ 79 ̊05′45″ ,Gandhisagar lake worship to Gods, Flowers , oil lamps etc. Near Police Chowki Sonegaon 4 SG-1 Lake 21 ˚06′03″ 79 ̊03′16″ Plastics, polybags, papers Lake Near Hanuman temple Anthropogenic Activity all stuffs used in 5 SG-2 Lake 21 ˚05′59″ 79 ̊03′16″ Sonegaon Lake worship to Gods, Flowers , oil lamp etc. Opposite to Krazy Castle 6 AZ-1 Lake 21 ˚07′30″ 79 ̊02′36″ Fishes are found surrounding was clean Ambazari Lake Opposite to Krazy Castle 7 AZ-2 Lake 21 ˚07′33″ 79 ̊02′38″ Fishes are found surrounding was clean Ambazari Lake Opposite to Krazy Castle Fishes are found surrounding was clean but 8 AZ-3 Lake 21 ˚07′33″ 79 ̊02′38″ Ambazari Lake Fishy Odour Near road location outside Anthropogenic Activity Bathing and Washing 9 SD-1 Lake 21 ˚07′18″ 79 ̊6′50″ Area Sakkardara Lake Clothes, Plastic , papers oil, Glasses etc. Inside garden and Lawn Area 10 SD-2 Lake 21 ˚07′16″ 79 ̊6′45″ Green Floating Leaves ,Fishes etc. Sakkardara Lake NOTE-GS-Gandhisagar Lake, SG-Sonegaon Lake, AZ- Ambazari Lake, SD-Sakkardara Lake
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Table 4.13 Water Quality of Futala Lake – Physio-Chemical (January, 2018)
Total Turbidity Total Hardness Calcium as Magnesium Chloride Sulphate Nitrate Fluoride Sodium Potassium Sample Code alkalinity ++ ++ NTU as Ca CO3 mg/l Ca mg/l as Mg mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l COD, mg/l mg/l
BIS : 10500-2012 Desirable/ 01-05 200-600 200-600 75-200 30-100 250-100 200-400 45 0.5-1.5 - - Permissible limit S-1 2 280 260 66 23 40 79 0.3 0.3 30 6 24 S-2 2 280 260 66 23 42 66 0.3 0.3 30 6 12 S-3 2 265 260 64 24 42 68 0.3 0.3 30 6 20 S-4 2 280 256 64 23 36 56 0.3 0.3 30 6 28 S-5 2 275 264 64 25 42 65 0.2 0.3 32 6 24 S-6 1 260 248 64 21 44 66 0.3 0.3 32 6 16 S-7 1 270 248 69 18 44 66 0.5 0.3 32 6 32 S-8 1 265 280 62 30 42 62 0.2 0.3 34 6 40 S-9 1 260 236 58 22 40 51 0.5 0.3 33 6 32 S-10 1 285 216 66 13 42 59 0.3 0.3 33 6 28 S-11 1 265 244 66 19 44 61 0.3 0.3 34 7 20 S-12 1 265 252 66 21 38 67 0.3 0.3 35 7 24 S-13 1 275 240 64 19 42 66 0.3 0.4 34 6 8
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Table 4.14 Water Quality of Futala Lake –Metals (January 2018) Heavy metals : Concentration (mg/L) Sample Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn Mn BIS: 10500- 2012 Desirable/ 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.10-0.30 Permissible limit Detection 0.001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.005 0.009 0.001 0.0001 Limits S1 BDL BDL 0.0001 0.27 0.002 0.0003 BDL 0.030 S2 BDL BDL 0.0005 0.22 0.003 0.0001 BDL 0.027 S3 BDL BDL 0.002 0.31 0.003 0.0006 0.013 0.045 S4 BDL BDL 0.0001 0.22 0.003 0.0002 BDL 0.031 S5 BDL BDL 0.0011 0.25 0.003 0.0003 0.003 0.003 S6 BDL BDL 0.0012 0.24 0.003 BDL BDL 0.003 S7 BDL BDL 0.0007 0.27 0.003 0.0001 0.003 0.031 S8 BDL BDL 0.0012 0.56 0.003 0.0005 0.009 0.041 S9 BDL BDL 0.0009 0.33 0.004 0.0007 0.015 0.039 S10 BDL BDL 0.0005 0.25 0.003 BDL BDL 0.031 S11 BDL BDL 0.0003 0.25 0.003 BDL BDL 0.033 S12 BDL BDL 0.0009 0.30 0.003 0.0004 0.006 0.044 S13 BDL BDL 0.0019 0.68 0.003 0.0004 0.031 0.073 BDL- Below Detection Limit
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Table 4.15 Water Quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara Lakes–Physio-chemical Parameters
Total Total Turbidi Phosphate Fluoride Nitrat Sr. Sample EC TDS Hardness Ca2+ Mg2+(m Na K alkalinity Sulphate Chloride -2 - 3- pH ty as PO4 as F e NO No Code (µS/cm) (mg/l) as CaCO3 (mg/l) g/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) as CaCO3 ( mg/l) (mg/l) (NTU) ( mg/l) ( mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) ( mg/l)
BIS : 10500- 2012 Desirable/ 6.5- 250- - 500-2000 1-5 200-600 75-200 30-100 - - 200-600 - 1.0-1.5 45 200-400 Permissible 8.5 1000 limit
1 GS-1 6.9 1535 921 3.4 264 44 37 176 46 216 0.3 0.8 0.3 280 174
2 GS-2 7.1 1513 908 2.1 264 43 37 141 43 232 0.3 0.8 ND 208 180
3 GS-3 7.0 1509 905 1.9 260 40 38 137 42 220 0.3 0.8 2.9 249 186
4 SG-1 7.1 385 231 4.9 136 27 16 15 1.5 108 0.1 0.6 ND 55 38
5 SG-2 7.0 383 230 2.4 124 26 14 15 1.6 116 0.2 0.6 ND 57 38
6 AZ-1 6.9 485 291 1.5 144 26 19 32 3.8 132 0.5 0.5 1.9 33 76
7 AZ-2 6.6 458 275 2.1 140 24 19 35 3.8 104 0.4 0.5 1.4 30 74
8 AZ-3 6.9 453 272 1.7 124 22 16 33 4.0 128 0.4 0.5 1.11 29 74
9 SD-1 7.1 1190 714 2. 336 53 49 99 11 296 0.4 0.8 ND 148 134
10 SD-2 7.5 1139 683 4.0 304 42 48 102 9.9 304 0.2 0.8 ND 148 136
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Table 4.16 Water Quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara Lakes – Metals and COD COD Sr. No. Sample Code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn mg/l BIS : 10500-2012 0.01- 0.3- 0.10- Desirable/ Permissible 0.03-0.20 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 - 0.05 1.0 0.30 limit ICP-OES Detection Limit 0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 - (ppm) 1 GS- 1 0.009 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.03 0.002 BDL BDL 0.1 16.6 2 GS -2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.04 0.004 BDL BDL 0.002 33.2 3 GS -3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL BDL 30 4 SG -1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 16.6 5 SG -2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 13.3 6 AZ -1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 3.3 7 AZ -2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0 8 AZ -3 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL BDL 6.6 9 SD- 1 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 224 10 SD- 2 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.0002 BDL BDL BDL 200 NOTE: -BDL- Below Detection Limit of ICP-OES.
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Table 4.17 Water Quality-Microbial Parameters of Futala Lake
Total Water Fecal Coliforms E.coli S. No. Coliforms samples (CFU/100ml) (CFU/100ml) (CFU/100ml) 1 S1 116X102 20 X 102 1 X 102
2 S2 95 X 102 70 X 102 20 X 102
3 S3 8 X 102 6 X 102 5 X 102
4 S4 30 X 102 20 X 102 3 X 102
5 S5 220 X 102 120 X 102 50 X 102
6 S6 18 X 102 13 X 102 12 X 102
7 S7 24 X 102 22 X 102 3 X 102
8 S8 160 X 102 59 X 102 13 X 102
9 S9 120 X 102 43 X 102 8 X 102
10 S10 250 X 102 130 X 102 11 X 102
11 S11 85 X 102 75 X 102 7 X 102
12 S12 38 X 102 28 X 102 2 X 102
13 S13 104 X 102 22 X 102 18 X 102
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Table 4.18 Water Quality-Microbial Parameters of Futala Lake
Percentage Composition of Algal Group Phytopla Sr. Sample nkton No. code No/ml Bacillario- Chlorop-hyceae • Myxophyceae• Euglenophyceae phyceae
1 S1 42 50 34 16 - 2 S2 34 60 25 15 - 3 S3 40 47 34 19 -
4 S4 36 69 21 10 - 5 S5 52 40 30 30 - 6 S6 46 40 25 10 -
7 S7 37 34 40 26 -
8 S8 68 34 33 33 20
9 S9 42 70 20 10 -
10 S10 51 65 20 15 -
11 S11 43 58 30 12 -
12 S12 55 62 25 13 -
13 S13 40 55 33 12 -
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Table 4.19 Biological Parameter : Phytoplankton Species Futala Lake
Family Species Tabellaria
Fragilaria
Meridion
Actinastrum
Pediastrum
Coelastrum Chlorophyceae Oocystis Scenedesmus Eudorina Melosira Cyclotella sp. Nevicula sp. Stephanodiscus Coconeis
Cymbella Bacillariophyceae Synedra
Pinularia
Diatoma sp. Nitzschia sp. Gomphosphaeria sp. Myxophyceae Leptothrixsp Oscillatoria Anabaena Phagus sp. Euglenophyceae Euglena sp.
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Table 4.20 Biological Parameter: Zooplankton
Percentage Composition of Zooplankton groups Sample Zooplankton Sr. No. code No/m3 Protozoa Cladocera Copepoda Rotifera
1 S1 22400 - 8 65 27 2 S2 11900 - - 64 36 3 S3 11300 - 3 37 60 4 S4 22300 3 7 60 30 5 S5 9650 - 4 24 72 6 S6 18300 2 4 53 41 7 S7 9000 - 15 35 50 8 S8 41750 4 4 74 18 9 S9 12400 2 4 64 30 10 S10 15800 - 3 56 41 11 S11 13700 - 2 50 48 12 S12 10200 - - 61 39 13 S13 8600 - 6 52 42
Table 4.21 Zooplankton Species
Groups Species Ceratium sp. Protozoa Pyrocystis sp. Bosmina sp. Cladocera Daphnia Moina Cyclops sp.
Nauplius larva Copepoda Eucyclops Keratella sp. Filinia sp. Callotheca Hexarthra Rotifer Asplanchnopus Brachionus Polyalthra Notholca
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Table 4.22 Water Quality of Gandhisagar, Sonegaon, Ambazari and Sakkardara Lakes - Bacteriological Parameters (April 2018)
Thermotolerant coliform Sr. No Sample code Total coliform (cfu/100ml) (cfu/100ml)
1 GS- 1 27x104 14x104
2 GS -2 18x104 12x104
3 GS -3 22x104 2x105
4 SG -1 31x104 24x104
5 SG -2 25x104 21x104
6 AZ -1 9x104 6x104
7 AZ -2 2x104 2x104
8 AZ -3 24x104 16x104
9 SD- 1 16x104 16x104
NOTE- GS-Gandhisagar Lake, SG - Sonegaon Lake, AZ - Ambazari Lake, SD - Sakkardara Lake
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Table 4.23 Sampling Locations for Water Quality Assessment of Ground Water, Nagpur Sampling Date - 02-04/April /2018
Sr. Sample Sample Details / Sources Latitude Longitude No. Code Location details
Playground Near Wankhede Madam HAND 1 HP-1 21 ˚07′26″ 79 ̊03′54″ Academy Aath rasta PUMP chowk ,Laxmi Nagar
Shankar nagar garden HAND 2 HP -2 main r 21 ˚08′02″ 79 ̊03′40″ PUMP oad Shankar Nagar Maratoli Shiv Mandir, HAND 3 HP -3 21 ˚08′42″ 79 ̊03′18″ Ram Nagar PUMP Janta Road Line , Control HAND 4 HP -4 wadi opp of well treat 21 ˚09′10″ 79 ̊00′30″ PUMP hospital, WADI
Dr. ambedkar statue sanjay nagar near Rahul HAND 5 HP -5 21 ˚07′03″ 79 ̊00′54″ Borkar house, HINGNA PUMP t-point
Narkesri Layout Near BORE 6 BW-6 Godawari Hardware store 21 ˚06′43″ 79 ̊01′35″ WELL , Jaitala
OPP. Yashoda High school near ganpati HAND 7 HP -7 temple shaoji poit hotel 21 ˚06′39″ 79 ̊02′22″ PUMP Trimurti nagar, Shahane Layout
Near Apex Physiotherapy HAND 8 HP -8 Center Shankar temple 21 ˚05′49″ 79 ̊04′23″ PUMP Manish Nagar
Veer hanuman temple , HAND 9 HP -9 Ujawal Society Narendra 21 ˚06′28″ 79 ̊04′42″ PUMP Nagar
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Sr. Sample Sample Details / Sources Latitude Longitude No. Code Location details
Behind Yashwant stadium HAND 10 HP -10 21 ˚08′23″ 79 ̊04′54″ Slum area, Dhantoli PUMP
Near kasbha garden BORE 11 BW-11 HOUSE MR. Krushnarao 21 ˚9′43″ 79 ̊4′32″ WELL Parteki ,SADAR
Near st.Joseph public HAND 12 HP-12 21 ˚9′34″ 79 ̊5′5″ School, Mohan Nagar PUMP
Mayo Hospital Campus BORE 13 BW-13 Near dindayal bhojnalaya 21 ˚9′17″ 79 ̊5′45″ WELL ,Mayo Hospital
Near masjeed Chota HAND 14 HP-14 21 ˚9′03″ 79 ̊6′10″ Lohapura ,Gandhibagh PUMP
Near omprakash Agrawal BORE 15 BW-15 21 ˚8′55″ 79 ̊8′14″ house ,Wardhman Nagar WELL
Chota Tajbagh ,Gate on HAND 16 HP-16 21 ˚7′23″ 79 ̊6′45″ Right Handside PUMP
Near Mr. Dipak Aadmane HAND 17 HP-17 House plot no 442, 21 ˚6′35″ 79 ̊6′48″ PUMP Subhedar Layout
Near jhanvi Daily Needs HAND 18 HP-18 21 ˚5′44″ 79 ̊6′23″ Manewada Besa road PUMP
NOTE: HP- Hand pump; BW- Bore well
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Table 4.24 Water Quality – Physicochemical Parameters of Ground Water Samples, Nagpur
Total Sample Calciu Magne Total EC Turbi Hardne Sodiu Potas Phosphat Fluorid Nitrate Sulph Chlori Code TDS m as sium alkalinity (µS/cm dity ss as m sium e as PO -2 e as F- NO3- ate(m de Sr. ESR pH (mg/l) Ca2+ Mg2+(m as CaCO 4 ) (NTU) CaCO (mg/l) (mg/l) 3 ( mg/l) ( mg/l) ( mg/l) g/l) (mg/l) No Project 3 (mg/l) g/l) ( mg/l) (mg/l) 6.5 BIS : 10500-2012 500- 200- 75- 30- 200- 250- - - 1-5 - - 200-600 - 1.0-1.5 45 Permissible limit 2000 600 200 100 400 1000 8.5 1 HP-1 7.5 595 357 23 184 42 19 65 0.4 228 0.2 1.6 0.2 13 40 2 HP -2 7.2 674 404 1.2 224 38 31 60 0.3 256 0.4 1.4 8.3 18 56 3 HP -3 7.4 748 449 21 256 50 32 70 0.5 288 0.3 1.6 0.3 15 60 4 HP -4 6.9 954 572 2.2 308 99 14 66 0.4 320 0.3 0.5 31 32 96 5 HP -5 7.1 1489 893 2.1 348 128 6.7 103 2.0 420 0.4 0.5 32 39 190 6 BW-6 7.9 403 242 0.6 152 48 7.7 10 0.3 156 0.4 0.5 21 26 38 7 HP -7 7.3 829 497 1.3 344 69 41 40 0.3 288 0.2 1.0 26 52 54 8 HP -8 7.5 744 446 4.7 88 16 12 135 0.8 240 0.2 1.1 0.2 41 62 9 HP -9 7.5 1027 616 2.0 348 48 55 114 0.4 356 0.5 0.9 1.1 89 72 10 HP -10 7.3 379.8 228 0.5 168 54 7.7 9 0.3 140 0.3 0.8 5.9 13 30 11 BW-11 7.8 432 259 0.5 160 46 11 29 0.6 188 0.5 0.5 ND 15 32 12 HP-12 7.1 674 404 4.1 260 77 16 40 0.3 244 0.3 0.7 4.2 24 48 13 BW-13 7.4 257 154 0.5 104 27 8.6 7.7 1.3 116 0.1 0.5 ND 11 38 14 HP-14 7.3 790 474 1.1 260 56 29 84 1.2 308 1.0 1.0 9.2 48 70 15 BW-15 7.6 1140 684 0.5 196 42 22 161 1.5 224 0.2 1.8 7.6 124 120 16 HP-16 7.2 778 467 1.4 300 61 36 59.8 0.4 260 0.2 0.9 3.0 36 70 17 HP-17 7.1 770 462 2.9 336 64 42 34 0.5 236 0.2 0.7 17 57 68 18 HP-18 7.2 1472 883 3.8 552 78 85 76 0.7 344 0.2 1.6 42 55 210 19 HP-19 7.2 825 495 0.7 292 49 40 75 0.8 272 0.8 1.0 34 42 68
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Table 4.25 Water Quality of Ground Water – Metals (April, 2018)
Sr. No Sample code Al As Cd Cr Cu Fe Mn Ni Pb Zn 0.03- 0.01- BIS Limit (ppm) 0.003 0.05 0.05-1.5 0.3-1.0 0.10-0.30 0.02 0.01 5.0-15 0.20 0.05 ICP-OES Detection Limit 0.002 0.007 0.0001 0.01 0.0004 0.0003 0.0001 0.005 0.009 0.001 (ppm) 1 HP-1 0.05 BDL BDL BDL 0.005 0.2 0.02 BDL 0.02 0.06 2 HP -2 0.06 BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.4 0.005 BDL BDL 0.03 3 HP -3 0.04 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.2 0.12 BDL BDL 0.01 4 HP -4 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.1 0.04 BDL BDL 0.03 5 HP -5 0.003 BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.003 0.09 BDL BDL 0.003 6 BW-6 0.03 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.3 0.007 BDL BDL 0.01 7 HP -7 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.01 0.005 BDL BDL 0.1 8 HP -8 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.05 0.02 BDL BDL 0.02 9 HP -9 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.03 0.05 BDL BDL 0.2 10 HP -10 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.01 0.06 BDL BDL 0.04 11 BW-11 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.02 0.002 BDL BDL 0.01 12 HP-12 0.02 BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.01 0.01 BDL BDL 1.2 13 BW-13 0.04 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.08 0.001 BDL BDL 0.06 14 HP-14 0.03 BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.08 0.007 BDL BDL 0.07 15 BW-15 0.03 BDL BDL BDL 0.001 0.02 0.001 BDL BDL 0.4 16 HP-16 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.002 0.02 0.007 BDL BDL 0.02 17 HP-17 0.03 BDL BDL BDL 0.02 0.06 0.03 BDL BDL 1.8 18 HP-18 0.01 BDL BDL BDL 0.003 0.03 0.02 BDL BDL 0.8 19 HP-19 0.009 BDL BDL BDL 0.004 0.02 0.04 BDL BDL 0.03 NOTE: - BDL- Below Detection Limit of ICP-OES.
