Essential Psychiatry, Fourth Edition Edited by Robin M

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60408-6 - Essential Psychiatry, Fourth Edition Edited by Robin M. Murray, Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter McGuffin, Simon Wessely and David J. Castle Frontmatter More information

Essential Psychiatry

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-60408-6 - Essential Psychiatry, Fourth Edition Edited by Robin M. Murray, Kenneth S. Kendler, Peter McGuffin, Simon Wessely and David J. Castle Frontmatter More information

Essential Psychiatry Fourth Edition

Edited by Robin M. Murray Kenneth S. Kendler Peter McGufﬁn Simon Wessely David J. Castle

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, S~ao Paulo, Delhi

Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521604086

C Cambridge University Press 2008

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2008

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library Essential psychiatry / edited by Robin Murray . . . [et al.]. – 4th ed. p. ; cm. Rev. ed. of : The essentials of postgraduate psychiatry / edited by Robin Murray, Peter Hill, Peter McGufﬁn. 3rd ed. 1997. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-521-60408-6 (pbk.) 1. Psychiatry. I. Murray, Robin, MD, M Phil, MRCP,MRC Psych. II. Essentials of postgraduate psychiatry. [DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders. 2. Psychiatry. WM 100 E7852 2008]

RC454.E824 2008 616.89–dc22 2008021196

ISBN 978-0-521-60408-6 paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication, and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Every effort has been made in preparing this publication to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this publication. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry 3rd edition – 1997 (Cambridge University Press) edited by J. L. Birley, R. Murray, P. H i l l a n d P. M c G u f ﬁ n The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry 2nd edition – 1986 (Academic Press Inc) edited by P.Hill

The Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry 1st edition – 1979 (Academic Press Inc) edited by P.Hill

Contents

Contributors page vii Preface to the fourth edition xii

Section 1 The Tools of Psychiatry 1

1 The mental state and states of mind 3 Paul E. Mullen

2 Current approaches to classiﬁcation 39 Anne E. Farmer and Assen Jablensky

3 Research methods in psychiatry 53 Marieke Wichers and Jim van Os

4 Imaging of brain structure and func- tion: relevance to psychiatric disorders 68 David Mamo and Shitij Kapur

5 Genetic epidemiology 80 Pak C. Sham and Kenneth S. Kendler

Section 2 Psychiatric Disorders 95

6 Psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence 97 Ian M. Goodyer

7 Personality disorder 135 Peter Tyrer

8 Anxiety disorders 147 Paul Carey, David J. Castle and Dan J. Stein

9 Eating disorders 180 Janet Treasure and Ulrike Schmidt

10 Alcohol problems 198 Ilana B. Crome and Roger Bloor

vi Contents

11 Drug use and drug dependence 230 22 Community psychiatry and service Wayne Hall and Michael Farrell delivery models 498 Michele Tansella, Graham Thornicroft and 12 Affective disorders 250 Ezra Susser Peter McGuffin 23 General hospital psychiatry 515 13 Schizophrenia and related disorders 284 Matthew Hotopf and Simon Wessely Robin M. Murray and Kimberlie Dean 24 Forensic psychiatry 540 14 Neuropsychiatry 320 Kimberlie Dean, Tom Fahy, David Ndegwa Perminder Sachdev and Elizabeth Walsh 15 The psychiatry of old age 350 E. Jane Byrne, Alistair Burns and Section 5 Treatments in Psychiatry 565 Sean Lennon 25 Biological treatments: general consid- 16 The psychiatry of intellectual disability 383 erations 567 Anthony Holland Evangelia M. Tsapakis and Katherine J. Aitchison 17 Sexual problems 395 John Bancroft 26 Biological treatments for psychotic disorders 586 Section 3 Special Topics 417 Ragy R. Girgis, Scott A. Schobel and Jeffrey A. Lieberman 18 Social and cultural determinants of mental health 419 27 Biological treatments of depression Vikram Patel, Alan J. Flisher and Alex Cohen and anxiety 622 Peter McGuffin and Anne E. Farmer 19 Psychiatric disorders of menses, pregnancy, postpartum and 28 Cognitive behavioural therapy 636 menopause 434 Jan Scott and Aaron T. Beck Anne Buist, Kimberly Yonkers and Michael Craig 29 Interpersonal psychotherapy 652 20 Suicide and self-harm 451 Myrna M. Weissman and Marc B. J. Blom Navneet Kapur and Louis Appleby 30 Psychodynamic psychotherapy 665 Glen O. Gabbard and Jessica R. Nittler Section 4 Psychiatry in Specific Settings 477 31 Family therapy 678 21 Psychiatry in primary care 479 Edwin Harari and Sidney Bloch Paul Walters, AndreTyleeand´ Sir David Goldberg Index 692

Contributors

Katherine J. Aitchison Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist MRC SGDP Centre and Division of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London London, UK

