CONFIDENTIAL

Cultural Resources Investigation

2.68-Acre Project Area in the City of Beaumont

City/County, California Prepared for:

OakRidge Design & Development, Inc. 300 East State Street #360 Redlands, CA 92373

Prepared by:

ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2525 Warren Drive Rocklin, California 95677 Author:

Kristina Lindgren, M.A., and Wendy Blumel, M.A., RPA

Client Review Draft

ECORP Consulting, Inc. has assisted public and private land owners with environmental regulation compliance since 1987. We offer full service capability, from initial baseline environmental studies through environmental planning review, permitting negotiation, liaison to obtain legal agreements, mitigation design, construction supervision, and monitoring and compliance reporting.

Citation: ECORP Consulting, Inc. 2017. Cultural Resources Investigation for the 2.68-Acre Project Area in the, City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. Prepared for OakRidge Design & Development, Inc. Redlands, California. November 2017 Cultural Resources Investigation of 2.68-Acre Project Area in the City of Beaumont

MANAGEMENT SUMMARY

A cultural resources assessment was conducted for a 2.68-acre Project area in the City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. This assessment was conducted at the request of OakRidge Design and Development, Inc. in support of obtaining a Conditional Use Permit. The study was completed by ECORP Consulting, Inc. in compliance with the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

A cultural resources records search was conducted at the Eastern Information Center, , Riverside in October 2017. Additionally, a search of the Sacred Lands File was requested from the Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) and an intensive systematic pedestrian survey of the entire 2.68-acre Project area was conducted. The records search results indicate that six cultural resources have been documented within a one-mile radius of the Project area. No previously recorded resources are located within the Project area. There have been 17 cultural resources investigations previously conducted within a one-mile radius of the Project area between 1984 and 2015. However, no previous cultural resources surveys took place within the Project area.

The results of the search of the Sacred Lands File by the NAHC did not indicate the presence of any Native American cultural resources within the vicinity of the Project area. In addition to the search of the Sacred Lands File, the NAHC identified 41 Native American groups and individuals with historical and traditional ties to the Project area.

As a result of intensive pedestrian survey, no cultural resources were identified within the Project area. Therefore, the Project will not impact any known Historical Resources as defined by CEQA.

In the event that any archaeological materials are encountered during ground-disturbing construction activities, all activities must be suspended in the vicinity of the find until the deposits are recorded and evaluated by a qualified archaeologist. If human remains of any kind are found during construction, the requirements of CEQA Guidelines 15064.5(e) and Assembly Bill 2641 shall be followed.

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CONTENTS

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 2.0 LOCATION AND SETTING ...... 1 3.0 CULTURAL SETTING ...... 4 3.1 Prehistory ...... 4 3.1.1 Paleo-Indian Period/Terminal Pleistocene (12,000 to 10,000 B.P.) ...... 4 3.1.2 Early Archaic Period/Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,500 B.P.) ...... 4 3.1.3 Encinitas Tradition or Milling Stone Period/Middle Holocene (8,500 to 1,250 B.P.) 4 3.1.4 Palomar Tradition (1,250 – 150 B.P.) ...... 6 3.2 Ethnohistory ...... 7 3.2.1 ...... 7 3.2.2 Serrano ...... 8 3.3 History ...... 8 4.0 METHODS ...... 10 4.1 Records Search Methods ...... 10 4.2 Sacred Lands File Search Methods...... 10 4.3 Field Survey Methods ...... 11 5.0 RESULTS ...... 11 5.1 Records Search Results ...... 11 5.2 Sacred Lands File Search Results ...... 15 5.3 Field Survey Results ...... 15 6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 15 7.0 REFERENCES ...... 17 8.0 REPORT AND FIELD PERSONNEL ...... 20 8.1 Report Preparers ...... 20 8.2 Field Personnel ...... 20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Within One Mile of the Project Area ...... 11 Table 2. Previously Recorded Resources Within One Mile of the Project Area ...... 13

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Project Vicinity ...... 2 Figure 2. Project Location...... 3

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APPENDICES

Appendix A - Native American Heritage Commission Correspondence

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CEQA California Environmental Quality Act CRHR California Register of Historical Resources EIC Eastern Information Center HPDF Historic Property Data File MLD Most likely descendants NAHC Native American Heritage Commission NRHP National Register of Historic Places RV Recreational Vehicle

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

A cultural resources assessment was conducted for a 2.68-acre Project area in the City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California (Figure 1). This assessment was conducted at the request of OakRidge Design and Development, Inc. in support of an Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration for the property. OakRidge Design and Development is proposing to develop the property for a Recreational Vehicle (RV) storage facility. This study consists of a cultural resources records search, a Native American Heritage Commission (NAHC) Sacred Lands File Search and a field survey of the entire 2.68-acre Project area.

This report presents the methods and results of the cultural resources records search, Sacred Lands File Search and field survey, along with management recommendations. This Project was completed in compliance with the cultural resources requirements of the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA).

2.0 LOCATION AND SETTING

The Project area is located northeast of the intersection of Maple Avenue and First Street in the City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California. It is located ±0.5 miles south of Interstate 10 and ±0.25 miles east of Beaumont Avenue, at an elevation of ±2,600 feet above mean sea level (see Figure 1). As shown on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute, Beaumont, California topographic quadrangle map, 1955 (photorevised 1972), the Project area lies within Section 10, Township 3 South, Range 1 East, of the San Bernardino Base and Meridian (Figure 2). The Project area is composed of a rectangular parcel and is within the Commercial General Zone of Beaumont and is surrounded by a housing development to the west, commercial development to the north, and undeveloped land to the south and east.

The Project area is located in the San Gorgonio Pass area south of Southern California’s highest peak, San Gorgonio Mountain. Soil in the area consists of sandy loam and is a result of the area’s former use as an agricultural orchard and field. Vegetation within the Project area consists mostly of non-native Russian thistle and cheatgrass. The Project area is moderately flat, with a slight slope to the north. The Project area has recently undergone agricultural grading.