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Table 4.26 Ground Water Quality – Bacteriological Parameters Thermotolerant coliform Sr. No Sample code Total coliform(cfu/100ml) (cfu/100ml) 1 HP-1 88 8 2 HP -2 8 0 3 HP -3 40 12 4 HP -4 160 32 5 HP -5 7x103 2x103 6 BW-6 2280 1860 7 HP -7 0 0 8 HP -8 0 0 9 HP -9 116 0 10 HP -10 712 556 11 BW-11 84 68 12 HP-12 0 0 13 BW-13 4 2 14 HP-14 508 276 15 BW-15 12 4 16 HP-16 80 44 17 HP-17 0 0 18 HP-18 0 0 19 HP-19 0 0
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5. Municipal Solid Waste
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
5. Municipal Solid Waste
5.1 Solid Waste Generation
With growing population coupled with urbanization and increasing floating population, the city is under pressure to meet the growing demands of its citizens. Presently, Nagpur is generating an average of 1100-1200 tonnes per day (TPD) of waste, with an average per capita waste generation of 444 grams per day, out of which only 150-200 TPD of waste is being processed. Evidently, the waste management system in Nagpur is presently inadequate. Irregular collection services along with limited processing and disposal facilities have led to open dumping of huge quantity of waste, which can have significant environmental and health impacts. The city is also poised to develop as a ‘Smart City’, with support from the Smart Cities Mission of the Government of India.
Nagpur Municipal Corporation (NMC) has been a progressive urban local body and has taken some measures for improvement of waste management in the city; however, still there is a long way to go for considerable improvement.
5.2 Solid Waste Management
5.2.1 Existing Status of Solid Waste Management in Nagpur City
The total area of Nagpur is 217.56 sq. km and the current population is approximately 2.5 million. NMC is responsible for the water supply, sewage treatment and solid waste management (SWM) of the city.
SWM is realized as one of the major problems by NMC. The increase in the quantity of the waste generated, regular change in the quality of waste and inappropriate processing and disposal method is the main aspects involved in SWM.
5.2.2 Category of Solid Waste Generation
Solid waste can be categorized into different types depending on their sources of generation
• Household waste i.e., municipal solid waste • Industrial waste i.e., hazardous waste • Biomedical waste or hospital waste
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5.2.3 Municipal Solid Waste
Municipal solid waste (MSW) comprised of household waste (hotels, restaurants, lawns etc.), construction and demolition materials, sanitation residue and waste from streets, hospitals, slaughter houses, market areas, etc. This category of waste is generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes. Due to rapid urbanization, change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount of MSW has been increasing rapidly with change in composition.
5.2.4 Operation of MSW Management System in NMC Area
In Nagpur, the activity of MSW management is performed by the Health Department. The work of collection and disposal is managed by Senior Sanitary Inspectors and Sanitary Inspectors (Total 56) who supervise the work of 7261 sanitary workers with the help of 129 Jamadars. Generally, SWM involves four stages i.e.,
• Generation and segregation of waste • Collection of waste • Transportation of waste • Processing and disposal of waste
5.2.5 Waste Generation in Nagpur
Nagpur generates 1100-1200 TPD of heterogeneous MSW that is collected both from residential and commercial areas. This typically contains a high level of biodegradable waste together with a significant amount of construction and demolition as well as healthcare wastes. Mostly, the wastes are disposed off at Bhandewadi Dumping yard. The average waste generation per capita is ~0.44 kg/day. Nagpur is divided into 10 zones and each of which is served by a zonal office. The data on waste generation from 10 zones is presented in Table 5.1.
At present, the solid waste treatment facility at Bhandewadi in Nagpur, is not operating to its expected capacity. The existing composting facility treats only 200 tonnes. Both National Green Tribunal (NGT) and Nagpur Bench of Bombay High Court have directed NMC to fully treat the MSW generated in the city. The treatment facility is expected to become functional by 2020 provided there is no more delay. Also, an agreement was signed between NMC with M/s Essel Infra projects and Hitachi Zosen Pvt. Ltd., (India Office) for its waste to energy project. As per the agreement, NMC will have to provide 800 MT garbage every day at Bhandewadi dumping yard. M/s Essel will set up an 11.5MW waste to energy plant for fuel
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Table 5.1 Waste Generation in Different Zones of Nagpur City Waste Generation Zone (Tonnes/Day) Laxmi Nagar 114 Dharampeth 116 Hanuman Nagar 132 Dhantoli 98 Nehru Nagar 106 Gandhi baugh 87 Satranjipura 127 Lakadganj 116 Ashinagar 108 Mangalwari 112 Markets 1.8 Commercial Areas 5.2 Institutional Areas 5 Source: NMC, 2017
5.2.6 Physical Composition
Waste composition is an important factor in the selection of an appropriate waste management system. Figure 5.1 shows the typical waste composition of MSW in Nagpur (w/w basis). The biodegradable fraction consists of food waste & grass, which constitutes up to 64% by weight of MSW 32% is classified as inert, 10% is construction and demolition waste, 12% is classified as miscellaneous and 2% is potentially recyclable paper, plastics, glass and metals.
Fig. 5.1 Physical Composition of MSW in Nagpur City (Source: NEERI Report, 2017) 59
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Zone 1 (Laxminagar) Zone 1 (Laxminagar)
Item Quantity (gm) Paper Cardboard Plastic Textile Organic Inerts
Paper 125
Cardboard 125 9%
Plastic 126 10% 55% 65% Textile 127
8% Organic 780
8% 10% Inerts 117
Total weight 1400
Fig. 5.2 (a) Zone – 1 Laxmi Nagar MSW Sampling
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Zone 2 Zone 2 (Dharampeth) (Dharampeth) Paper Plastic Textile Organic Inerts Quantity Item (gm)
Paper 120 1%
Plastic 118 8% 83% 80% Textile 20 8% Organic 1200
3% Inerts 48
Total weight 1506
Fig. 5.2 (b) Zone – 2 Dharampeth MSW Sampling
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Zone 3 Zone 3 (Hanuman Nagar) (Hanuman Nagar)
Paper Plastic Organic Inerts Quantity Item (gm)
Paper 48
Plastic 120 12% 83% 78%
Organic 794 5%
Inerts 52 5%
Total weight 1014
Fig. 5.2 (c) Zone – 3 Hanuman Nagar MSW Sampling
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Zone 4
(Dhantoli) Zone 4 (Dhantoli)
Plastic C & D Organic Item Quantity (gm)
Plastic 125
16%
75% 75% Organic 1090
9% C & D 227
Total weight 1442
Fig. 5.2 (d) Zone – 4 Dhantoli MSW Sampling
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Zone 5 Zone 5 (Nehru Nagar) (Nehru nagar) Paper C & D Plastic Organic Quantity Item (gm)
Paper 70 11%
Plastic 120 7% 86% 75% 7% Organic 800
C & D 70
Total weight 1060
Fig. 5.2 (e) Zone – 5 Nehru Nagar MSW Sampling
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Zone 6 Zone 6 (Gandhi Bagh) (Gandhi Baug) Paper Plastic Organic Item Quantity (gm)
Paper 80
Plastic 140 17%
73% 73%
Organic 580 10%
Total weight 800
Fig. 5.2 (f) Zone – 6 Gandhi Bagh MSW Sampling
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Zone 7 Zone 7 (Satranjipura) (Satranjipura)
Plastic Paper Organic Item Quantity (gm)
Paper 140
11%
Plastic 260
67% 67%
22% Organic 800
Total weight 1200
Fig. 5.2 (g) Zone – 7 Satranjipura MSW Sampling
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Zone 8 Zone 8 (Lakadganj) (Lakadganj) Plastic Inerts Organic
Item Quantity (gm)
Plastic 110
11% Organic 220 84% 84%
Inert 1670 5%
Total 2000 weight
Fig. 5.2 (h) Zone – 8 Lakadganj MSW Sampling
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Zone 9 Zone 9 (Ashi Nagar) (Ashi Nagar) Paper Plastic Organic
Quantity Item (gm) Paper 125
Plastic 130 13%
Organic 745 75% 75%
12%
Total weight 1000
Fig. 5.2 (i) Zone – 9 Ashi Nagar MSW Sampling
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Zone 10 Zone 10 (Mangalwari) (Mangalwari) Plastic Paper Organic
Quantity Item (gm)
Plastic 130
Paper 130 11%
Organic 940 78% 78%
11%
Total weight 1200
Fig. 5.2 (j) Zone – 10 Mangalwari MSW Sampling
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The zone wise MSW sampling was also carried out by CSIR-NEERI and the results are presented in Figure 5.2 (a - j)
As per the MSW sampling carried out by CSIR-NEERI in April 2017 in association with NMC, the MSW is broadly classified in various categories like plastic, paper, textile, organic and inerts. The maximum organic waste generation was observed in Zone 10 i.e., Mangalwari while least was observed in Zone 1 i.e., Laxminagar (Figure 5.2 - a)
5.2.7 Chemical Composition
The MSW samples were tested for various parameters, such as pH, moisture content, total solids, loss on ignition, ash, carbon (C), calorific value, nitrogen (N), & C/N ratio. For the chemical analysis, the waste was oven dried for 48 hrs. at 80 °C in a hot air oven. The oven- dried samples were further grinded to fine powder and then desiccated to cool down. Extracts were prepared by dissolving 10 gm of the sample in 100 ml of distilled water and shaken for 8 hrs. in a rotary shaker to ensure full dissolution of the sample into distilled water. The solution was then filtered in filter paper (Whatman No. 42) and the filtrate was used for chemical analysis. Chemical analysis was carried out using the prescribed standard methods as presented in Table 5.2.
Table 5.2 Standard Methods used for Analysis of Physical Parameters
Sr. No. Parameter Methods Adopted
1. pH Gravimetric (IS 10158:1982)
2. Moisture Content (MC) Gravimetric (IS 9235:1979)
3. Total Volatile Solids (TVS) Gravimetric (IS 10158:1982)
4. Ash Content Gravimetric (IS 10158:1982)
5. Carbon Content Combustion (Pregal-Dumas Method)
6. Nitrogen Content Combustion (Pregal-Dumas Method)
7. Calorific Value Calorimetric (IS 1350 [Part II] 1970)
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The results of the chemical analysis of mixed waste from the various sources are presented in Tables 5.3 and 5.4.
