Willard M. Oliver, Phd Nancy E. Marion, Phd Joshua B. Hill

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Description: Second edition. | Burlington, MA : Jones & Bartlett Learning, [2021] | Summary: “Suitable for undergraduate students entering the field of Homeland Security and for Criminal Justice students, Introduction to Homeland Security: Policy, Organization, and Administration, Second Edition, is a comprehensive,© Jones accessible & Bartletttext designed forLearning, students seeking LLC a thorough overview of the policies, © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC administrations,NOT FOR and organizations SALE thatOR fall DISTRIBUTIONunder Homeland Security”–Provided by publisher. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Identifiers: LCCN 2019021081 | ISBN 9781284154634 (paperback) Subjects: LCSH: United States. Department of Homeland Security. | National security–United States. | Internal security–United States. | Terrorism–United States–Prevention. 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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEBrief OR DISTRIBUTION Contents © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION About the Authors ix Reviewers xi Introduction© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCxiii TheNOT Student FOR SALEExperience OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONxv Prologue xix

© Jones & BartlettChapter Learning, 1 A LLC History of Homeland Security© Jones. .& .Bartlett . . . . Learning,...... LLC...... 1 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 2 Homeland Security Defined ...... 15 Chapter 3 Modern Terrorism and Natural Disasters...... 31 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Chapter 4 NOTThe FOR Development SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONof Homeland Security...... NOT . . . FOR. . . . SALE OR DISTRIBUTION49 Chapter 5 The Department of Homeland Security...... 65

Chapter© Jones 6& BartlettHomeland Learning, Security LLC Community. . . .© . Jones . . . .& . Bartlett . . . . .Learning, . . . . LLC 79 ChapterNOT FOR 7 SALEAntiterrorism OR DISTRIBUTION and Counterterrorism .NOT . . . FOR . . . SALE . . . .OR . .DISTRIBUTION . . . . 97 Chapter 8 The National Strategy for Homeland Security...... 115 © Jones & BartlettChapter Learning, 9 Homeland LLC Security Threats© Jones. . . . & . Bartlett. . . . . Learning, ...... LLC . . . . 135 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 10 The Homeland Security Cycle...... 151 Chapter 11 National Incident Management System © Jonesand Incident & Bartlett Command Learning, System LLC...... © . Jones. . . . &. Bartlett. Learning,163 LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 12 Political Responses to Homeland Security...... 181 Chapter 13 Legal Responses to Homeland Security...... 201 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC ChapterNOT FOR 14 SALE Homeland OR DISTRIBUTION Security Communication andNOT Technology FOR SALE Issues OR DISTRIBUTION...... 213 Chapter 15 Domain Security and the Future of Homeland Security...... 227

© Jones & BartlettGlossary Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 245 NOT FOR SALEIndex OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 249 © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEContents OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION About the Authors ...... ix Chapter 4 The Development of Homeland Reviewers ...... xi Security...... 49 Introduction© Jones &. . Bartlett...... Learning,...... LLC . . . xiii Office© of Jones Homeland & BartlettSecurity. . . .Learning, ...... LLC . 53 TheNOT Student FOR Experience SALE OR. . . . DISTRIBUTION...... xv USA PATRIOTNOT ActFOR. . . . SALE...... OR. . . . . DISTRIBUTION. 55 Prologue ...... xix The Homeland Security Act of 2002...... 58 Homeland Security Presidential Directives...... 60 Chapter 1 A History of Homeland Security . . . 1 Quadrennial Homeland Security Reviews...... 62 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC History of Domestic Security...... 3 Chapter Summary...... 62 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Summary...... 10 Review/Discussion Questions...... 63 Review/Discussion Questions...... 11 Additional Readings...... 63 Additional Readings...... 11 Endnotes...... 63 Endnotes...... © . . Jones...... & . . Bartlett. . . . Learning, . 11 LLCChapter 5 The Department© Jones of Homeland & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter 2 Homeland Security Defined. . . . . 15 Security...... 65 What Is Homeland Security?...... 17 New Department—DHS...... 66 Whither a Definition?...... 27 DHS’s Role Today ...... 73 Chapter© Jones Summary & Bartlett...... Learning, ...... LLC. . . .28 Chapter© Summary Jones .& . .Bartlett ...... Learning,...... LLC .77 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Review/Discussion Questions...... 28 Review/Discussion Questions...... 77 Additional Readings...... 28 Additional Readings...... 77 Endnotes...... 28 Endnotes...... 77 © Jones & BartlettChapter Learning,3 Modern TerrorismLLC and Natural © JonesChapter & Bartlett 6 Homeland Learning, Security LLC Community. . . 79 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONDisasters...... NOT31 FORIntelligence SALE ORCommunity DISTRIBUTION...... 80 The Five Mission Areas...... 33 Security Community...... 84 Prevent Terrorism and Enhance Security ...... 33 Military Community...... 86 Modern Global Terrorism,© Jones U .S & . Terr Bartlettorist Learning, LLCState Level...... ©. . . Jones. . . . & Bartlett Learning,. 87 LLC Attacks, 9/11 AttacksNOT. . FOR...... SALE...... OR DISTRIBUTION. 37 Local Level ...... NOT . . . . FOR . . . . .SALE . . OR DISTRIBUTION .87 Understanding Terrorism—Organization Chapter Summary...... 92 and Threat...... 38 Review/Discussion Questions...... 92 Natural and Man-Made Disasters and Hazards . . . . .40 Additional Readings...... 92 Safeguard© Jones and & BartlettSecure Cyberspace Learning,. . . .LLC ...... 42 Endnotes© .Jones ...... & . . Bartlett ...... Learning,. . . . LLC . 92 SecureNOT FORand Manage SALE Borders OR DISTRIBUTION...... 43 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Enforce and Administer Our Immigration Laws . . . .44 Chapter 7 Antiterrorism Chapter Summary ...... 45 and Counterterrorism...... 97 Review/Discussion Questions...... 45 Fighting Terrorism...... 98 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEAdditional OR DISTRIBUTIONReadings...... NOT .46 FORAntiterrorism SALE OR. . . DISTRIBUTION...... 99 Endnotes...... 46 Counterterrorism...... 103 © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