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Size of printing extent and margins differs with printer settings, please adjust margins if necessary. NOTE: This map is set up in NAD 1983 StatePlane California VI FIPS 0406 Feet. Please Change to Define Your Local State Plane or UTM Coordinate System.

P a c i fic O c e an

Project Location

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0 5 10 Location: N:\2017\2017-232 Oakridge First Street\MAPS\Location_Vicinity\OFS_Vicinity_20171023.mxd Map Date: 10/23/2017 Service Layer Credits: Sources: Esri, HERE, DeLorme, USGS, Intermap, increment P Corp., NRCAN, Esri Japan, METI, Esri China (Hong Kong), Esri (Thailand), MapmyIndia, © OpenStreetMap contributors, and the GIS User Community Figure 1. Project Vicinity 2017-232 Oakridge RV Storage - Beaumont Map Features

Project Location - 2.68 acres

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0 1,000 2,000 Location: N:\2017\2017-232 Oakridge First Street\MAPS\Location_Vicinity\OFS_Location_20171023_QUAD.mxd Map Date: 10/23/2017 Base Source: USGS 7.5' Topographic Quadrangle Beaumont, CA (1996) Figure 2. Project Location 2017-232 Oakridge RV Storage - Beaumont Cultural Resources Investigation of 2.68-Acre Project Area in the City of Beaumont

3.0 CULTURAL SETTING

3.1 Prehistory

3.1.1 Paleo-Indian Period/Terminal Pleistocene (12,000 to 10,000 B.P.)

The first inhabitants of southern California were big game hunters and gatherers exploiting extinct species of Pleistocene megafauna (e.g., mammoth and other Rancholabrean fauna). Local "fluted point" assemblages comprised of large spear points or knives are stylistically and technologically similar to the Clovis Paleo-Indian cultural tradition dated to this period elsewhere in North America (Moratto 1984). Archaeological evidence for this period in southern California is limited to a few small temporary camps with fluted points found around late Pleistocene lake margins in the Mojave Desert and around Tulare Lake in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Single points are reported from Ocotillo Wells and Cuyamaca Pass in eastern San Diego County and from the Yuha Desert in Imperial County (Rondeau, Cassidy, and Jones 2007).

3.1.2 Early Archaic Period/Early Holocene (10,000 to 8,500 B.P.)

Approximately 10,000 years ago at the beginning of the Holocene, warming temperatures, and the extinction of the megafauna resulted in changing subsistence strategies with an emphasis hunting smaller game and increasing reliance on plant gathering. Previously, Early Holocene sites were represented by only a few sites and isolates from the Lake Mojave and San Dieguito Complexes found along former lakebeds and grasslands of the Mojave Desert and in inland San Diego County. More recently, southern California Early Holocene sites have been found along the Santa Barbara Channel (Erlandson 1994), in western Riverside County (Grenda 1997; Goldberg 2001), and along the San Diego County coast (Gallegos 1991; Koerper, Langenwalter, and Schroth 1991; Warren 1967).

The San Dieguito Complex was defined based on material found at the Harris site (CA-SDI-149) on the San Dieguito River near Lake Hodges in San Diego County. San Dieguito artifacts include large leaf- shaped points; leaf-shaped knives; large ovoid, domed, and rectangular end and side scrapers; engraving tools; and crescentics (Koerper, Langenwalter, and Schroth 1991). The San Dieguito Complex at the Harris site dates to 9,000 to 7,500 B.P. (Gallegos 1991:Figure 3.9). However, sites from this time period in coastal San Diego County have yielded artifacts and subsistence remains characteristic of the succeeding Encinitas Tradition, including manos, metates, core-cobble tools, and marine shell (Gallegos 1991; Koerper, Langenwalter, and Schroth 1991).

3.1.3 Encinitas Tradition or Milling Stone Period/Middle Holocene (8,500 to 1,250 B.P.)

The Encinitas Tradition (Warren 1968) and the Milling Stone Period (Wallace 1955) refer to a long period of time during which small mobile bands of people who spoke an early Hokan language (possibly proto- Yuman) foraged for a wide variety of resources including hard seeds, berries, and roots/tubers (yucca in inland areas), rabbits and other small animals, and shellfish and fish in coastal areas. Sites from the Encinitas Tradition consist of residential bases and resource acquisition locations with no evidence for overnight stays. Residential bases have hearths and fire-affected rock indicating overnight stays and food

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preparation. Residential bases along the coast have large amounts of shell and are often termed shell middens.

The Encinitas Tradition as originally defined (Warren 1968) applied to all of the non-desert areas of southern California. Recently, four patterns within the Encinitas Tradition have been proposed which apply to different regions of southern California (Sutton and Gardner 2010). The Topanga Pattern includes archaeological material from the Los Angeles Basin and Orange County. The Greven Knoll Pattern pertains to southwestern San Bernardino County and western Riverside County (Sutton and Gardner 2010). Each of the patterns is divided into temporal phases. The Topanga Pattern included the Los Angeles Basin and Orange County. The Topanga I phase extends from 8,500 to 5,000 B.P. and Topanga II runs from 5,000 BP to 3,500 B.P. The Topanga Pattern ended about 3,500 B.P. with the arrival of Takic speakers, except in the Santa Monica Mountains where the Topanga III phase lasted until about 2,000 B.P.

