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Altitudinal Effect on Diversity and Distribution of Araceae in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand

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Altitudinal Effect on Diversity and Distribution of Araceae in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology B 9 (2019) 49-59 doi: 10.17265/2161-6264/2019.01.005 D DAVID PUBLISHING Altitudinal Effect on Diversity and Distribution of Araceae in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand Oraphan Sungkajanttranon1, Dokrak Marod2, Sahanat Petchsri1, Kritsiam Kongsatree3, Anothai Peankonchong3, Thunthicha Chotpiseksit1 and Benjawan Supnuam1 1. Faculty of Liberal Arts and Science, Kasetsart University, Kamphaeng Saen Campus, Nakhon Pathom 73140, Thailand 2. Faculty of Forestry, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand 3. Protected Area Regional Office 16, Mueang, Chiang Mai, 50000, Thailand Abstract: The relationships between Araceae diversity and altitude gradients in mountain ecosystem at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand, were studied during January 2016-March 2018. The strip-plots, 10 m × 1,000 m along the five nature trails, were established from 300-500, 501-800, 801-1,100, 1,101-1,400, 1,401-1,685 m above mean sea level (amsl). Twenty species of 11 genera were found. Alocasia navicularis and Lemna sp. were found at 300-500 m amsl, wild taro (Colocasia esculenta) was at 300-800 m amsl, A. acuminata was at 300-1,400 m amsl, while Amorphophallus krausei, Hapaline benthamiana, Lasia spinosa, Rhaphidophora chevalieri and R. megaphylla were at 501-800 m amsl, but dwarf taro (C. affinis) was at 501-1,400 m amsl, Homalomena aromatica was at 801-1,100 m amsl, A. fuscus, A. thaiensis were at 801-1,685 m amsl, A. yunnanensis was at 1,101-1,685 m amsl, only five species, Arisaema consanguineum, A. kerrii, Remusatia hookeriana, R. peepla and Sauromatum horsfieldii were found at 1,401-1,685 m amsl. Species diversity in the rainy season was the highest (1.75), the top five dominant species were dwarf taro (C. affinis), wild taro (C. esculenta), A. fuscus, A. acuminata and A. thaiensis (importance value index (IVI%): 61.54, 24.13, 17.12, 16.52 and 9.60, respectively). In dry season, the dominant species was wild taro. The altitude gradients showed the main effect on diversity and distribution of Araceae. Key words: Araceae, altitude gradients, Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, mountain ecosystem. 1. Introduction cover the protected areas and natural areas. This family is not in the three appendices of classification and Araceae in Thailand has been used for food, permit requirements of Thailand by the Convention on medicinal herb and ornamental plant for a long time [1, International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) [6]. 2]. Many species are the native plants or endemic Local people can collect all parts easily for cooking species, while many species are the exotic [3]. Araceae food, making herbal medicine, decorating house and all over Thailand was recorded 26 genera 209 species selling vegetation to the ornamental markets both in the journal Flora of Thailand, volume 11, part two: inside and outside Thailand [7]. Acoraceae and Araceae [4] and almost 70 species in The wide protected area, national park is like the Northern Thailand were published. In Thailand, plant museum of living plant specimens, because it has many species have been surveyed and reported since 1922 [5], forest types and high biodiversity of flora and fauna. In but the database of specific area and species do still not 2008-2012, Araceae species were studied in the national parks of Kanchanaburi Province [8-12]. Doi Corresponding author: Oraphan Sungkajanttranon, assistant professor, research fields: environmental impacts of Inthanon National Park, one of the most famous agriculture and forestry. protected areas in Chiang Mai Province, the highest 50 Altitudinal Effect on Diversity and Distribution of Araceae in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, Chiang Mai Province in Thailand mountaintop of Thailand, was surveyed for recording Pui summit for hiking and camping or walking along growth and distribution of Araceae between 2014 and the nature trails to visit the waterfalls all year. Thus, 2016 [13]. Twenty three species were found from terrestrial plants like Araceae can be harmed easily and 300-2,565 m above mean sea level (amsl). The study of the status of most species in Thailand are still at least Araceae species had less data, then was interested to concern by the category of the International Union for record more data at Doi Suthep-Pui National Park Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), (18°42′ N-19°07′ N, 98°45′ E-98°57′ E), Chiang Mai in the IUCN Red List of Threated Species [19]. Province, Northern Thailand (Fig. 1), the area is 261.06 From these reasons, this study needed to know about km2 [14]. Many researchers found many