viii Contents

Counterterrorism Post-9/11...... 104 Review/Discussion Questions...... 198 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORChapter SALE Summary OR DISTRIBUTION...... 111 NOTAdditional FOR SALE Readings OR. . .DISTRIBUTION ...... 198 Review/Discussion Questions...... 111 Endnotes...... 199 Additional Readings...... 111 Chapter 13 Legal Responses to Endnotes...... 111 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Homeland Security© Jones. . . . &. .Bartlett . 201 Learning, LLC Chapter 8 The NationalNOT Strategy FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONUSA PATRIOT Act...... NOT . . FOR SALE203 OR DISTRIBUTION for Homeland Security...... 115 Executive Power...... 206 Homeland Security: A National Strategy ...... 116 Civil Liberties...... 209 Chapter Summary...... 133 Chapter Summary...... 211 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Review/Discussion Questions...... 133 Review/Discussion Questions...... 212 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Additional Readings...... 133 Additional Readings...... 212 Endnotes...... 133 Endnotes...... 212 Chapter 9 Homeland Security Threats. . . . 135 Chapter 14 Homeland Security Communication © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORCBRNE SALE...... OR . . . . .DISTRIBUTION ...... 136 NOT FOR SALEand ORTechnology DISTRIBUTION Issues...... 213 Natural Threats...... 146 Homeland Security and Communications. . . . . 214 Chapter Summary...... 148 Cybersecurity...... 216 Review/Discussion Questions...... 148 Technology and Homeland Security...... 222 Additional Readings. . .© . .Jones ...... & . .Bartlett . . . Learning,149 Chapter LLC Summary...... © . . Jones ...... & Bartlett224 Learning, LLC Endnotes...... NOT . . . . . FOR . . . . . SALE OR DISTRIBUTION149 Review/Discussion Questions. NOT...... FOR . . . . . SALE224 OR DISTRIBUTION Additional Readings...... 224 Chapter 10 The Homeland Security Cycle . . . 151 Endnotes...... 225 The Homeland Security Cycle...... 152 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Chapter 15 ©Domain Jones Security & Bartlett and theLearning, LLC ChapterNOT Summary FOR. .SALE ...... OR . . . DISTRIBUTION...... 161 NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Review/Discussion Questions...... 161 Future of Homeland Security. . . 227 Additional Readings...... 161 Sea, Land, Air—and Cyberspace...... 228 Endnotes...... 161 Aviation Security ...... 229 Maritime Security...... 231 © JonesChapter & Bartlett 11 National Learning, Incident LLC Management © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOTOther FOR Transportation SALE OR Sectors DISTRIBUTION...... 232 System and Incident Border Security...... 233 Command System...... 163 Cyberspace...... 235 National Incident Management System (NIMS). . . . .164 Across the Enterprise...... 235 Incident Command System© Jones (ICS). . . .& . .Bartlett . . . . Learning,168 Private LLC Infrastructure...... ©. . . Jones. & Bartlett236 Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Summary...... 178 Future of Homeland Security ...... 236 Review/Discussion Questions...... 179 Chapter Summary...... 240 Additional Readings...... 179 Review/Discussion Questions...... 240 Endnotes© Jones...... & . .Bartlett ...... Learning, . . . . LLC179 Additional Readings© Jones. . . .& . .Bartlett ...... Learning, . . . 241 LLC ChapterNOT 12 FORPolitical SALE Responses OR DISTRIBUTION to Homeland Endnotes. . . .NOT . . . . .FOR . . . . . SALE ...... OR. . DISTRIBUTION241 Security ...... 181 Glossary...... 245 Political Responses ...... 182 Index...... 249 © JonesChapter & Bartlett Summary Learning,...... LLC ...... 198 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEAbout OR DISTRIBUTION the Authors © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Willard M. Oliver is professor of criminal justice in and books, including The Public Policy of Crime and the College of Criminal Justice at Sam Houston State Criminal Justice. Her research interests center around University, Huntsville, Texas. He holds a PhD and the interplay of politics and criminal justice/home land MA© Jones in political & Bartlett science from Learning, West Virginia LLC University security© policy.Jones Most & Bartlett recently, Learning, she was awarded LLC a andNOT an FORMS and SALE BS in OR criminal DISTRIBUTION justice from Radford researchNOT grant FOR from SALE the Canadian OR DISTRIBUTION government to University, Radford, Virginia. His research interests study border security issues and the “intermestic” include both police and national crime policy, of which nature of homeland security policies. homeland security is the intersection of both. He is Joshua B. Hill is an assistant professor of Homeland a retired Major from the U.S. Army Military Police Security and Terrorism at Tiffin University in Tiffin, © Jones & BartlettCorps, a Learning,decorated veteran LLC of the Persian Gulf War,© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Ohio. He holds a PhD in criminal justice, an MA in NOT FOR SALEand a ORformer DISTRIBUTION police officer from the Washington,NOT DC, FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION criminology and criminal justice from Sam Houston metropolitan area. Oliver is an avid marathon runner State University, Huntsville, Texas, and a BA in interna- and resides with his family in Huntsville, Texas. tional relations from the University of Central Florida, Nancy E. Marion is professor of political science and in Orlando. His research interests include terrorism, associate chair of© the Jones Department & Bartlett of Political Learning, Science LLCinternational policing, and© Jones research & methods. Bartlett He Learning, has LLC at the UniversityNOT of Akron, FOR Akron, SALE Ohio. OR DISTRIBUTIONShe holds prior experience as a projectNOT FOR manager SALE with OR a non-DISTRIBUTION a PhD and MA in political science from the State governmental organization (NGO), the Institute for University of New York, an MS in criminal justice the Study of Violent Groups (ISVG), focusing on open- from American University, and a BS in administration source collection of terrorist information. Most recently, of© justiceJones from & Bartlett Pennsylvania Learning, State University. LLC She is he published© Jones an article & Bartlett examining Learning, terrorism culpability LLC theNOT author FOR of numerousSALE OR peer-reviewed DISTRIBUTION journal articles in the JournalNOT FORof Defense SALE Modeling OR DISTRIBUTIONand Simulation.

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEReviewers OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The authors and publisher wish to thank the following reviewers for their valuable input in the development of this text: George Ackerman Keith Gregory Logan © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Kutztown© University Jones & of BartlettPennsylvania Learning, LLC RobertNOT Jay FOR Alley SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Blue Ridge Community College Felix G . Mangual Captain David M . Allender University of Central Florida Indianapolis Metropolitan Police Department Christopher Martinez © Jones & BartlettEdward T . CroissantLearning, LLC © JonesMontclair & Bartlett State University Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALETampa OR Police DISTRIBUTION Department NOT FORJohn M SALE . McCullough OR DISTRIBUTION Dustin A . Dorough South Hills School of Business and Technology Brandman University Anna Marie Pavy Campbellsville University Camille Gibson © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Prairie View A&MNOT University FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTIONMitchel P . Roth NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Christopher J . Granto Sam Houston State University St. John’s University Jeffrey P. Rush John Halbrook Austin Peay State University Des© Jones Moines &Area Bartlett Community Learning, College LLC Jeffrey R . Ryan© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Sean Joiner Jacksonville State University Augusta Technical College Jon Whitmar Curtis Jones Ivy Tech Community College Wojtek M . Wolfe © Jones & BartlettMississippi Learning, College LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC Rutgers University NOT FOR SALEDaniel OR J . Klenow DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION North Dakota State University Dominic D . Yin F . Wayne Laney, Jr . City College of San Francisco Rowan-Cabarrus Community College © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEIntroduction OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION On September 11, 2001, when al Qaeda terrorists We felt that it was important to take a broad hijacked four planes and purposefully flew two of view—to include all of the various ideas, policies, and them into the World Trade Towers in New York City, methods for addressing terrorist attacks and natural one© Jones into the &Pentagon Bartlett in Arlington,Learning, Virginia, LLC with the disasters—to© Jones provide & Bartlett a clear picture Learning, of what LLC “home- fourthNOT crashingFOR SALE in Pennsylvania OR DISTRIBUTION only because of the land security”NOT FOR means SALE in today’s OR DISTRIBUTION America. In order bravery of its passengers—America’s world changed to present this picture realistically, we felt that it was forever. Ushered in were both a new era and a new important to highlight homeland security policy, orga- phrase in our vocabulary: Homeland Security. Despite nization, and administration, as currently found in the the long hunt for the head of al Qaeda, Osama bin field, study, and practice of homeland security. Thus, © Jones & BartlettLaden, and Learning, his eventual LLC death at the hands of Navy Seal© Jones we & have Bartlett tried to Learning, incorporate LLCthe many perspectives of NOT FOR SALETeam OR VI, theDISTRIBUTION threat to America’s homeland continues.NOT FORhomeland SALE security OR DISTRIBUTION through our varied backgrounds As is evidenced by the over 50 terrorist attacks that and areas of expertise, including the administrative have been thwarted since 9/11 and several successful and organizational approaches (Oliver), the public attacks including the Boston Marathon bombing on policy perspectives (Marion), and the many aspects of April 15, 2013, America© Jones must & remain Bartlett ever Learning,vigilant and LLCterrorism and security (Hill).© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC continue to work NOTtoward FOR protecting SALE the OR homeland. DISTRIBUTION Toward that end, NOTthis book FOR is SALE organized OR DISTRIBUTIONinto In the immediate aftermath of 9/11, there was a 15 chapters, which lead the student of homeland secu- call for an Office of Homeland Security in the White rity from the beginning to contemporary America. House, which eventually became the Department of The book starts with a prologue detailing the Homeland Security (DHS). While the DHS is not tragic events of September 11, 2001, as a reminder of the© Jonessole protector & Bartlett of America’s Learning, homeland LLC today, it why we© have Jones created & theBartlett field ofLearning, homeland securityLLC in hasNOT become FOR the SALE central OR player DISTRIBUTION focused on the grow- the firstNOT place. FOR It then SALE details OR the DISTRIBUTION history of homeland ing homeland security machinery for modern day security (Chapter 1), for although the term homeland civil defense. Yet, despite the strong federal nature of security did not come about until 9/11, it was rooted the DHS, most of the first-line responders—police, in past concepts of civil defense and emergency man- © Jones & Bartlettfire, and Learning, EMS—are localLLC personnel, many from© the Jones agement. & Bartlett The Learning,book then strives LLC to define the concept NOT FOR SALEcriminal OR justiceDISTRIBUTION system. The primary methodsNOT for FORof homeland SALE OR security DISTRIBUTION (Chapter 2) from its many and responding to future terrorist attacks and natural varied perspectives, particularly how it has developed disasters, such as the Incident Command System, are conceptually, administratively, and organizationally all focused on these local responders. Thus, homeland over the past 12 years. The book then moves to discuss security is, in many ways, an administrative and orga- the two major concerns of homeland security, terror- nizational response© toJones both potential & Bartlett and realLearning, threats. LLCism and natural disasters© (Chapter Jones 3).& Bartlett Learning, LLC Homeland securityNOT FOR has also SALE grown OR in DISTRIBUTION strength This introduction NOTto homeland FOR SALE security OR thenDISTRIBUTION as an area of policy, which can be seen in the growth proceeds to discuss how it developed in the after- of oversight by all three branches of government— math of 9/11 (Chapter 4), and then describes its executive, legislative, and judiciary. The president current status as a central federal organization— manages© Jones the & Bartlettbureaucracy Learning, of homeland LLC security, the Department© Jones of & Homeland Bartlett Learning,Security (Chapter LLC 5). CongressNOT FOR the SALE funding OR for DISTRIBUTION and laws associated with ChapterNOT 6 moves FOR beyond SALE the OR federal DISTRIBUTION bureaucracy to it, and the Courts keep both in check for the con- focus on the broader community. Chapter 7 looks stitutionality around the trade-off of more security at how this community, through anti-terrorism and versus less personal freedom. As a result of this counter-terrorism measures, works to address the ongoing policy activity, homeland security has also terrorism side of homeland security. © Jones & Bartlettquickly becomeLearning, an area LLC of academic study. It is© for Jones &The Bartlett book Learning, then presents LLC the National Strategy NOT FOR SALEall of ORthese DISTRIBUTION reasons that this book was written. NOT FORfor SALEHomeland OR Security DISTRIBUTION (Chapter 8), the particular © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