The Encinitas Tradition in inland areas east of the Topanga Pattern (southwestern San Bernardino County and western Riverside County) is the Greven Knoll Pattern (Sutton and Gardner 2010). Greven Knoll I (9,400-4,000 B.P.) has abundant manos and metates. Projectile points are few and are mostly Pinto points. Greven Knoll II (4,000-3,000 B.P.) has abundant manos and metates and core tools. Projectile points are mostly Elko points. The Elsinore site on the east shore of Lake Elsinore was occupied during Greven Knoll I and Greven Knoll II. During Greven Knoll I faunal processing (butchering) took place at the lakeshore and floral processing (seed grinding), cooking, and eating took place farther from the shore. The primary foods were rabbit meat and seeds from grasses, sage, and ragweed. A few deer, waterfowl, and reptiles were consumed. The recovered archaeological material suggests that a highly mobile population visited the site at a specific time each year. It is possible that their seasonal round included the ocean coast at other times of the year. These people had an unspecialized technology as exemplified by the numerous crescents, a multi-purpose tool. The few projectile points suggest that most of the small game was trapped using nets and snares (Grenda 1997:279). During Greven Knoll II, which included a warmer drier climatic episode known as the Altithermal, it is thought that populations in interior southern California concentrated at “oases” and that Lake Elsinore was one of these oases. The Elsinore site (CA-RIV-2798) is one of five known Middle Holocene residential sites around Lake Elsinore. Tools were mostly manos, metates, and hammerstones. Scraper planes were absent. Flaked stone tools consisted mostly of utilized flakes used as scrapers. The Elsinore site during the Middle Holocene was a “recurrent extended encampment” which could have been occupied during much of the year.

The Encinitas Tradition lasted longer in inland areas because Takic speakers did not move east into these areas until circa 1,000 B.P. Greven Knoll III (3,000-1,000 B.P.) is present at the Liberty Grove site in Cucamonga (Salls 1983) and at sites in Cajon Pass that were defined as part of the Sayles Complex (Kowta (1969). Greven Knoll III sites have a large proportion of manos and metates and core tools as well as scraper planes. Kowta (1969) suggested the scraper planes may have been used to process yucca and agave. The faunal assemblage consists of large quantities of lagomorphs (rabbits and hares) and lesser quantities of deer, rodents, birds, carnivores, and reptiles.

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3.1.4 Palomar Tradition (1,250 – 150 B.P.)

The native people of southern California (north of a line from Agua Hedrionda to Lake Henshaw in San Diego County) spoke Takic languages which form a branch or subfamily of the Uto-Aztecan language family. The Takic languages are divided into the Gabrielino-Fernandeño language, the Serrano-Kitanemuk group (the Serrano [includes the Vanyume dialect] and Kitanemuk languages), the Tataviam language, and the Cupan group (the Luiseño-Juaneño language, the Cahuilla Language, and the Cupeño language) (Golla 2011). According to Sutton (2009), Takic speakers occupied the southern San Joaquin Valley before 3,500 B.P. Perhaps as a result of the arrival of Yokutsan speakers (a language in the Penutian language family) from the north, Takic speakers moved southeast. The ancestors of the Kitanemuk moved into the Tehachapi Mountains and the ancestors of the Tataviam moved into the upper Santa Clara River drainage. The ancestors of the Gabrielino (Tongva) moved into the Los Angeles Basin about 3,500 B.P replacing the native proto-Yuman (Hokan) speakers. Speakers of proto-Gabrielino reached the southern Channel Islands by 3,200 B.P. (Sutton 2009) and moved as far south as Aliso Creek in Orange County by 3,000 B.P.

Takic people moved south into southern Orange County after 1,250 B. P. and became the ancestors of the Juaneño. Takic people moved inland from southern Orange County about 1,000 B.P., becoming the ancestors of the Luiseño, Cupeño, and Cahuilla. At the same time, Takic people from the Kitanemuk area moved east along the northern slopes of the San Gabriel Mountains and spread into the San Bernardino Mountains and along the Mojave River becoming the ancestors of the Serrano and the Vanyume. Although Sutton (2011) believes that Yuman speakers living in these inland areas adopted Takic languages and that Takic speakers did not physically replace the Yuman speakers, this is unlikely because settlement and subsistence systems in inland areas were the same as those characteristic of the Takic peoples of the coast.

The material culture of the inland areas where Takic languages were spoken at the time of Spanish contact is part of the Palomar Tradition (Sutton 2011). San Luis Rey I Phase (1,000 B.P. – 500 B.P.) and San Luis Rey II Phase (500 B.P. – 150 B.P.) pertain to the area occupied by the Luiseño at the time of Spanish contact. The Peninsular I (1,000 B.P. – 750 B.P.), II (750 B.P. – 300 B.P.), and III (300 B.P. – 150 B.P.) Phases are used in the areas occupied by the Cahuilla and Serrano (Sutton 2011).

San Luis Rey I is characterized by Cottonwood Triangular arrow points, use of bedrock mortars, stone pendants, shell beads, quartz crystals, and bone tools. San Luis Rey II sees the addition of ceramics, including ceramic cremation urns, red pictographs on boulders in village sites, and steatite arrow straighteners. San Luis Rey II represents the archaeological manifestation of the antecedents of the historically known Luiseño (Goldberg 2001:I-43). During San Luis Rey I there were a series of small permanent residential bases at water sources, each occupied by a kin group (probably a lineage). During San Luis Rey II people from several related residential bases moved into a large village located at the most reliable water source (Waugh 1986). Each village had a territory that included acorn harvesting camps at higher elevations. Villages have numerous bedrock mortars, large dense midden areas with a full range of flaked and ground stone tools, rock art, and a cemetery.

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3.2 Ethnohistory

The Project area is located in the southeastern portion of the Yucaipa Valley near the territorial junction of two groups of southern California Native Americans: the Cahuilla and the Serrano. Both of these groups are likely to have utilized resources in the Project area vicinity prior to contact with the Europeans, which took place around A.D. 1769.

3.2.1 Cahuilla

Cahuilla territory was bounded on the north by the San Bernardino Mountains, on the east by the Orocopia Mountains, on the west by the Santa Ana River, the San Jacinto Plain and the eastern slope of the Palomar Mountains, and on the south by Borrego Springs and the Chocolate Mountains (Bean 1978).