Table 5.3 Chemical Characterisation of MSW of Nagpur City (Using Mixed MSW)
Sample MC* TVS# Calorific Value* TS* (%) Ash# (%) location (%) (%) (Kcal/kg)
Zone 1 59.16 40.84 79.02 20.98 878
Zone 2 37.10 62.90 83.60 16.40 983
Zone 3 58.13 41.87 78.20 21.80 953
Zone 4 80.95 19.05 91.67 8.33 914
Zone 5 56.86 43.14 42.40 57.60 1047
Zone 6 74.40 25.60 96.90 3.10 1009
Zone 7 66.60 33.40 79.88 20.12 1154
Zone 8 58.70 41.30 44.02 55.98 1082
Zone 9 74.40 25.60 96.90 3.10 1114
Zone 10 80.63 19.37 66.33 33.67 1059
* Wet weight basis # Dry weight Basis
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Table 5.4 Chemical Characterisation of MSW of Nagpur City (Using Organic Fraction of MSW)
Dry Density Sample location pH COD (g/kg) C:N Ratio (kg/m3)
Zone 1 6.2 28.64 385 23
Zone 2 5.9 29.1 432 22
Zone 3 6.0 28.23 411 19.98
Zone 4 6.8 31.86 453 20.23
Zone 5 5.9 18.86 398 26.32
Zone 6 5.8 32.87 468 30.64
Zone 7 5.6 27.65 351 32.68
Zone 8 6.1 19.22 378 22.16
Zone 9 5.9 32.87 439 28.87
Zone 10 5.8 18.32 488 21.98
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5.2.8 Waste Segregation
There is no proper segregation of waste at the source in Nagpur city. The solid waste includes waste from households, commercial establishments, market wastes, construction and demolition waste and bio-medical/hospital waste. However, the waste generated by private nursing homes is handled separately by a private company on Design, Build, Finance, Operate and Transfer (DBFOT) basis. Segregation of waste is undertaken by labourers engaged in the house-to-house collection of waste and recyclables like plastics, ferrous metals and paper are segregated by the workers and sold to scrap dealers. The NMC has authorized contractors to carry out the segregation process. If proper segregation of the waste is carried out before it is transported to the dumpsite, NMC can save money of about Rs. 10 lakh per month on 60 TPD of garbage (Annual report, MPCB, 2017).
On June 5th 2017, World Environment Day Nagpur Municipal Corporation distributed free dustbins to promote segregation of waste at source in households (Figure 5.3). NMC had decided to provide two dustbins each to about 5.5 lakh houses to promote segregation of dry and wet garbage.A green bin was to be provided to collect wet waste and a blue one for dry garbage. Needful citizens who wanted to get dustbins for free were able to submit an application on the NMC website. Help centers have been set up at NMC zonal offices to help people who cannot apply online (Annual report, MPCB, 2017).
Also during interaction with the residents of the slum with the team of CSIR-NEERI, it was learnt that although there is a daily collection of garbage at the source, there is no proper segregation of the garbage and also the residents are unaware of the same.
Fig. 5.3 Dustbins distribution in slums by CSIR-NEERI
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5.2.9 Waste Collection
NMC has implemented door-to-door waste collection in all the 10 zones of the city successfully with the concept of making a bin-free city. The waste collection takes place in two phases i.e., primary and secondary collection. In the primary collection, the waste is collected from the house-to house (i.e., from the source of generation point) and transported to the intermediate transfer stations. Thereafter, the secondary collection takes place at the intermediate transfer station to the landfill site. In the city, M/s Kanak Resources Management Ltd. (KRML) has taken up the task of the primary collection with the help of door-to-door collectors by providing scientifically designed handcarts with the bell. The process of the waste collection begins at 6:30 AM in the morning. The waste is collected from different areas, such as residential, slum and congested localities, markets and commercial areas using the vehicles that are easily accessible (Figure 5.4).
Fig. 5.4 Collection of MSW in Different Areas of Nagpur City
About 64-68% of the total waste is being collected in the form of door-to-door collection or provision of community bins. The frequency of day-to-day collection in these areas is adequate.The non-notified slums have no facility for garbage collection thus leading them to throw their waste in the open. This leads to unwanted accumulation of garbage, foul smells and precursor forthe spread of diseases. A lot of slum residents’ burn waste for cooking and heating purposes. It is very prominent in winter (Figure 5.5). The burning of plants, small bushes and other household waste increases the air pollution. Proper segregation of wastehas been observed at many places speciallyat household levels but its separate transportation is not carried out yet in these areas.
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Fig. 5.5 Open Burning of Waste near Slums
5.2.10 Transportation of MSW
The city has a good transportation facility for MSW management. NMC has introduced a closed body fabricated hydraulic automobiles vehicles e.g., compactors and many other resources for the transfer of garbage to the landfill site, as presented in Table 5.5. NMC is having 6 temporary transfer stations among all the 10 zones. There are separate lines of vehicles used for the transportation of waste categories like; Green line vehicles are used for transportation of horticulture waste and brown line vehicles are used for transporting construction and demolition waste.
Table 5.5 Transportation Vehicles of Nagpur City
Vehicle Type Total no: of Vehicles RTO Capacity (kg) Trips/Day
Tricycle 580 0.2 4
Tata ace 153 0.735 3
Mahindra loading 6 3.08 3
Tata 207 4 1.101 3
Ashok Leyland dost 11 1.5 3
Tata super 19 1.405 3
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Maxi Bollero 1 1.405 4
Tata 407 7 3.45 3
Tata 709 15 3.55 5
Eicher 10.80 9 4.45 2
Eicher 10.95 2 5.4 2
Eicher 11.12 3 7.9 4
Eicher terra 16 tipper 24 9.35 4
Eicher 30.25 2 10 2
Tippers 25.18 4 16 3
JCB Machine 11
Compactor 14 10 2
Tata 1613 tippers 2 3 3
Tata truck 2 10 2
(Source: NMC, http://www.nswai.com/DataBank/downloadfiles/pdf/Nagpur.pdf)
5.2.11 Waste Processing and Disposal in Nagpur City
Solid waste is a problem that must be properly managed and should be understood that proper waste management helps to protect human health, environment and preserve natural resources. NMC runs a comprehensive operation for disposal of waste at Bhadewadi village in the eastern suburbs of Nagpur. The site is reserved in the City Development Plan for the purpose of disposal of MSW. The site has been in operation since 1969 and is about 10 km from the centre of the city and spread over an area of 54 acres. The land is fenced with 8 ft. high wall, concrete roads with the provision of drinking water and street light facilities. NMC has collaborated with M/s.KRML since 2008 to endeavour the disposal of waste at the site, and 76
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 a total of 600,000 metric tonnes (MT) of solid waste was disposed off at the site between 1969 and 2008.
The processing and disposal facility was executed in two phases through a BOOT operator. In the first phase, the entire waste spread across the site was compacted and consolidated in the north-eastern part of the site prior to the commissioning of MSW processing and disposal facility. The second phase comprised of commissioning of MSW processing and disposal facility on the cleared land. The commissioning of the MSW processing and disposal facility was completed in 2010 and the facility became operational in 2010.Presently, approximately an average of 750 tonnes / day of MSW is being dumped at the site.
The processing of MSW at the site was awarded to M/s Hanjer Bio-Tech Energies Pvt. Ltd. The operator at the site is responsible for monitoring the regular relocation of the waste, compaction of the waste, development of the plans for vegetation, infrastructural development of the site and and also collect the tipping fees for MSW, inert or silt. The site has 800 TPD capacity windrow composting plant with the collaboration of NMC and M/s Hanjer Biotech Pvt. Ltd and the required materials shall be derived from MSW at the dumpsite (Annual Report, MPCB 2017)
5.3 Bio-medical Waste (BMW) and its Management
Nagpur has a well organized, disposal and treatment system of BMW. The Government of Maharshtra has sanctioned 30 years lease for the project of BMW that was started in 2004. NMC gets Rs. 23, 50,000 yearly with 10% increase after every three years to ensure the proper treatment and disposal of BMW in Nagpur. The project has been taken on BOOT basis. NMC has allotted ¼ acre land to a private agency at Bhandewadi Nagpur. It receives the waste from all indoor hospitals, dental clinics, dispensaries, blood banks, pathology laboratories, private Ayurvedic and homeopathic colleges, etc. Nagpur also has a common BMW waste treatment facility at Bhandewadi Nagpur as Superb Hygienic Disposals under the authorization of MPCB. The facility includes the treatment and management processes i.e., segregation and storage as presented in Table 5.6 (a). The details of water consumption and wastewater monitoring are presented in Table 5.6 (b). For air quality monitoring, an incinerator with a capacity of 200kg/hr and Venturi Scrubber with SO2neutrilizationhas been installed, and has a 30 m high stack for the emission.
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Table 5.6 (a) Segregation and Storage of BMW in the City
Segregation and Storage
No. of Bags Collected/Month Total No.of HCE’s cater service: 2498 (24,000) Bedded Hospitals: 925 Non bedded hospital 146
Yellow Red Blue Black Dispensaries Blood Path Institutes Veterinary bank lab
6,000 14,000 4,000 NA 1157 7 250 0 13
Table 5.6 (b) Water Consumption and Wastewater Generation in the Treatment of BMW
Water Consumption and Waste water Generation
Quantity and Source of Water (m3/day) Borewell Waste Water generation
Domestic process cooling Laundry Other STP (Septic ETP Tank and Soakpit)
2 m3/day 5m3/day 1m3/day NA 0.5m3/day 2m3/day 6.5m3/day
Source: NMC, http://www.nswai.com/DataBank/downloadfiles/pdf/Nagpur.pdf
5.4 Electronic Waste Management in Nagpur City
Nagpur is one of the top ten cities and accounting for 4.9 tonnes of electronic waste generation. The city is lacking the segregation process. The E-waste is mixed up the MSW wastes and is a complex global problem. It has been found that in the city, many workers are engaged in the electronic repair shops and they do not have any proper training and are not using any health safety protective measures during the dismantling or segregation process.
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In the absence of policy and lack of planning, some E-waste gets mixed with garbage while collection process by NMC. Consequently, the E-waste is disposedoff in an unscientific manner causing a health hazard and environmental pollution.
However, after E-waste management rules, 2016, Maharashtra State Pollution Control Board with NMC made it mandatory to collect and dispose E-waste in a safe manner for the local recyclers and E-waste management firms. Various NGOs like Rotary Club, Eco-centric and Swachh Nagpur are currently working for the collection of E-waste. But M/s Suritex Private Ltd. is the only firm working solely on the management, treatment and disposal of the E-waste.
5.5 Waste Reduction Model (WARM) for Nagpur City
Nagpur city generates approximately 1100 - 1200 metric tons of solid wastes per day (NMC-2017) as seen from the above tables and figures. The variation in the composition of solid waste is averaged across all zones and for the waste reduction model, organic waste (74%), plastic waste (12%), paper waste (7%) and remaining as textiles, C&D and inert wastes is used.
Based on present baseline scenario of solid waste management in the city, USEPA based Waste Reduction Model (WARM) - version 14 is run to analyse total GHG emissions in metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (MTCO2e) from the solid waste.
In order to do the analysis, certain have been used values from literature. On an average, 19 percent of the waste is potentially recyclable (Kumar, et al., 2017) which is collected by rag pickers. Assumption of 60 percent of waste collected by rag pickers goes to recycling of plastics and cardboards as reported by the Energy Research Institute (TERI) (India@ 70: Concerns and Opportunities in Waste Recycling In India | TERI, n.d.) is used in the analysis and remaining goes to unscientific landfilling sites. Other wastes including organics, paper, textiles, C&D and inert also reaches dumping/landfill sites ((http://mahenvis.nic.in/Pdf/MSW_.pdf)) and no further treatment is done.
Based on WARM- version 14, Following terminologies which have been used differently in Indian context for conducting the analysis are as following -
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• Mixed Paper (general): Magazines/Third-class Mail, Newspaper, Office Paper etc.
• Mixed Paper (primarily residential): Corrugated containers, Cardboards etc.
• Mixed Plastics: HDPE, LDPE, PET etc.
• Mixed Organics: Kitchen wastes, Garden wastes etc.
• Carpet: Textile wastes
• Concrete: Construction and Demolition wastes
• Fly ash: Inert
GHG Emissions from Baseline Waste Management (MTCO2e): 706 approx.
Table 5.7 GHG Emissions from Baseline Waste Management (WARM Model, Version 14)
Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total Material Anaerobically Recycled Landfilled Combusted Composted MTCO e Digested 2
Mixed Paper - 80.4 - NA NA 116.0 (general)
Mixed Paper (primarily 5.5 3.7 - NA NA (14.5) residential)
Mixed 79.5 53.0 - NA NA (80.2) Plastics Mixed NA 826.0 - - - 683.5 Organics
Carpet - 11.4 - NA NA 0.2
Concrete - 23.1 NA NA NA 0.5
Fly ash - 34.2 NA NA NA 0.7
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Considering Baseline Waste Management Scenario, the total GHG emission was observed to be 706 MTCO2e approximately.
5.5.1 Alternative Waste Management Scenario
Alternative scenario assumes certain type of management of waste which may be beneficial to the environment. In this section, various policies and recommendation from the central and state pollution control boards have been referred to understand the potential reduction in environmental impact. Following policies have been undertaken to simulate the alternative scenario
1. Ban on Use of Domestic Plastic: If the local government bans the use of plastic bags generated domestically, it would lead to a reduction of plastic waste by up to 18 metric ton out of 1200 metric ton of total waste generated (For banning plastic, NMC’s bag of ideas is empty - Times of India, n.d.). 2. At Source Segregation: Based on The National Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste Management, CPCB 2015, if source segregation based on door to door collection is strictly incorporated then the dry waste comprising of paper, textiles can be directly taken to already existing recycling facility and considering 40 percent efficiency of these recycling plants (Banerjee, et al., 2015) and the remaining waste going to dumping/landfill site. If adequate recycling facility is not available, then it can be proposed to cater the needs of recycling based on the amount of waste generated from the city.
GHG Emissions from Alternative Waste Management (MTCO2e): 531 approx.
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Table 5.8 GHG Emissions from Alternative Waste Management (WARM Model, Ver. 14)
Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Tons Total Material Source Anaerobically Recycled Landfilled Combusted Composted MTCO e Reduced Digested 2
Mixed Paper - 32.2 48.2 - NA NA (44.0) (general) Mixed Paper - 3.7 5.5 - NA NA (5.6) (primarily residential) Mixed 18.0 68.7 45.8 - NA NA (104.0) Plastics Mixed NA NA 825.9 - - - 683.5 Organics Carpet - - 11.4 - NA NA 0.2
Concrete NA - 23.1 NA NA NA 0.5
Fly ash NA - 34.2 NA NA NA 0.7
If the above mentioned policies are implemented holistically across the city, considering complete ban on the circulation of plastic bags which are obtained from domestic wastes and enforcing source segregation strictly across the city, at least in these residential zones, then the total GHG emission will be observed as 531 MTCO2e approximately.
Following the alternative waste management scenario, GHG emissions can be reduced
by 170 MTCO2e approximately. Thus on further optimizing the alternatives of waste management, be it in practice of collection or treatment of wastes, total GHG emission
(MTCO2e) can be reduced considerably. It can be seen from the results, that the direct or indirect emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and other GHGs, expressed in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents, indicate the Carbon Footprint of a region, which constitutes a vital environmental indicator to mitigate global warming and consequent changes in the climate (Ramachandra, Shwetmala, Dania, Shwetmala, & Dania). Further, if some effort is made to reduce or manage the solid waste at source and if certain policies are implemented for avoidance of waste, it leads to betterment of environment.
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The above case study is just to demonstrate the vitality of solid waste reduction and management strategies being formulated and implemented at the centre and state level. Hence, there is a dire need to study various alternatives and the benefit it will produce in case of solid waste generation, handling and management. Various alternatives can be explored in the next phase of reports.
Bibliography
The National Action Plan for Municipal Solid Waste Management; CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD. (n.d.).
Municipal Solid Waste Management. (n.d.) (http://mahenvis.nic.in/Pdf/MSW_.pdf). (n.d.).