xiv Introduction

© Jonesthreats & Bartlett it attempts Learning, to address LLC (Chapter 9), and how the © Jonesthe fifth & Bartlettand Kirstjen Learning, Nielsen the LLC sixth secretary by homeland security cycle progresses (Chapter 10). In President Trump. Therefore, much of the second NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORChapter SALE 11, ORit then DISTRIBUTION looks at the local response mech- edition consists of changes to the book that keep up anisms of the National Incident Management System with the many changes in homeland security. (NIMS) and the Incident Command System (ICS). In addition to just updates, there are also other The text then details the political (Chapter 12) changes to the text. Some of these are behind the and legal (Chapter 13) ©issues Jones surrounding & Bartlett homeland Learning, scenes, LLC often in the endnotes.© JonesWhen the & firstBartlett edition Learning, LLC security, and then deals NOTwith a FORwide array SALE of issues OR DISTRIBUTION that was published, there was stillNOT a lot FORof speculation SALE ORor DISTRIBUTION have evolved over the last 12 years, including commu- anecdotal information, but as we get further along in nications and technology issues (Chapter 14), domain seeing homeland security implemented, we now have security issues (sea, land, and air, in Chapter 15), and many scholarly studies of homeland security that have then briefly© Jones discusses & Bartlett the future Learning, of homeland LLC security been released© and Jones they often & Bartlett confirm Learning, what we know; LLC in America (also Chapter 15). however, in other cases, they alter our knowledge of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION homeland security. The addition of these many studies can be found in this second edition. Still further, we ▸▸ New to the Second Edition are very grateful to our many reviewers of the first edition who offered suggestions and recommended that © JonesEver & Bartlettsince homeland Learning, security LLC policy, organization, © Joneswe not neglect & Bartlett certain Learning, omissions from LLC the first edition. NOT FORand SALE administration, OR DISTRIBUTION came into existence post 9/11, it NOTFor FOR instance, SALE in the OR first DISTRIBUTION edition, in an attempt to keep has been in a rapid state of growth and change. One the homeland security history brief, the text made no only has to note the differences in homeland security mention of the Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency during the Bush, Obama, and Trump administra- Assistance Act. Several of our reviewers pointed out tions to understand how policy has differed among © Jones & Bartlett Learning,that LLC this was far too important© to Jones leave out & ofBartlett any dis- Learning, LLC presidential administrations, how homeland secu- cussion regarding emergency management and we NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION rity organizations have changed and grown, and how agreed. So, material that we may have omitted from administrators have come and gone, while adminis- the first edition has been added to the second edition. tration itself has become more complex. A new edi- And, finally, as hard as we tried to avoid making any tion was necessary simply to keep up with the changes. minor mistakes, nevertheless, some cropped up in One simple© Jones example & Bartlett of the administrative Learning, LLCheads of the first edition© Jones that have & Bartlettnow been Learning,fixed in the LLCsec- the federalNOT Department FOR SALE of Homeland OR DISTRIBUTION Security (DHS) ond edition. NOTAgain, FOR we thank SALE the ORreviewers DISTRIBUTION for their should demonstrate just how much has changed close reviews of the first edition. Still, any such mis- between editions. When the first edition was pub- takes found in the second edition are still those of the lished, Janet Napolitano was the Secretary of Home- authors, but we thank those second edition reviewers land Security. Since then, Jeh Johnson was appointed for taking the time to ensure that no such mistakes © Jonesthe & fourthBartlett secretary Learning, by Obama LLC and John F. Kelly © Joneswere present & Bartlett in the new Learning, edition. LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEThe OR DISTRIBUTION Student Experience © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION The second edition of Introduction to Homeland Secu- rity was designed with numerous features to create an engaging learning environment for students and enhance© Jones their & experienceBartlett Learning,with this text. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Chapter Objectives: The learning objectives are listed at the beginning of each chapter. Emphasis is © Jones & Bartlettplaced on Learning, active, rather LLC than passive, learning. It© isJones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEhoped OR that DISTRIBUTION the reader gains knowledge of how to applyNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the concepts and material and does not simply retain information temporarily with plans to regurgitate it. The learning objectives concentrate on the acquisition of knowledge and© the Jones foundations & Bartlett needed Learning, to under- LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC stand, compare, contrast, define, explain, predict, esti- mate, evaluate, plan,NOT and FOR apply. SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Chapter Outlines: The chapter’s framework is clearly laid out to help students plan their reading and study. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

Chapter Opening Vignettes: Each chapter begins with a real-world vignette that conceptualizes topics © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC using actual scenarios. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Key Terms: Key terms are highlighted in bold within the chapters and defined in a glossary at the back of the book. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION

xvi The Student Experience

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The Student Experience xvii

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xviii The Student Experience

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© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEPrologue OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ▸▸ consequence of Atta’s selection by CAPPS was that his September 11, 2001 checked bags were kept off the plane until it was con- Tuesday, September 11, 2001, dawned temperate and firmed that he had boarded the aircraft. This did not nearly© Jones cloudless & Bartlett in the eastern Learning, United States.LLC 1 Millions hinder ©Atta’s Jones plans. & Bartlett Learning, LLC ofNOT men FOR and SALEwomen ORreadied DISTRIBUTION themselves for work. AttaNOT and FOROmari SALE arrived OR in DISTRIBUTIONBoston at 6:45 am. Some made their way to the Twin Towers, the signa- Seven minutes later, Atta apparently took a call from ture structures of the World Trade Center complex in Marwan al Shehhi, a longtime colleague who was at New York City. Others went to Arlington, Virginia, to another terminal at Logan Airport. They spoke for 3 minutes. It would be their final conversation. © Jones & Bartlettthe Pentagon. Learning, Across LLCthe Potomac River, the United© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC States Congress was back in session. At the other end Between 6:45 and 7:40, Atta and Omari—along NOT FOR SALEof Pennsylvania OR DISTRIBUTION Avenue, people began to line upNOT for FORwith SALE Satam ORal Suqami, DISTRIBUTION Wail al Shehri, and Waleed al a White House tour. In Sarasota, Florida, President Shehri—checked in and boarded American Airlines George W. Bush went for an early morning run. Flight 11, bound for Los Angeles. The flight was sched- For those heading to an airport, weather condi- uled to depart at 7:45 am. tions could not have© Jones been better & Bartlett for a safe Learning, and pleas- LLC In another Logan terminal,© Jones Shehhi, & Bartlett joined by Learning,Fayez LLC ant journey. AmongNOT the FOR travelers SALE were ORMohamed DISTRIBUTION Atta Banihammad, Mohand NOTal Shehri, FOR Ahmed SALE al ORGhamdi, DISTRIBUTION and Abdul Aziz al Omari, who arrived at the airport and Hamza al Ghamdi, checked in for United Airlines in Portland, Maine. Flight 175, also bound for Los Angeles. A couple of Shehhi’s colleagues were obviously unused to travel; according to the United ticket agent, they had trouble © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC understanding© Jones the & standard Bartlett security Learning, questions, LLC and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION she hadNOT to go overFOR them SALE slowly OR until DISTRIBUTION they gave the routine, reassuring answers. Their flight was scheduled to depart at 8:00. The security checkpoints through which the pas- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jonessengers, & Bartlett including Learning, Atta and LLC his colleagues, gained NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORaccess SALE to the OR American DISTRIBUTION 11 gate were operated by Globe Security under a contract with American Airlines. In a different terminal, the single checkpoint through which passengers for United 175 passed was con- trolled by United Airlines, which had contracted with © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCHuntleigh USA to perform© Jones the screening. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © robert paul van beets/ShutterStock, IncNOT . FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION In passing through NOTthese checkpoints,FOR SALE each OR of DISTRIBUTION the hijackers would have been screened by a walk-through metal detector calibrated to detect items with a mini- Boston: American 11 and United 175 mum metal content of a .22-caliber handgun. Anyone Atta© Jones and Omari & Bartlett boarded aLearning, 6:00 am flight LLC from Portland who might© Jones have set & off Bartlett that detector Learning, would LLChave been toNOT Boston’s FOR Logan SALE International OR DISTRIBUTION Airport. screenedNOT with FOR a hand SALE wand—a OR DISTRIBUTIONprocedure requiring When he checked in for his flight to Boston, Atta the screener to identify the metal item or items that was selected by a computerized prescreening system caused the alarm. In addition, an x-ray machine would known as CAPPS (Computer Assisted Passenger have screened the hijackers’ carry-on belongings. Prescreening System), created to identify passengers The screening was in place to identify and confiscate © Jones & Bartlettwho should Learning, be subject LLC to special security measures.© Jones weapons & Bartlett and other Learning, items prohibited LLC from being car- NOT FOR SALEUnder OR security DISTRIBUTION rules in place at the time, the onlyNOT FORried SALE onto a commercialOR DISTRIBUTION flight. None of the checkpoint © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