The diversity of the territory provided the Cahuilla with a variety of foods. It has been estimated that the Cahuilla exploited more than 500 native and nonnative plants (Bean and Saubel 1972). Acorns, mesquite, screw beans, piñon nuts, and various types of cacti were used. A variety of seeds, wild fruits and berries, tubers, roots, and greens were also a part of the Cahuilla diet. A marginal agricultural existence provided corn, beans, squashes, and melons. Rabbits and small animals were also hunted to supplement the diet. During high stands of Ancient Lake Cahuilla, fish, migratory birds, and marshland vegetation were also taken for sustenance and utilitarian purposes (Bean 1978).

Structures within permanent villages ranged from small brush shelters to dome-shaped or rectangular dwellings. Villages were situated near water sources, in the canyons near springs, or on alluvial fans at manmade walk-in wells (Bean 1972). The villages of Palm Springs, pánik, and wáquina were located along the Whitewater River (Bean 1978). Mortuary practices entailed cremation of the dead. Upon a person’s death, the body was bound or put inside a net and then taken to a place where the body would be cremated. Secondary interments also occurred. A mourning ceremony took place about a year after a person’s death. During this ceremony, an image of the deceased was burned along with other goods (Lando and Modesto 1977; Strong 1929).

Pre-contact Cahuilla population has been estimated as low as 2500 to as high as 10,000. At the time of first contact with Europeans around 1774, the Cahuilla numbered approximately 6,000. Although they were the first to come into contact with the Cahuilla, the Spanish had little to do with those of the desert region. Some of the Cahuilla who lived in the plains and valleys west of the desert and mountains, however, were missionized through the asistencia located near present day San Bernardino. Cahuilla political, economic, and religious autonomy was maintained until 1877 when the United States government established Indian reservations in the region. Protestant missionaries came into the area to convert and civilize the Native American population. During this era, traditional cultural practices such as cremation of the dead, were prohibited. Today, the Cahuilla reside on eight separate reservations in southern California, located from Banning in the north to Warner Springs in the south and from Hemet in the west to Thermal in the east (Bean 1978).

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3.2.2 Serrano

The Serrano occupied an area in and around the San Bernardino Mountains that extended west into the Cajon Pass, east as far as Twentynine Palms, north to Victorville, and south to the Yucaipa Valley. The Serrano were mainly hunters and gatherers who occasionally fished. Game included mountain sheep, deer, antelope, rabbits, small rodents, and various birds, particularly quail. Vegetable staples consisted of acorns, piñon nuts, bulbs and tubers, shoots and roots, berries, mesquite, barrel cacti, and Joshua tree (Bean and Smith 1978).

Settlement locations were determined by water availability, and most Serranos lived in small villages near water sources. Houses and ramadas were round and constructed of poles covered with bark and tule mats (Kroeber 1925). Most Serrano villages also had a ceremonial house used as a religious center. Other structures within the village might include granaries and sweathouses (Bean and Smith 1978).

Partly due to their mountainous inland territory, contact between Serrano and European-Americans was minimal prior to the early 1800s. In 1819, a Capilla (chapel) was established near present-day Redlands and was used to help relocate many Serrano to Mission San Gabriel. However, small groups of Serrano remained in the area northeast of the San Gorgonio Pass and were able to preserve some of their native culture. Today, most Serrano live either on the Morongo or San Manuel reservations (Bean and Smith 1978).

3.3 History

Colonization of California by Euro-Americans began with the Spanish Portolá land expedition. The expedition, led by Captain Gaspar de Portolá of the Spanish army and Father Junipero Serra, a Franciscan missionary, explored the California coast from San Diego to the Monterrey Bay Area in 1769. As a result of this expedition, Spanish missions to convert the native population, presidios (forts), and towns were established. The Franciscan missionary friars established 21 missions in Alta California (the area north of Baja California) beginning with Mission San Diego in 1769 and ending with the mission in Sonoma established in 1823. The purpose of the missions and presidios was to establish Spanish economic, military, political, and religious control over the Alta California territory. Mission San Gabriel Archangel was founded in 1771 east of what is now Los Angeles to convert the Tongva or Gabrielino. Mission San Luis Rey was established in 1798 on the San Luis Rey River (in what is now northern San Diego County) to convert the Luiseño (Castillo 1978:100). Some missions later established outposts in inland areas. An asistencia (mission outpost) of Mission San Luis Rey, known as San Antonio de Pala, was built in Luiseño territory along the upper San Luis Rey River near Mount Palomar in 1810 (Pourade 1961). A chapel administered by Mission San Gabriel Archangel was established in the San Bernardino area in 1819 (Bean and Smith 1978a). The present asistencia within the western outskirts of present-day Redlands was built circa 1830 (Haenszel and Reynolds 1975).

The missions sustained themselves through cattle ranching and traded hides and tallow for supplies brought by ship. Large cattle ranches were established by Mission San Luis Rey at Temecula and San Jacinto (Gunther 1984). The Spanish also constructed presidios, or forts, at San Diego and Santa Barbara, ECORP Consulting Inc. CLIENT REVIEW DRAFT OakRidge Recreational Vehicle Storage Facility Project 8 2017-232

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and a pueblo, or town, was established at Los Angeles. The Spanish period in California began in 1769 with the Portolá expedition and ended in 1821 with Mexican independence.

After Mexico became independent from Spain in 1821, what is now California became the Mexican province of Alta California. The Mexican government closed the missions in the 1830s and former mission lands were granted to retired soldiers and other Mexican citizens for use as cattle ranches. Much of the land along the coast and in the interior valleys became part of Mexican land grants or “ranchos” (Robinson 1948). The rancho owners lived in an adobe house on the rancho. The Mexican Period includes the years 1821 to 1848.