For banning plastic, NMC’s bag of ideas is empty - Times of India. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/for-banning-plastic-nmcs-bag-of-ideas-is- empty/articleshow/63337613.cms
India@ 70: Concerns and Opportunities in Waste Recycling In India | TERI. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.teriin.org/article/india-70-concerns-and-opportunities-waste-recycling-india
Kumar, S., Smith, S., Fowler, G., Velis, C., Kumar, S., Arya, S., Cheeseman, C. (2017, 3 22). Challenges and opportunities associated with waste management in India. Royal Society Open Science, 4(3), 160764.
Ramachandra, T., Shwetmala, K., Dania, T., Shwetmala, Á. & Dania, Á. (n.d.). Carbon Footprint of the Solid Waste Sector in Greater Bangalore, Indiain/energy.
References
• Annual Report on Implementation of Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 for the state of Maharashtra MPCB, 2017 • http://mpcb.gov.in/muncipal/pdf/Annual_Report_MSW_2016_17.pdf • Census 2011 Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. (http://censusindia.gov.in) • Data bank Proforma for submitting information on solid waste management in Nagpur Nagpur Municipal Corporation, 2017 83
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http://www.nswai.com/DataBank/downloadfiles/pdf/Nagpur.pdf • NMC’s waste-to-energy plant, accords ‘must-run’ status TOI Article, December 23, 2016 (https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/merc-clears-nmcs-waste-to- energy-plant-accords-must-run-status/articleshow/62811251.cms) • Solid Waste Management for Nagpur: Feasibility Study, July 2017 (http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Report_IN_Nagpur_SolidWasteManagem ent_ArcadisGermanyGmbH_2017.pdf) • Status of Municipal Solid Waste Management in Nagpur city, 2017, Nagpur municipal Corporation Report
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6. Air Quality
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
6. Ambient Air Quality Status of Nagpur, 2018
6.1 Air Quality Status of the Region
In order to assess the air quality of Nagpur city surveillance monitoring was undertaken during Jan-Feb 2018. The CPCB protocols for monitoring and analysis were followed.
6.1.1 Air Quality Monitoring Details
Ambient air quality monitoring has been carried out for criteria pollutants viz., PM10,
PM2.5, NO2, SO2, NH3 and Heavy metals (As, Ni and Pb) at ten (10) representative ambient air quality stations spread throughout the city (Fig 6.1). Summary of 10 ambient air quality- monitoring stations is presented in Table 6.1.
Fig. 6.1 Map of AAO Monitoring Stations in Nagpur
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Table 6.1 Summary of 10 Selected Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Stations
Location Name and Sr. No Features Category 1. NEERI Location representing Residential Area 2. MIDC Hingna Location representing Industrial Area
3. Maskasath (Near Itwari) Location representing Commercial area
4. NBSS Office (Near Location representing Residential area Amravati road) 5. Bardi (Near variety Location representing commercial area and kerb side. square) This area is a very populated and heavy traffic area. Major Sources: Vehicle emission 6. Pipla Location representing residential Area: It is situated 5km away from sub-district headquarter Nagpur and 5km away from district headquarter Nagpur. Major Sources: House hold emission 7. Manewada (Near Location representing kerbside and residential area: Manewada Square) This area is a very populated and heavy traffic area with close proximity to crematorium Major Sources: Vehicle emission and crematorium emissions 8. Shankar Nagar Square Location representing kerbside: This area is a very populated and heavy traffic area with regular traffic congestion Major Sources: Vehicle emission 9. Mankapur Location representing residential Area 10. Asi Nagar NMC Location representing residential Area Major sources: domestic cooking and sweeping etc.
The ambient air quality monitoring at selected sites of the Nagpur city has been conducted during Jan to Feb 2018 to assess air quality in the region. The air quality monitoring was carried out using EPA approved state-of-art Fine Particulate Samplers AIRMETRICS (USA) and indigenously made Envirotech-Model APM 550 MFC & Respirable Dust Samplers (Envirotech- Model APM 460) with thermoelectrically cooled impinger attachment for gaseous sampling. 24-hourly ambient air samples were collected for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2 and NH3. 86
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Particulates PM10 and PM2.5 were determined by the gravimetric method. The gaseous samples
(SO2, NO2 and NH3 absorbed in specific absorbing solutions) were analysed spectrophotometrically using Scanning Visible Spectrophotometer (VIS-7200). Improved
West & Gaeke method and modified Jacob & Hocheiser methods were used for analysis of SO2 and NO2 respectively. Ammonia was analysed using Indophenol blue method. Heavy metals were determined using acid digestion followed by ICP analysis. The details of the followed standard methodology and monitoring instruments are given in Table 6.2.
Table 6.2 Methodology & Monitoring Instruments Used in Air Quality Monitoring Sr. Pollutants Monitoring Instruments Standard Methodology No. Respirable dust sampler, As per CPCB prescribed 1. PM make Envirotech model: APM 10 (NAAQs 2009) guidelines 460 and Air metrics (USA) Fine particulate sampler, Air As per CPCB prescribed 2. PM metrics (USA make Envirotech 2.5 (NAAQs 2009) guidelines model: APM 550 MFC As per cpcb prescribed 3. SO2 Respirable dust sampler with (NAAQs 2009) guidelines. thermo electrically cooled The samples were analyzed gaseous sampling attachment spectrophotometrically using 4. NO2 with Envirotech APM 460. scanning visible spectrophotometer (vis-7200) All other As per CPCB prescribed pollutants As per standard CPCB (NAAQs 2009) guidelines. 5. (Heavy methodology The heavy metals samples metals etc.) were analyzed in ICP
The sampling locations were selected to represent major activity zones as
i) Industrial
ii) Residential/ kerbside
iii) Commercial In all, six sampling stations were selected in Residential/kerb side and three in Commercial and one industrial. Details of ambient air quality monitoring locations in the study region are presented in Table 6.3
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Table 6.3 Summary of Air Quality Monitoring Locations, Parameters and Frequency
Sr. Allocated Nagpur City No. Sampling Areas Sampling Locations A Industrial MIDC Hingna NBSS Office, NEERI, Pipla, B Residential / kerbside Manewada, Mankapur and Shankar Nagar (kerbside) C Commercial Bardi, Maskasath and Asi Nagar NMC
D Parameters PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, NH3, Heavy Metals E Sampling Frequency Once in a week at each site
To assess the air quality status of the study area, the CPCB guidelines for sampling and measurement of ambient air quality parameters were followed. The comparison of the observed air quality status was done with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), 2009, as given in Table 6.4
Table 6.4 National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS, 2009) Concentration in Ambient Air Time Industrial, Sr. No. Pollutants Weighted Residential, Ecologically Average Rural and other Sensitive Area Areas. Sulphur Dioxide Annual * 50 20 1 3 (SO ), μg/m 24 Hours ** 80 80 2 Nitrogen Dioxide Annual * 40 30 2 3 (NO2), μg/m 24 Hours ** 80 80 Particulate Matter, Annual * 60 60 3 3 (PM10), μg/m 24 Hours ** 100 100 Particulate Matter, Annual * 40 40 4 3 (PM2.5),μg/m 24 Hours ** 60 60 Lead Annual * 0.50 0.50 5 3 (Pb), μg/m 24 Hours ** 1.0 1.0 Ammonia Annual * 100 100 6 3 (NH3), μg/m 24 Hours ** 400 400 Benzene 7 3 Annual * 05 05 (C6H6), μg/m Benzo (a) Pyrene 8 Particulate Phase Annual * 01 01 only, ng/m3 88
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Arsenic 9 3 Annual * 06 06 (As), ng/m Nickel 10 3 Annual * 20 20 (Ni), ng/m
* Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year at a particular site taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform intervals. ** 24 hourly or 8 hourly or 1 hourly monitored values, as applicable, shall be complied with 98 of the time in a year. 2 of the time, they may exceed the limits but not on two consecutive days of monitoring.
Note: Whenever and wherever monitoring results on two consecutive days of monitoring exceed the limits specified above for the respective category, it should be considered adequate reason to institute regular or continuous monitoring and further investigations.
6.2 Air Quality Status
The air quality status of the study area in industrial, commercial and residential for particulate matter, gaseous pollutants and heavy metals concentrations are presented in Table 6.5 and Table 6.6 Table 6.5 Site wise Status of Gaseous Pollutants
SO2 NO2 NH3 Sr. Sampling No. Location (µg/m3) (µg/m3) (µg/m3) Max Min Avg. Max Min Avg. Min Max Avg. 1 NEERI BDL BDL BDL 19 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Maskasath 2 7 6 6 38 29 34 BDL BDL BDL (Near Itwari) 3 Hingna 11 6 9 37 BDL 26 BDL BDL BDL NBSS Office 4 (Near 7 4 6 10 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL Amravati road) Bardi (Near 5 9 BDL 5 34 BDL 20 BDL BDL BDL variety square) 6 Pipla 6 BDL 4 23 BDL 14 BDL BDL BDL Manewada (Near 7 5 BDL BDL 14 BDL 10 BDL BDL BDL Manewada Square) Shankar Nagar 8 12 BDL 6 53 BDL 38 BDL BDL BDL Square 9 Mankapur 7 BDL 5 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 10 Asi Nagar 5 BDL BDL 23 BDL 9 BDL BDL BDL BDLNMC Values:SO2: 4ug/m3 NH3: 20 ug/m3 NO2: 9 ug/m3 89
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Table 6.6 Site wise Status of Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) Concentration
3 3 Sampling PM10 (µg/m ) PM2.5 (µg/m ) Sr. Location No Max Min Avg. Max Min Avg. 1 NEERI 91 61 79 28 7 33 2 Maskasath 171 137 153 80 50 64 3 Hingna 119 57 94 88 54 54 4 NBSS Office 129 72 100 58 34 47 5 Bardi 172 74 126 67 45 61 6 Pipla 169 86 120 58 35 47 7 Manewada 399 145 258 134 69 108 8 Shankar Nagar 189 126 147 80 60 60 9 Mankapur 250 137 201 151 60 98 10 Asi Nagar 111 43 116 121 34 56
3 The average PM10 concentrations during winter season ranged from 79 to 258µg/m . 3 Maximum value of PM10 levels has exceeded the limit of 100 µg/m at nine (Maskasath, Hingna, Bardi, Manewada, Shankar Nagar, Mankapur, Asi Nagar, NMC and Pipla) locations, while at one location within limits.
The average PM2.5 concentrations during winter season at monitoring stations were observed to be ranging from 33-108 µg/m3 and were found to be below the permissible limit of 60µg/m3 at six sites, while at four (Maskasath, Manewada, Bardi and Mankapur) locations the concentration of PM2.5 was exceeding the permissible limit. Among gaseous pollutants, the average SO2, NO2, NH3 concentrations ranged from below the detectable limit (BDL) to 3 3 12µg/m , BDL to 53 µg/m , and BDL respectively. The concentration of SO2, NO2, and NH3 was found much below the permissible limits of 80, 80 and 400µg/m3.
Overall there is a lot of construction and demolition works going on in the city which is leading to high PM loading in the air. These are metro construction works, concrete roads, NHAI works, residential and commercial complexes apart from contribution from vehicular, industrial and other sources
The vehicular activity involves the release of many heavy metals in the form of dust in the surrounding air. The heavy metals are commonly associated with various health problems. The observed heavy metals concentrations in µg/m3at the monitored sites are given in Table 6.7.
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Table 6.7 Heavy metals concentrations observed at the monitored sites
Sampling Sr. No. As (µg/m3) Ni (µg/m3) Pb (µg/m3) Location
1 Manewada BDL 0.041 1.025
2 Hingna BDL 0.003 0.036
3 Asi Nagar BDL 0.008 0.023
4 Maskasath BDL 0.002 0.305
5 Pipla BDL BDL 0.079
6 Mankapur BDL BDL BDL
7 Bardi BDL 0.003 BDL
8 NBSS BDL 0.004 0.477
9 Shankar Nagar BDL 0.012 BDL
It was observed that the Arsenic (As) concentrations were below the detectable limit at all the monitored sites. The Lead (Pb) concentrations were below the CPCB standard at nine monitored sites. Only one (Manewada) site was higher the CPCB standard found. In Manewada had the high concentration of Pb (1.025 µg/m3), the busy traffic junction with vehicular movement throughout the day and heavy vehicles movement in the night time. This site is also close to the Manewada crematoria and the concrete road construction. Similar pattern was observed for Ni, at Manewada site, Ni is exceeding the CPCB standard and at all the other sites it is found to be below the standard.
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Benzo (α) pyrene in PM10
It was observed that the Benzo (α) pyrene (B(α)P) a Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon measured in ng/m3, is below the detectable limit at all the monitored sites in Nagpur (Table 6.8).
Table 6.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon concentrations observed at the monitored sites
Sr. B(α)P Site Name No. Conc.(ng/m3)
1 Neeri BDL
2 Hingna BDL
3 Maskasath BDL
4 NBSS Office BDL
5 Shankar Nagar BDL
6 Pipla BDL
7 Mankapur BDL
8 Manewada BDL
9 Bardi BDL
10 Asi Nagar BDL
Ambient Air Quality Standards are as follows on the next Page
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Ambient Air Quality Standards POLLUTANTS Time US EPA EU WHO INDIA Industrial Ecological Nagpur City -2017 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), µg/m3 Annual 79 -- 40 50 20 24 hours -- 125 20 80 80 5.85 3 hour 0.5 ppm ------1 Hours 75ppb 350 200 ------10 minute -- -- 500 ------Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), µg/m3 Annual 53ppb 40 40 40 30 24 hours ------80 80 21.57 1 hours 100 ppb 200 200 ------Particulate Matter OR PM10 (µg/m3) Annual 12 40 20 60 60 24 hours 150 50 50 100 100 139.4 Particulate Matter OR PM2.5 (µg/m3) Annual 15 25 10 40 40 -- 24 hours 35 25 60 60 62.8 Ozone (O3) µg/m3 8 hours 0.070 ppm 120 100 100 100 -- 1 hour ------180 180 -- 3 month average 0.15 ------Lead (Pb) µg/m3 Annual 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 -- 3 month average 0.15 ------24 hours ------1 1 0.32 Carbon Monoxide(CO), mg/m3 8 hours 9 ppm 10 10 2 2 -- 1 hour 35 ppm 35 4 4 -- Ammonia (NH3), µg/m3 Annual ------100 100 -- 24 hours ------400 400 BDL Benzene (C6 H6), µg/m3 Annual 5 5 5 5 -- Benzo(a)Pyrene (BaP) Particulate phase only, ng/m3 Annual 1 1 1 1 -- Arsenic (As), ng/m3 Annual 6 6 6 6 BDL Nickel (Ni), ng/m3 Annual 20 20 20 20 -- 24 hours ------0.010
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The air pollution data collected by CSIR-NEERI is compared with the national and international standards in the above table. It can be seen that SOX, NOX and other pollutants are within the limits except for particulate matter. The PM10 and PM2.5 have breached the national and international limits and are a cause for concern. The increased concentration of particulate matter may be attributed to recent construction activities expansion in city.
Further analysis has been done in terms of understanding the trend of air pollutants in the city. The past data has been obtained from CPCB database. The following figures show the trend of NO X, SO X and PM in the city. Although values of SO X and NO X are within the limits, the trend is positive in the city which suggests that it is necessary to consider these pollutants as well for long term planning. The figure on particulate matter (PM10) shows an increasing trend as well and is breaching the national ambient air quality standards. Figure 6.2, 6.3 & 6.4 shows Graphical representation of SOx and NOx trend in Nagpur as well as PM 2.5 and 10 respectively.