xx Prologue

© Jonessupervisors & Bartlett recalled Learning, the hijackers LLC or reported anything © JonesMihdhar & Bartlett and Moqed Learning, placed theirLLC carry-on bags suspicious regarding their screening. on the belt of the x-ray machine and proceeded NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEWhile AttaOR DISTRIBUTIONhad been selected by CAPPS in through the first metal detector. Both set off the alarm, Portland, three members of his hijacking team— and they were directed to a second metal detector. Suqami, Wail al Shehri, and Waleed al Shehri—were Mihdhar did not trigger the second alarm and was selected in Boston. Their selection affected only the permitted through the checkpoint. After Moqed set it handling of their checked© Jonesbags, not & their Bartlett screening Learning, at off, LLC a screener used the hand ©wand Jones on him. & BartlettHe passed Learning, LLC the checkpoint. All fiveNOT men FOR cleared SALE the checkpoint OR DISTRIBUTION this inspection. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION and made their way to the gate for American 11. Atta, About 20 minutes later, at 7:35, another passen- Omari, and Suqami took their seats in first class (seats ger for Flight 77, Hani Hanjour, placed two carry-on 8D, 8G, and 10B, respectively). The Shehri brothers bags on the x-ray belt in the main terminal’s west had adjacent© Jones seats & in Bartlett row 2 (Wail Learning, in 2A, Waleed LLC in checkpoint and© proceeded,Jones & withoutBartlett alarm, Learning, through theLLC 2B), in the first-class cabin. They boarded American metal detector. A short time later, Nawaf and Salem al NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 11 between 7:31 and 7:40. The aircraft pushed back Hazmi entered the same checkpoint. Salem al Hazmi from the gate at 7:40. cleared the metal detector and was permitted through; Shehhi and his team, none of whom had been Nawaf al Hazmi set off the alarms for both the first and selected by CAPPS, boarded United 175 between 7:23 second metal detectors and was then hand-wanded © Jonesand & 7:28Bartlett (Banihammad Learning, in 2A, LLC Shehri in 2B, Shehhi in © Jonesbefore being & Bartlett cleared. In Learning, addition, his LLC over-the-shoulder NOT FOR6C, SALEHamza ORal Ghamdi DISTRIBUTION in 9C, and Ahmed al Ghamdi NOTcarry-on FOR bag SALE was swipedOR DISTRIBUTION by an explosive trace detector in 9D). Their aircraft pushed back from the gate just and then passed. The video footage indicates that he before 8:00. was carrying an unidentified item in his back pocket, clipped to its rim. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCWhen the local civil aviation© Jones security & office Bartlett of the Learning, LLC Washington Dulles: American 77 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) later investi- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Hundreds of miles southwest of Boston at Dulles gated these security-screening operations, the screen- International Airport in the Virginia suburbs of ers recalled nothing out of the ordinary. They could Washington, D.C., five more men were prepar- not recall that any of the passengers they screened were ing to take an early morning flight. At 7:15, Khalid CAPPS selectees. Later, a screening expert reviewed al Mihdhar © Jones and &Majed Bartlett Moqed Learning, checked inLLC at the the videotape© of Jones the hand-wanding, & Bartlett and Learning, he found theLLC AmericanNOT Airlines FOR ticketSALE counter OR DISTRIBUTION for Flight 77, bound quality of theNOT screener’s FOR work SALE to have OR been DISTRIBUTION “marginal for Los Angeles. Within the next 20 minutes, they at best.” The screener should have “resolved” what would be followed by Hani Hanjour and two brothers, set off the alarm, and in the case of both Moqed and Nawaf al Hazmi and Salem al Hazmi. Hazmi, it was clear that he did not. Hani Hanjour, Khalid al Mihdhar, and Majed At 7:50, Majed Moqed and Khalid al Mihdhar © JonesMoqed & Bartlett were flagged Learning, by CAPPS. LLC The Hazmi brothers © Jonesboarded &the Bartlett flight and Learning, were seated LLC in 12A and 12B in NOT FORwere SALE also selected OR DISTRIBUTION for extra scrutiny by the airline’s NOTcoach. FOR Hani SALE Hanjour, OR assignedDISTRIBUTION to seat 1B (first class), customer service representative at the check-in soon followed. The Hazmi brothers, assigned to 5E counter. The representative did so because one of the and 5F, joined Hanjour in the first-class cabin. brothers did not have photo identification, nor could he understand English,© and Jones because & theBartlett agent foundLearning, Newark: LLC United 93 © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC both of the passengers toNOT be suspicious. FOR SALE The ORonly DISTRIBUTIONcon- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION sequence of their selection was that their checked bags Between 7:03 and 7:39, Saeed al Ghamdi, Ahmed al were held off the plane until it was confirmed that they Nami, Ahmad al Haznawi, and Ziad Jarrah checked in had boarded the aircraft. at Newark’s United Airlines ticket counter for Flight All five hijackers passed through the main ter- 93, going to Los Angeles. Two checked bags, two did minal’s© west Jones security & Bartlett screening Learning, checkpoint; LLC United not. Haznawi© was Jones selected & Bartlett by CAPPS. Learning, His checked LLC Airlines,NOT which FOR was SALE the responsible OR DISTRIBUTION air carrier, had bag was screenedNOT for FOR explosives SALE andOR then DISTRIBUTION loaded on contracted out the work to Argenbright Security. the plane. The checkpoint featured closed-circuit television The four men passed through the security check- that recorded all passengers, including the hijackers, point, owned by United Airlines and operated under © Jonesas & they Bartlett were screened. Learning, At 7:18, LLC Mihdhar and Moqed © Jonescontract &by Bartlett Argenbright Learning, Security. LLC Like the check- NOT FORentered SALE the ORsecurity DISTRIBUTION checkpoint. NOTpoints FOR in SALEBoston, OR it lacked DISTRIBUTION closed-circuit television © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Prologue xxi

