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Диссертация / Dissertation САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ На правах рукописи Цзян Сюехуа Китаизмы в языке русского зарубежья на материале мемуарной прозы (первая половина ХХ в.) Специальность 10.02.01 – Русский язык ДИССЕРТАЦИЯ на соискание ученой степени кандидата филологических наук Научный руководитель: доктор филологических наук, профессор Татьяна Всеволодовна Рождественская Санкт-Петербург 2019 2 ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ ...................................................................................................................... 5 ГЛАВА Ⅰ. МНОГОАСПЕКТНОСТЬ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ ЗАИМСТВОВАНИЙ. ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОБЪЕКТА И МАТЕРИАЛА ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ................ 17 1.1. Заимствование как универсальное языковое явление. Изучение заимствований как актуальная лингвистическая проблема ............................... 17 1.2. Лингвистические интерпретации понятия «заимствование» ..................... 18 1.3. Причины и условия процесса лексического заимствования ...................... 24 1.3.1. Экстралингвистические причины заимствования ............................. 25 1.3.2. Лингвистические причины заимствования ......................................... 27 1.4. Типология лексических заимствований: различные подходы и классификации ........................................................................................................ 28 1.4.1. Классификация иноязычных слов по языку-источнику .................... 29 1.4.2. Классификация иноязычных слов по времени вхождения в язык ... 30 1.4.3. Классификация иноязычных слов по путям заимствования ............ 31 1.4.4. Классификация иноязычных слов по способам и лингвистическим типам заимствования ....................................................................................... 32 1.4.5. Классификация иноязычных слов по степени адаптации в языке-реципиенте ............................................................................................ 38 1.5. Китаизмы как объект исследования .............................................................. 41 1.5.1. Широкое и узкое понимание «китаизм» ............................................. 41 3 1.5.2. Причины заимствования лексики китайского происхождения в русский язык .................................................................................................... 43 1.5.3. Процесс заимствования китайской лексики в русский язык ............ 49 1.5.4. Изучение китаизмов в русском языке ................................................. 53 1.6. Выводы ............................................................................................................. 57 ГЛАВА II. ТИПОЛОГИЯ КИТАИЗМОВ В ЛЕКСИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЕ ЯЗЫКА РУССКОГО ЗАРУБЕЖЬЯ ........................................................................................... 59 2.1. Общая характеристика заимствованной лексики китайского происхождения в языке русского зарубежья ....................................................... 59 2.2. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения источников .............................. 60 2.2.1. Прямые заимствования из китайского языка ..................................... 61 2.2.2. Опосредованные заимствования из китайского языка ...................... 64 2.3. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения времени вхождения ................ 69 2.4. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения путей проникновения китайских заимствований в русский язык ........................................................... 73 2.5. Классификация китаизмов с точки зрения типов заимствования .............. 76 2.5.1. Собственно лексические заимствования ............................................ 76 2.5.2. Кальки китайского происхождения в мемуарной прозе русского зарубежья .......................................................................................................... 79 2.5.3. Варваризмы в языке русского зарубежья ........................................... 85 2.5.4. Экзотизмы в языке русского зарубежья .............................................. 88 2.6. Выводы ............................................................................................................. 91 4 ГЛАВА III. АДАПТАЦИЯ КИТАИЗМОВ В ЯЗЫКЕ МЕМУАРНОЙ ПРОЗЫ РУССКОГО ЗАРУБЕЖЬЯ ........................................................................................... 93 3.1. Фонетическая и графическая адаптация китайских заимствований .......... 93 3.1.1. Фонетическая передача китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья .......................................................................................................... 93 3.1.2. Закономерности и особенности фонетической и графической передачи китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья.............. 95 3.1.3. Передача китайских имен собственных средствами фонетической и графической системы русского языка в языке русского зарубежья. ......... 99 3.2. Морфологическая адаптация китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья ............................................................................................................... 112 3.3. Словообразовательная адаптация китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья .............................................................................................. 118 3.4. Семантическая адаптация китайских заимствований в языке русского зарубежья ............................................................................................................... 122 3.5. Выводы ........................................................................................................... 125 ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ ........................................................................................................... 127 ИСТОЧНИКИ .............................................................................................................. 133 СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ ........................................................................................... 137 СЛОВАРИ И ЭНЦИКЛОПЕДИИ (ПРИНЯТЫЕ СОКРАЩЕНИЯ) ...................... 155 ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ ........................................................................................................... 160 5 ВВЕДЕНИЕ Проблематика настоящей работы находится в области лексикологии современного русского языка, а именно, в сфере теории заимствования. Заимствования – свидетельство истории и языка, и народа в целом. За время своей богатой многовековой истории в русский язык проникало значительное количество иноязычных лексических элементов. В работе исследуются лексические заимствования китайского происхождения в языке русского зарубежья – эмиграции первой волны (конец XIX- первая половина ХХ вв.). Проблема заимствований всегда была в центре внимания лингвистов. В современной науке выделяется даже отдельное направление – теория заимствований. В.В. Виноградов отмечает, что изучение языковых контактов и заимствований имеет давние традиции и вполне заслуживает выделения в особую дисциплину – лингвистическую ксенологию [Виноградов 2016: 13]. Различным аспектам изучения заимствований посвящены многочисленные работы, назовем имена авторов лишь некоторых основополагающих трудов разных лет: Э. Хаурген, Г. Шухардт, Г. Пауль, С.К. Булич, Ш. Балли, Э. Сепир, И.А. Бодуэн-де-Куртенэ, Л.В. Щерба, И.И. Огиенко, А.И. Соболевский, Л.П. Крысин, В.М. Аристова, Ю.С. Сорокин, Н.М. Шанский, Д.С. Лотте, Н.Р. Каримова, Л.П. Ефремов, С.А. Беляева, М.И. Фомина, Е.В. Маринова, Е.В. Ларионова, В.В. Кузнецова, О.О. Селиванова, Е.В. Прокутина, Т.В. Баранова, В.Р. Богословская и др. В теоретическом отношении обсуждается понятие заимствования как такового, классификации заимствований, причины и пути проникновения заимствований, вопросы адаптации заимствованных элементов. В практическом отношении заимствования активно изучаются в связи с проблемами языковой политики, культуры речи, перевода. 6 Наиболее разработанной в научной литературе является тема лексических заимствований, которые с давних времен привлекали внимание ученых. Существует большое количество работ, посвященных конкретным заимствованным элементам в разных языках (в том числе, и в сопоставительном аспекте), в разных тематических группах и в разные временные эпохи. Однако, при значительном количестве научной литературы по теории заимствования в современном языкознании остаются многие теоретические и терминологические вопросы, связанные с изучением заимствований, а также являются по-прежнему востребованными исследования конкретного материала, могущие способствовать ответу на эти вопросы. К таким конкретным исследованиям принадлежит и настоящая работа. Объектом исследования являются лексические заимствования из неблизкородственного русскому китайского языка на малоизученном материале – языке русской эмиграции в Китае. Исследуются китаизмы как лексические языковые единицы, т.е. слова, словосочетания и предложения китайского происхождения (в том числе, имена собственные) в языке русского зарубежья – русской эмиграции первой волны в Китай (в первую очередь в Харбине). В работе термин «китаизм» используется в широком смысле, и под ним подразумеваются как лексические единицы, заимствованные в русский язык непосредственно из китайского, так и лексика китайского происхождения, пришедшая в русский язык опосредованно (через тюркские, западноевропейские языки и др.). Описываются не только собственно лексические заимствования, но также семантические и словообразовательные кальки, экзотизмы и варваризмы. Часть таких заимствований отражена в словарях современного русского языка: толковых, иностранных слов и др., а другие пока не имеют лексикографической фиксации. В рассматриваемых прозаических мемуарных текстах русского зарубежья и художественных
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