The American period began when the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War, was signed between Mexico and the United States in 1848. As a result of the treaty, Alta California became part of the United States as the territory of California. Rapid population increase occasioned by the Gold Rush of 1849 allowed California to become a state in 1850. Most Mexican land grants were confirmed to the grantees by U.S. courts, but usually with more restricted boundaries which were surveyed by the U.S. Surveyor General’s office. Land that was not part of a land grant was owned by the U.S. government until it was acquired by individuals through purchase or homesteading. Floods and drought in the 1860s greatly reduced the cattle herds on the ranchos, making it difficult to pay the new American taxes on the thousands of acres they owned. Many Mexican-American cattle ranchers borrowed money at usurious rates from newly arrived Anglo-Americans. The resulting foreclosures and land sales transferred most of the land grants into the hands of Anglo-Americans (Cleland 1941:137-138).

The history of Beaumont has been influenced by its location near the San Gorgonio Pass. Originally called Summit, later renamed San Gorgonio, and finally called Beaumont, its early development was based on its position along a major transportation corridor. During the 1800's, parties from the San Gabriel Mission passed through the area on their way to the Salton Sea. They made these long trips to obtain salt, as salt refineries had not yet been established. In the mid-1820's Franciscan Friars from San Gabriel established an adobe chapel which was later abandoned in the foothills north of Beaumont. During the same period, San Gorgonio Pass served as a gateway between the Colorado River and the San Gabriel Mission. The route was only a footpath and the trip required fifteen to twenty days (San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society n.d.).

In 1843, Governor Pio Pico granted Rancho San Gorgonio to Santiago Johnson. After Johnson failed to develop it, Rancho San Gorgonio was acquired in 1845 by Paulino Weaver. It was later sold to Dr. Isaac Smith. Smith settled there and raised cattle and sheep. He also planted vegetables, an orchard, and a small vineyard. During the 1853 railroad survey, Lieutenant Parke surveyed San Gorgonio Pass. He reported that "this pass is so uniform and open that it may be considered the best pass in the Coast Range (San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society n.d.).

Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker launched their Pacific Railroad venture in 1860. The bill authorizing the construction of a railroad to the West Coast was authorized by President Lincoln in 1862. The route was to go through San Gorgonio Pass. Regular stage service through the pass began in the same year. The first wave of settlers moved into the area with the stage. The majority of them raised cattle. It was not until 1876 that the first passenger

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train came through the pass. The first train passed through Beaumont (then known as Summit), stopped at Cabazon, and continued to Indio (then known as Indian Wells). A second wave of settlers followed the railroad, and communities along the railroad grew. George Egan bought much of the town in 1884. He changed its name from Summit to San Gorgonio in honor of the mountains. In 1887, Dr. H. C. Sigler, after purchasing Egan's holdings, changed the town's name to Beaumont (San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society n.d.).

The railroad continued to play a major part in Beaumont's history. Railroad workers lived in special freight cars or built small houses south of the tracks. Train crews and passengers would often stopover in Beaumont. The trains required an additional locomotive to pull them up the steep grades east of San Gorgonio Pass, and it was a popular pass-time to come to the depot where the trains stopped to release the extra engine (San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society n.d.).

Beaumont was incorporated as a city on November 18, 1912, and has grown steadily since its incorporation. A rapid influx of new residents after World War II brought its population to over 3,000 in 1950 and it increased by slightly over 1,000 people per decade until 2000 (San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society n.d.). Rapid development of the region in the first few years of the twenty-first century has brought the current population to 21,000 (City of Beaumont n.d.).

4.0 METHODS

4.1 Records Search Methods

A cultural resources records search was conducted by an ECORP Consulting, Inc. (ECORP) archaeologist on October 10, 2017 at the California Historical Resources Information System, at the Eastern Information Center (EIC), University of California Riverside. The EIC is the official repository of cultural resources reports and site records for several counties in California, including Riverside. The purpose of the records search was to determine the extent and location of previous surveys, previously identified prehistoric or historic archaeological site locations, architectural resources, historic properties, cultural landscapes, or ethnic resources within a one-mile radius of the Project area. Materials reviewed included survey and evaluation reports, archaeological site records, historic maps, and the Historic Property Data File for Riverside County, which includes resources listed in or eligible for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), California Register of Historical Resources (CRHR), California Points of Historical Interest, California Historical Landmarks, and National Historic Landmarks. Historic-period aerial photographs were also reviewed as a part of this study and were found online (Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC [NETRonline] 2017).

4.2 Sacred Lands File Search Methods

A search of the Sacred Lands File by the NAHC in Sacramento, California was requested on October 19, 2017. This search was requested to determine whether there are sensitive or sacred Native American resources in the vicinity of the Project area that could be affected by the proposed Project. The NAHC was also asked to provide a list of Native American groups that have historic or traditional ties to the Project area who may have knowledge about the Project area. It should be noted that this does not constitute

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consultation in compliance with Senate Bill (SB) 18 or Assembly Bill (AB) 52. A copy of all correspondence between ECORP and the NAHC is provided in Appendix A.

4.3 Field Survey Methods

Field work was conducted on October 17, 2017. The field survey included the main parcel area. Fieldwork consisted of intensive systematic pedestrian survey of the entire 2.68-acre Project area by ECORP archaeologist Kristina Lindgren. Parallel east-west transects were walked with 15-m intervals between each transect. Any cultural resources encountered were recorded and mapped using Collector for ArcGIS, a cloud-based geospatial software for field data collection developed by Environmental Systems Research Institute. Notes and photographs were taken on the environmental setting and disturbances within the Project area. Any newly identified resources were photographed, described, and recorded.

5.0 RESULTS

5.1 Records Search Results

The record search performed October 10, 2017 indicated that the Project area has not been previously surveyed; however, 17 cultural resources investigations have been conducted within a one-mile radius of the Project area between 1984 and 2015. Details of all 17 investigations are presented in Table 1.

Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Within One Mile of the Project Area

Survey Report Number Author(s) Report Title Year Type

Previous Cultural Studies Located Within The Project Area (0)

There are no previous cultural studies indicated within the Project area.

Previous Cultural Studies Located Within One Mile of The Project Area (41)

An Archaeological Assessment of Parcel 18132, RI-01830 Sutton, Mark Q. 1984 Block Beaumont Area, Riverside County, California Preliminary Cultural Resources Survey Report for the Underwood, J.J., J. US Telecom Fiber Optic Cable Project, From San RI-02210 Clelans, C.M. Wood, 1986 Linear Timoteo Canyon to Socorro, Texas: The California and R. Apple Segment Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed Sewer RI-02917 Davis, McMillan 1989 Linear System for the City of Beaumont, California Cultural Resources Assessment Archaeological Everson, Dicken and Survey of the Beaumont Heights Specific Plan RI-03618 1993 Block Steve Moffitt Project Located in the Beaumont Area of Riverside County Shepard, Richard S. A Phase I Cultural Resources Investigation of a 3- RI-03997 and Jeanette A. Acre Parcel and Associated Pipeline, Beaumont, 1996 Block McKenna Riverside County, California

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Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Within One Mile of the Project Area

Survey Report Number Author(s) Report Title Year Type Appendix B- Cultural Resources. In: Measure A RI-04421 LSA Associates, Inc. Program Project Alternatives Analysis- Environmental 1990 Block Component, Technical Appendix Volume I Cultural Resources Survey of a 29-Acre Parcel, Ahmet, Koral and RI-06256 Located West of Manzanita Road Near the City of 2006 Block Evelyn Chandler Beaumont, Riverside County, California A Cultural Resources Investigation of the Proposed San Gorgonio Village, Project Area, Approximately RI-07052 McKenna et al. 2006 Block 23 Acres of Land in the City of Beaumont, Riverside County, California Archaeological Survey Report for Southern California Edison Company Deteriorated Pole Replacement Project for a Total of Ten Poles on IDA 12KV (#4679978E and #4744631E), Oak Glen 12KV (#4744626E), Bryn Mawr 12KV (#4744645E), Stewart 4KV (#4760030E), Boulder Jordan, Stacy C. and 12KV (#4714250E, RI-07869 Michael M. 2008 Linear Lapins 12KV (4759904E), Mesa Grande 12KV DeGiovine (#4759915E), Conine 12KV (#4759921E) and Preston 12KV (#4759658E) Circuits and Removal of One Pole on Bench 12KV (#782504H) Circuit on Private Lands in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California (WO#6031- 4800, AI#8-4850, AI#8- 4852) Roderic McLean, Shannon Carmack, Phil Fulton, Maria Supplemental Cultural Resources Assessment, Oak RI-08012 Aron, Jay Michalsky, Valley Substation Project, San Bernardino and 2008 Block Daniel Ewers, Casey Riverside Counties. Tibbet, and Brock Smith Tang, Bai “Tom”, and RI-08886 Beaumont Distribution Center Project 2012 Block Michael Hogan McLean, Roderic, Natalie Brodie, Jaqueline Hall, Cultural Resources Assessment and Class III Shannon Carmack, RI-09167 Inventory volume I West of Devers Project San 2013 Linear Phil Fulton, Ingri Bernardino and Riverside Counties, California Quon, Erin Martinelli, Richard Erickson, and Jay Michalski Wills, Carrie D., Cultural Resources Records Search and Site Visit Sarah A. Williams Results for T-Mobile West, LLC Candidate IE4451A RI-09183 2014 Block and Kathleen A. (CM451 Beaumont Civic Center), 550 East 6th Crawford Street, Beaumont, Riverside County, California

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Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies Within One Mile of the Project Area

Survey Report Number Author(s) Report Title Year Type Williams, Sarah A., Cultural Resources Search and Site Visit Results for Carrie D. Wills, and T-Mobile West, LLC Candidate IE0451A (CM 451 RI-09319 2014 Block Kathleen A. Beaumont Civic Center), 550 East 6th Street, Crawford Beaumont, Riverside County, California. Engineering Refinement Survey and DeCarlo, Mathew M. Recommendation of Eligibility for Cultural Resources RI-09385 and Diane L. with Southern California Edison Company's West of 2014 Linear Winslow Devers Upgrade Project, Riverside and San Bernardino Counties, California Phase I Historical/Archaeological Resource Survey Tang, Bai “Tom”, and RI-09460 Seasons at Beaumont Project City of Beaumont 2015 Block Michael Hogan Riverside, California Wills, Carrie D., Cultural Resource Records Search for Cellco Sarah A. Williams, Partnership and their Controlled Affliates as Verizon RI-09669 2015 Block and Kathleen A. Wireless Candidate 'Lotus', 40 Pennsylvania Avenue, Crawford Beaumont, Riverside County, California

The records search results show that no previously recorded resources are located within the Project area; however, 13 cultural resources have been previously recorded within the one-mile records search radius. The previously recorded resources include 12 historic-period resources, and 1 prehistoric resource.