© Jones & Bartlettsurveillance Learning, so there LLCis no documentary evidence© Jones &It Bartlett is unknown Learning, exactly howLLC the hijackers gained to indicate when the hijackers passed through the access to the cockpit; FAA rules required that the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEcheckpoint, OR DISTRIBUTION which alarms may have been triggered, doors remain closed and locked during flight. Ong or which security procedures were administered. speculated that they had “jammed their way” into the The FAA interviewed the screeners later; none recalled cabin. Perhaps the terrorists stabbed the flight atten- anything unusual or suspicious. dants to get a cockpit key, to force one of them to open The four men© boardedJones the & Bartlettplane between Learning, 7:39 and LLCthe cockpit door, or to lure© Jones the captain & Bartlett or first Learning,officer LLC 7:48. All four hadNOT seats FOR in the SALE economy-class OR DISTRIBUTION cabin; out of the cockpit. Or NOTthe flight FOR attendants SALE OR may DISTRIBUTION just their plane had no first-class section. Jarrah was in seat have been in their way. 1B, closest to the cockpit; Nami was in 3C, Ghamdi in At the same time or shortly thereafter, Atta—the 3D, and Haznawi in 6B. only terrorist on board trained to fly a jet—would have © JonesThe 19 & menBartlett were aboardLearning, four transcontinentalLLC moved ©to Jonesthe cockpit & Bartlett from his Learning,first-class seat, LLC possi- flights. They were planning to hijack these planes and bly accompanied by Omari. As this was happening, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION turn them into large guided missiles, loaded with some passenger Daniel Lewin, who was seated in the row 11,400 gallons of jet fuel. By 8:00 am on the morning just behind Atta and Omari, was stabbed by one of the of Tuesday, September 11, 2001, they had defeated all hijackers—probably Satam al Suqami, who was seated the security layers that America’s civil aviation secu- directly behind Lewin. Lewin had served 4 years as an © Jones & Bartlettrity system Learning, then had in LLC place to prevent a hijacking.© Jonesofficer & Bartlett in the Learning,Israeli military. LLC He may have made an NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORattempt SALE to stop OR the DISTRIBUTION hijackers in front of him, not real- izing that another was sitting behind him. The Hijacking of American 11 The hijackers quickly gained control and sprayed American Airlines Flight 11 provided nonstop service Mace, pepper spray, or some other irritant in the first- from Boston to ©Los Jones Angeles. & Bartlett On September Learning, 11, LLCclass cabin, in order to force© Jones the passengers & Bartlett and Learning,flight LLC Captain John Ogonowski and First Officer Thomas attendants toward the rear of the plane. They claimed NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION McGuinness piloted the Boeing 767, which carried they had a bomb. its full capacity of nine flight attendants. Eighty-one About 5 minutes after the hijacking began, Betty passengers boarded the flight with them (including Ong contacted the American Airlines Southeastern the five terrorists). Reservations Office in Cary, North Carolina, via an © JonesThe plane & Bartletttook off atLearning, 7:59. Just beforeLLC 8:14, it had AT&T ©airphone Jones to & report Bartlett an emergencyLearning, aboard LLC the climbedNOT FOR to 26,000 SALE feet, OR not DISTRIBUTION quite its initial assigned flight. NOTThis FORwas the SALE first ofOR several DISTRIBUTION occasions on 9/11 cruising altitude of 29,000 feet. All communications when flight attendants took action outside of the scope and flight profile data were normal. About this time, of their training, which emphasized that in a hijack- the “Fasten Seatbelt” sign would usually have been ing, they were to communicate with the cockpit crew. turned off and the flight attendants would have begun The emergency call lasted approximately 25 minutes © Jones & Bartlettpreparing Learning, for cabin service. LLC © Jonesas &Ong Bartlett calmly Learning, and professionally LLC relayed informa- NOT FOR SALEAt OR that DISTRIBUTION same time, American 11 had its last routineNOT FORtion SALE about eventsOR DISTRIBUTION taking place aboard the airplane to communication with the ground when it acknowledged authorities on the ground. navigational instructions from the FAA’s air traffic con- At 8:19, Ong reported: “The cockpit is not answer- trol (ATC) center in Boston. Sixteen seconds after that ing, somebody’s stabbed in business class—and I think transmission, ATC© Jonesinstructed & theBartlett aircraft’s Learning, pilots to LLCthere’s Mace, that we can’t© Jones breathe—I & Bartlett don’t know, Learning, I LLC climb to 35,000 feet.NOT That FOR message SALE and OR all DISTRIBUTIONsubsequent think we’re getting hijacked.”NOT She FOR then SALE told of ORthe stab DISTRIBUTION- attempts to contact the flight were not acknowledged. bings of the two flight attendants. From this and other evidence, we believe the hijacking At 8:21, one of the American employees receiv- began at 8:14 or shortly thereafter. ing Ong’s call in North Carolina, Nydia Gonzalez, Reports from two flight attendants in the coach alerted the American Airlines operations center cabin,© Jones Betty & Ong Bartlett and Madeline Learning, “Amy” LLC Sweeney, tell in Fort© Worth, Jones Texas, & Bartlett reaching Learning, Craig Marquis, LLC the usNOT most FOR of what SALE we ORknow DISTRIBUTION about how the hijacking managerNOT on FORduty. SALEMarquis OR soon DISTRIBUTION realized this was happened. As it began, some of the hijackers—most an emergency and instructed the airline’s dispatcher likely Wail al Shehri and Waleed al Shehri, who were responsible for the flight to contact the cockpit. At seated in row 2 in first class—stabbed the two unarmed 8:23, the dispatcher tried unsuccessfully to contact © Jones & Bartlettflight attendants Learning, who LLC would have been preparing© for Jones the & aircraft. Bartlett Six Learning,minutes later, LLC the air traffic control NOT FOR SALEcabin ORservice. DISTRIBUTION NOT FORspecialist SALE in OR Americ DISTRIBUTIONan’s operations center contacted © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

xxii Prologue

© Jonesthe & FAA’s BartlettBoston Learning, Air Traffic LLC Control Center about the © Joneshad declared & Bartlett Flight Learning,11 a hijacking LLC and “think he’s flight. The center was already aware of the problem. [American 11] headed toward Kennedy [airport in NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEThe Boston OR DISTRIBUTIONCenter knew of the problem in part New York City]. They’re moving everybody out of the because they overheard the hijackers attempting to way. They seem to have him on primary radar. They communicate with the passengers. Just before 8:25, seem to think that he is descending.” the in-flight microphone was keyed and one of the At 8:44, Gonzalez reported losing phone contact hijackers said, “Nobody© Jonesmove. Everything & Bartlett will Learning, be with LLC Ong. At about this same ©time, Jones Sweeney & Bartlett reported Learning, LLC okay. If you try to makeNOT any FORmoves, SALE you’ll endangerOR DISTRIBUTION to Woodward, “Something is wrong.NOT FOR We are SALE in a rapid OR DISTRIBUTION yourself and the airplane. Just stay quiet.” Air traffic descent . . . we are all over the place.” Woodward asked controllers heard the transmission, and Ong did not. Sweeney to look out the window to see if she could The hijackers probably did not know how to operate determine where they were. Sweeney responded: “We the cockpit© Jones radio &communication Bartlett Learning, system correctly,LLC are flying low.© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and thus inadvertently broadcast their message over NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION “We are flyingNOT FORvery, SALEvery low. OR We DISTRIBUTION are flying the air traffic control channel instead of the cabin way too low.” Seconds later she said, “Oh my public-address channel. Also at 8:25, and again at 8:29, God, we are way too low.” The phone call Amy Sweeney (flight attendant) got through to the ended. American Flight Services Office in Boston but was cut At 8:46:40, American 11 crashed into © Jonesoff & afterBartlett she reportedLearning, that LLC someone was hurt aboard © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC the North Tower of the World Trade Center the flight. Three minutes later, Sweeney was recon- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORin New SALE York ORCity. DISTRIBUTIONAll on board, along with nected to the office and began relaying updates to her an unknown number of people in the tower, manager, Michael Woodward. were killed instantly. At 8:26, Ong reported that the plane was “flying erratically.” A minute later,© Jones Flight & 11 Bartlett turned south.Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC American also began getting identifications of the NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hijackers, as Ong and then Sweeney passed on some of the seat numbers of those who had gained unautho- rized access to the cockpit. Sweeney calmly reported that the plane had been hijacked;© Jonesa man in & first Bartlett class Learning,had his throat LLC slashed; © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC two flightNOT attendants FOR SALE had beenOR stabbed;DISTRIBUTION one was seri- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION ously hurt and on oxygen while the other’s wounds seemed minor; a doctor had been requested; the flight attendants were unable to contact the cockpit; and, there was a bomb in the cockpit. Sweeney told Wood- © Jonesward & Bartlett that she andLearning, Ong were LLC trying to relay as much © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION information as they could to people on the ground. © Carmen Taylor/TAYLC/AP Images . At 8:38, Ong told Gonzalez that the plane was flying erratically again. Around this time, Sweeney told Woodward that the hijackers were Middle Eastern, The Hijacking of United 175 naming three of their seat© Jones numbers. & OneBartlett spoke Learning, very United LLC Airlines Flight 175 was© scheduled Jones to& departBartlett for Learning, LLC little English and one NOTspoke FORexcellent SALE English. OR DISTRIBUTIONThe Los Angeles at 8:00 am. CaptainNOT Victor FOR Saracini SALE and OR DISTRIBUTION hijackers had gained entry to the cockpit, and she did First Officer Michael Horrocks piloted the Boeing 767, not know how. The aircraft was in a rapid descent. which had seven flight attendants. Fifty-six passengers At 8:41, Sweeney told Woodward that passengers boarded the flight. in coach were under the impression that there was a United 175 pushed back from its gate at 7:58 and routine© medical Jones emergency & Bartlett in Learning,first class. OtherLLC flight © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION departed LoganNOT Airport FOR at SALE8:14. By OR 8:33, DISTRIBUTION it had reached attendants were busy with various activities, such as its assigned cruising altitude of 31,000 feet. The flight getting medical supplies, while Ong and Sweeney were attendants would have begun their cabin service. reporting the events as they unfolded. The flight had taken off just as American 11 was At 8:41, in American’s operations center, a col- being hijacked, and at 8:42, the United 175 flight crew © Jonesleague & Bartlett told Marquis Learning, that theLLC air traffic controllers © Jonescompleted & Bartletttheir report Learning, of a “suspicious LLC transmission” NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Prologue xxiii