PM10 and PM2.5 is compared to Delhi’s air pollution as well. The figure shows that the pollution in Nagpur is very less as compared to one of the most polluted cities of India.
Fig. 6.2 Graphical Representation of SOx and NOx trend in Nagpur
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Fig. 6.3 Graphical Representation of PM10 trend in Nagpur
Fig. 6.4 Comparison of PM2.5 and PM10 trend between Nagpur and Delhi
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6.3 Meteorology of the Study Region
The dispersal of air pollutants released in the environment strongly depends on the meteorological parameters like wind speed and prevailing wind direction, variation in temperature, and relative humidity pattern. Summary of metrological parameters in terms of temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed during study time is given in the Table 6.9. Temperature and relative humidity ranged from 10 to 360C, and 13-94% respectively. Figure 6.5 shows wind rose diagram for the location. The analysis depicts the maximum wind speed and their directional orientation for the study time. Average wind speed was recorded as 5.91 m/s during study. The percentage calm condition was 27.1% at the location.
Table 6.9 Summary of Meteorological Observations during the Study Period Temperature Humidity
(0C) (%)
Max 36 94
Min 10 13
Avg. 23 47
Fig. 6.5 Wind rose diagram during study period 96
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur
7. Noise
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
7. Noise Monitoring of Nagpur
7.1 Methodology
The methodology adopted for ambient noise monitoring is divided in the four sections as discussed below.
7.1.1 Study Area and Noise Monitoring Locations
The study area is selected according to the municipal boundary provided by the Nagpur Municipal Corporations. The number of monitoring locations is decided according to the area of the Nagpur city.
The locations for noise monitoring is strategically identified with the help of base map (which includes the railway network, National and State Highways the major and minor roads) and land use pattern of the city. The locations are identified according to noise sources (aircraft, traffic, railway, industrial, commercial, construction activity) and the receivers (residential and silence zones) in the city. The locations are spatially distributed within the area of the city to ensure proper representation of noise levels throughout the city.
1.1.2 Monitoring
In order to assess the ambient noise level in the environment, noise monitoring has been carried out in selected locations for 24 hours, during working day. As noise standards for ambient noise level during day and night are different, hence noise levels are measured during daytime (06:00 hrs. to 22:00 hrs.) and night-time (22:00 hrs. to 06:00 hrs.) as specified in Noise Pollution Rules.
The noise measurements are carried out using calibrated Sound Level Meters with fast response mode keeping in view the quickly changing nature of noise levels. ‘A’ weighting is applied for measuring the sound level as it replicates the response of human ear to noise and the measuring unit is denoted as dB (A). Data is logged at an interval of 1 second.
The sound level meter was mounted on tripod stand and wind-ball was used to minimize the effect of wind. The instrument was mounted at a height of 1.5 meters from the ground.
1.1.3 Analysis of Noise levels
The monitored noise levels at the identified locations are analyzed and calculated Leq in dB (A) during day and night time.
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The equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) is the sound pressure level of a steady sound that has, over a given period, the same energy as a fluctuating sound. It is calculated using following equation:
푛 퐿 1 ( 푖 ) 퐿 = 10푙표푔 ( ∑ 10 10 ) 푒푞,푇 푛 푖=1
Where, Li = levels observed at n equally spaced times during interval T.
The sound level data is compared with Ambient Noise Standards. The extent of violation with respect to prescribed standards is also assessed.
1.1.4 Noise Mapping
In order to develop a noise map of the city, digital information of the city, mapping of GPS locations along with monitored noise levels are required. This will help in prediction of noise level in the city through spatial modelling based on limited number of sample points. Based on the spatial modelling, maps of noise level and noise risk zones in the city will also be generated.
1.2 Noise Monitoring
Noise monitoring has been conducted in 51 spatially distributed locations in Nagpur. Each location is assigned with a unique ID starting from NP1 to NP51. Each category is assigned a particular colour and displayed in the map which differentiates one category from the other. A GIS based map showing the noise monitoring locations is developed considering noise generating sources and receivers. The location map of monitoring points is shown in Figure 7.1.
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Fig. 7.1 Noise Monitoring Locations (Nagpur City)
The point ID, latitude, longitude, ward, description and other details of the monitoring locations are listed in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1 Noise Monitoring Locations in Nagpur City Sr. Point Latitude Longitude Ward Description Remarks No. ID (N) (E) Road & Railway Crossing in 1. NP2 21°10'13.0" 79° 9'1.7" 4 Railway Kalamna 2. NP3 21° 7'36.8" 79° 4'56.7" 16 Railway Ajni Railway Station Road & Railway Junction in 3. NP4 21° 5'52.1" 79° 4'14.0" 35 Railway Somalwada National NH 7, Wardha Road, Near 4. NP5 21° 5'14.5" 79° 3'49.7" 36 Highway Pride Hotel National NH 69, Faras Chowk (Near 5. NP6 21°11'31.1" 79°4'42.9" 11 Highway Mahajan Bhavan)
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Sr. Point Latitude Longitude Ward Description Remarks No. ID (N) (E) National NH 6 & W High Court Road 6. NP7 21° 8'47.9" 79°3'42.1" 14 Highway Junc, Law College Square NH6 and Ring Road National 7. NP8 21° 9'3.4" 79° 8'57.9" 24 Crossing, HB Town Square, Highway Pardi National NH 7 & Ring Road 8. NP9 21°11'1.7" 79°6'59.2" 2 Highway Crossing, Sharda Chowk Ring Road &Hudkeshwar 9. NP10 21° 6'28.3" 79°7'10.4" 30 Ring Road Road crossing, MalgiChowk Ring Road, Opposite to 10. NP11 21° 7'28.7" 79°8'19.9" 26 Ring Road Annapurna Hardware Old Kamptee Road, State State 11. NP12 21°10'57.8" 79°9'18.9" 4 Highway 260, Kalamna, Highway Bhilgaon MH SH 9 (Chandrapur-Mul- State 12. NP13 21° 6'26.1" 79° 8'28.0" 28 Nagbhir-Nagpur Highway), Highway Dighori Naka State MH SH 255, Near Hingana 13. NP14 21° 7'17.4" 79° 1'48.8" 38 Highway T Point Bus Stop Itwari Station Road &Kanzi 14. NP16 21°10'25.5" 79° 7'0.3" 6 Major Road House Road Crossing, Rani Durgawati Chowk RamnaMaroti Road/Middle 15. NP17 21° 8'2.3" 79°7'49.7" 27 Major Road Ring Road, Krishna Nagar Chowk Ramshwari Road, Trishran 16. NP18 21° 6'50.5" 79° 5'28.8" 33 Major Road Chowk, Bhagwan Nagar Hudkeshwar Road, 17. NP19 21° 5'53.2" 79° 7'2.0" 29 Major Road Samadhan Colony, Chandrakiran Nagar
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Sr. Point Latitude Longitude Ward Description Remarks No. ID (N) (E) Khamla Market, Shaniwar 18. NP44 21° 6'17.6" 79° 3'22.3" 37 Major Road Bazar Road &Pratap Nagar Road Crossing Welcome Society, Jagdish 19. NP22 21°10'41.8" 79° 2'10.8" 12 Minor Road Nagar, Vrindavan Colony Jaitala Bus Station, Near 20. NP23 21° 6'40.0" 79° 1'25.8" 38 Minor Road Open Gym Manewada Road, Omkar 21. NP24 21° 5'54.3" 79°5'32.7" 34 Minor Road Nagar, Jaywant Nagar Bharatwada Road in Bharat 22. NP25 21° 9'34.4" 79° 9'8.5" 4 Minor Road Nagar, Kalmana Near Ultra Tech Cement 23. NP26 21°11'48.6" 79°7'45.9" 2 Industrial Limited, Uppalwadi Opposite to Rainbow Industrial 24. NP27 21°11'15.0" 79° 7'35.0" 3 Distilleries Pvt. Ltd., Azim
Nagar Wadi Naka commercial 25. NP30 21° 9'14.2" 79° 0'50.3" 13 Commercial area, near truck depot, Amaravati Road Commercial Area Near 26. NP31 21°10'23.1" 79° 6'0.3" 7 Commercial Indora Square (JaswantTuli Mall) Jhansi Rani Square 27. NP33 21° 8'27.3" 79° 4'48.0" 15 Commercial Commercial area 28. NP34 21° 8'46.4" 79° 5'23.6" 17 Commercial Mahatma Fule Bazaar Commercial area near 29. NP36 21° 8'17.8" 79° 7'10.8" 27 Commercial JagnadeChowk, Nandanvan Area Near Shanti nagarChowk in 30. NP1 21° 9'38.6" 79° 7'17.8" 21 Residential Itwari, Prem Nagar 31. NP20 21°10'57.4" 79°5'25.8" 1 Residential Indira Colony
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Sr. Point Latitude Longitude Ward Description Remarks No. ID (N) (E) Residential Area near Inox, Residential 32. NP28 21° 8'42.0" 79° 8'13.6" 23 Hivri Layout, near
Wardhaman Nagar Residential area in 33. NP29 21° 8'43.4" 79° 9'36.7" 25 Residential Bhandewadi, Pardi Area Residential Area Near Sugat 34. NP32 21°11'30.0" 79° 6'1.6" 2 Residential Nagar Buddha Bihar 35. NP35 21° 8'8.4" 79° 4'52.9" 16 Residential Dhantoli Park Residential area in Jafar 36. NP37 21°11'17.1" 79° 3'54.6" 11 Residential Nagar, Gorewada 37. NP38 21° 8'14.6" 79° 3'22.0" 15 Residential Shivaji Nagar Park* Swavalambi Nagar, Near 38. NP39 21° 6'3.4" 79° 2'33.3" 36 Residential Nagoba Mandir, Near Airport Boundary 39. NP40 21° 5'50.0" 79° 6'30.7" 34 Residential Vitthal Nagar-1, Manewada 40. NP41 21° 7'13.9" 79° 3'55.0" 16 Residential NEERI Colony Residential Area Near 41. NP42 21° 8'24.5" 79° 6'9.6" 18 Residential Ramwadi Dattatray Nagar, Near St. 42. NP43 21° 7'10.9" 79° 6'46.2" 30 Residential Gyaneshwar Garden 43. NP15 21°10'33.1" 79° 3'38.2" 10 Silence ShriRamdeobaba Temple RS Mundle English School, 44. NP21 21° 6'6.0" 79°4'23.2" 16 Silence Silence Zone Notice Board Bombay High Court, 45. NP45 21° 9'33.4" 79° 4'3.8" 14 Silence Nagpur Bench, Near Garden Government Medical 46. NP46 21° 7'49.4" 79° 5'50.7" 17 Silence College, Hanuman Nagar* Visvesvaraya National 47. NP47 21° 7'29.1" 79° 3'5.6" 13 Silence Institute of Technology, Near VNIT Library
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Sr. Point Latitude Longitude Ward Description Remarks No. ID (N) (E) Orange City Hospital & 48. NP48 21° 6'45.9" 79° 3'56.1" 16 Silence Research Institute 49. NP49 21° 9'10.4" 79° 6'11.8" 19 Silence Daga Hospital, Gandhibagh 50. NP50 21° 8'50.2" 79° 2'20.2" 13 Silence Nagpur University Campus 51. NP51 21° 7'19.0" 79° 4'17.8" 16 Silence NEERI Office * Location identified by MPCB in previous years monitoring
7.3 Noise levels
The noise monitoring in Nagpur has been carried out for 24 hours on a working day. The noise level data is analyzed and values of the relevant parameters are calculated for day (6:00 to 22:00) and night time (22:00 – 6:00).
In total, 51 locations are divided in 10 categories namely, national highway, state highway, major road, minor roads, ring road, railway, industrial area, commercial area, residential area and silence zone. The noise levels are presented graphically in each category in Figure 7.2 to Figure 7.11.
The noise levels along railway during day and night time of working day are shown in Figure 7.2. As far as individual sampling locations are concerned, highest noise level at NP-4 (Road & Railway Junction in Somalwada) during day and night time for working are observed.
Fig. 7.2 Noise levels along railway on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
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The noise levels along national highway during day and night time of working day are shown in Figures 7.3. Higher Leq values are observed at day time as compared to night time at all the locations along the national highway for working day.
Fig. 7.3 Noise levels along national highway on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
The noise levels along ring road during day and night time of working day are shown in Figure
7.4. Higher Leq values are observed during day time on working as compared to night time.
Fig. 7.4 Noise levels along ring roads on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
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The noise levels along state highway during day and night time of working day are shown in
Figure 7.5. Higher Leq values are observed in day time as compared to night time for working day.
Fig. 7.5 Noise levels along state highways on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
The noise levels along major road during day and night time of working day are shown in
Figures 7.6. In case of Major roads also, higher Leq values are observed at day time as compared to night time during working day.
Fig. 7.6 Noise levels along major roads on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
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The noise levels along minor road during day and night time of working day are shown in
Figures 7.7. In case of minor road also, higher Leq values are observed at day time as compared to night time during working day.
Fig. 7.7 Noise levels along minor roads on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
The noise levels in industrial area during day and night time of working day are shown in Figures 7.8. According to Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules, 2017, noise standard limits in industrial area are 75 dB (A) and 70 dB (A) at day time and night time respectively. In case of industrial zone also higher values of Leq are observed at day time as compared to night time during working days. None of the sampling location crossed the standard limit at day and night times of working day.
Fig. 7.8 Noise level in industrial areas on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
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The noise levels in commercial area during day and night time of working day are shown in Figures 7.9. According to Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules, 2017, noise standard limits in commercial area are 65 dB (A) and 55 dB (A) at day time and night time respectively. In case of commercial zone, all the sampling locations crossed the standard limit at day time and night time of working day.
Figure 7.9 Noise level in commercial areas on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
The noise levels in residential zone during day and night time of working day are shown in Figures 7.10. According to Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules, 2017, noise standard limits in residential area are 55 dB (A) and 45 dB (A) at day time and night time and respectively. Based on the graphical representation, day time is noisier than night time.
Fig. 7.10 Noise level in residential areas on Working Day (Day and Night Time) 107
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The noise levels in silence zone during day and night time of working and non-working days are shown in Figures 7.11. According to Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Amendment Rules, 2017, noise standard limits in silence zone are 50 dB (A) and 40 dB (A) at day time and night time respectively. In case of silence zones all the sampling locations at day time and night time during working day crossed the specified standard limit.
Fig. 7.11 Noise level in silence zones on Working Day (Day and Night Time)
The noise level in all categories viz. residential area, silence zone, commercial area, industrial area, national highway, major road, minor roads, state highway, railway are compared with the ambient noise standard shown in Figure 7.12.
Fig. 7.12 Noise level in all categories in Nagpur City on Working Day
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7.4 Noise Map
Noise maps are generated with the help of latest state-of-the-art GIS software. Spatial map of the noise level in the city is prepared based on the noise level at the noise monitoring location. These maps are generated for working day for both day and night time as shown in Figure 7.13.
Working Day (Day Time) Working Day (Night Time)
Fig. 7.13 Spatial Noise Map of Nagpur City (Working Day)
During day time, minimum and maximum values of noise are observed as 55.6 dB (A) at NP41 (NEERI Colony) and 86.6 dB (A) at NP4 (Road & Railway Junction) respectively. During night time, minimum and maximum values are observed as 48.5 dB (A) at NP51 (NEERI Office) and 83.2 dB (A) at NP4 (Road & Railway Junction) respectively.
