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Vyrovnání S Nacistickou Minulostí V Kontextu Řecko Německých Vztahů

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Vyrovnání S Nacistickou Minulostí V Kontextu Řecko �Německých Vztahů UNIVERZITA KARLOVA V PRAZE FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH VĚD Institut mezinárodních studií VYROVNÁNÍ S NACISTICKOU MINULOSTÍ V KONTEXTU ŘECKO -NĚMECKÝCH VZTAHŮ Kateřina Králová Disertační práce Praha 2009 Autor práce: PhDr. Kateřina Králová M.A. Vedoucí práce: Prof. PhDr. Jiří Pešek, CSc. Oponent práce: Oponent práce: Datum obhajoby: Hodnocení: BIBLIOGRAFICKÝ ZÁZNAM KRÁLOVÁ, Kateřina. Vyrovnání s nacistickou minulostí v kontextu řecko-německých vztahů. Praha: Institut mezinárodních studií FSV UK, 2009, 277 str. Vedoucí diserta ční práce prof. PhDr. Jiří Pešek, CSc. ANOTACE Předložená disertační práce je historickou studií, která obeznamuje čtenáře s dosud málo probádanou problematikou poválečných řecko-německých vztahů ve stínu nacistické minulosti. Soustřeďuje se především na to, jakým způsobem se řecká společnost po druhé světové válce vypořádávala s dědictvím nacistické okupace, zvláště pak s otázku potrestání nacistických zločinů a odškodnění obětí německé okupace. Jednotlivá témata jsou přitom zkoumána v politické, socio-kulturní, ekonomické a právní rovině v kontextu studené války a po znovusjednocení Německa. ANNOTATION The doctoral thesis Reconciling with Nazi Past and the Greek-German Relations is a historical study of the Greek-German relations in the Cold War era and after the re- unification of Germany. Its main objective is to bring new insights into the topic of the legacy of Nazi occupation in Greece, with a particular focus on the prosecution of Nazi perpetrators and the related crime compensation for civilian victims. These problems are examined from a political, socio-cultural, economic as well as legal perspective. KLÍČOVÁ SLOVA Řecko, Německo, nacistická okupace, holocaust, řecká občanská válka, válečné zločiny, reparace, odškodnění KEY WORDS Greece, Germany, Nazi occupation, Holocaust, Greek civil war, war crimes, reparations, compensations of war ČESTNÉ PROHLÁŠENÍ Tímto prohlašuji, že jsem predkládanou práci vypracovala samostatně a použila pouze uvedené prameny a literaturu. Současně dávám svolení k tomu, aby byla práce v souladu s autorským právem zpřístupněna v příslušné knihovně a prostřednictvím elektronické databáze vysokoškolských kvalifikacních prací v repozitáři Univerzity Karlovy pro používání ke studijním účelům. V Praze, dne .......................... Kateřina Králová Obsah ÚVOD.......................................................................................................................................... 7 ŘECKO A TŘETÍ ŘÍŠE .......................................................................................................... 28 Řecko-německé vztahy v předvečer druhé světové války............................................... 28 Německá agrese....................................................................................................................... 32 Řecké loutkové vlády a kolaborace ..................................................................................... 36 Zima 1941 až 1942................................................................................................................ 37 Od pádu Tsolakogla po vládu Rallise............................................................................... 40 Kolaborace a bezpečnostní oddíly..................................................................................... 42 Hospodářská exploatace ........................................................................................................ 46 Nuceně nasazení .................................................................................................................. 51 Politika teroru.......................................................................................................................... 53 Kommeno.............................................................................................................................. 56 Kalavryta............................................................................................................................... 58 Distomo ................................................................................................................................. 60 Osud řeckých židů .................................................................................................................. 62 Německá zóna a soluňští židé............................................................................................ 66 „Konečné řešení“ ................................................................................................................. 70 Holocaust po kapitulaci Itálie ............................................................................................ 75 Válečné škody.......................................................................................................................... 78 POVÁLEČNÁ OBNOVA ŘECKA ....................................................................................... 81 Od okupace k občanské válce............................................................................................... 81 Právní rámec poválečného uspořádání ............................................................................... 86 Stíhání řeckých kolaborantů............................................................................................... 88 Právní úprava potrestání válečných zločinců.................................................................. 93 Humanitární pomoc a poválečná rekonstrukce ................................................................ 97 Červený kříž a UNRRA ...................................................................................................... 99 5 Mezinárodní organizace a obnova řecké židovské komunity..................................... 105 Opětovné navázání vztahů s Německem.......................................................................... 113 OTÁZKA POTRESTÁNÍ NACISTICKÝCH ZLOČINCŮ ............................................ 119 Mezinárodní angažmá.......................................................................................................... 119 Stíhání válečných zločinců v Řecku .................................................................................. 127 První fáze: potrestání......................................................................................................... 129 Druhá fáze: omilostnění.................................................................................................... 133 Třetí fáze: předání spisů.................................................................................................... 140 Případ Merten........................................................................................................................ 146 Merten ve vazbě................................................................................................................. 148 Od procesu k propuštění .................................................................................................. 155 Mertenova odplata............................................................................................................. 161 Trestní řízení po předání spisů .......................................................................................... 169 OTÁZKA POVÁLEČNÉHO ODŠKODNĚNÍ ................................................................. 179 Mezinárodní ujednání ......................................................................................................... 179 Pařížská reparační dohoda............................................................................................... 181 Londýnská dohoda o německých zahraničních dluzích.............................................. 186 Počáteční aktivity ve věci odškodnění na nevládní úrovní .......................................... 190 Odškodnění obětí holocaustu .......................................................................................... 192 Soukromé iniciativy ve prospěch obětí nacismu........................................................... 198 Globální dohoda o odškodnění.......................................................................................... 205 Bonnská dohoda................................................................................................................. 209 Rozdělovací zákon............................................................................................................. 214 PERSPEKTIVY ŘECKO-NĚMECKÉHO VYROVNÁNÍ PO ZNOVUSJEDNOCENÍ NĚMECKA ........................................................................... 219 Diskuse na politické úrovni.............................................................................................. 224 Případ Distomo .................................................................................................................. 227 Právo, politika, morálka.................................................................................................... 234 ZÁVĚR .................................................................................................................................... 240 SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ 250 BIBLIOGRAFIE..................................................................................................................... 253 6 Úvod Na sklonku 20. století se sjednocené Německo společně s Řeckem a dalšími, dnes již 25 zeměmi ocitlo ve sjednocené Evropě. Oba státy používají stejnou měnu, sdílejí evropské instituce a spolupracují na
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