© Jones & Bartlettoverheard Learning, from another LLC plane (which was Flight ©11) Jones storming & Bartlett the cockpit Learning, to take LLCcontrol of the plane away just after takeoff. This was United 175’s last communi- from the hijackers. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEcation OR with DISTRIBUTION the ground. At 9:00, Lee Hanson received a second call from The hijackers attacked sometime between 8:42 his son Peter: and 8:46. They used knives (as reported by two pas- It’s getting bad, Dad—a stewardess was sengers and a flight attendant), Mace (reported by stabbed. They seem to have knives and Mace. one passenger), and© Jones the threat & Bartlett of a bomb Learning, (reported LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC They said they have a bomb. It’s getting very by the same passenger).NOT FOR They SALE stabbed OR DISTRIBUTIONmembers of NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION bad on the plane. Passengers are throwing up the flight crew (reported by a flight attendant and one and getting sick. The plane is making jerky passenger). movements. I don’t think the pilot is flying Both pilots had been killed (reported by one flight the plane. I think we are going down. I think attendant). The eyewitness accounts came from calls © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC they© intendJones to & go Bartlett to Chicago Learning, or someplace LLC made from the rear of the plane from passengers orig- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION andNOT fly into FOR a building. SALE ORDon’t DISTRIBUTION worry Dad. If it inally seated further forward in the cabin, a sign that happens, it’ll be very fast. My God, my God. passengers and perhaps crew had been moved to the back of the aircraft. Given similarities toAmeric an 11 The call ended abruptly. Lee Hanson had heard a in hijacker seating and in eyewitness reports of tactics woman scream just before it cut off. He turned on a © Jones & Bartlettand weapons, Learning, as well LLC as the contact between ©the Jones television, & Bartlett and Learning,in her home, LLC so did Louise Sweeney. NOT FOR SALEpresumed OR DISTRIBUTIONteam leaders, Atta and Shehhi, it is believedNOT FORBoth SALE then saw OR the DISTRIBUTION second aircraft hit the World Trade the tactics were similar on both flights. Center. The first operational evidence that something was At 9:03:11, United Airlines Flight 175 struck the abnormal on United 175 came at 8:47, when the air- South Tower of the World Trade Center. All on board, along with an unknown number of people in the craft changed beacon© Jones codes &twice Bartlett within Learning,a minute. At LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC 8:51, the flight deviated from its assigned altitude, and tower, were killed instantly. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION a minute later, New York air traffic controllers began repeatedly and unsuccessfully trying to contact it. At 8:52 in Easton, Connecticut, a man named Lee Hanson received a phone call from his son Peter, a passenger© Jones on & UnitedBartlett 175. Learning, His son told LLC him: “I think © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC they’veNOT FORtaken overSALE the OR cockpit—an DISTRIBUTION attendant has been NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION stabbed—and someone else up front may have been killed. The plane is making strange moves. Call United Airlines. Tell them it’s Flight 175, Boston to LA.” Lee Hanson then called the Easton Police Department and © Jones & Bartlettrelayed what Learning, he had heard. LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FOR SALEAlso OR at DISTRIBUTION 8:52, a male flight attendant called a UnitedNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION office in San Francisco, reaching Marc Policastro. The flight attendant reported that the flight had been hijacked, both pilots had been killed, a flight attendant had been stabbed,© andJones the &hijackers Bartlett were Learning, probably LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC flying the plane. NOTThe callFOR lasted SALE about OR 2 minutes,DISTRIBUTION after NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION which Policastro and a colleague tried unsuccessfully to contact the flight. At 8:58, the flight took a heading toward New York City. © SuperStock/age fotostock . © JonesAt 8:59, & Flight Bartlett 175 passenger Learning, Brian LLC David Swee- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC neyNOT tried FOR to SALEcall his ORwife, DISTRIBUTION Julie. He left a message NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION on their home answering machine that the plane The Hijacking of American 77 had been hijacked. He then called his mother, Lou- American Airlines Flight 77 was scheduled to depart ise Sweeney, told her the flight had been hijacked, from Washington Dulles for Los Angeles at 8:10 am. © Jones & Bartlettand added Learning, that the passengers LLC were thinking about© Jones The & Bartlett aircraft Learning,was a Boeing LLC 757 piloted by Captain NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

xxiv Prologue

© JonesCharles & Bartlett F. Burlingame Learning, and LLC First Officer David © Jonesthey had & put Bartlett all of the Learning, passengers LLC in the back of the Charlebois. There were four flight attendants. The plane. About a minute into the conversation, the call NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORflight SALE carried OR 58 DISTRIBUTIONpassengers. was cut off. Solicitor General Olson tried unsuccess- American 77 pushed back from its gate at 8:09 fully to reach Attorney General John Ashcroft. and took off at 8:20. At 8:46, the flight reached its Shortly after the first call, Barbara Olson reached assigned cruising altitude of 35,000 feet. Cabin service her husband again. She reported that the pilot had would have begun. At 8:51,© Jones American & Bartlett 77 transmitted Learning, announced LLC that the flight had© beenJones hijacked, & Bartlett and she Learning, LLC its last routine radio communication.NOT FOR SALE The ORhijacking DISTRIBUTION asked her husband what she NOTshould FOR tell theSALE capt ainOR DISTRIBUTION began between 8:51 and 8:54. As on Americ an 11 of the flight to do. Ted Olson asked for her loca- and United 175, the hijackers used knives (reported tion and she replied that the aircraft was then flying by one passenger) and moved all the passengers (and over houses. Another passenger told her that they possibly© crew) Jones to the& Bartlett rear of the Learning, aircraft (reported LLC by were traveling© northeast. Jones & The Bartlett Solicitor Learning, General then LLC one flight attendant and one passenger). Unlike the informed his wife of the two previous hijackings and NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION earlier flights, the Flight 77 hijackers were reported crashes. She did not display signs of panic and did not by a passenger to have box cutters. Finally, a pas- indicate any awareness of an impending crash. At that senger reported that an announcement had been point, the second call was cut off. made by the “pilot” that the plane had been hijacked. At 9:29, the autopilot on American 77 was disen- © JonesNeither & Bartlett of the Learning, firsthand LLCaccounts mentioned any © Jonesgaged; the & aircraftBartlett was Learning, at 7,000 feet LLC and approximately NOT FORstabbings SALE or OR the DISTRIBUTION threat or use of either a bomb or NOT38 FORmiles westSALE of ORthe Pentagon.DISTRIBUTION At 9:32, contr ollers Mace, although both witnesses began the flight in the at the Dulles Terminal Radar Approach Control first-class cabin. “observed a primary radar target tracking eastbound At 8:54, the aircraft deviated from its assigned at a high rate of speed.” This was later determined to course, turning south. ©Two Jones minutes & Bartlettlater, the Learning,tran- have LLC been Flight 77. © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC sponder was turned off and even primary radar con- At 9:34, Ronald Reagan Washington National NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION tact with the aircraft was lost. The Indianapolis Air Airport advised the Secret Service of an unknown Traffic Control Center repeatedly tried and failed to aircraft heading in the direction of the White House. contact the aircraft. American Airlines dispatchers American 77 was then 5 miles west-southwest of the also tried, without success. Pentagon and began a 330-degree turn. At the end of At ©9:00, Jones American & Bartlett Airlines Learning, Executive LLC Vice the turn, it was© descendingJones & throughBartlett 2,200 Learning, feet, pointed LLC PresidentNOT Gerard FOR ArpeySALE learned OR DISTRIBUTION that communica- toward the PentagonNOT FOR and downtownSALE OR Washington. DISTRIBUTION The tions had been lost with American 77. This was now hijacker pilot then advanced the throttles to maxi- the second American aircraft in trouble. He ordered mum power and dove toward the Pentagon. all American Airlines flights in the Northeast that had At 9:37, American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into not taken off to remain on the ground. Shortly before the Pentagon, traveling at approximately 530 miles © Jones9:10, & Bartlett suspecting Learning, that American LLC 77 had been hijacked, © Jonesper hour. & All Bartlett on board, Learning, as well as LLC many civilian and NOT FORAmerican SALE headquartersOR DISTRIBUTION concluded that the second NOTmilitary FOR personnel SALE OR in the DISTRIBUTION building, were killed. aircraft to hit the World Trade Center might have been Flight 77. After learning that United Airlines was missing a plane, American Airlines headquarters extended their ground stop© Jones nationwide. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC At 9:12, passenger ReneeNOT FORMay called SALE her OR mother, DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Nancy May, in Las Vegas. She said her flight was being hijacked by six individuals who had moved them to the rear of the plane. She asked her mother to alert American Airlines. Nancy May and her husband promptly© Jonesdid so. & Bartlett Learning, LLC © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC At NOTsome FORpoint betweenSALE OR 9:16 DISTRIBUTION and 9:26, passenger NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION Barbara Olson called her husband, Ted Olson, the Solicitor General of the United States. She reported that the flight had been hijacked, and the hijackers had © Jonesknives & Bartlett and box Learning, cutters. She LLCfurther indicated that the © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC NOT FORhijackers SALE were OR not DISTRIBUTION aware of her phone call, and that NOT© Fotosearch/age FOR fotostock SALE . OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Prologue xxv