Louis Appleby Director and Professor of Psychiatry Centre for Suicide Prevention Division of Psychiatry University of Manchester Manchester, UK

John Bancroft Senior Research Fellow, previously Director The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction Barnhurst Horpath, Oxon, UK

Aaron T. Beck Emeritus Professor of Psychiatry University of Pennsylvania and Director of the Beck Institute Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Sidney Bloch Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Centre for the Study of Health and Society University of Melbourne Melbourne, Australia

vii

viii Contributors

Marc B. J. Blom Michael Craig Department of Mood Disorders Research Fellow and Lecturer of Psychological PsyQ the Hague Medicine The Netherlands Institute of Psychiatry London, UK Roger Bloor Senior Lecturer in Addiction Psychiatry Ilana B. Crome Keele University Medical School Professor of Addiction Psychiatry Stoke-on-Trent, UK Keele University Medical School Stoke-on-Trent, UK Anne Buist Professor of Psychiatry Kimberlie Dean Austin and Northpark Clinical Lecturer and Honorary SpR in Forensic University of Melbourne Psychiatry Australia Institute of Psychiatry London, UK Alistair Burns Department of Old Age Psychiatry Tom Fahy Education and Research Centre Professor of Forensic Mental Health Manchester, UK Institute of Psychiatry King’s College London E. Jane Byrne London, UK School of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences Wythenshawe Hospital Anne E. Farmer Education and Research Centre Social, Generic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre Manchester, UK Institute of Psychiatry King’s College London Paul Carey London, UK MRC Research Unit on Anxiety Disorders Department of Psychiatry Michael Farrell University of Stellenbosch Reader in Addiction Psychiatry Tygerberg, South Africa National Addiction Centre London, UK David J. Castle Chair of Psychiatry Alan J. Flisher St Vincent’s Hospital and University of Melbourne Professor in Psychiatry and Mental Health, Head of the Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Director of the Adolescent Health Research Institute Alex Cohen University of Cape Town Assistant Professor South Africa Department of Social Medicine Professor II, Research Centre for Health Promotion Harvard Medical School University of Bergen Boston, Massachusetts, USA Norway

Contributors ix

Glen O. Gabbard Department of Psychological Medicine Brown Foundation Chair of Psychoanalysis and Institute of Psychiatry Professor of Psychiatry Weston Education Centre Baylor College of Medicine London, UK Houston, Texas, USA Assen Jablensky Ragy R. Girgis Professor of Psychiatry Resident in General Adult Psychiatry Director, Centre for Clinical Research in Department of Psychiatry Neuropsychiatry College of Physicians and Surgeons The University of Western Australia Columbia University and New York State Psychiatric Perth, Australia Institute New York, New York, USA Navneet Kapur Head of Research and Reader in Psychiatry Sir David Goldberg Centre for Suicide Prevention Emeritus Professor Division of Psychiatry Health Services Research Department University of Manchester Institute of Psychiatry Manchester, UK London, UK Shitij Kapur Ian M. Goodyer Vice Dean and Professor of Schizophrenia Imaging and Developmental Psychiatry Section Therapeutics Department of Psychiatry Department of Psychological Medicine Cambridge, UK Institute of Psychiatry King’s College London Wayne Hall London, UK Professor of Public Health Policy School of Population Health Kenneth S. Kendler University of Queensland Virginia Institute for Psychiatry and Behavioral Australia Genetics Departments of Psychiatry and Human Genetics, Edwin Harari Medical College of Virginia of Virginia Consultant Psychiatrist Commonwealth University Department of Psychiatry Richmond, Virginia, USA St Vincent’s Hospital Melbourne, Australia Sean Lennon Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust Anthony Holland Wythenshawe Hospital Section of Developmental Psychiatry Manchester, UK Douglas House Cambridge, UK Jeffrey A. Lieberman Chairman, Department of Psychiatry Matthew Hotopf Columbia University College of Physicians and Professor of General Hospital Psychiatry Surgeons King’s College London New York, New York, USA