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8. Biodiversity
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
8. Biodiversity
8.1 Biological Diversity of Nagpur NMC
The Nagpur city is quite rich and varied in its floral and faunal diversity. It is the second greenest city in India and called as “Garden City of Maharashtra” and “Gateway to forests of Central India” 18% of its area under forests and plantations, 17% under cultivation and 2% under water bodies. Natural vegetation of the city is very well differentiated with a representation of 59% vegetation including 158 trees species belonging to 42 families as compared with the overall district vegetation statistics. 2 families of herbs, shrubs, grasses, climbers and parasitic plants are available. More than 50 birds was recorded in NMC garden areas and more than 30 butterfly was also recorded . More than 6 mammals and various insect and fungi also recorded.
Fig. 8.1 Some Important Trees Species of Nagpur District
Fig. 8.2 Some Important Fruit bearing Species of Nagpur District
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8.2 Gardens of Nagpur
Nagpur city has 98 gardens with a total area of 138.24 acres. Urban green spaces are significant for enrichment of biodiversity. These green spaces offer recreational opportunities and contribute to the city aesthetics.
The botanical garden situated beside Futala Lake holds around 50-60% medicinal plants. The efforts of the NMC are planning to make Nagpur the first largest green city in India. NMC has also set up green gyms at majority of the gardens of the Nagpur city like Dhantoli, Shankar Nagar, Hanuman Nagar, Nandanwan, Abhyankar Nagar etc. Some species are depicted in the Figure 8.3 below.
Fig. 8.3 Medicinal Biodiversity of Nagpur Garden
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Despite urbanization, Nagpur is still a green city and host to many bird species. Some of the bird species recorded in Nagpur city areas are depicted below in Figure 8.4
Greater Coucal (Centropus sinensis)
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Fig. 8.4 Bird Species of Nagur City & NEERI Nagpur
Butterflies Spotted in Nagpur Areas
Spotted Joker Danaid Eggfly-female (Byblia ilithyia) (Hypolimnas missippus Linnaeus)
Common Emigrant Blue Pansy (Catopsilia Pomona) (Junonia orithya)
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Fig. 8.5 Butterflies Spotted in Nagpur
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8.3 Brief Note on impact of the urban activities on the birds around Nagpur
By - CENTRAL INDIA BIRDERS’ NETWORK Nagpur - Dr. Anil B. Pimplapure - Nitin Marathe
The city of Nagpur is blessed with a good number of lakes and greenery. Some of the lakes such as Sonegaon lake, Ambazari, Gorewada, Futala are historical and about 100 years old. Besides Vena, Gandhisagar, Telhara, etc are other important lakes. There are three important rivers which originate in Nagpur and pass through Nagpur and its surroundings viz. Nag, Pora and Pili. Nag river has its origin in the limestone rocks of lava near Dabha, Pili Nadi finds its origin in the Spill over water of Gorewada lake and Pora is near Hingna and it also gets water from the overflow of the Sonegaon lake.
The watershed area of the rivers and the lakes have lots of greenery and attracts lots of birds and animals. Nagpur can boast of having a small population of Tiger within a radius of less than 30 kms.
As regards to the birds whose presence has been recorded in the area under Nagpur Municipal Corporation, it can be said that Nagpur can boast of having seen a huge variety of as many as 300 plus different species of birds, including migratory birds. The birds include (i) Resident birds of the area as well as (ii) Ducks, Geese, Pratincoles, Plovers, Terns, Curlews, Osprey, Harriers, Cuckoos, Pitta Falcons, Kestrels, and (iii) Passerines such as Buntings etc., and predators following them in the migration as well as Rosy pastors , Redstarts, Short eared owls, brown hawk owl etc.
The reducing number of birds in general (excepting Blue Rock Pigeons) is a matter of growing concern. The area has seen a huge decline in the number of birds over the past few years.
Red Crested Pochards, Bar Headed Geese, Rudy Shelduck, Northern Pintail Ducks, Gadwall, Northern Shoveller, Lesser Whistling Ducks, Comb Ducks, Black Storks are some of the prominent ducks migrating to this area in winter, around September onwards and stay till March. They need fish, snails, aquatic vegetation, and other aquatic living creatures for gathering strength to be able to fly back. In this regard it would be appropriate to understand that each of them have a niche of their own in the water body. They would also compete with
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CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 the resident birds, such as Spot Billed Ducks, Egrets, Herons, Darters, Cormorants etc. for food. The long legged ones would fish in knee deep waters, the shorter ones on the edges of lakes and still smaller sized ones would wade on coastal portions and each of them have liking for a distinct type of food. Such as an Open Billed Stork would forage on snails as its beak has been adopted for the same. Whereas the Shoveller would investigate in muddy areas for insects and other soft skinned animals hidden under the wet soil. Ducks and Cormorants would try to hunt for fish deep inside the water whereas the egrets, kingfishers and herons would try to get them near the shore waters.
The earlier data shows that Vena Lake alone had about 8000 Red Crested Pochards in addition to other birds. The lake has also seen rampant brick making fields on the northern side. Large Scale Fishing deprives the birds of their food. It is also learnt that the deep diving ducks get trapped in the fishing nets and die in water which account for a large number of casualties. The same are taken away by fishermen as food in a clandestine way. There is no evidence left in such cases. The lake area also suffers from extensive illegal quarrying from the West side. Tractor loads of murrum and soil gets excavated.
The summer visiting birds such as Pratincoles, further other birds such as lapwings, plovers etc lay their eggs on ground. The excavation for bricks and sand scares them away.
It is also observed that a large number of housing layouts in the name of lake view homes get approval from the land authorities for converting into “NA” and “TP” and colourful flags are seen posted on such mushrooming layouts. The coastal areas host a large number of land birds such as Thickknees , Sandgrouse etc. Their habitat gets destroyed. Human presence is not liked by the birds on such a large scale driving them away.
Further some lakes esp Futala Sakkardara have been “beautified” and walks, restaurants etc have been erected on the areas which once used to be a favourite place for migratory birds. Crowds of people making noises, D Js, Lights etc. are discouraging factors for birds.
Sonegaon lake is no exception. The catchment area of the lake has been permitted to be used for housing purposes. The lake had an area of 40 acres and now it is reduced to a mere 20 acres. Various migratory would record their presence on this lake year after year. There was a nest of a Stork also. Now they are not seen anymore.
The city gardens have been used to plant mostly exotic varieties of plants rather than native flowering plants. The birds residing in the area are not able to find their usual prey
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Large scale felling of trees for road widening and planting nerium plants do not benefit birds.
The birds need places to meet, roost, rest and breed. Recently a huge green canopy of Tamarind trees was cleared for METRO near Rahate Colony Sq. It housed a large number of herons, cormorants etc and also bats. Their habitat stands devastated.
The growing population of Nagpur is also taking a heavy toll. The sewage water is directly connected to the lifelines of Nagpur i.e. Nag, Pohara and Pili converting them into nallas. The extent of sewage has increased so much that there is very less aquatic life left.
Often the authorities take up the works of cleaning of the banks of the streams. Little they realise that the same are hosting a huge number of breeding holes of bee eaters, kingfishers, crabs and other forms of life.
The timing of the cleaning operations is usually in the months before the onset of monsoon and it is just the time for these poor birds to lay eggs in the holes on the walls of banks.
A large scale destruction has taken place near the site of construction of a new Four lane Highway on Kanhan river where the blue tailed bee eaters find a nesting place.
In some cases such as Dorli lake on Katol Road, there was large scale desilting of the lake under taken last year. The entire shore of the lake was dug up with JCB and the soil was taken away. This caused extensive reduction in number of Plovers and pratincoles which migrate to lay eggs on shore.
Another casualty of development is Telhara Lake in MIHAN. An interesting trend was observed during the recent years. As the land of farmers was taken for SEZ there was less agriculture being done there. As a result of less disturbance more and more varieties of birds began to show up. The area also had Eagle’s nestings. A wolf sighting was also recorded in addition to fox, neelgai, wild boars etc. not to speak of birds alone. However as the industrialisation has started picking up with increase in the hustle bustle of the vehicles and
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A point of interest is pollution caused by anthropological activities. The effluents released in the environment have perhaps started their effects. The sightings of leucistic birds (not albino) may indicate this. The pollutants also can affect the egg laying process in birds.
These issues require scientific study for ascertaining exact cause.
Another noteworthy thing happening in the urban areas is the increase in the number of piegons and black kites.
The piegons feed on grains. They have a liking for high rise buildings and have adapted themselves for urbanisation. Their growing number is a cause for concern as they can transmit various diseased when found in such large numbers like in Metros. Their presence drives doves and small graminivorous birds away.
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9. Happiness Index & Stress Levels
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
9. Happiness Index & Stress Levels
9.1 Status of Psychological and Mental Health in Nagpur: Changing Scenario
There is a significant change observed in the clients reporting for psychological help and therapy in clinical setting in the last two decades. Due to rapid changes in technology, urbanisation and increase in socio-economic well being of citizens the nature of disturbances and disorders reported are changing too.
We notice an upward trend in stress related disorders, anxiety, paranoia, and depression.
Besides this, we observe a significant increase in interpersonal conflict heading towards separation and divorce. Tolerance towards making personal adjustments with spouses is diminishing. Tolerance of minor deviant behaviour is decreasing. Marriage is under stress due to nuclear set-ups leading to lack of family support, attachments at the work-place and women being career oriented more than before. Communication barriers have dropped due to technological innovation and they are being mishandled and misused which is creating psychological upsets.
New age addictions are on the increase among the teens as well as the youth obstructing and hampering studies leading to stress among parents and children as well. Mental health seems to be on the decline in all segments of society. WHO has predicted that depression will be the second largest cause of death by 2020 and we are fast approaching that. The stage seems to be set for that.
- (Findings by Dr. Rita Aggarwal, Consulting Psychologist, Nagpur)
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10. Economic Evaluation of Ecosystem Damage
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
10. Economic Evaluation of Ecosystem Damage
10.1 Case Study 1: Economic Assessment of Damage Related to (GHGs) Emissions
Gases that trap heat in the atmosphere are called greenhouse gases. These gases lead to warming of the atmosphere causing global warming. Apart from global warming, these gases lead to ocean acidification as well. Global warming and ocean acidification cause severe negative impact on aquatic systems right from coral reefs to fisheries. Warming also leads to sea level rise, putting coastal population at risk. These impacts lead to monetary losses and are captured under social cost of carbon (SCC) calculated by US-Environmental Protection Agency. SCC is the monetized damages associated with an incremental increase in carbon emissions in a given year.
The data for carbon emissions for Nagpur City was taken from literature. The sectoral emissions for Nagpur city for the year 2017 was calculated using linear extrapolation from the data of 2004 found in the literature. The sectoral emissions are given as follows in Table 10.1.
Table 10.1 Sectoral Greenhouse Gas Emissions by Nagpur City (Estimated from Mujumdar et. al., 2011)
CO2, CH4, N2O emission in MT per Year - 2017
Sector CO2 CH4 N2O CO2e of CH4 CO2e of N2O Total CO2e
Thermal power 14273968 170 249 5770 74174 14353912 Industrial 3282585 311 49 10578 14610 3307774 Transport 2903587 541 23 18400 6743 2928730 Domestic 7433170 7744 256 263308 76422 7772900 Gross Total 27893310 8766 577 298057 171949 28363316
Assumptions made during the analysis of cost of GHG emissions are given as follows:
• Raw data based on 2004 published paper which sets the baseline • 2004 data extrapolated to 2017 data using India level per capita carbon emissions data • 3% discount rate for estimation of social cost of carbon
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• 6% average inflation rate for India Damages were calculated using the following formula:
Tc = M*Sb*(1+i)n
• Tc= Total Economic Damage; • M = Tonnes of CO2e Emission; • Sb = Base Year Social Cost; • i=inflation rate; • n=number of years
Table 10.2 Monetised Damages of GHG emissions of Nagpur City Sector Total CO2e Damage (in Rs. Crores)
Thermal power 14353912 6717
Industrial 3307774 1548
Transport 2928730 1370
Domestic 7772900 3637
Gross Total 28363316 13273
Fig. 10.1 Emissions vis-à-vis Damages for GHG Emissions of Nagpur City
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10.2 Case Study 2: Economic Assessment of Damage Related to Air Pollution
Air pollution impacts are generally confined in the region where they are released and does not become a global phenomenon like GHGs. Further, local weather, population density, background concentration of other pollutants affects the severity of the pollutants being released in air.
Emission of air pollutants increases their concentration in the atmosphere. This reduces ambient air quality and may cause smog and acid rain. These outcomes can adversely affect people in various ways, such as:
• Human health: Respiratory diseases leading to morbidity and mortality
• Visibility: Not only hinders the navigation but also makes road travel life risking. Also, recreational activities reduce with reduction in visibility
• Agriculture: Reduction in crop yields due to harmful chemicals in air, destruction due to acid rain. Acid rain may affect forests and timber as well, affecting the ecosystem services.
• Built environment: Acid rains can lead to corrosion and destruction of buildings. Particulates can discolour property leading to reductions in aesthetic and cultural quality.
In case of Nagpur city, human health damages are being considered because of possibility of estimation of damages. Following assumptions and exceptions are used for the analysis of monetary damages:
Assumptions:
• WHO global relative risk for health applied for estimation of burden of disease • 6% average inflation rate for India
Exceptions:
• Air Pollution impacts on crop damage and infrastructure damage not included • Only major diseases as per WHO considered for mortality and morbidity
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The health damages caused by air pollution in Nagpur city are estimated and given in the following Table 10.3
Table 10.3 Mortality and Morbidity in Nagpur due to Air Pollution (Estimated from Maji et. al., 2016) Nagpur Cases Baseline Incidence Relative Risk per Attributable to Pollutant Mortality/Morbidity per 1 lakh 10µg/m3 Air Pollution- population Estimated 2017 Total Mortality 1.0074 1013 29273 Cardiovascular Mortality 1.008 497 15517 Respiratory PM10 Mortality 1.012 66 3079 Respiratory Disease 1.008 1260 39340 Cardiovascular Disease 1.009 436 15299 Total Mortality 1.004 1013 57 Cardiovascular Mortality 1.008 497 55 SOx Respiratory Mortality 1.01 66 9 COPD 1.0044 101 6 Cardiovascular Mortality 1.002 497 558 NOx COPD 1.0038 101 215
Morbidity is valued by using the estimates of cost of treatment and related expenses under the heading of cost of illness and the disability adjusted life years (DALY) (from Who data base). The valuation is based on per capita income of the individuals in the city. For mortality, value of statistical life is used for monetary estimation. Following formulae are used for monetary evaluation:
Pa = AF*Bi*Pe
Tc (Mortality)=Pa*VSL*(1+i)^n
Tc(Morbidity) = Pa*DALY*Ai*(1+i)^n
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Pa= Affected Population;
AF= Attribution Factor;
Bi = Baseline Incidence;
Pe = Exposed Population
Tc=Total Cost;
VSL= Value of Statistical Life (Madheswaran, 2007);
DALY= Disability Adjusted Life Years (URL 1);
Ai = Annual Income (URL 2);
i= inflation rate;
n= number
Table 10.4 Monetary Valuation of Air Pollution Health Impacts in Nagpur City Total Cost Mortality Cost of Disability Total per Pollutant Mortality/Morbidity Damage Illness Cost Cost Pollutant in ₹ Crore Total Mortality 7.86E+11 7.86E+11 Cardiovascular 4.17E+11 4.17E+11 Mortality PM10 Respiratory Mortality 8.27E+10 8.27E+10 78,675 Respiratory Disease 92142135 1.55E+08 2.47E+08 Cardiovascular 35834067 1.02E+08 1.38E+08 Disease Total Mortality 1.52E+09 1.52E+09 Cardiovascular 1.49E+09 1.49E+09 SO2 Mortality 152 Respiratory Mortality 2.47E+08 2.47E+08 COPD 14560 17281.78 31841.99 Cardiovascular 1.5E+10 1.5E+10 Nox Mortality 1,498 COPD 503289 597363.8 1100653 The total heath damage due to air pollution in city is around Eighty Thousand Crores.
