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Subject and Taxonomic Indices Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 469 Subject Index A Aspen Parkland, see ecoregions Abiotic factors, 58, 60, 61, 108, 110, 299 altitude, 126, 273, 278, 436 B precipitation, 5, 60, 62, 61, 107, 126, 245 Barriers, see Dispersal, barriers to soil temperature, 87, 106, 108, 273 Beringia (see also Ecoregions, Endemic species; soil moisture, 6, 60, 87, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109 Refugia) soil type, 6, 36, 38, 39, 98, 98, 101, 101, 103, connections and corridors, 30, 288, 293 103, 245, 247, 273, 275, 299, 432, 434 distributions, 241, 242, 243, 252, 255, 258, temperature, 6, 62, 106, 107, 109 260, 269, 276, 278, 286, 288, 293 weather, 6, 61, 270 ecozone, see Ecozones Abundances (see also chapter accounts for elements, 279, 292 individual species) origins of the fauna, 247 changes, 39, 58, 61, 65, 76, 77, 79, 111, 186 refugia or refugium, 241 patterns, 60, 72, 74, 98, 101, 183, 273, 289, 436 Biodiversity (and also see checklists in each population, 7, 38, 76 chapter), 2, 6, 7, 38, 40, 41, 88, 170, 271, 299, relative, 71 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 399, 400, 408, 413 ACFOR classification, 44, 45, 56, 69 Biogeoclimatic zone, 274, 276, 277 Activity Biogeographical elements or patterns, 8-30, 58, 87, daily, 37, 270 101, 173, 241, 248, 257-260, 257, 264, 279, in specific habitats, 6, 36, 58, 78 292-294, 319, 323 flight, 4, 31, 33, 36, 106, 172, 182, 292 Biological control running, 32, 33 by carabidae, 5, 7, 36 seasonal, 4, 40-41, 62, 63, 69, 70, 72, 87, 98, by lepidoptera, 183 105, 107, 109, 124, 286, 290, 436, 438 by parasitoids, 324, 399, 400, 408, 409, 410, Adaptations 411, 412, 413, 414, for burrowing, 32 by weevils, 145, 146, 149 for defence, 32, 87, 120, 171, 172, 284, 285, Biome, 146, 241, 246, 247, 256, 259, 260, 278, 279 306, 400, 435 Boreal, see Ecoregion: Boreal Plains, or Boreal for feeding, 32, 36, 173, 270, 284, 285, 440 Shield, or Boreal Transition for pollen removal or transport, 439, 440 Boreal habitats, 253, 256, 262 to seasonality, see Activity, or Life cycles and Boreal or boreal-forest species, 179, 269, 276, 278, Life Histories 284, 292 to temperature, 4, 247, 286, 435, 438 Boreal remnant grasslands, 264 to specific habitats, 33 agricultural, 253 C arid habitats, 172 Checklists of species forest habitats, 285, 286 Coleoptera (beetles) Adventive species, 7, 28, 29, 30, 36, 58, 69, 70, 71, Carabidae (ground beetles), 8-29 72, 76, 79, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151 Curculionoidea (weevils), 151-163 Aggregating, 106, 435 Elateridae (click beetles), 90-95 Agriculture Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles), 122-123 effects of grazing, 40, 42, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, Diptera, Asilidae (robber flies), 279-282 65, 67, 68, 75, 77, 79, 186, 273, 299, 302 Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps) land conversion to, 185, 235, 243, 277, 319, Apidoidea (bees), 445-458 401, 430 Braconididae (braconid wasps), 402-408 pests and their impacts, pest control, 5, 33, 36, Formicidae (ants), 301 88, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, Ichneumonidae (ichneumonid wasps), 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 144, 145, 145, 325-391 146, 171, 172, 182, 302, 318, 324, 399, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 187-234, 400, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 249-251 sustainable, 73, 400 Cleptoparasites (and see Parasitic interactions), 430, Alvar, 60, 184, 259, 260 436, 437, 438, 441-445, 452-457 Anthropogenic or Human impacts, 30, 149, 182, Climate change, 79, 183, 247, 256, 259, 262, 273, 408 183, 273 Climate, effects on distributions, 38, 79, 146, 178, Arctic, see Distributions 180, 182, 245, 252, 257, 258, 259, 262, 270 Aridity, Arid habitats, see Habitats Climate models, 247 470 D. J. Giberson and H. A. Cárcamo Coastal, see Distributions human-aided, 30, 182 Collecting effort, 6, 71 migrants or migratory, 106, 172, 182, 187 Collecting or collections examined (see also post-glacial, 241, 247, 252, 256, 257, 260, 288 Sampling), 2, 6, 7, 39, 70, 71, 109, 170, 251, wind, 182 252, 271, 300, 400, 430 Dispersal patterns of specific taxa (and see Collecting, interpretation of catch-data, 1, 6, 7, 39, individual chapters) 67, 79, 80, 145, 303 Coleoptera (beetles) Collecting methods, see Sampling methods Carabidae (ground beetles), 30, 65 Collecting, needs for, or deficiencies of, or Elateridae (click beetles), 105, 106, 110 importance of adequate collecting programs, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 252, 256, 6, 39, 57 258 Colonization, or postglacial colonization (see also Distribution or distributional categories, elements Dispersal) or patterns, also see checklist tables for barriers to, 258 individual species post-glacial, 169, 241, 243, 247, 252, 256, 257, alpine or subalpine, 104, 256, 258, 259, 260, 260, 264, 288 265, 285, 286 in specific habitats, 32 arctic, 242, 243, 252, 289 seasonal, 172 