x Contributors

David Mamo The Prince of Wales Hospital Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, University of Toronto Sydney, Australia Clinician Scientist, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Ulrike Schmidt Toronto, Canada Professor of Eating Disorders Section of Eating Disorders Peter McGuffin Institute of Psychiatry Dean and Professor of Psychiatric Genetics London, UK Institute of Psychiatry King’s College London Scott A. Schobel London, UK Fellow in Schizophrenia Research Department of Psychiatry Paul E. Mullen Columbia University College of Physicians and Professor of Forensic Psychiatry, Monash University Surgeons Clinical Director, Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental New York, New York, USA Health Thomas Embling Hospital Jan Scott Fairfield, Australia Professor of Psychological Medicine, University of Newcastle and Honorary Professor, Psychological Robin M. Murray Treatments Research Professor of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry King’s College London London London, UK University Department of Psychiatry David Ndegwa Royal Victoria Infirmary Newcastle upon Tyne, UK South London and Maudsley NHS Trust Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist Pak C. Sham Adult Mental Health Unit Department of Psychiatry and Genome Research London, UK Centre Jessica R. Nittler Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Assistant Professor The University of Hong Kong University of Missouri – Columbia Hong Kong, China School of Medicine Dan J. Stein Columbia, Missouri, USA Chair, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Vikram Patel University of Cape Town and Co-Director, MRC Professor of International Mental Health and Research Unit on Anxiety Disorders Wellcome Trust Senior Clinical Research Fellow in University of Stellenbosch Tropical Medicine Cape Town, South Africa London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine London, UK Ezra Susser Professor and Chair Perminder Sachdev Department of Epidemiology School of Psychiatry Mailman School of Public Health University of New South Wales and Neuropsychiatric Columbia University Institute New York, New York, USA

Contributors xi

Michele Tansella Maastricht, The Netherlands Professor of Psychiatry Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Department of Medicine and Public Health Psychiatry Section of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology London, UK University of Verona Verona, Italy Elizabeth Walsh Honorary Senior Lecturer and Consultant Forensic and Graham Thornicroft General Adult Psychiatrist Professor of Community Psychiatry Division of Psychological Medicine Section of Community Mental Health Institute of Psychiatry Health Service and Population Research Department London, UK Institute of Psychiatry King’s College London Paul Walters London, UK MRC Fellow Section of Primary Care Mental Health Janet Treasure Health Services and Population Research Department Department of Academic Psychiatry Institute of Psychiatry Thomas Guy House London, UK Guys Campus London, UK Myrna M. Weissman Professor of Epidemiology in Psychiatry Evangelia M. Tsapakis College of Physicians and Surgeons Clinical Research Fellow and Honorary Specialist Columbia University Registrar in General Adult Psychiatry Chief, Division of Clinical and Genetic Epidemiology MRC SGDP Centre and Division of Psychological New York State Psychiatric Institute Medicine and Psychiatry New York, New York, USA Institute of Psychiatry at King’s College London, UK Simon Wessely Professor of Liaison and Epidemiological Psychiatry Andre´ Tylee King’s College London Professor of Primary Care Mental Health Department of Psychological Medicine Section of Primary Care Mental Health Institute of Psychiatry Health Services Research Department Weston Education Centre Institute of Psychiatry London, UK London, UK Marieke Wichers Peter Tyrer Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology Department of Psychological Medicine South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Imperial College Network London, UK EURON, Maastricht University Maastricht, The Netherlands Jim van Os Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology Kimberly Yonkers South Limburg Mental Health Research and Teaching Associate Professor of Psychiatry Network Yale University EURON, Maastricht University New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Preface to the fourth edition

Essential Psychiatry is a premium international psy- child and adolescent and old age psychiatry), Spe- chiatric text with contributions from leaders in their cial Topics (e.g. social and transcultural aspects respective fields. Whilst written essentially for the of psychiatry), Psychiatry in Specific Settings (e.g. clinician, it encompasses the very latest research psychiatry in primary care; community psychiatry) findings and has extensive and up-to-date referenc- and Treatments in Psychiatry (covering biological, ing. It is a completely revised and updated version psychological and family interventions). Each chap- of Essentials of Postgraduate Psychiatry, 3rd ed. (eds. ter has supportive material, including tables and R. Murray, P. Hill, P. McGuffin; Cambridge Univer- clinically focused fact boxes. The result is a book sity Press, 1997). Although it maintains the overall which can be read through from beginning to end, structure of that volume, it expands and extends its particular chapters read separately or sections read scope and includes cutting-edge contributions from together. Each chapter, whilst standing alone, is a wide range of authors (from Europe, the Americas, cross-referenced to other chapters where relevant. Australia, Asia and Africa). The use of headings and subheadings and a com- Care has been taken to ensure that, whilst chap- prehensive index make quick reference to specific ters present contemporary research and clinical topics easy. practice, they also reflect the rich historical heritage We believe this book will be a major reference of the field of psychiatry. Both the major classifi- work for psychiatrists and mental health profession- cation systems – the American Psychiatric Associ- als across the world, as well as providing a com- ation’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental prehensive resource for psychiatric trainees which Disorder and the World Health Organization’s Inter- will endure well beyond their trainee years, and con- national Classification of Diseases – are referenced tinue to be a source of knowledge and wisdom for throughout, with pointers to overlaps and differ- years to come. ences between these systems. The book is organized into sections, beginning Robin M. Murray, Kenneth S. Kendler, with The Tools of Psychiatry and followed by Psy- Peter McGuffin, Simon Wessely, chiatric Disorders (including discrete chapters on David J. Castle June 2008

xii