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References D Majumdar, DG Gajghate (2011). Sectoral CO2, CH4, N2O and SO2 emissions from fossil fuel consumption in Nagpur City of Central India. Atmospheric environment, 2011
Maji, K. J., Dikshit, A. K., & Deshpande, A. (2016). Human health risk assessment due to air pollution in 10 urban cities in Maharashtra, India. Cogent Environmental Science, 2(1), 1193110. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311843.2016.1193110
S. Madheswaran (2007). Measuring the value of statistical life: estimating compensating wage differentials among workers in India. Social Indicators Research, 2007, Volume 84, Number 1, Page 83
URl 1: https://www.nagpurtoday.in/nagpur-turns-city-of-lakhpatis-in-survey-but-with-darker- side-as-well/04031807
URL 2: http://www.who.int/gho/database/en
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11. Linkage of Environmental Status Report (ESRs) to SDG
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
11. Linkage of Environmental Status Report (ESRs) to SDG
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 specific global goals set by the United Nations. The goals are interrelated and cover various social and economic development issues. The SDGs are also known as "Transforming our World: the 2030 Agenda". SDGs include poverty, hunger, health, education, climate change, water, gender equality, sanitation, energy, urbanization, environment and social justice. An example of how we can link SDGs with ESR is highlighted by the example of the 11th goal of SDG, that is Sustainable Cities & Communities.
➢ Sustainable development cannot be achieved without significantly transforming the way we build and manage our urban spaces. ➢ The Digital India mission is a missing link that could help connect the Smart Cities mission to these high-level SDG outcomes, especially the Sustainable Cities goal to “make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”.
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12. NMC INITIATIVE
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
12. NMC Initiatives
12.1 Initiatives
A number of initiatives are being taken by NMC for improvement of city. Some are -
• Smart Cities • Transport sector: Metro / Roads • Plan for electricity generation from MSW – 11.5KW plan • Parking Management Plan • Lake rejuvenation
12.2 Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Limited
Under the Smart City Mission of the Central Government, the city of Nagpur has been selected in the second round and the projects proposed under this campaign are being planned for implementation over a period of time . Nagpur municipal corporation had sent Smart City proposal to the Central Government to be selected under this mission. By accepting this proposal, the Central Government has selected Nagpur city in which projects worth Rs. 2635 crores is proposed. An amount of Rs. 500 crores (Rs.100 crores per annum), Rs. 250 crores (Rs 50 crores per annum) and Rs. 250 crores (Rupees 50 crores per annum) will be made available from Central Government for the time bound projects implementation. Of these, actually, Rs.190 crores from the Central Government, Rs. 143 crores and from the local government institution 50 crore rupees 383 crores of funds have been received.
According to the guidelines of the project, two components are organized for implementation: A) Area Based Development
Under the Smart City proposed Area Based Development project, a draft Town planning scheme has been prepared for 1730 acres of Pardi-Bharatwada-Punapur-Bhandewadi. Along with this, detailed project reports of 24 projects proposed are being prepared. In this project Tender SURE (Specification for Urban Road Execution), 52 km of roads, water supply, sewerage system, LED street light, cycle track, footpath etc will be provided in an integrated manner. The basic amenities will be provided in an integrated manner. Apart from this, 24
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From the viewpoint of the entire city (Pan City), a total of 06 projects like CCTV camera, control and command center, smart solid waste management project are proposed. Department of Information and Technology, Government of Maharashtra, Nagpur Police Commissioner and Nagpur Smart and Sustainable City Development Corporation Ltd. 520 crore expenditure is being implemented in Nagpur and SAF City. Under this project, 1045 km of optical fiber network has been built in the city and at 3800 CCTV Surveillance Cameras are being installed on 700 junctions. In addition, 136 Wi-Fi hotspots, 53 Variable Message Signboard (VaMS), 10 Environmental Sensors and 56 Public Announcement System have been set up. Similarly, City Operation Center has been set up at Municipal Headquarters. The construction of the Command and Control Center for the Nagpur Police Commissioner is in progress. The work of this project has almost come to full power and Nagpur Police Department will be given valuable help to control the investigation and prosecution of crime and criminality. It also helps in disciplining the traffic of the city through the Intelligent Traffic Management System. The city facility will be provided by the City Operation Center at the headquarters of the municipal headquarters, and the concept of dynamic, transparent and people-oriented administration will help in realizing the reality.
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13. Citizen Corner
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
13. Citizen Corner
Participation from citizens in very important to maintain cleanliness, water safety measures, conservation of water etc. CSIR-NEERI has partnered with various NGOs to help spread environmental awareness problems and solutions.
Participation from NGOs in creating awareness and demonstration of easily achievable practices benefiting the environment
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14. Recommendations
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
14. Recommendations
14.1 Water Environment
• Sewage management system and prevention of sewage from point sources from entering surface water bodies • Decentralized treatment options for townships and small cluster settlements to prevent the expenditure of carrying sewage to a centralised system • Adequate and efficient new sewage treatment plants to meet the new CPCB norms for discharge of treated wastewaters into surface water bodies • Nagpur city ESR 2016-2017 reported in detail the major sewer drains entering Nag river and control options suggested. Since the scenario has not improved as evident from the water quality of all three rivers it is reiterated prevention of sewage from entering the rivers or in situ treatment are the options available for rejuvenation of these surface water bodies of Nagpur city.
• Encourage reuse and recycle of treated wastewaters . • Mass awareness programs for cooperation from citizens regarding indiscriminate throwing of nirmalaya / garbage / food waste into surface water bodies (lakes and rivers). • Buffer zones and green belt development along the banks of river and lakes to protect the water quality • Demarcation of boundaries to protect the areas of rivers and lakes to preventing the encroachments • Identification of non- point sources of pollutants, including chemicals from agriculture runoff and city sewage, entering into the rivers • Design for development of peripheral wetland to Intercept and arrest the nutrients inflow into the lake from north west bank • Rain water harvesting mandatory to every registered structure under NMC/NIT’s jurisdictions may be policed and recorded along with annual precipitation to study effect on recharge of groundwater through the years . • Creation of groundwater hydrology maps and groundwater models to understand the amount of surface runoff entering the groundwater aquifers.
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• Water quality monitoring at point of use of residents specially slums where contamination is at source • Ensuring regular monitoring of ground water quality for physio-chemical & bacteriological characteristics • Proper drainage systems should be provided in buildings to avoid sewage influx with groundwater.
14.2 Lakes
• Ensuring protection by appropriate aesthetic shoreline development on all sides of lake • The silt from nearby farm gardens should be prevented by embanking • Employing reduction in non-point source of pollution and nutrient inflow into the lake from water shed by in-situ treatment techniques • Prevention of any point source of pollution into lakes (sewage from nearby encroachments eg Futala Lake) • Social awareness on importance of maintaining lake ecosystem • Creating earning source from lake ecosystem eg Fish, Aquatic plants etc • Creating potential revenue generating activities/structures like boating, musical fountains & laser shows, parking lots etc. • Employing reduction in open trash floatables by capturing with litter booms , Floating cycle (NEERI design), design of frequency for manual removal • Provision of adequate number of toilets and dustbins to prevent waste disposal in lake • Determining the morphometry of the lake to be created & slope stabilization • Design for development of peripheral wetland to Intercept and arrest the nutrients inflow into the lake from nearby farmland
14.3 Solid waste Management
• Bhandewadi landfill site of Nagpur experiences fire incidents every year mostly during summer season. Landfill fires create a critical problem for landfill operators, cause air pollution and poor aesthetics & livelihood to the people living in the surrounding areas. These fires may range small and easily extinguishable surface fires to large and uncontrolled sub-surface fires. 131
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• CSIR-NEERI proposes a comprehensive study for fire mitigation plan for the Bhandewadi landfill fire including the following: o Monitoring methane generation from the already dumped waste ▪ b. Prototype studies on the mitigation of different types of fires with specific importance to climatic conditions of Nagpur o Experimental studies in order to understand the propagation of fires within the landfill o Formulation of site specific guidelines on the prevention and control of landfill fires o Development of well engineered fire mitigation plan • CSIR-NEERI also conducted a preliminary study to delineate the buffer zone (no development zone) around the landfill site covering the following: o Determination of the dispersion of the pollutants emerging from the landfill site o Air, water and soil testing to assess the exact pollution level o Defining the “green belt” around the landfill site to arrest the spread of pollution • The recommendations for buffer zone were decided mostly on secondary data and hence a detailed study is proposed in this regard. • Studies on health status of people living around Bhandewadi dumpsite is proposed to delineate preventive measures. • DPR on MSW management is recommended to be prepared for Nagpur city so as to a long-term plan is prepared. CSIR NEERI being located at Nagpur should be involved in advising proper implementation of the project. • Waste segregation must be carried out and strictly followed • Biodegradable Waste to biogas should be explored • Manage leachates from landfills sites by creating trenches directing flow to prevent contamination of ground water
14.4 Air Environment
The seasonal monitoring of air pollutant as per the CPCB protocol was undertaken in
10 sites covering various landed/activities of the city. The average PM10 concentrations has exceeded the limit of 100 µg/m3 at nine (Maskasath, Hingna, Bardi, Manewada, Shankar Nagar, Mankapur, Asi Nagar, NMC and Pipla) locations, while at one location it was within limits.
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The average PM2.5 concentrations during winter season at monitoring stations were observed to be below the permissible limit of 60µg/m3 at six sites, while at four (Maskasath,
Manewada, Bardi and Mankapur) locations, the concentration of PM2.5 was exceeding the permissible limit. The average level of the pollutants depicts that occasional peak of PM10,
PM2.5, NO2, SO2 and NH3 concentration for 24 hrs averaging within the city limit. The average concentration of gaseous pollutants was found to be within the permissible level of CPCB, i.e. 3 3 (NO2 µg/m , SO2 80 µg/m , while NH3-400 µg/m3).
The heavy metal Arsenic (As) was found to be below the standard at all the monitored sites; however metals like Lead (Pb) and Nickel (Ni) were found to be exceeding the standard at one site i.e. Manewada.
During last 4-5 years due to various developmental activities like construction of cement roads/ fly over and Metro etc, the city is experiencing increasing levels of poluutant builup from various emission sources (Point, Area and Line) as given in Table G. The mitigation measures of these sources are in Table H and are as follows:
▪ Point Source
Various technological options are available for Air Pollution & air pollution control from point sources. The control technologies recommended for the industries within city impact zone, include fuel substitution, changes in production process, and pollution abatement through flue gas treatment etc. to reduce the ambient concentrations of pollutants.
▪ Area Sources
Busy urban areas with commercial activities, which give rise to pollution from area sources, surround city. Most of the hotels and restaurants are spread in the city area. Therefore, a policy of restricted permits for new installations (which could use cleaner fuels and proper pollution control measures) is suggested.
Substantial construction and demolition activities of Metro and Cement roads alongwith congestion/movement of vehicles, mainly commuter was observed on all the roads for the last 3-4 years. Proper C&D rules may be followed with strict enforcement by the regulators. Traffic of heavy vehicles to be diverted through alternative routes.
Hotels and restaurants around city should be directed to use cleaner fuels such as LPG, improved cook stove etc
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Use of open chullah on pavements and burning of dry leaves around CITY should be strictly prohibited.
The crematoria present in the city limits should have green belt alongside or else they could be shifted away from the residential areas. Shifting to use of briquettes rather than wood and use of electric crematoria should be promoted.
▪ Liquid and Solid Waste: a) Drainage and sewer lines of CITY compound should be cleaned at regular intervals and a preventive maintenance of the drainage system, which as understood is in placer be continued. b) Phenomenon of Eutrophication was observed in some of the water bodies as a natural process within the city compound. Nutrient imbalance of water bodies affects the aquatic food chain resulting in algal bloom, known as eutrophication. City should take necessary action for improved management of water bodies and restrict all activities, which may cause algal growth. It is also recommended that the biological water quality be monitored regularly. Use of Phtorid system for insitu nallahs treatment may be promoted.
The city authorities have provided common dust bins at different location in city premises for collection of wet and dry solid waste. It is recommended that separate dust bins with color code may be provided (for differentiating solid wastes) in order to ensure proper waste collection and disposal.
Solid waste management to be undertaken to reduce emissions (Bio gas generation, Waste to energy plant ) etc may be practised
▪ Line Sources:
Since city has large network of roads and busy urban areas, with roads running all around its periphery, a synchronized auto traffic signal system to be provided at all the intersection around the monument, for better and smooth flow of vehicles with minimum halt period.
Substantial construction and demolition activities of Metro and Cement roads alongwith congestion/movement of vehicles, mainly commuter was observed on all the roads for the last 3-4 years. Proper C&D rules may be followed with strict enforcement by the regulators. Traffic of heavy vehicles to be diverted through alternative routes.
The pollution from auto exhaust is the most important causative factor when protection of the monument from atmospheric environment is considered. Therefore, the traffic on the roads 134
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18 around the city should be minimal with complete ban on heavy traffic. Commercial vehicles, particularly autos, school/other buses, taxis and buses were found quite old. Adoption of regular inspection and maintenance program for these vehicles are suggested in order to meet emission norms. Ban of old commercial vehicles may be promulgated.
Implementation of the expert committee recommendations on Auto Fuel policy (August 2002) with respect to different categories of vehicles should be ensured.