beringian, 241, 242, 243, 252, 255, 258, 260, Composition of the fauna, see Checklists 260, 269, 276, 278, 281, 286, 288, 288 Conservation issues, strategies, or status, boreal, 30, 40-42, 103, 149, 173, 178, 180, 183, COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of 235, 253, 260-261, 262, 263, 264, 269, Endangered Wildlife in Canada), 78, 180, 276, 278, 284, 285, 286, 292, 293, 401 181, 184, 185, 186, 272, 273, 276, 290 coastal endangered, extinct, extirpated, or threatened arctic or Yukon, 242 species, 77, 78, 79, 110, 134, 143, 145, pacific or western or southwestern or 146, 169, 180, 181, 182, 184,185-186, British Columbia, 30, 269, 276, 290, 400, 430, 436 277, 279, 284, 285, 286, 286, 288, habitat, 1, 79, 186, 243, 400 288, 293, 293 species, 78, 79, 80, 241 Atlantic or eastern, 7, 28, 29, 30, 30, 31, status, Asilidae (robber flies), 272, 273 88, 182, 183, 284, 292, 293, 436 status, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 173, Cordilleran, 145, 173, 177, 178, 179, 182, 235, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 241, 263, 264 241, 242, 243, 252, 253, 253, 255, 256, Continental ice-sheet, see Ice-sheets 257, 258, 258, 259, 260, 260, 262, 264, Control of agricultural pests 269, 269, 271, 273, 276, 276, 277, 279, biological control 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, by braconid wasps, 399, 400, 408, 409, 293, 293 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 Cosmopolitan, 414 by carabid beetles, 5, 7, 36 Eastern, 106, 173, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, by ichneumonid wasps, 320, 324 258, 259, 269, 277, 278, 283, 284, 285, controlling wireworms, 88, 110, 111 286, 290, 293, 294, 442 Conversion of grasslands, 38, 78, 185, 235, 243, 277, Great Plains/Great Basin, 31, 32, 79, 178, 180, 400, 430 181, 181, 182, 242, 243, 247, 249, 252, Cordillera or Cordilleran, see Ecozones 256, 257, 257, 258, 258, 259, 260, 265, Corridors, see Dispersal 269, 276, 277, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, Cypress Hills, see Ecoregions: Cypress Hills Uplands 290, 292, 293, 303, 312 Great Sand Hills, 182, 289, 292, 306 D Holarctic, 28-30, 151, 269, 284, 285, 288, Declines 292, 323 in populations, 111, 180, 186, 443 Montane, 28-30, 31, 104, 124, 173, 178, 179, in pollinators, 443, 444 182, 183, 235, 241, 242, 245, 247, 252, Disease agents or carriers, 110, 111, 144, 146 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 265, Disjunct, 173, 179, 242, 246, 249, 250, 252, 253, 273, 276, 278, 279, 284, 285, 293 255-265 Nearctic, 28-30, 31, 87, 284, 285, 292, 317, Dispersal, abilities or lack of abilities for, 30, 65, 322, 323 105, 252 Palearctic, 28-30, 269, 276, 288, 293, 320 barriers to, 182, 258 Northern, 72, 173, 178, 252, 271, 278, 284, corridors, 30, 247, 250-251, 256, 257, 260, 285, 289, 292 288, 293, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 471 Southern, Western, Northwestern, or Tallgrass Prairie42, 58, 75, 77, 104, 178, 180, southwestern, 150, 178, 182, 235, 252, 181, 186, 235, 272, 278, 288, 292, 414 269, 294, 436 Ecozones Distributions Montane Cordillera, 145, 173, 178, 179, 182, disjunct distributions, 173, 179, 242, 246, 249, 235, 273, 276 250, 252, 253, 255-265 Prairies, 2, 3, 5, 7, 30-39, 39, 68, 69, 72, 74, 75, endemic, 31, 32, 38, 145, 147, 148, 150, 178, 78, 79, 169, 171, 172, 173, 177-183, 185, 179, 246, 253, 258, 259, 261, 264, 262, 186, 235, 256, 273, 275, 277, 278, 285, 400, 427 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 399, influences of climate change, 79, 180, 183, 400, 401, 408-414, 430-443 247, 256, 257, 259, 262, 273, Mixedwood Plains, 179, 245, 253, 427, 430, limiited by hosts, 145, 146, 150, 173, 186, 248, 431, 432, 436, 437, 438 252, 259, 262, 318, 320, 442 Boreal Plains, 1, 38, 69, 74, 77, 79, 103, 173, restricted distributions, 31, 36, 65, 119, 138, 175, 178, 179, 235, 277, 319 143, 145, 147, 148, 169, 173, 178, 181, Boreal Shield, 173, 178, 179, 235, 401 182, 187, 246, 253, 256, 258, 259, 262, Elements, faunal or biogeographical, 178, 179, 242, 277, 278, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 292, 247, 262, 279, 285, 290, 292, 294 293, 319, 323, 442, 443 Endangered species, see Conservation Issues range limits, 38, 58, 148, 171, 177, 179, 241, Endemic species, and habitats, 31, 32, 38, 145, 147, 243, 253, 258, 260, 262, 431, 436, 441 148, 150, 178, 179, 400, 427 species with wide or broad distributions, 31, Peace River region endemics, 246, 253, 259, 58, 98, 101, 147, 181, 183, 264, 273, 275, 261, 264 276, 279, 294 Grassland endemics, 32, 147, 178, 258, 262 Disturbance, 2, 71, 78, 186, 258, 273, 324 Extinct species or extinction, see Conservation issues Diversity, see checklists in each chapter Dry habitats, and species associated with them, see F Habitats, arid Facultative, 303, 304, 306, 318, 435 Dunes or sand, see Habitats, dunes Faunal change, 39, 58, 183, 300 Dung, see Habitats, dung Faunal elements, see Biogeographical Elements or Elements E Faunistic studies, see individual chapters Ecological
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