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САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ На правах рукописи Цзян Сюехуа Китаизмы в языке русского зарубежья на материале мемуарной прозы (первая половина ХХ в.) Специальность 10.02.01 – Русский язык ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук Научный руководитель: доктор филологических наук, профессор Татьяна Всеволодовна Рождественская Санкт-Петербург 2019 2 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ ...................................................................................................................... 5 ГЛАВА Ⅰ. МНОГОАСПЕКТНОСТЬ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ. ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОБЪЕКТА И МАТЕРИАЛА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ................ 17 1.1. Заимствование как универсальное языковое явление. Изучение заимствований как актуальная лингвистическая проблема ............................... 17 1.2. Лингвистические интерпретации понятия «заимствование» ..................... 18 1.3. Причины и условия процесса лексического заимствования ...................... 24 1.3.1. Экстралингвистические причины заимствования ............................. 25 1.3.2. Лингвистические причины заимствования ......................................... 27 1.4. Типология лексических заимствований: различные подходы и классификации ........................................................................................................ 28 1.4.1. Классификация иноязычных слов по языку-источнику .................... 29 1.4.2. Классификация иноязычных слов по времени вхождения в язык ... 30 1.4.3. Классификация иноязычных слов по путям заимствования ............ 31 1.4.4. Классификация иноязычных слов по способам и лингвистическим типам заимствования ....................................................................................... 32 1.4.5. Классификация иноязычных слов по степени адаптации в языке-реципиенте ............................................................................................ 38 1.5. Китаизмы как объект исследования .............................................................. 41 1.5.1. Широкое и узкое понимание «китаизм» ............................................. 41 3 1.5.2. Причины заимствования лексики китайского происхождения в русский язык .................................................................................................... 43 1.5.3. Процесс заимствования китайской лексики в русский язык ............ 49 1.5.4. Изучение китаизмов в русском языке ................................................. 53 1.6. Выводы ............................................................................................................. 57 ГЛАВА II. ТИПОЛОГИЯ КИТАИЗМОВ В ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЕ ЯЗЫКА РУССКОГО ЗАРУБЕЖЬЯ ........................................................................................... 59 2.1. Общая характеристика заимствованной лексики китайского происхождения в языке русского зарубежья ....................................................... 59 2.2. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения источников .............................. 60 2.2.1. Прямые заимствования из китайского языка ..................................... 61 2.2.2. Опосредованные заимствования из китайского языка ...................... 64 2.3. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения времени вхождения ................ 69 2.4. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения путей проникновения китайских заимствований в русский язык ........................................................... 73 2.5. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения типов заимствования .............. 76 2.5.1. Собственно лексические заимствования ............................................ 76 2.5.2. Кальки китайского происхождения в мемуарной прозе русского зарубежья .......................................................................................................... 79 2.5.3. Варваризмы в языке русского зарубежья ........................................... 85 2.5.4. Экзотизмы в языке русского зарубежья .............................................. 88 2.6. Выводы ............................................................................................................. 91 4 ГЛАВА III. АДАПТАЦИЯ КИТАИЗМОВ В ЯЗЫКЕ МЕМУАРНОЙ ПРОЗЫ РУССКОГО ЗАРУБЕЖЬЯ ........................................................................................... 93 3.1. Фонетическая и графическая адаптация китайских заимствований .......... 93 3.1.1. Фонетическая передача китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья .......................................................................................................... 93 3.1.2. Закономерности и особенности фонетической и графической передачи китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья.............. 95 3.1.3. Передача китайских имен собственных средствами фонетической и графической системы русского языка в языке русского зарубежья. ......... 99 3.2. Морфологическая адаптация китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья ............................................................................................................... 112 3.3. Словообразовательная адаптация китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья .............................................................................................. 118 3.4. Семантическая адаптация китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья ............................................................................................................... 122 3.5. Выводы ........................................................................................................... 125 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ........................................................................................................... 