species of the altitudinal effect on diversity and distribution of plants, animals, microorganisms and also reported Araceae in this mountain ecosystem. The about plant ecology, plant community and ethnobotany environmental effect and ecological service to the local in this area [15, 16], but had less database about people or tourist are threat to this family or have no Araceae ecology [5]. The local people cannot collect effect from these problems. The results must record the species in the national park, but they can collect or keep database and be applied to plan sustainable out many species from agricultural area or natural area conservation of plant resources in this protected area outside the protected area which had no permit from and the other national parks in the future. the government. Then, Araceae richness should be 2. Materials and Methods higher in the national park than the other areas. The very high mountain ranges in Chiang Mai and other The study area is in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, nearby are a part of Himalaya Mountains, the unique locates in the west of Chiang Mai Province in mountain ecosystems in Northern Thailand [14], and Thailand. The head office location is at 184834 N, should be sustainably conserved for biodiversity and 985457 E and covers 261.06 km2 in Mueng district community services [17]. Thus, Doi Suthep and Doi and Mae Rim district (Fig. 1). Average rainfall is Pui in this national park were also suitable and aimed to 1,350-2,500 mm per year, it rains average 139 d per study about the altitudinal effect and compared year. Average temperature is 20-23 C and lowest diversity and distribution of Araceae to Doi Inthanon temperature is 6 C in the winter. Average of relative National Park which are in the different part of Thanon humidity is 70%-80% all year. The study sites were Thong Chai Range [13]. surveyed for planning from January to December In addition, Doi Suthep-Pui is one of the most 2016 [20] and recorded data from March 2017 to famous national parks in Thailand, because of the March 2018. location in the city, comfortable temperature, good 2.1 Study Site scene mountains view, green forests, wonderful and strange vegetation, graceful waterfalls, beautiful and The strip plots, 10 m × 1,000 m were established in charming palace, many government offices, peaceful every 300 m amsl, from 300-1,685 m amsl, along the villages and temples of local people [14, 18]. five nature trails (Fig. 1). Zone 1 started at 184842 Nevertheless, the very good highway, the taking care of N, 985640 E, 300-500 m amsl along Huey Kaew the tourist police and the authority of the national park Waterfall nature trail. Zone 2 started at 1849′01 N, can promote the tourist to visit here. The tourists are 985533 E, 501-800 m amsl along Montha Tharn favorite to cyclinging, biking and driving from Chiang Waterfall nature trail. Zone 3 started at 184833 N, Mai city to tourist attractions along the highway to the 985455 E, 801-1,100 m amsl along Sai Thong famous temple, Wat Phra Tat Doi Suthep until to Doi Waterfall nature trail. Zone 4 started at 184825 N, Altitudinal Effect on Diversity and Distribution of Araceae in Doi Suthep-Pui National Park, 51 Chiang Mai Province in Thailand 985435 E, 1,101-1,400 m amsl along Huey Khok camera. Crop species were especially classified out of Mah nature trail. Zone 5 started at 184922 N, this study by using Araceae text books, Flora of 985336 E, 1,401-1,685 m amsl along Doi Pui Thailand (journal), Flora of China (journal), Kew, the Summit nature trail. Royal Botanic Gardens website and the International Forest type at the elevation below 1,000 m amsl is Aroid Society website. The data of individual deciduous dipterocarp forest and dry evergreen forest, numbers, forest types and environmental changing in and the forest type above 1,000 m amsl is lower all seasons were recorded. Species specimen were montane forest. Common trees in deciduous forest and collected and dried to preserve at the Forest evergreen forest were in family Dipterocarpaceae, Herbarium, Department of National Park, Wildlife and Fagaceae and Magnoliaceae. Zone 1 was in deciduous Plant Conservation, Bangkok, Thailand. dipterocarp forest, soil type was sandy soil, pale brown, well drainage and less organic matter. Zones 2 2.3 Data Analysis Method and 3 were in dry evergreen forest, soil type is sandy Species diversity of Araceae in each zone was loam soil, reddish brown, thin layer of litter on the analyzed based on the Shannon Wiener index, H′ at surface soil, the plot along the stream had soil the first equation [21]: moisture content all year. Zones 4 and 5 were in lower S montane forest. Soil type of zone 4 was sandy loam H′ = - pi lnpi (1) soil, but zone 5 has high relative humidity and is also i = 1 called “could forest”, soil type, loamy sand, dark where, H′ = the Shannon index; S = number of species; brown, thick layer of litter on the surface soil.
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