The continued growth in future demographic profile of the automobile is inevitable. Thus it becomes imperative to control the auto emissions at source. The best strategy is proper maintenance and tuning of the carburettor of the gasoline powered vehicles which can ensure low CO and HC levels. PUC system to be upgraded/strengthened with latest state of art technology, Various options for mitigating emissions from sources are given below:
(A) Control of Vehicle emissions
Sr. Action Plan Issues Time Period No.
i) Launch extensive awareness drive against polluting vehicles Short term
ii) Ensure Strict action against visibly polluting vehicles Short term
iii) Install weigh in motion bridges to prevent overloading Short term
Take steps to prevent parking of vehicles in the non-designated iv) Short term areas
Introduce early alarm system for benefit of commuters related to v) Short term traffic congestion on major routes for route diversion
Consider introducing plan for Flexi/staggered timings to minimize vi) Short term peak movement of vehicles on the road
vii) Take steps for retrofitting of diesel vehicles with Particulate Filters Short term
viii) De-congest pathways Short term
Synchronize traffic movements / Introduce intelligent traffic ix) Short term systems for lane-driving
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Sr. Action Plan Issues Time Period No.
x) Install vapor recovery system in fueling stations Short term
xi) Take steps for installation of remote sensor based PUC system etc. Long term
Formulate action plan for controlling decongestion of fuel stations xii) Long term including increasing number of dispensing machines
Prepare action plan to check fuel adulteration and random xiii) Long term monitoring of fuel quality data
xiv) Prepare action plan for public transport on CNG mode Long term
Undertake road widening and improvement of infrastructure for xv) Long term decongestion of road
xvi) Promote battery operated vehicles Long term
(B) Control of Road Dust/Re-suspension of dust and other fugitive emission
Time Frame Sr. Action Points for No. implementation Formulate action plan for creation of green buffers along the i) Short Term traffic corridors ii) Introduce wet/ mechanized vacuum sweeping of roads Short Term Maintain pot holes free roads for free-flow of traffic to reduce iii) Short Term emissions and dust Introduce water fountains at major traffic intersection, iv) Long term wherever feasible Undertake greening of open areas, gardens, community places, v) Long term schools and housing societies Take steps for blacktopping / pavement of road shoulders to vi) Long term avoid road dust
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(C) Control of Air Pollution from Biomass Burning
Sr. Time Frame for Action Points No. implementation Take stringent action against open burning of bio- i) mass/leaves/tyres etc to control such activities and submit Immediate periodic status reports Ensure proper collection of horticulture waste (bio-mass) and ii) Immediate composting–cum-gardening approach Ensure strict enforcement of ban on burning of agriculture iii) Immediate waste and crop residues Prohibit use of coal in hotels and restaurants and eliminate use iv) Short Term of kerosene for cooking in Nagpur
(D) Control of Industrial Air Pollution
Sr. Time Frame for Action Points No. implementation i) Ensure strict action against unauthorized brick kilns Short Term Ensure strict action against industrial units not complying with ii) Long term standards Enforce strict compliance of conversion of Natural draft brick iii) Long term kilns to induced-draft Launch action plan for switching over to natural gas by iv) Long term industries, wherever feasible
(E) Control of Air Pollution from Construction and Demolition Activities
Sr. Time Frame for Action Points No. implementation Control dust pollution at construction sites through i) Immediate appropriate cover Undertake control measures for fugitive emissions from ii) Short Term material handling, conveying and screening operations
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Sr. Time Frame for Action Points No. implementation through water sprinkling, curtains, barriers and dust suppression units Ensure carriage of construction material in closed/covered iii) Short Term vessels
(F) Other Steps to control Air Pollution
Sr. Time Frame for Action Points No. implementation Set-up helpline in States/UT for taking action against reported i) Immediate non-compliance Evolve a system of reporting of garbage /municipal solid waste burning through mobile based applications and other social ii) Short Term media platform linked with Central and State level Control Rooms Establish Standard Operating Procedure to provide quick and iii) Short Term effective response to complaints Take steps for maximizing coverage of LPG / PNG for iv) Long term domestic cooking purposes with intention of achieving 100% Ensure DG sets meeting the standards only be allowed to v) Long term operate Promote use of LPG instead of coal in restaurants/ dhabas/ road vi) Long term side eateries Undertake Satellite based monitoring for tracking and enforcing vii) Long term agriculture waste burning Take steps for setting up of bio-mass based power generation viii) Long term units to avoid bio-mass burning The crematoria’s open pyre type to use cow dung/bricketes/and ix) pollution control system for reducing the emissions. Use of Gas Short term fired/electric fired crematoria may be promulgated
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Table (G) Specific Air Pollution Mitigation Measures for Various Sources in the City
Secon dary Domestic Trans Pollut Construction Pollut Industry Traffic Heating/Fuel Waste Re-suspended dust boun ants and Demolition ants/ Use dary Aeros ols
Mediu Small m Small Highw Large Boilers boilers/ Intersecti Arterial ays Agricu Large Tyre. brake Adjoini Atmos Power /furnac DG on 2W/3W Municipa ltural/ Paved/U Residenti Commer Roads/ buildings wear of ng pheric Steel es/Roll sets/Kil 2W/3W/ /4W/tru 2W/3 l Solid open npaved al cial Metro Res/Com running Industr Interact and ing ns/Rolli 4W/truck cks/bus W/4W/ Waste burnin Road . vehicles ies ions others mills/ ng s/busses ses trucks/ g others mills/ busses others
PM10 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ PM2. √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ 5 SO2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ NO2 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ NH3 √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
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Table (H) Specific Air Pollution Mitigation Measures for Various Sources in the City
Re- Secondary Domestic Construction Trans Industry Traffic Waste suspended Pollutants/ Heating/Fuel Use and Demolition boundary dust Aerosols Various to reduce (traffic) volume technological (activity) options are • Congestion charge, Improvement of available for Air parking schemes, building envelope Pollution & air road • low/no emission pollution control systems from point sources. • pricing, speed limits, public transport, • Solar power to be Enforceme The control All the cycling, promoted nt of strict technologies regulatory • Ban of old vehicles • ban of use of Solid Waste regulation Effective recommended for norms for Regular based on their solid fuels in segregation at s in nearby control of the industries Construction clean-up, performance may be households source to be areas of gaseous within city impact and Demolition maintenanc done • Proper ventilation made the city for pollutants zone, include work of all types e of pot for cooking mandatory pollution like SO2, • fuel • Air Pollution may be strictly hole free exhaust gases control in NO2 etc at substitution, Control at traffic enforced and roads point area source • changes in intersections for • strict emission looked at and line production reducing builtup limit values for sources process, emissions may be construction/dem promoted olition activities • pollution abatement • Suitable display of • ban of through flue gas pollutant levels with agricultural waste treatment etc. pollution awareness burning messages may be • promoting non used at traffic polluting 140
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Re- Secondary Domestic Construction Trans Industry Traffic Waste suspended Pollutants/ Heating/Fuel Use and Demolition boundary dust Aerosols industries in the signals for region awareness to public to (technically) reduce emission of vehicles, Enforcement Food waste installations bodies to strictly utilisation/rec Strict Compliance • foster uptake of check the ycling/BIO enforcement clean vehicles, efficacy of gas Paving of Regular checks and regulations for controls generation all unpaved third party audit for • machinery, filters, deployed/used/ /compost etc roads compliance/perfor change of fuel / maintained by at source to mance assessment energy source, the be practiced authorities/contr • e-mobility (large fleets, public actors etc transport, bicycles) Heavy Flue gas to reduce emissions by Use of DG sets to be Green belt duty desulphuris Ban of Non behavioural changes minimized Paper/plastic developmen vehicles ation in Compliant • speed limits, Gas based generator /metal waste Regular third t at road movement thermal industries inspections, ban of sets may be segregation/u party dividers s to be power agricultural promoted tilisation/recy audits/green diverted plants as Regular third party • waste burning, The DG sets used for cling at vigil team to Water through well as audits/green vigil educational Mobile tower users source / provide valuable spriklers/fo ring roads DENOx team to provide programmes, .. may be checked for otherwise to feed back may untains in and systems to valuable feed back its emissions and be practiced be undertaken the road • Regular third party covered be provided may be undertaken may be replaced by dividers audits/green vigil transportat for NOx gas based units team to provide ion in controls in 141
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Re- Secondary Domestic Construction Trans Industry Traffic Waste suspended Pollutants/ Heating/Fuel Use and Demolition boundary dust Aerosols valuable feed back Regular properly major may be undertaken checkup of maintaine industries • Identification of vehicles for d vehicles polluting vehicles wheel to be done and providing fine/ balancing/ enforcing rules to be brake/tyre takenup by the wear etc regulatory authorities Greening of MSW to re-allocate emissions dumping site either spatially or LPG penetration as with non No new air temporally cooking fuel may be edible plants polluting industries • ban of through increased in slum like jatropa, in the region be traffic, bypasses, areas restaurants, Bamboo, allowed tunnels, noise hotels, Dhabhas etc Vetriveer etc barriers, ... which have value to be practiced Capacity expansion to confine emissions Proper exhaust for Waste to /expansion of • screening of cooking emissions at energy/Bio existing units under demolition / home and gas strict enforcement construction hotel/restaurants to generation of regulatory activities, spatial be maintained and plant to be framework planning, for large commercial practiced
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Re- Secondary Domestic Construction Trans Industry Traffic Waste suspended Pollutants/ Heating/Fuel Use and Demolition boundary dust Aerosols • New vehicle hotels suitable registration to come control systems may Ban on use of with strict guidelines be used for venting plastics (thin of air pollution these emissions size) and use control effectively of cloth bags • Rationalising new to be vehicle registration promoted In • Rationalising use of long term existing vehicles total plastic • Encouraging ban may be walking/cycling practiced mode… • PUC to be made more transparent and robust with state of art systems for compliance and enforcement aspects built in
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14.5 Noise Environment
• Noise pollution can be controlled when the sense of understanding of the effects of noise. Initiation of public awareness through campaigning, movie, hoarding, moving display digital and paper media, should be carried out on massive scale to educate public on impacts of noise pollution. • Create awareness to mass for minimizing honking at traffic signals and roads through hoardings/ signboards so that public would practice minimum honking at traffic junctions, signal and during movements and jam conditions. • Movement of Vehicle without silencers such as bikes /modified bikes/ cars should be regulated during day and night time. • Pressure horns must be banned for use in any type of vehicle, especially in city. • Resurfacing roads with low noise materials such as stone mastic asphalt (SMA) reduces noise levels. • There must be a strict compliance of putting barrier at the construction sites in the city. • Banning of noise producing sources like crackers and band music during procession • More vegetation buffer zone, street landscaping and road side plantation should be developed in and around the buildings and near to road sides. • Emphasis and more use of public transport instead of private vehicles. This will reduce noise and air pollution significantly. • Traffic Management System of the cities needs to be further improved for reduction in noise emission level and also noise exposure level at signal and junctions. • Legislation reflecting the possible consequences of the legal action which include Prevention, Prohibition and Penalty to the public should be displayed and disseminated. • As per Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) (Amendment) Rules, 2017, silence zone need to be notified by State Government / Municipal Corporation. • It is recommended that proper display of Silence Zone with details of notification and strict compliance of noise limits. • Judicious use of public address system, loud music in occasions, and it should not increase the ambient noise level standards as prescribed by the authority.
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14.6 Biological Diversity
The city is surrounded by number of eco-sensitive zones (National Parks and Wild Life Sanctuaries) and is a hub for many endangered native flora and fauna. However, the trees cover in the city areas as well as in the outskirts of the city has decreased in recent years due to increased developmental activities. There is a significant reduction in the migrant species due to polluted lakes and rivers of Nagpur City. Nesting zones for birds are reducing due to felling of native trees and species related to medicinal value, food value, overall niche value and other importance are also getting endangered due to various ongoing developmental activities.
Recommendations
Systematic approach is needed for planned and integrated urban forest biodiversity management that entails the participation of government organizations, municipal departments, and urban planning bodies. Management and planning of urban trees are very crucial because once development has taken place, trees are often considered as afterthought rather than being indulged as original design phase. Some conclusive points are mentioned herewith:
• Plantation with certain varieties of native plants under green belt development scheme to enhance biodiversity by attracting caterpillars, butterflies, other animals, including avifauna in the area. • Environmental awareness of urban residents plays a crucial role in determining species composition, and management of urban forests. This may permit them to develop more sensitivity towards nature in their immediate environment. • Suitable guidelines and criteria should also be set for NMC for urban forests conservation and a well defined strategy needs to be developed due to enduring extensive development in various parts of the city. • Substantial research related to carbon sequestration and pollution amelioration etc. should be given equal priority. • Economical valuation studies should also be encouraged that bring about valuable insights into the benefits and costs of urban green spaces and their management. • Biodiversity corridors can be proposed East, West, North & South within the city. • More Biodiversity theme based gardens can be established throughout the city.
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• Urban biodiversity index of Nagpur city is required during a time interval for future planning. • The plants having higher APTI (Air Pollution Tolerance Index) value such as Azadirachta indica, Ficus religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Cassia javanica, Cassia fistula, Mimusops elengii, Ficus glomerata, Ficus virens, Ficus infectoria, Tamarindus indicus and Polyalthia longifolia which are more tolerant to air pollution and more favorable for native flora niche should be given priority for plantation programme at roadside and, urbanized areas; so as to reduce the effects of air pollution, heat waves and create ambient atmosphere clean and healthy.
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Annexures
Environmental Status Report Nagpur 2017-18
Annexure 1
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
National Standards Sr. Time weighted Pollutants Industrial, Ecologically No. average residential sensitive areas areas ( µg/m3) ( µg/m3) Annual average 50.0 20.0 1 Sulphur Dioxide 24 hr average 80.0 80.0 Annual average 40.0 30.0 2 Oxides of Nitrogen 24 hr average 80.0 80.0 Annual average 60.0 60.0 3 PM10 24 hr average 100.0 100.0 Annual average 40.0 40.0 4 PM2.5 24 hr average 60.0 60.0 5 Carbon 8 hr average 2.0 2.0 Annual average 1.0 0.5 6 Lead 24 hr average 1.5 0.75 8 hours 2.0 1.0 7 Carbon Monoxide 1 hour 4.0 2.0
* Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week for 24 hours at uniform interval * 24hour/8 hour values should be met 98% of time in a year * However, 2% of the time might exceed but not on two consecutive days
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Annexure 2
Ambient Noise Standards
Limits in dB (A) L * Sr. No. Category/Zone eq Day-time Night-time 1 Industrial 75 70 2 Commercial 65 55 3 Residential 55 45 4 Silence 50 40
Note – 1. Day-time means between 6am to 10pm 2. Night-time means 10 pm to 6 am 3. Silence zone is an area of more than 100 meters around hospitals, educational institutions, courts, religious places or any other area such area declared by the authorities 4. Mixed category areas may be declared as one of the four categories mentioned above *dB(A) Leq denotes the time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels Leq is the energy mean of noise level over a specified period
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Annexure 3 Drinking Water Standards (IS 10500:2012) Part I Drinking water is water intended for human consumption for drinking and cooking purposes from any source. It includes water (treated or untreated) supplied by any means for human consumption.
Organoleptic and Physical Parameters
Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water
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Drinking Water Standards (IS 10500:2012) Part II General Parameters Concerning Substances Undesirable in Excessive Amounts
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Annexure 4 Water Quality Criteria (Inland surface water Bodies)
Class of Designated-Best-Use Criteria water
Drinking Water Source A • Total Coliforms Organism without conventional MPN/100ml shall be 50 or less treatment but after • pH between 6.5 and 8.5 disinfection • Dissolved Oxygen 6mg/l or more • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 2mg/l or less
Outdoor bathing (Organised) B • Total Coliforms Organism MPN/100ml shall be 500 or less pH between 6.5 and 8.5 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l or more • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less
Drinking water source after C • Total Coliforms Organism conventional treatment and MPN/100ml shall be 5000 or less pH disinfection between 6 to 9 Dissolved Oxygen 4mg/l or more • Biochemical Oxygen Demand 5 days 20C 3mg/l or less
Propagation of Wild life and D • pH between 6.5 to 8.5 Dissolved Fisheries Oxygen 4mg/l or more • Free Ammonia (as N) 1.2 mg/l or less
Irrigation, Industrial Cooling, E • pH between 6.0 to 8.5 Controlled Waste disposal • Electrical Conductivity at 25C micro mhos/cm Max.2250 • Sodium absorption Ratio Max. 26 • Boron Max. 2mg/l
Below-E Not Meeting A, B, C, D & E Criteria http://cpcb.nic.in/water-quality-criteria/
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