127 ИСТОЧНИКИ .............................................................................................................. 133 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ........................................................................................... 137 СЛОВАРИ И ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИИ (ПРИНЯТЫЕ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ) ...................... 155 ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ ........................................................................................................... 160 5 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Проблематика настоящей работы находится в области лексикологии современного русского языка, а именно, в сфере теории заимствования. Заимствования – свидетельство истории и языка, и народа в целом. За время своей богатой многовековой истории в русский язык проникало значительное количество иноязычных лексических элементов. В работе исследуются лексические заимствования китайского происхождения в языке русского зарубежья – эмиграции первой волны (конец XIX- первая половина ХХ вв.). Проблема заимствований всегда была в центре внимания лингвистов. В современной науке выделяется даже отдельное направление – теория заимствований. В.В. Виноградов отмечает, что изучение языковых контактов и заимствований имеет давние традиции и вполне заслуживает выделения в особую дисциплину – лингвистическую ксенологию [Виноградов 2016: 13]. Различным аспектам изучения заимствований посвящены многочисленные работы, назовем имена авторов лишь некоторых основополагающих трудов разных лет: Э. Хаурген, Г. Шухардт, Г. Пауль, С.К. Булич, Ш. Балли, Э. Сепир, И.А. Бодуэн-де-Куртенэ, Л.В. Щерба, И.И. Огиенко, А.И. Соболевский, Л.П. Крысин, В.М. Аристова, Ю.С. Сорокин, Н.М. Шанский, Д.С. Лотте, Н.Р. Каримова, Л.П. Ефремов, С.А. Беляева, М.И. Фомина, Е.В. Маринова, Е.В. Ларионова, В.В. Кузнецова, О.О. Селиванова, Е.В. Прокутина, Т.В. Баранова, В.Р. Богословская и др. В теоретическом отношении обсуждается понятие заимствования как такового, классификации заимствований, причины и пути проникновения заимствований, вопросы адаптации заимствованных элементов. В практическом отношении заимствования активно изучаются в связи с проблемами языковой политики, культуры речи, перевода. 6 Наиболее разработанной в научной литературе является тема лексических заимствований, которые с давних времен привлекали внимание ученых. Существует большое количество работ, посвященных конкретным заимствованным элементам в разных языках (в том числе, и в сопоставительном аспекте), в разных тематических группах и в разные временные эпохи. Однако, при значительном количестве научной литературы по теории заимствования в современном языкознании остаются многие теоретические и терминологические вопросы, связанные с изучением заимствований, а также являются по-прежнему востребованными исследования конкретного материала, могущие способствовать ответу на эти вопросы. К таким конкретным исследованиям принадлежит и настоящая работа. Объектом исследования являются лексические заимствования из неблизкородственного русскому китайского языка на малоизученном материале – языке русской эмиграции в Китае. Исследуются китаизмы как лексические языковые единицы, т.е. слова, словосочетания и предложения китайского происхождения (в том числе, имена собственные) в языке русского зарубежья – русской эмиграции первой волны в Китай (в первую очередь в Харбине). В работе термин «китаизм» используется в широком смысле, и под ним подразумеваются как лексические единицы, заимствованные в русский язык непосредственно из китайского, так и лексика китайского происхождения, пришедшая в русский язык опосредованно (через тюркские, западноевропейские языки и др.). Описываются не только собственно лексические заимствования, но также семантические и словообразовательные кальки, экзотизмы и варваризмы. Часть таких заимствований отражена в словарях современного русского языка: толковых, иностранных слов и др., а другие пока не имеют лексикографической фиксации. В рассматриваемых прозаических мемуарных текстах русского зарубежья и художественных
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    Report Title - p. 1 Report Title 16. Jahrhundert 1583 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Elizabeth I. schreibt einen Brief an den Kaiser von China um Kontakt aufzunehmen. [Hsia8:S. 220] 1596-1597 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Elizabeth I. schickt drei Schiffe nach China und gibt Benjamin Wood einen Brief an den Kaiser mit. Die Schiffe erleiden Schiffbruch im Golf von Martaban, Burma. [Hsia8:S. 220,LOC] 17. Jahrhundert 1625 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Engländer erreichen die chinesische Küste. [Wie 1] 1637 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Die ersten englischen Schiffe kommen an der Küste von Süd-Ost China an. [Stai 1] 1683-1684 Geschichte : China - Europa : England William Dampier durchquert die chinesischen Meere. [Boot] 1698-1701 Geschichte : China - Europa : England James Cunningham reist 1698 als Arzt einer Fabrik der British E.I. Company nach Amoy [Xiamen]. 1699 wird er Fellow der Royal Society und reist 1700 wieder nach China. 1701 erreicht er die Insel Chusan [Zhoushan]. 1699 Geschichte : China - Europa : England / Wirtschaft und Handel Gründung der British East India Company in China, was den Handel mit Hong Kong fördert. [Wik] 18. Jahrhundert 1766 Geschichte : China - Europa : England James Lind besucht Guangzhou und sammelt chinesische Gegenstände und Bücher. [Kit1:S. 59] Report Title - p. 2 1774-1784 Geschichte : China - Europa : England Huang Yadong hält sich in England auf. He is described as Wang-y-Tong, who worked as a page in the John Frederick Sackville's household at Knole and attended the local Sevenoaks School. Huang Yadong is known to have visited the naturalists Mary Delany and the Duchess of Portland at the latter’s country seat of Bulstrode, discussing Chinese plants and their uses with them.
  • OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNS and Entmpreneursrip of BEFORE

    OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNS and Entmpreneursrip of BEFORE

    OCCUPATIONAL PATTERNS AND ENTmPRENEURSRIP OF THE CHINESE IN THAILAND, INDONESIA AND CANADA BEFORE THE SECOND WORLD WAR A Dissertation Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Sociology University of Saskatchewan BY Nianshao Chen Spring 2000 O Copyright Nianshao Chen, 2000. Al1 rights reserved. National Libraiy Bibliothèque nationale du Canada Acquisitions and Acquisitions et ûibliographic Services services bibliographiques 395 Weiiinglon Street 395. rue Wellington OnawaON K1AON4 WwaON K1AW canada Canaaa The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive licence dowing the exclusive permettant à la National Library of Canada to Bibliothèque nationale du Canada de reproduce, loan, distribute or sell reproduire, prêter, distribuer ou copies of this thesis in microforrn, vendre des copies de cette thèse sous paper or electronic formats. la forme de rnicrofiche/nlm, de reproduction sur papier ou sur format électronique. The author retains ownership of the L'auteur conserve la propriété du copyright in this thesis. Neither the droit d 'auteur qui protège cette thèse. thesis nor substantial extracts fiom it Ni la thèse ni des extraits substantiels may be printed or otherwise de celle-ci ne doivent être imprimés reproduced without the author's ou autrement reproduits sans son pemission. autorisation. In presenting this thesis in partial tiilfilment of the requirements for a Postgraduate degree fiom the University of Saskatchewan, 1 agree that the Libraries of this University may make it fieely available for inspection. 1 fürther agree that permission for copying of this thesis in any manner, in whole or in part, for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor or professors who supervised my thesis work, or, in their absence' by the Head of the Department or the Dean of the College in which my thesis work was done.
  • Trends of Overseas Chinese Business Network in East Asia:* As Mirrored from Overseas Chinese Investment in Mainland China Since 1978

    Trends of Overseas Chinese Business Network in East Asia:* As Mirrored from Overseas Chinese Investment in Mainland China Since 1978

    © Institute of International Relations and Area Studies, Ritsumeikan University Trends of Overseas Chinese Business Network in East Asia:* As Mirrored from Overseas Chinese Investment in Mainland China since 1978 ZHUANG, Guotu** Abstract This paper tries to give a general view of the process how the overseas Chinese business network come to formation and revived its links with the Mainland China since the end of 1970s, and its trends when the overseas Chinese economies are integrating in the Mainland in the framework of this business network. The author proposes that the network between the Mainland China and the Chinese outside the Mainland emerged and developed in the con- text of mutual promotions with the Chinese emigration and over- seas Chinese communities, and has few political connotations. All the Chinese economies benefited from this network. When the Mainland became gradually the core of this network in the last three decades, it will result in that the overseas Chinese business network is going up to the Chinese business network. The Chinese business network is an open and market-oriented network beyond political boundaries, and can be expected to be integrated into a larger network of East Asia in the process of regional economic RITSUMEIKAN INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS Vol.4, pp.1-23 (2006). * The term of “overseas Chinese” used in this paper only on the economic and geographical sense refers to the Chinese living under capitalist system and outside the Mainland China. Politically, “Overseas Chinese” refers to the Chinese nationals with Chinese pass- ports living outside China, and it does not include the people of Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.