Table 2. Previously Recorded Resources Within One Mile of the Project Area

Site Number Primary Number Recorder and Year Age/Period Description (Trinomial)

Previously Recorded Resources Located Within The Project Area (0)

There are no Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Located Within the Project Area

Previously Recorded Resources Located Within One Mile of The Project Area (13)

Refuse deposit and Dames and Moore CA-RIV-3445H P33-003445 Historic cement foundation from (1988) former railroad depot. Dames and Moore Refuse deposit from CA-RIV-3446 P33-003446 Historic (1988) former railroad depot Drover, C.E. and D.M. CA-RIV-4038 P33-004038 Prehistoric Milling/lithic station Smith (1990) Brock, J. and B. Smith Three concrete CA-RIV-6374H P33-009194 Historic (1999) foundations Ashkar, S. (1999), Union Pacific/Southern CA-RIV-6381H P33-009498 Historic Taniguchi, C. (2005) Pacific Railroad

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Table 2. Previously Recorded Resources Within One Mile of the Project Area

Site Number Primary Number Recorder and Year Age/Period Description (Trinomial) Collapsed livestock pen Marvin, J. and S. N/A P33-15243 Historic with wood posts and Carmack (2005) wiring Segment of CA-RIV-10463 P33-020562 Trampier, J. (2011) Historic transmission line Segment of historic CA-RIV-10642 P33-020721 Trampier, J. (2011) Historic road, Segment of historic CA-RIV-10644 P33-020722 Trampier, J. (2011) Historic Road, South California Avenue Segment of the CA-RIV-10645 P33-020723 Trampier, J. (2011) Historic Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad Line Residence at 649 First N/A P33-022386 Morgan, C. (2013 Historic Street Williams, A. (2014); Memphis12kV N/A P33-23484 Historic LSA Associates (2013) Transmission Line Two concrete Sanka, J.M. and W. CA-RIV-12550 P33-26649 Historic foundations and two Gillean wells

A review of historic-period maps indicates that no historic-period roads or structures were located within the Project vicinity, and none were located within the Project area itself. On the 1954 USGS Beaumont Quadrangle, the Project area is shown as an orchard. First Street, the southern boundary of the Project area, is shown as a paved road. An historical aerial photograph from 1966 confirms the presence of an orchard; no structures or other obvious developments are visible in the photograph. In the 1978 aerial photograph, a new housing development is visible to the west, and it appears that there are a few structures or outbuildings related to this development in the western part of the Project Area. In the 1996 aerial photograph, the orchard and structures have been removed, and there are only a few trees remaining in the center of the Project area (NETRonline 2017).

The Historic Property Data File (HPDF) for the City of Beaumont and Riverside County shows there are 130 historic-age buildings within a one-mile radius that were recorded by the Riverside County Historical Commission in 1983. They are located in a neighborhood north of Interstate 10, which is generally bounded by Pennsylvania Avenue to the east, East 6th Street to the south, and Elm Avenue to the west. These homes, churches and other buildings were built between 1887 and 1945, and most consist of vernacular wood frame bungalows with a few period-revival homes. The HPDF shows no resources listed on the NRHP or CRHR, and there are no California Points of Historical Interest, California Historical Landmarks, or National Historic Landmarks within the Project area or within the one-mile (1600-m) record search radius.

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5.2 Sacred Lands File Search Results

The results of the Sacred Lands File search by the NAHC did not indicate the presence of any Native American Sacred Lands within the vicinity of the Project area. In addition, the NAHC identified 41 Native American groups and individuals with historical and traditional ties to the Project area. A copy of the NAHC results letter is provided in Appendix A.

5.3 Field Survey Results

During the cultural resources field survey no prehistoric or historic period resources were identified.

The Project area generally consists of a former agricultural field that slopes slightly to the north. At the time of the cultural resources field survey, ground visibility was approximately 90 to 95 percent. The sediments appear disturbed as the Project area appears to have recently been graded by agricultural equipment. Large chunks of concrete from a former irrigation system were present throughout the east portion of the Project area. Modern household refuse has been deposited along East First Street (the south boundary), along the cinderblock wall that marks the west boundary.

Modern refuse present within the Project area includes concrete chunks, plastic household debris, wood boards, galvanized nails, steel pipe fragments, automotive parts, paint buckets, cardboard, clothing, housewares, Styrofoam, plastics, glass, and nondiagnostic metal fragments including sanitary can fragments. No definitively diagnostic historic-age artifacts were observed.

6.0 SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS

A cultural resources assessment was conducted for a 2.68-acre Project area in the City of Beaumont, in Riverside County, California. No prehistoric or historic-period resources were observed within the Project area boundary. Therefore, the Project will not impact any known Historical Resources as defined by CEQA.

No prehistoric or historic-period artifacts or features were identified as a result of field survey and the archaeological sensitivity of the Project area is considered to be low. In the event that any archaeological materials (e.g. stone tools, pottery, or milling-related artifacts like manos or metates, or historic-age cans and glass fragments) are encountered during ground-disturbing construction activities, all activities must be suspended in the vicinity of the find until the deposits are recorded and evaluated by a qualified archaeologist.

If human remains of any kind are found during construction, the requirements of CEQA Guidelines § 15064.5(e) and AB 2641 shall be followed. According to these requirements, all construction activities must cease immediately and the Riverside County Coroner and a qualified archaeologist must be notified. The Coroner will examine the remains and determine the next appropriate action based on his or her findings. If the coroner determines the remains to be of Native American origin, he or she will notify the NAHC. The NAHC will then identify the most likely descendants (MLD) to be consulted regarding treatment and/or reburial of the remains. If an MLD cannot be identified, or the MLD fails to make a recommendation regarding the treatment of the remains within 48 hours after gaining access to the

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remains, the property owner shall rebury the Native American human remains and associated grave goods with appropriate dignity on the property in a location not subject to further subsurface disturbance.

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7.0 REFERENCES

Bean, Lowell John

1972 Mukat’s People: The Cahuilla Indians of Southern California. University of California Press, Berkeley.

1978 Cahuilla. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 575-587. , Washington, DC.

Bean, Lowell John and Katherine Siva Saubel

1972 Temalpakh: Cahuilla Indian Knowledge and Use of Plants. Malki Museum, Banning, California.

Bean, Lowell J., and Charles R. Smith

1978 Serrano. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8: California, edited by Robert F. Heizer. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

Castillo, Edward D.

1978 The Impact of Euro-American Exploration and Settlement. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, edited by R.F. Heizer, pp. 99-127. Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C.

Cleland, Robert G.

1941 The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850-1870. Huntington Library, San Marino, California.

City of Beaumont

n.d. “City Overview” www.ci.beaumont.ca.us/overview.htm

Erlandson, Jon M.