© Jones & BartlettThe Battle Learning, for United LLC 93 © Jonesspeculating & Bartlett about Learning, other aircraft LLC that might be in danger, leading them to worry about a transcontinental At 8:42 am, United Airlines Flight 93 took off fromNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION flight (Delta 1989) that, in fact, was not hijacked. At Newark (New Jersey) Liberty International Airport 9:19, the FAA’s New England regional office called bound for San Francisco. The aircraft was piloted by Herndon and asked that Cleveland Center advise Captain Jason Dahl and First Officer Leroy Homer Delta 1989 to use extra cockpit security. and there were five© Jonesflight attendants. & Bartlett Thirty-seven Learning, -pas LLC Several FAA air ©traffic Jones control & Bartlett officials Learning, later LLC sengers, includingNOT the FORhijackers, SALE boarded OR DISTRIBUTIONthe plane. explained that it was theNOT air carriers’ FOR SALE responsibility OR DISTRIBUTION to Scheduled to depart the gate at 8:00, the Boeing 757’s notify their planes of security problems. One senior takeoff was delayed because of the airport’s typically FAA air traffic control manager said that it was simply heavy morning traffic. not the FAA’s place to dictate to the airlines what they The September 11 hijackers had planned to take © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC should ©tell Jones their pilots. & Bartlett The 9/11 Learning, Commission LLC noted flights scheduled to depart at 7:45 (American 11), that such statements do not reflect an adequate appre- NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION 8:00 (United 175 and United 93), and 8:10 (American ciation of the FAA’s responsibility for the safety and 77). Three of the flights had actually taken off within security of civil aviation. 10 to 15 minutes of their planned departure times. The airlines bore responsibility, too. They were United 93 would ordinarily have taken off about facing an escalating number of conflicting and, for the © Jones & Bartlett15 minutes Learning, after pulling LLC away from the gate. ©When Jones most & Bartlett part, erroneous Learning, reports LLC about other flights, as NOT FOR SALEit left OR the DISTRIBUTIONground at 8:42, the flight was runningNOT more FORwell SALE as a continuing OR DISTRIBUTION lack of vital information from the than 25 minutes late. FAA about the hijacked flights. The 9/11 Commission As United 93 left Newark, the flight’s crew mem- found no evidence, however, that American Airlines bers were unaware of the hijacking of American 11. sent any cockpit warnings to its aircraft on 9/11. Around 9:00, the FAA, American, and United were © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLCUnited’s first decisive action© Jones to notify & Bartlett its airborne Learning, air- LLC facing the staggering realization of apparent multiple craft to take defensive action did not come until 9:19, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION hijackings. At 9:03, they would see another aircraft when a United flight dispatcher, Ed Ballinger, took strike the World Trade Center. Crisis managers at the the initiative to begin transmitting warnings to his 16 FAA and the airlines did not yet act to warn other air- transcontinental flights: “Beware any cockpit intru- craft. At the same time, Boston Center realized that a sion. Two a/c [aircraft] hit World Trade Center.” One message© Jones transmitted & Bartlett just Learning, before 8:25 LLCby the hijacker of the flights© Jones that received& Bartlett the Learning,warning was LLCUnited 93. pilotNOT of FOR American SALE 11 ORincluded DISTRIBUTION the phrase, “We have BecauseNOT Ballinger FOR was SALE still ORresponsible DISTRIBUTION for his other some planes.” flights as well as Flight 175, his warning message was No one at the FAA or the airlines that day had ever not transmitted to Flight 93 until 9:23. dealt with multiple hijackings. Such a plot had not By all accounts, the first 46 minutes of Flight 93’s been carried out anywhere in the world in more than cross country trip proceeded routinely. Radio com- © Jones & Bartlett30 years andLearning, never in theLLC United States. As news of© the Jones munications & Bartlett from Learning, the plane LLC were normal. Heading, NOT FOR SALEhijackings OR DISTRIBUTIONfiltered through the FAA and the airlines,NOT FORspeed, SALE and ORaltitude DISTRIBUTION ran according to plan. At 9:24, it does not seem to have occurred to their leadership Ballinger’s warning to United 93 was received in the that they needed to alert other aircraft in the air that cockpit. Within 2 minutes, at 9:26, the pilot, Jason they too might be at risk. Dahl, responded with a note of puzzlement: “Ed, con- United 175 was© Joneshijacked & between Bartlett 8:42 Learning, and 8:46, LLCfirm latest mssg plz. Jason.”© Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC and awareness of NOTthat hijacking FOR SALE began OR to spread DISTRIBUTION after The hijackers attackedNOT atFOR 9:28. SALE While OR traveling DISTRIBUTION 8:51. American 77 was hijacked between 8:51 and 8:54. 35,000 feet above eastern Ohio, United 93 suddenly By 9:00, FAA and airline officials began to compre- dropped 700 feet. Eleven seconds into the descent, the hend that attackers were going after multiple aircraft. FAA’s air traffic control center in Cleveland received American Airlines’ nationwide ground stop began the first of two radio transmissions from the aircraft. between© Jones 9:05 & andBartlett 9:10 and Learning, was followed LLC by a United During© the Jones first broadcast,& Bartlett the Learning, captain or firstLLC officer AirlinesNOT FOR ground SALE stop. OR FAA DISTRIBUTION controllers at Boston could beNOT heard FOR declaring SALE “Mayday!” OR DISTRIBUTION amid the sounds Center, which had tracked the first two hijackings, of a physical struggle in the cockpit. The second radio requested at 9:07 that Herndon Command Center transmission, 35 seconds later, indicated that the fight “get messages to airborne aircraft to increase security was continuing. The captain or first officer could be © Jones & Bartlettfor the cockpit.” Learning, There LLC is no evidence that Herndon© Jones heard & Bartlett shouting: Learning, “Hey, get out LLC of here! Get out of here! NOT FOR SALEtook suchOR DISTRIBUTIONaction. Boston Center immediately beganNOT FORGet SALEout of here!” OR DISTRIBUTION © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