1994 Early Hunter-Gatherers of the California Coast. Plenum Press, . Gallegos, Dennis

1991 Antiquity and Adaptation at Agua Hedionda, Carlsbad, California. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by J. M. Erlandson and R. H. Colten, pp. 19-41. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Goldberg, Susan, (editor)

2001 Eastside Reservoir Project: Final Report of Archaeological Investigations (five volumes). Applied Earthworks, Inc., Hemet.

Golla, Victor

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2011 California Indian Languages. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Haenszel, Arda M., and Jennifer Reynolds

1975 The Historic San Bernardino Mission District. San Bernardino County Museum Association, Redlands, California.

Gudde, E. G.

1998 California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. Revised from first edition, 1949. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Grenda Don R.

1997 Continuity and Change: 8,500 Years of Lacustrine Adaptation on the Shores of Lake Elsinore: Archaeological Investigations at a Stratified Site in Southern California. Statistical Research Technical Series No. 59. Statistical Research, Inc., Tucson.

Koerper, Henry C., Paul Langenwalter II, and Adella Schroth

1991 Early Holocene Adaptations and the Transition Problem: Evidence from the Allan O. Kelly Site, Agua Hedionda Lagoon. In Hunter-Gatherers of Early Holocene Coastal California, edited by J. M. Erlandson and R. H. Colten, pp. 81-88. Perspectives in California Archaeology, Volume 1. Institute of Archaeology, University of California, Los Angeles.

Kowta, Makoto

1969 The Sayles Complex: A Late Milling Stone Assemblage from Cajon Pass and the Ecological Implications of Its Scraper Planes. University of California Publications in Anthropology, Volume 6.

Kroeber, A. L.

1925 Handbook of the Indians of California. Dover Publications, Inc., New York.

Lando, Richard and Ruby E. Modesto

1977 Temal Wakhish: A Desert Cahuilla Village. Journal of California Anthropology 4:95-112.

McCawley, William

1996 The First Angelinos: The Gabrielino Indians of Los Angeles. Malki Museum Press, Banning, California and Ballena Press, Novato, California.

Moratto, Michael J.

1984 California Archaeology. Academic Press, Inc., New York.

Nationwide Environmental Title Research, LLC. (NETRonline)

2017 Historic Aerials. http://www.historicaerials.com/, accessed October 16, 2017.

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Pourade, Richard

1961 The History of San Diego: Time of the Bells. San Diego Historical Society. http://www.sandiegohistory.org/books/pourade/time/timechapter9.htm

Robinson, W. W.

1948 Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads. University of California Press, Berkeley.

Rondeau, Michael F., Jim Cassidy, and Terry L. Jones

2007 Colonization Technologies: Fluted Projectile Points and the San Clemente Island Woodworking/Microblade Complex. In California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity, edited by T. L. Jones and K. A. Klar, pp. 299-315. Altamira Press, Lanham, Maryland.

San Gorgonio Pass Historical Society

n.d. “The History of Beaumont” www.sgphs.org/beaumont/index.html

U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)

1954 Beaumont 1:24,000 topographic quadrangle map. U.S. Geological Survey. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

1940 Palm Springs 15-minute topographic quadrangle map. U.S. Geological Survey. Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.

Wallace, William

1978 Post Pleistocene Archaeology, 9000 to 2000 B.C. In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 8, California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 26-36. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.

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8.0 REPORT AND FIELD PERSONNEL

8.1 Report Preparers

Kristina Lindgren, Archaeologist, Primary Author

2017 MA, Archaeology and Heritage, University of Leicester, England

2001 BA, Anthropology, Minor in History

Years of Experience: 14

Wendy Blumel, MA/RPA, Contributing Author

2004 MA, Anthropology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge

2000 BA, Anthropology, Beloit College, Beloit, Wisconsin

Years of experience: 9

Roger D. Mason, RPA, Principal Investigator, QA/QC

1980 PhD, Anthropology, University of Texas, Austin

1971 BA, Anthropology, University of Washington

Years of experience: 35

8.2 Field Personnel

Kristina Lindgren, Archaeologist, Primary Author

2017 MA, Archaeology and Heritage, University of Leicester, England

2001 BA, Anthropology, Minor in History

Years of Experience: 14

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APPENDIX A

Native American Heritage Commission Correspondence

Sacred Lands File & Native American Contacts List Request

Native American Heritage Commission 1550 Harbor Blvd, Suite 100 West Sacramento, CA 95691 916-373-3710 916-373-5471 – Fax [email protected]

Information Below is Required for a Sacred Lands File Search

Project: Oakridge RV Storage

County: Riverside County

USGS Quadrangle Name: Beaumont (1996)

Township: 3S Range: 1W Section(s): 10

Company/Firm/Agency: ECORP Consulting, Inc.

Street Address: 215 North Fifth Street

City: Redlands Zip: 92374

Phone: (909) 307-0046

Fax: (909) 307-0056

Email: [email protected]

Project Description: OakRidge Design and Development has requested that ECORP conduct a cultural resources study for the proposed project area, totaling 2.67 acres. The study will be used to support an Initial Study document. Map Features Project Boundary - 2.68 acres 1-Mile Buffer

(AMyers)-mapping_guest 10/9/2017

Riverside County, California §10, T.03S, R.01W, SBBM Latitude: 33° 55' 22" N Longitude: 116° 58' 19" W Watershed: Santa Ana (18070203) I Scale in Feet 0 1,000 2,000 Beaumont (1996, SBBM) CA 7.5-minute Topographic Quadrangle US Geological Survey Location: N:\2017\2017-232 Oakridge First Street\MAPS\Cultural_Resources\Records_Search\OFS_RS_20171009.mxd Map Date: 10/9/2017

Records Search Map 2017-232 Oakridge First Street RV Storage Project