xxvi Prologue

© Jones &On Bartlett the morning Learning, of 9/11, LLC there were only 37 pas- © Jonesplane was & returning Bartlett to Learning, the airport, andLLC that they should sengers on United 93—33 in addition to the 4 hijack ers. remain seated. While it apparently was not heard by NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FORThis SALE was below OR the DISTRIBUTION norm for a Tuesday morning during the passengers, this announcement, like those on the summer of 2001. But there is no evidence that the Flight 11 and Flight 77, was intended to deceive the hijackers manipulated passenger levels or purchased passengers. Jarrah, like Atta earlier, may have inadver- additional seats to facilitate their operation. tently broadcast the message because he did not know The terrorists who© hijacked Jones three & Bartlett other commer Learning,- how LLC to operate the radio and the© Jones intercom. & AccordingBartlett Learning, LLC cial flights on 9/11 operatedNOT FORin five-man SALE teams. OR DISTRIBUTION They to the 9/11 Commission, noneNOT of them FOR had SALE ever flown OR DISTRIBUTION initiated their cockpit takeover within 30 minutes an actual airliner before. of takeoff. On Flight 93, however, the takeover took At least two callers from the flight reported that place 46 minutes after takeoff and there were only four the hijackers knew that passengers were making calls hijackers.© JonesThe operative & Bartlett likely Learning,intended to roundLLC out but did not seem© Jones to care. &It isBartlett quite possible Learning, that Jarra LLCh the team for this flight, Mohamed al Kahtani, had been knew of the success of the assault on the World Trade NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION refused entry by a suspicious immigration inspector at Center. He could have learned of this from messages Florida’s Orlando International Airport in August. being sent by United Airlines to the cockpits of its Because several passengers on United 93 described transcontinental flights, including Flight 93, warn- three hijackers on the plane, not four, some have won- ing of cockpit intrusion and telling of the New York © Jonesdered & Bartlett whether Learning,one of the hijackers LLC had been able to © Jonesattacks. &But Bartlett even without Learning, them, heLLC would certainly NOT FORuse SALEthe cockpit OR jump DISTRIBUTION seat from the outset of the flight. NOThave FOR understood SALE thatOR theDISTRIBUTION attacks on the World Trade FAA rules allow use of this seat by documented and Center would already have unfolded, given Flight 93’s approved individuals, usually air carrier or FAA per- tardy departure from Newark. If Jarrah did know that sonnel. There is no evidence indicating that one of the the passengers were making calls, it might not have hijackers, or anyone else,© Jonessat there & on Bartlett this flight. Learning, All occurred LLC to him that they were© Jonescertain to & learn Bartlett what Learning, LLC of the hijackers had assigned seats in first class, and had happened in New York, thereby defeating his NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION they seem to have used them. It is more likely that attempts at deception. Jarrah, the crucial pilot-trained member of their team, At least 10 passengers and two crew members remained seated and inconspicuous until after the shared vital information with family, friends, col- cockpit was seized; and once inside, he would not have leagues, or others on the ground. All understood that been visible© Jones to the &passengers. Bartlett Learning, LLC the plane had© been Jones hijacked. & Bartlett They said Learning, the hijack LLCers At NOT9:32, FORa hijacker, SALE probably OR DISTRIBUTION Jarrah, made or wielded knivesNOT and FOR claimed SALE to haveOR DISTRIBUTIONa bomb. The attempted to make the following announcement to the hijackers were wearing red bandanas, and they forced passengers of Flight 93: “Ladies and gentlemen: Hear the passengers to the back of the aircraft. the captain, please sit down keep remaining sitting. We Callers reported that a passenger had been have a bomb on board. So, sit.” The flight data recorder stabbed and that two people were lying on the floor of © Jones(also & Bartlett recovered) Learning, indicates that LLC Jarrah then instructed © Jonesthe cabin, & injuredBartlett or Learning,dead—possibly LLC the captain and NOT FORthe SALEplane’s autopilotOR DISTRIBUTION to turn the aircraft around and NOTfirst FOR officer. SALE One OR caller DISTRIBUTION reported that a flight attendant head east. had been killed. The cockpit voice recorder data indicates that a One of the callers from United 93 also reported woman, most likely a flight attendant, was being held that he thought the hijackers might possess a gun, captive in the cockpit. She© Jones struggled & Bartlettwith one ofLearning, the but LLC none of the other callers© reported Jones the& Bartlettpresence Learning, LLC hijackers who killed or otherwiseNOT FOR silenced SALE her. OR DISTRIBUTIONof a firearm. One recipient ofNOT a call FOR from SALEthe aircraft OR DISTRIBUTION Shortly thereafter, the passengers and flight crew recounted specifically asking her caller whether the began a series of calls from GTE airphones and cel- hijackers had guns. The passenger replied that he did lular phones. These calls between family, friends, and not see one. No evidence of firearms or of their iden- colleagues took place until the end of the flight and tifiable remains was found at the aircraft’s crash site, provided© Jonesthose on &the Bartlett ground with Learning, firsthand LLC accounts. and the cockpit© Jonesvoice recorder & Bartlett gives no Learning, indication ofLLC a They NOTenabled FOR the passengersSALE OR to DISTRIBUTIONgain critical informa- gun being firedNOT or FORmentioned SALE at anyOR time. DISTRIBUTION We believe tion, including the news that two aircraft had slammed that if the hijackers had possessed a gun, they would into the World Trade Center. have used it in the flight’s last minutes as the passen- At 9:39, the FAA’s Cleveland Air Route Traffic gers fought back. © JonesControl & Bartlett Center Learning, overheard LLCa second announcement © JonesPassengers & Bartlett on three Learning, flights reported LLC the hijackers’ NOT FORindicating SALE thatOR there DISTRIBUTION was a bomb on board, that the NOTclaim FOR of having SALE a ORbomb. DISTRIBUTION The FBI said they found no © Jones & Bartlett Learning LLC, an Ascend Learning Company. NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION.

Prologue xxvii

© Jones & Bartletttrace of explosivesLearning, at theLLC crash sites. One of the pas© Jones- When & Bartlett they all Learning,come, we finish LLC it off.” The sounds sengers who mentioned a bomb expressed his belief of fighting continued outside of the cockpit. Again, NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALEthat itOR was DISTRIBUTION not real. Lacking any evidence that the Jarrah pitched the nose of the aircraft up and down. hijackers attempted to smuggle such illegal items past At 10:00:26, a passenger in the background yelled, the security screening checkpoints, it is believed that “. . . in the cockpit. If we don’t, we’ll die!” Sixteen the bombs were probably not real. seconds later, a passenger yelled, “Roll it!” Jarrah During at least© Jones five of& BartlettFlight 93’s Learning, passengers’ LLC stopped the violent maneuvers© Jones at about& Bartlett 10:01:00 Learning, and LLC phone calls, informationNOT FOR was sharedSALE about OR theDISTRIBUTION attacks said, “Allah is the greatest!NOT Allah FOR is SALEthe greatest!” OR DISTRIBUTION He that had occurred earlier that morning at the World then asked another hijacker in the cockpit, “Is that Trade Center. Five calls described the intent of pas- it? I mean, shall we put it down?” to which the other sengers and surviving crew members to revolt against replied, “Yes, put it in it, and pull it down.” the© Joneshijackers. & AccordingBartlett Learning,to one call, LLCthey voted on The© Jonespassengers & Bartlettcontinued Learning, their assault LLC and at whether to rush the terrorists in an attempt to retake 10:02:23, a hijacker yelled, “Pull it down! Pull it down!” NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION the plane. They decided and acted. The hijackers remained at the controls but must have At 9:57, the passenger assault began. Several pas- judged that the passengers were only seconds from sengers had terminated phone calls with loved ones overcoming them. The airplane headed down; the con- in order to join the revolt. One of the callers ended trol wheel was turned hard to the right. The airplane © Jones & Bartletther message Learning, as follows: LLC “Everyone’s running up to first© Jones rolled & Bartlett onto its Learning,back, and one LLC of the hijackers began NOT FOR SALEclass. ORI’ve gotDISTRIBUTION to go. Bye.” NOT FORshouting SALE “Allah OR isDISTRIBUTION the greatest! Allah is the greatest!” The cockpit voice recorder captured the sounds of With the sounds of the passenger counterattack con- the passenger assault muffled by the intervening cock- tinuing, the aircraft plowed into an empty field in pit door. Some family members who later listened to Shanksville, Pennsylvania, at 580 miles per hour, about the recording report© Jonesthat they & could Bartlett hear the Learning, voice of a LLC20 minutes’ flying time ©from Jones Washington, & Bartlett DC. Learning, LLC loved one among the din. The 9/11 Commission could Jarrah’s objective was to crash the airliner into NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION NOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION not identify the specific voices. symbols of the American Republic, the U.S. Capitol, In response, Jarrah immediately began to roll the or the White House. He was defeated by the unarmed airplane to the left and right, attempting to knock the passengers of United 93. passengers off balance. At 9:58:57, Jarrah told another hijacker© Jones in the& Bartlettcockpit to Learning, block the door. LLC Jarrah con- © Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC tinuedNOT toFOR roll theSALE airplane OR sharply DISTRIBUTION left and right, but the ▸▸ EndnotesNOT FOR SALE OR DISTRIBUTION assault continued. At 9:59:52, Jarrah changed tactics and pitched the nose of the airplane up and down to The prologue is based on the9/11 Commission Report. disrupt the assault. The recorder captured the sounds See National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon of loud thumps, crashes, shouts, and breaking glasses the United States. (2004). The 9/11 Commission Report: © Jones & Bartlettand plates. Learning, At 10:00:03, LLC Jarrah stabilized the airplane.© JonesFinal & Bartlett Report of Learning,the National LLCCommission on Terrorist NOT FOR SALEFive OR seconds DISTRIBUTION later, Jarrah asked, “Is that it? ShallNOT FORAttacks SALE Upon OR the DISTRIBUTION United States (Authorized Edition). we finish it off?” A hijacker responded, “No. Not yet. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc.