of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 469

Subject Index

A Aspen Parkland, see ecoregions Abiotic factors, 58, 60, 61, 108, 110, 299 altitude, 126, 273, 278, 436 B precipitation, 5, 60, 62, 61, 107, 126, 245 Barriers, see Dispersal, barriers to soil temperature, 87, 106, 108, 273 Beringia (see also Ecoregions, Endemic species; soil moisture, 6, 60, 87, 101, 106, 107, 108, 109 Refugia) soil type, 6, 36, 38, 39, 98, 98, 101, 101, 103, connections and corridors, 30, 288, 293 103, 245, 247, 273, 275, 299, 432, 434 distributions, 241, 242, 243, 252, 255, 258, temperature, 6, 62, 106, 107, 109 260, 269, 276, 278, 286, 288, 293 weather, 6, 61, 270 ecozone, see Ecozones Abundances (see also chapter accounts for elements, 279, 292 individual species) origins of the fauna, 247 changes, 39, 58, 61, 65, 76, 77, 79, 111, 186 refugia or refugium, 241 patterns, 60, 72, 74, 98, 101, 183, 273, 289, 436 Biodiversity (and also see checklists in each population, 7, 38, 76 chapter), 2, 6, 7, 38, 40, 41, 88, 170, 271, 299, relative, 71 317, 318, 322, 323, 324, 399, 400, 408, 413 ACFOR classification, 44, 45, 56, 69 Biogeoclimatic zone, 274, 276, 277 Activity Biogeographical elements or patterns, 8-30, 58, 87, daily, 37, 270 101, 173, 241, 248, 257-260, 257, 264, 279, in specific habitats, 6, 36, 58, 78 292-294, 319, 323 flight, 4, 31, 33, 36, 106, 172, 182, 292 Biological control running, 32, 33 by carabidae, 5, 7, 36 seasonal, 4, 40-41, 62, 63, 69, 70, 72, 87, 98, by , 183 105, 107, 109, 124, 286, 290, 436, 438 by parasitoids, 324, 399, 400, 408, 409, 410, Adaptations 411, 412, 413, 414, for burrowing, 32 by , 145, 146, 149 for defence, 32, 87, 120, 171, 172, 284, 285, Biome, 146, 241, 246, 247, 256, 259, 260, 278, 279 306, 400, 435 Boreal, see Ecoregion: Boreal Plains, or Boreal for feeding, 32, 36, 173, 270, 284, 285, 440 Shield, or Boreal Transition for pollen removal or transport, 439, 440 Boreal habitats, 253, 256, 262 to seasonality, see Activity, or Life cycles and Boreal or boreal-forest species, 179, 269, 276, 278, Life Histories 284, 292 to temperature, 4, 247, 286, 435, 438 Boreal remnant grasslands, 264 to specific habitats, 33 agricultural, 253 C arid habitats, 172 Checklists of species forest habitats, 285, 286 Coleoptera () Adventive species, 7, 28, 29, 30, 36, 58, 69, 70, 71, Carabidae (ground beetles), 8-29 72, 76, 79, 146, 147, 149, 150, 151 Curculionoidea (weevils), 151-163 Aggregating, 106, 435 Elateridae (click beetles), 90-95 Agriculture Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles), 122-123 effects of grazing, 40, 42, 57, 61, 62, 63, 64, Diptera, (robber ), 279-282 65, 67, 68, 75, 77, 79, 186, 273, 299, 302 (bees, ants, and wasps) land conversion to, 185, 235, 243, 277, 319, Apidoidea (bees), 445-458 401, 430 Braconididae (braconid wasps), 402-408 pests and their impacts, pest control, 5, 33, 36, Formicidae (ants), 301 88, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 104, 105, 106, Ichneumonidae (ichneumonid wasps), 107, 109, 110, 111, 119, 144, 145, 145, 325-391 146, 171, 172, 182, 302, 318, 324, 399, Lepidoptera ( and ), 187-234, 400, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 249-251 sustainable, 73, 400 Cleptoparasites (and see Parasitic interactions), 430, Alvar, 60, 184, 259, 260 436, 437, 438, 441-445, 452-457 Anthropogenic or Human impacts, 30, 149, 182, Climate change, 79, 183, 247, 256, 259, 262, 273, 408 183, 273 Climate, effects on distributions, 38, 79, 146, 178, Arctic, see Distributions 180, 182, 245, 252, 257, 258, 259, 262, 270 Aridity, Arid habitats, see Habitats Climate models, 247 470 D. J. Giberson and H. A. Cárcamo

Coastal, see Distributions human-aided, 30, 182 Collecting effort, 6, 71 migrants or migratory, 106, 172, 182, 187 Collecting or collections examined (see also post-glacial, 241, 247, 252, 256, 257, 260, 288 Sampling), 2, 6, 7, 39, 70, 71, 109, 170, 251, wind, 182 252, 271, 300, 400, 430 Dispersal patterns of specific taxa (and see Collecting, interpretation of catch-data, 1, 6, 7, 39, individual chapters) 67, 79, 80, 145, 303 Coleoptera (beetles) Collecting methods, see Sampling methods Carabidae (ground beetles), 30, 65 Collecting, needs for, or deficiencies of, or Elateridae (click beetles), 105, 106, 110 importance of adequate collecting programs, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 252, 256, 6, 39, 57 258 Colonization, or postglacial colonization (see also Distribution or distributional categories, elements Dispersal) or patterns, also see checklist tables for barriers to, 258 individual species post-glacial, 169, 241, 243, 247, 252, 256, 257, alpine or subalpine, 104, 256, 258, 259, 260, 260, 264, 288 265, 285, 286 in specific habitats, 32 arctic, 242, 243, 252, 289 seasonal, 172 beringian, 241, 242, 243, 252, 255, 258, 260, Composition of the fauna, see Checklists 260, 269, 276, 278, 281, 286, 288, 288 Conservation issues, strategies, or status, boreal, 30, 40-42, 103, 149, 173, 178, 180, 183, COSEWIC (Committee on the Status of 235, 253, 260-261, 262, 263, 264, 269, Endangered Wildlife in Canada), 78, 180, 276, 278, 284, 285, 286, 292, 293, 401 181, 184, 185, 186, 272, 273, 276, 290 coastal endangered, extinct, extirpated, or threatened arctic or Yukon, 242 species, 77, 78, 79, 110, 134, 143, 145, pacific or western or southwestern or 146, 169, 180, 181, 182, 184,185-186, British Columbia, 30, 269, 276, 290, 400, 430, 436 277, 279, 284, 285, 286, 286, 288, habitat, 1, 79, 186, 243, 400 288, 293, 293 species, 78, 79, 80, 241 Atlantic or eastern, 7, 28, 29, 30, 30, 31, status, Asilidae (robber flies), 272, 273 88, 182, 183, 284, 292, 293, 436 status, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 173, Cordilleran, 145, 173, 177, 178, 179, 182, 235, 180, 182, 184, 185, 186, 241, 263, 264 241, 242, 243, 252, 253, 253, 255, 256, Continental ice-sheet, see Ice-sheets 257, 258, 258, 259, 260, 260, 262, 264, Control of agricultural pests 269, 269, 271, 273, 276, 276, 277, 279, biological control 283, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, 290, 292, by braconid wasps, 399, 400, 408, 409, 293, 293 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 Cosmopolitan, 414 by carabid beetles, 5, 7, 36 Eastern, 106, 173, 177, 178, 180, 182, 183, by ichneumonid wasps, 320, 324 258, 259, 269, 277, 278, 283, 284, 285, controlling wireworms, 88, 110, 111 286, 290, 293, 294, 442 Conversion of grasslands, 38, 78, 185, 235, 243, 277, Great Plains/Great Basin, 31, 32, 79, 178, 180, 400, 430 181, 181, 182, 242, 243, 247, 249, 252, Cordillera or Cordilleran, see Ecozones 256, 257, 257, 258, 258, 259, 260, 265, Corridors, see Dispersal 269, 276, 277, 284, 285, 286, 288, 289, Cypress Hills, see Ecoregions: Cypress Hills Uplands 290, 292, 293, 303, 312 Great Sand Hills, 182, 289, 292, 306 D Holarctic, 28-30, 151, 269, 284, 285, 288, Declines 292, 323 in populations, 111, 180, 186, 443 Montane, 28-30, 31, 104, 124, 173, 178, 179, in pollinators, 443, 444 182, 183, 235, 241, 242, 245, 247, 252, Disease agents or carriers, 110, 111, 144, 146 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 265, Disjunct, 173, 179, 242, 246, 249, 250, 252, 253, 273, 276, 278, 279, 284, 285, 293 255-265 Nearctic, 28-30, 31, 87, 284, 285, 292, 317, Dispersal, abilities or lack of abilities for, 30, 65, 322, 323 105, 252 Palearctic, 28-30, 269, 276, 288, 293, 320 barriers to, 182, 258 Northern, 72, 173, 178, 252, 271, 278, 284, corridors, 30, 247, 250-251, 256, 257, 260, 285, 289, 292 288, 293, Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 471

Southern, Western, Northwestern, or Tallgrass Prairie42, 58, 75, 77, 104, 178, 180, southwestern, 150, 178, 182, 235, 252, 181, 186, 235, 272, 278, 288, 292, 414 269, 294, 436 Ecozones Distributions Montane Cordillera, 145, 173, 178, 179, 182, disjunct distributions, 173, 179, 242, 246, 249, 235, 273, 276 250, 252, 253, 255-265 Prairies, 2, 3, 5, 7, 30-39, 39, 68, 69, 72, 74, 75, endemic, 31, 32, 38, 145, 147, 148, 150, 178, 78, 79, 169, 171, 172, 173, 177-183, 185, 179, 246, 253, 258, 259, 261, 264, 262, 186, 235, 256, 273, 275, 277, 278, 285, 400, 427 318, 319, 320, 322, 323, 324, 325, 399, influences of climate change, 79, 180, 183, 400, 401, 408-414, 430-443 247, 256, 257, 259, 262, 273, Mixedwood Plains, 179, 245, 253, 427, 430, limiited by hosts, 145, 146, 150, 173, 186, 248, 431, 432, 436, 437, 438 252, 259, 262, 318, 320, 442 Boreal Plains, 1, 38, 69, 74, 77, 79, 103, 173, restricted distributions, 31, 36, 65, 119, 138, 175, 178, 179, 235, 277, 319 143, 145, 147, 148, 169, 173, 178, 181, Boreal Shield, 173, 178, 179, 235, 401 182, 187, 246, 253, 256, 258, 259, 262, Elements, faunal or biogeographical, 178, 179, 242, 277, 278, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 292, 247, 262, 279, 285, 290, 292, 294 293, 319, 323, 442, 443 Endangered species, see Conservation Issues range limits, 38, 58, 148, 171, 177, 179, 241, Endemic species, and habitats, 31, 32, 38, 145, 147, 243, 253, 258, 260, 262, 431, 436, 441 148, 150, 178, 179, 400, 427 species with wide or broad distributions, 31, Peace River region endemics, 246, 253, 259, 58, 98, 101, 147, 181, 183, 264, 273, 275, 261, 264 276, 279, 294 Grassland endemics, 32, 147, 178, 258, 262 Disturbance, 2, 71, 78, 186, 258, 273, 324 Extinct species or extinction, see Conservation issues Diversity, see checklists in each chapter Dry habitats, and species associated with them, see F Habitats, arid Facultative, 303, 304, 306, 318, 435 Dunes or sand, see Habitats, dunes Faunal change, 39, 58, 183, 300 Dung, see Habitats, dung Faunal elements, see Biogeographical Elements or Elements E Faunistic studies, see individual chapters Ecological Fecundity, 105, 106, 110 indicators, 2 Feeding habits, see Food habits requirements, 7, 8-9, 44, 88, 317, 435 Fescue grasslands, see Ecoregions: Fescue roles, 290, 299, 317, 430 grasslands Economic impacts or damages, 88, 89, 98, 103, 105, Fieldwork, see Collecting or Sampling 145, 172 Food or Feeding habits, Economic benefits, 399, 400, 409 herbivores, phytophagous, plant-feeding, 5, Ecoregions 35, 37, 77, 137, 144, 145, 180, 248, 299, Aspen Parkland, 33, 38, 70, 71, 74, 77, 103, 318, 400 106, 176, 178, 179, 180, 245, 275, 277, omnivores, 5, 32, 35, 37, 311 278, 286, 293, 318, 319, 320, 323 predators, 4, 5, 6, 32, 33, 35, 36, 37, 65, 70, 76, Boreal Transition, 1, 38, 69, 74, 75, 79 105, 120, 269, 270, 271, 299, 303, 304, Cypress Hills Upland, 1, 69, 79, 74, 145, 179, 305, 306, 318 319, 430, 438 fungivore, 5, 32, 33, 35, 108, 120, 138, 146 Fescue Grasslands, 1, 38, 69, 79, 104, 253, pollen-feeding, 127, 129, 428, 439, 440 302, 319 Food patterns by taxon (for specific information see Interlake Plain, 77 annotated lists) Lake Manitoba Plain, 42, 75, 104, 179, 180, Coleoptera (beetles) 277 Carabidae (ground beetles), 2, 5, 6, 32- Mixed Grassland, 33, 40-42, 57, 58, 60, 61, 68, 37, 65, 70 72, 74, 77, 103, 104, 106, 174, 175, 186, Curculionoidea (weevils), 144, 145-146, 246, 254, 277, 288, 290, 292, 299, 302 147, 148, 149 Moist Mixed Grassland, 40-41, 72, 74, 103, Elateridae (click beetles), 100, 106, 108, 104, 174, 175 109, 110 Rocky Mountain Trench, 274, 276, 286 Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles), 119, 120, Southwest Manitoba Uplands, 179, 319 126, 127, 129, 131, 133, 134, 137, 147 Diptera, Asilidae (robber flies), 269, 270-271, 289 472 D. J. Giberson and H. A. Cárcamo

Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps) dung, 65, 106, 133, 134, 136, 434 Apidoidea (bees), 427, 428, 439-440, grasses, 73, 172, 173, 178, 180, 181, 182, 183, Braconididae (braconid wasps), 400 241, 245, 253, 258, 262, 264, 275, 276, Formicidae (ants), 299, 302, 303, 304, 277, 285, 290, 300 305, 306, 310, 311, 318, forests and woodlands, 18, 19, 28, 30, 33, 36, Ichneumonidae (ichneumonid wasps), 318 58, 60, 61, 69, 75, 77, 79, 144, 149, 170, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 170, 171, 171, 173, 177, 178, 179, 180, 183, 235, 172, 173, 174, 180, 183, 253, 262, 263, 264 242, 246, 247, 252, 253, 257, 259, 261, Future/Further work needed 263, 269, 271, 272, 273, 274, 275, 277, Coleoptera (beetles) 278, 279, 284, 285, 286, 288, 290, 292, Carabidae (ground beetles), 1, 2, 78-80 293, 294, 303, 306, 309, 318, 319 Elateridae (click beetles), 110-111 fungi, 138 Diptera, Asilidae (robber flies), 272-273 litter, 6, 8-29, 60, 62, 128, 172, 416-419 Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps) miners, 171 Apidoidea (bees), 443-444 montane, 28-30, 31, 104, 242, 245, 247, 248, Braconididae (braconid wasps), 399, 252, 253, 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 262, 409, 414 262, 265, 278, 284, 285, 286, 290, 293 Ichneumonidae (ichneumonid wasps), ruderal, 147 317, 322, 324 saline, 31, 32 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 264 savanna, 178, 179, 277, 278, 284, 286, 288, 427 G shrubs or shrub-steppe, 129, 131, 146, 170, Geographical patterns, see Distribution patterns 173, 178, 180, 180, 235, 259, 259, 264, Glaciation, see Post-Glacial 274, 276, 286, 288, 303, 307, 323 Grasslands soils, 30, 36, 38, 39, 77, 87, 88, 98, 101, 103, development of, 258 104, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 119, 124, ecosystems, 1, 68, 69, 78, 79, 129, 133, 145, 145, 172, 245, 247, 271, 273, 289, 299, 173, 186, 272, 276, 299, 324, 400, 430 303, 304, 311, 312, 432, 434 fragmentation, 40, 73, 74, 75, 186, 247, 253, 261 urban, 30, 183, 278 soils, see Abiotic factors or Habitat Habitat specialists, 31, 37, 58, 173, 176, 178, 186, species, see Checklists 248, 252, 256, 263, 318, 427, 440, 443 threats to, 78, 7, 145, 186, 235, 272, 299, 430 Habitats or Habitat associations for individual taxa, Growth, rate or duration of, see Life cycles and see Checklists for specific taxa Life histories Coleoptera (beetles) Carabidae (ground beetles), 30,31,32-37, 38, H 77, 78 Habitat loss or alteration (also see Grasslands Curculionoidea (weevils), 146 fragmentation and threats), 74, 78, 79, 149, Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles), 119-120 186, 262, 273 Diptera, Asilidae (robber flies), 269, 273-276, 288 Habitats or Habitat associations, specific habitats Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps) agricultural, 30, 33, 38, 75, 100, 101, 148, 183, Apidoidea (bees), 428, 432, 434-435 253, 278, 323, 400, 430, 439 Braconididae (braconid wasps), 400 aquatic, 1, 3, 31, 33, 60, 146, 147, 148, 149, Formicidae (ants), 299-300 326, 327, 344, 345, 347, 352, 356 Ichneumonidae (ichneumonid wasps), 318, arid, 31, 32, 36, 37, 60, 79, 101, 105, 120, 148, 323-324 149, 172, 179, 180, 245, 246, 256, 256, Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 171, 183 259, 265, 269, 273, 274, 277, 288, 307 Host plants, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 149, 150, 171, borrers, 105, 171, 146, 183, 325, 334-337, 342- 174, 180, 180, 186, 248, 252, 259, 262-264, 442 353, 364-365, 378-379, 382-385, 390- Host , 303, 304, 305, 307, 308, 309, 310, 391, 410, 411, 311, 317, 318, 319, 320, 323-391, 400, 409, burrows, 6, 26-27, 32, 37, 131, 284, 435 410, 411, 416-417, 436, 437 cavities, 432, 434, 435, 445, 446, 447, 452, Host preferences and associations, 6, 36, 110, 145, 453, 454, 455 146, 147, 148, 148, 150, 171, 173, 174, 180, crops, 30, 73, 76, 78, 79, 88, 98, 101, 111, 119, 186, 248, 249-251, 252, 253, 256, 259, 261, 124, 144, 146, 299, 409, 410, 430, 439, 440 262-264, 300, 320, 323, 400, 436 dunes or sand, 6, 37, 58, 60, 78, 98, 121, 177, Human impacts, 30, 149, 182, 183, 185, 273 180, 182, 186, 235, 246, 252, 261, 274, 275, 276, 277, 278, 285, 286, 288, 289, 292, 304, 311, 323, 414, 434, 443 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 473

I P ice; see also Refugia; Dispersal, barriers to; and Pacific Coast, see Distributions, Coastal other specific topics Palaearctic, see Distributions Ice-front conditions or environments, 247, 257, 288 Pan trap, see Sampling methods Ice-sheet, 288, 247, 257 Parasites or parasitism, 4, 36, 318, 320, 399, 400, Idiobiosis or idiobiont, see Parasitism 410, 414, 433, 436, 438 Identification needs, identification aids, problems Parasitic relationships with identifications, 3, 71, 88, 111, 171, 172, cleptoparasites, 430, 436, 437, 438, 441, 442, 270, 271, 273, 279, 283, 283, 290, 290, 320, 443, 444, 445 321, 322, 322, 323, 324, 399, 400, 409, 412, ectoparasites, 36, 271, 400 413, 441, 443, 444 endoparasites, 322, 400 Identifications, incorrect or problems with, 89, 97, parasitoid (and see Chapters 9 and 10) 98, 270, 271, 273, 284, 444 ectoparasitoid, 36, 318, 321, 322, 410, impacts of pests on crops, see pests 412, 414 Introduced species, 7, 30, 106, 146, 149, 183, 187, endoparasitoid, 318, 321, 409, 410, 411, 253, 300, 320, 410, 434, 441, 443 412, 413 Invasive species or species invasions, 30, 79, 256, idiobiont, 318, 321, 400, 410, 412, 414 273, 300, 408 koinobiont, 318, 321, 400, 409, 410, 411, 412, 413, 414 K social parasite, 305, 309, 310, 436, 443, 445, Koinobiosis or koinobiont, see Parasitism 450, 451, 458 Parthenogenesis or parthenogenetic species, 105, 106 L Pests, Life cycles and Life Histories, economically important, 88, 89, 98, 100, 101, Coleoptera (beetles) 103, 105, 106, 109, 110, 172, 183 Carabidae (ground beetles), 4 important agricultural pests, 89, 100, 144, 171, Elateridae (click beetles), 105-108 318, 411 Diptera, Asilidae (robber flies), 271, 284, 286 Pesticides, 38, 40-42, 72, 73, 77, 79, 88, 89, 110, Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps) 111, 299 Apidoidea (bees), 435-439 Phoretic, 111 Braconididae (braconid wasps), 400 Pleistocene, see specific topics, e.g. Beringia; Ichneumonidae (ichneumonid wasps), 318 Refugia; post-glacial Limiting factors, 120, 146, 148, 182, 182, 186, 245, Pollen-feeding, see Feeding 253, 262, 262 Pollination, 145, 430, 434, 436, 439, 440, 443 Limits, see Distribution patterns Pollinator declines, 431, 430, 444 Loss of habit, see Habitat loss or alteration Postglacial or post-Pleistocene (also see Dispersal; Colonization), 241, 247, 252, 257, 260, 288 M Predators, predation or predaceous, see Feeding Migrations, see Dispersal Molecular studies, Bar-coding, Genetics, 3, 88, 89, R 103, 104, 110, 241, 253, 256-259, 263, 264, Range limit or geographical limit, see Distributions 322, 323, 324, 411, 415, 428, 436, 444 Rare species, 6, 31, 44, 60, 69, 70, 71, 77, 79, 88, Mountain or montane, see Ecoregions 134, 145, 148, 181, 262, 264, 272, 273, 275, Mutualistic, 300 276, 286, 292, 304, 400, 401, 412, 440 Refugia, 241, 247 N Relict or remnant prairie, 42, 58, 74, 75, 79, 177, Nearctic, see Distributions 181, 186, 253, 258, 261, 264, 277, 292, 414 Need for future work, see Future work needed Number of species, see checklists in each chapter S Sampling, see also Collections O Sampling, or collections examined, by taxonomic Obligate, 253, 259, 261, 318 group Origins of the fauna (see also Refugia; Dispersal), Coleoptera (beetles) 181, 241, 245, 247, 293 Carabidae (ground beetles), 6-7, 43, 57 Overwintering, 4, 105, 106, 107, 182, 271, 284, 286, Curculionoidea (weevils), 145 435, 438 Elateridae (click beetles), 89, 109-110 Tenebrionidae (darkling beetles), 120-121 474 D. J. Giberson and H. A. Cárcamo

Diptera, Asilidae (robber flies), 271-272 Hymenoptera (bees, ants, and wasps) Apidoidea (bees), 430 Braconididae (braconid wasps), 401 Formicidae (ants), 300 Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), 170, 248, 252 Sampling or data collection methods checklist examination, 87, 170, 248, 319, 320, 400, 408, 410 museum specimen examination, 39, 42, 57, 170, 252, 272, 300, 301, 318, 320, 323, 399, 401, 402, 408, 414, 415, 430 soil or litter sampling, 6, 39, 60, 77 trapping methods active or hand collecting, 4, 6, 58 light traps, 249, 416-419 malaise traps, 324, 411, 413 mark-recapture, 7, 40-41, 56, 69,106 pan traps, 57 pitfall traps, 1, 2, 6, 7, 38, 39, 40-42, 57, 60, 61, 62, 65, 67, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 79, 80 sweep netting, 77, 411, 413 Sand dunes or Sandhills, see Dunes Soil, see Habitats Species at risk, also see Conservation issues, 78, 110, 146, 184, 185, 186, 235, 436

T Taxonomic resources, 2, 170, 272, 413, 428, 441, 442, 443, 444 Taxonomic study, needs or problems, 96, 148, 150, 252, 264, 271, 284, 310, 324, 399, 400, 409, 412, 436, 442, 444 Temperature, 6, 61, 62, 87, 106, 107, 108, 109, 245, 273, 286 Threats, see Conservation issues Trapping, see Sampling Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 475

Taxonomic Index; listed alphabetically by within each order

Coleoptera, 8, 90, 122, 151 Melanotini, 95 Brachyceridae, 151 Physorhininae, 94 Erirhininae, 151 Pomachiliini, 95 Erirhinini, 151 Cardiophorinae, Stenopelmini, 151 Tenebrionidae, 122 Tanysphyrini, 152 Diaperinae, 123 Carabidae, 8 Pimeliinae, 122 Bembidiini, 12, 21, 25, 29 Tenebrioninae, 122 Brachinini, 16 , 152 Broscini, 25 , 152 Carabini, 17, 18 Acalyptini, 152 Chlaeniini, 18 Anthonomini, 152 Cicindelini, 19, 22 Curculionini, 153 Clivinini, 19, 28 Ellescini, 153 Cychrini, 27, 28 Mecinini, 154 Dyschiriini, 20 Rhamphini, 154 Elaphrini, 16, 22 Smicronychini, 154 Elaphrini, 22 Tychiini, 155 Galeritini, 22 Bagoinae, 155 Harpalini, 8, 11, 17, 19, 20, 22, 25, 26, 28 , 155 Lebiini, 11, 12, 17, 19, 20, 24, 25, 26, 29 Apostasimerini, 155 Lebiini, 17, 19, 24, 26, 28, 29 Baridini, 156 Licinini, 12,20 Madarini, 156 Loricerini, 25 , 156 Nebriini, 25 Ceutorhynchini, 156 Notiophilini, 25 Cnemogonini, 157 Omophrini, 25 Phytobiini, 157 Oodini, 24 Scleropterini, 158 Opisthiini, 25 , 158 Pasimachini, 26 Zygopini, 158 Patrobini, 20, 26 , 158 Platynini, 8, 11, 26, 27, 28 Cossonini, 158 Psydrini, 25 Rhyncolini, 158 Pterostichini, 27, 28 Cryptorhynchinae, 159 Sphodrini, 17, 29 Cryptorhynchini, 159 Trechini, 29 Cyclominae, 159 Zabrini, 9 Listroderini, 159 Dryophthoridae, 151 , 159 Rhynchophorinae, 151 Alophini, 159 Sphenophorini, 151 Hormorini, 160 Elateridae, 90 Ophryastini, 160 , 90 Otiorhynchini, 160 Agrypnini, 90 Peritelini, 160 Hemirhipini, 90 Phyllobiini, 160 Oophorini, 90 Polydrusini, 160 Lissominae, 90 Sciaphilini, 160 Pityobiinae, 90 Sitonini, 160 , 90 Tanymecini, 161 , 90 Thecesternini, 161 Hypnoidini, 91 Trachyphloeini, 161 , 91 Tropiphorini, 161 Negastriinae, 93 Hyperinae, 161 Elaterinae, 93 Hyperini, 161 Agriotini, 93 Lixinae, 162 Ampedini, 94 Cleonini, 162 Elaterini, 94 Lixini, 162 Megapenthini, 94 Rhinocyllini, 162 476 D. J. Giberson and H. A. Cárcamo

Mesoptiliinae, 162 Drepanini, 211 Magdalidini, 162 Oretini, 211 , 162 Thyatirinae, 211 Conotrachelini, 162 Ceranemotini, 211 Hylobiini, 163 Habrosynini, 211 Lepyrini, 163 Macrothyatirini, 211 Scolytinae, 163 Elachistidae, 190 Cryphalini, 163 Agonoxeninae, 191 Hylesinini, 163 Blastodacnini, 191 Hypoborini, 163 Depressariinae, 190 Phloeotribini, 163 Amphisbatini, 191 Scolytini, 163 Depressariini, 190 Xyloterini, 163 Elachistinae, 190 Elachistini, 190 Lepidoptera, 187, 250 Ethmiinae, 191 Acanthopteroctetidae, 187 Stenomatinae, 191 Adelidae, 187 Epermeniidae, 195 Adelinae, 187 , 219, 250 Alucitidae, 195 Arctiinae, 219 Argyresthiidae, 189 Arctiini, 219 Autostichidae, 189 Lithosiini, 219 Glyphidocerinae, 189 Boletobinae, 221 Symmocinae, 189 Boletobiini, 221 Batrachedridae, 191 Phytometrini, 221 Bedelliidae, 189 , 221 Blastobasidae, 189 Calpini, 221 Blastobasinae, 189 , 221 Holcocerinae, 189 Catocalini, 221 Bucculatricidae, 188 Euclidiini, 222 Carposinidae, 195 Melipotini, 221 Choreutidae, 195 Omopterini, 222 Choreutinae, 195 Poaphilini, 222 Coleophoridae, 191 Thermesiini, 221 Cosmopterigidae, 192 Herminiinae, 220 Chrysopeleiinae, 192 Hypeninae, 220 Cosmopteriginae, 192 Hypenodinae, 221 Cossidae, 201 Lymantriinae, 219 Cossinae, 201 Leucomini, 219 Crambidae, 208 Orgyiini, 219 Acentropinae, 209 Pangraptinae, 220 Acentropiini, 209 Rivulinae, 220 Argyractini, 209 Scoliopteryginae, 221 Nymphulini, 209 Anomini, 221 Crambinae, 208 Scoliopterygini, 221 Ancylolomiini, 208 Toxocampinae, 221 Argyriini, 208 Euteliidae, 222 Crambini, 209 Euteliinae, 222 Haimbachiini, 208 Gelechiidae, 192 Evergestinae, 210 Dichomeridinae, 194 Odontiinae, 209 Gelechiinae, 192 Eurrhypini, 210 Anacampsini, 194 Odontiini, 209 Anomologini, 192 Pyraustinae, 210 Chelariini, 194 Pyraustini, 210 Gelechiini, 193 Spilomelini, 210 Gnorimoschemini, 193 Scopariinae, 208 Litini, 192 Schoenobiinae, 209 Pexicopiinae, 194 Drepanidae, 211, 250 Geometridae, 212, 250 Drepaninae, 211 Archiearinae, 215 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 477

Ennominae, 215 Gastropachini, 211 Alsophilini, 215 Lasiocampini, 211 Anagogini, 217 Macromphaliinae, 2011 Angeronini, 216 Limacodidae, 202 Azelinini, 217 Limacodinae, 202 Baptini, 216 Lycaenidae, 204 Bistonini, 216 Lycaeninae, 204 Boarmiini, 216 Lycaenini, 204 Caberini, 216 Miletinae, 204 Campaeini, 217 Miletini, 204 Cassymini, 215 Polyommatinae, 204 Ennomini, 217 Polyommatini, 204 Epirranthini, 217 Theclinae, 204 Lithinini, 217 Eumaeini, 204 Macariini, 215 Lyonetiidae, 189 Melanolophiini, 216 Cemiostominae, 189 Nacophorini, 217 Lyonetiinae, 189 Ourapterygini, 217 Momphidae, 192 Geometrinae, 215 Nepticulidae, 187 Hemitheini, 215 Nepticulinae, 187 Nemoriini, 215 Trifurculini, 187 Synchlorini, 215 , 222, 250 Larentiinae, 212 Acontiinae, 223 Asthenini, 213 Acontiini, 223 Cidariini, 212 Acronictinae, 123 Eudulini, 213 Agaristinae, 125 Eupitheciini, 214 Amphipyrinae, 124 Hydriomenini, 213 Amphipyrini, 224 Lobophorini, 214 Psaphidini, 224 Operophterini, 213 Stiriini, 225 Stamnodini, 213 Bagisarinae, 223 Xanthorhoini, 213 Balsinae, 123 , 214 Bryophilinae, 126 Cosymbiini, 214 Condicinae, 125 Scopulini, 214 Condicini, 225 Sterrhini, 214 Leuconyctini, 225 Timandrini, 214 Cuculliinae, 124 Glyphipterigidae, 189 Eriopinae, 126 Glyphipteriginae, 189 Heliothinae, 125 Gracillariidae, 188 Eustrotiinae, 223 Gracillariinae, 188 Noctuinae, 126 Lithocolletinae, 188 Apameini, 227 Phyllocnistinae, 189 Arzamini, 228 Heliodinidae, 189 Caradrinini, 226 Hepialidae, 187 Drypterygiini, 227 Hesperiidae, 202 Elaphriini, 226 Eudaminae, 202 Eriopygini, 231 Hesperiinae, 203 Hadenini, 230 Hesperiini, 203 Leucaniini, 231 Megathymini, 203 Noctuini, 231 Thymelicini, 203 Orthosiini, 229 Heteropterinae, 203 Phlogophorini, 227 Pyrginae, 202 Phosphilini, 226 Carcharodini, 202 Prodeniini, 226 Erynnini, 202 Pseudeustrotiini, 226 , 202 Tholerini, 230 Incurvariidae, 187 Xylenini, 228 Lasiocampidae, 211 Oncocnemidinae, 125 Lasiocampinae, 2011 Pantheinae, 123 478 D. J. Giberson and H. A. Cárcamo

Plusiinae, 222 , 195 Abrostolini, 222 , 195 Argyrogrammatini, 222 Oidaematophorini, 195 Plusiini, 222 Oxyptilini, 195 Raphinae, 123 Platyptiliini, 195 Nolidae, 222 Pyralidae, 206 Chloephorinae, 222 Chrysauginae, 206 Sarrothripini, 222 Epipaschiinae, 207 Nolinae, 222 Galleriinae, 206 Risobinae, 222 Galleriini, 206 , 218 Phycitinae, 207 Heterocampinae, 218 Anerastiini, 208 Notodontinae, 118 Peoriini, 208 Dicranurini, 218 Phycitini, 207 Notodontini, 218 Pyralinae, 206 Nystaleinae, 218 Pyralini, 206 Phalerinae, 218 Riodinidae, 204 Pygaerinae, 218 Riodininae, 204 , 205 Emesiini, 204 Apaturinae, 205 Saturniidae, 211 Danainae, 205 Ceratocampinae, 211 Danaini, 205 Hemileucinae, 211 Heliconiinae, 205 Hemileucini, 211 Argynnini, 205 Saturniinae, 211 Heliconiini, 205 Attacini, 211 Limenitidinae, 205 Saturniini, 211 Limenitidini, 205 Schreckensteiniidae, 195 Nymphalinae, 205 Scythrididae, 192 Junoniini, 206 , 201 Melitaeini, 206 Tinthiinae, 201 Nymphalini, 205 Pennisetiini, 201 , 206 Tinthiini, 201 , 206 Sesiinae, 201 Satyrini, 206 Paranthrenini, 201 Oecophoridae, 190 Sesiini, 201 Oecophorinae, 190 Synanthedonini, 201 Enarmoniini, 198 Sphingidae, 211, 250 Eucosmini, 198 Macroglossinae, 212 Grapholitini, 201 Dilophonotini, 212 Oecophorini, 190 Macroglossini, 212 Olethreutini, 197 Philampelini, 212 Opostegidae, 187 Smerinthinae, 212 Oposteginae, 187 Smerinthini, 212 Papilionidae, 202 Sphinginae, 211 Papilioninae, 202 Sphingini, 211 Papilionini, 202 Thyrididae, 202 Troidini, 202 Thyridinae, 202 Parnassiinae, 202 , 188 Parnassiini, 202 Acrolophinae, 188 Pieridae, 203 Meessiinae, 188 Anthocharinae, 203 Myrmecozelinae, 188 Coliadinae, 203 Nemapogoninae, 188 Pierinae, 204 Tineinae, 188 Pierini, 204 Tischeriidae, 187 Plutellidae, 189 , 196 Prodoxidae, 187 , 196 Prodoxinae, 187 Archipini, 196 Psychidae, 188 Cnephasiini, 196 Naryciinae, 188 Cochylini, 196 Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics Part 2 479

Sparganothini, 197 Homolobinae, 405 Tortricini, 196 Ichneutinae, 405 Uraniidae, 212 Macrocentrinae, 405 Epipleminae, 212 Microgastrinae, 405 Yponomeutidae, 189 Opiinae, 407 Yponomeutinae, 189 Orgilinae, 407 Yponomeutini, 189 Rhysipolinae, 408 Ypsolophidae, 189 Rhyssalinae, 408 Ypsolophinae, 189 Rogadinae, 408 Zygaenidae, 202 Sigalphinae, 408 Procridinae, 202 Colletidae, 445 Procridini, 202 Colletinae, 445 Hylaeinae, 445 Diptera, 279 Formicidae, 301 Asilidae, 279 Dolichoderinae, 301 Asilinae, 282 Formicinae, 301 Dasypogoninae, 279 Myrmicinae, 301 Laphriinae, 279 Halictidae, 449 Laphystiinae, 280 Halictinae, 449 Leptogastrinae, 279 Halictini, 449 Stenopogoninae, 280 Augochlorini, 452 Stichopogoninae, 281 Nomiinae, 449 Rophitinae, 449 Hymenoptera, 301, 325, 402, 433 Ichneumonidae, 325 Andrenidae, 446 Acaenitinae, 325 Andreninae, 446 Anomaloninae, 325 Panurginae, 448 Banchinae, 329 Protandrenini, 448 Campopleginae, 337 Panurgini, 448 Cremastinae, 344 Perditini, 448 Cryptinae, 346 Calliopsini, 449 Ctenopelmatinae, 354 , 455 Cylloceriinae, 357 Apinae, 456 Diacritinae, 357 Apini, 458 Diplazontinae, 358 Anthophorini, 457 Eucerotinae, 360 Bombini, 457 Ichneumoninae, 361 Emphorini, 456 Lycorininae, 368 Eucerini, 456 Mesochorinae, 368 Melectini, 457 Metopiinae, 371 Osirini, 456 Ophioninae, 374 , 455 Orthocentrinae, 375 Ammobatoidini, 456 Orthopelmatinae, 376 Epeolini, 455 Pimplinae, 377 Neolarrini, 456 Poemeniinae, 384 Nomadini, 455 Rhyssinae, 384 Xylocopinae, 455 Tersilochinae, 385 Braconidae, 402 Tryphoninae, 385 Agathidinae, 402 Xoridinae, 390 Alysiinae, 402 Megachilidae, 452 Aphidiinae, 402 Megachilinae, 452 Brachistinae, 403 Anthidiini, 453 Braconinae, 403 Megachilini, 454 Cardiochilinae, 404 Osmiiini, 452 Cenocoeliinae, 404 Melittidae, 452 Charmontinae, 404 Cheloninae, 404 Doryctinae, 404 Euphorinae, 404 Gnamptodontinae, 405

Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics, Part 2 Edited by Donna J. Giberson and Héctor A. Cárcamo

Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands (Volume 4): Biodiversity and Systematics, Part 2 is the fourth volume in the series that provides an overview of Canada’s grasslands and its associated , mites, spiders, and their close relatives.

Volume 1, Ecology and Interactions in Grasslands Habitats (Shorthouse and Floate 2010), reviews the ecological attributes and interactions of arthropods in natural grasslands. Volume 2, Inhabitants of a Changing Landscape (Floate 2011), focuses on anthropogenic effects on grasslands and their fauna with a focus on agro-ecosystems. Volume 3, Biodiversity and Systematics Part 1 (Cárcamo and Giberson 2014) opens with an overview of the biogeography of arthropods of Canadian grasslands, and provides a taxonomic summary, including checklists, of selected taxa of Myriapoda (e.g., millipedes and centipedes), Arachnida (mites and spiders), Collembola, and Insecta.

Volume 4, Biodiversity and Systematics, Part 2 continues the taxonomic review of grassland arthropods, with special reference to the Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies), Coleoptera (four groups), Diptera (the robberflies) and Hymenoptera (ants, ichneumons, braconids, and bees).

With the publication of Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, the Biological Survey of Canada hopes to increase awareness of the plight of Canada’s grasslands, to draw attention to their associated grasslands, and to provide a baseline reference to support future studies of arthropods in these environments. Author biographies:

Donna J. Giberson is a professor with the Department of Biology at the University of Prince Edward Island in Charlottetown, PEI, where she teaches courses in entomology, ecology and scientific writing. For most of her research career, she has concentrated on the ecology, life histories and distribution of aquatic insects, especially from the Prairies, Maritimes, and the Canadian Arctic.

Héctor A. Cárcamo is a research scientist with Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, in Lethbridge, Alberta. His main research focus is the development of ecological strategies to manage pests of prairie field crops, particularly biological control with parasitoids. Additional research topics include biodiversity studies of carabid beetles and spiders.

Front cover images: Red Deer River valley west of Bindloss, Alberta (Photo: Mark Oliver). Boxed figures from left to right: (1) Bombus ternarius on Glycyrrhiza lepidota); (2) Cicindela decemnotata Say, Sandy Point, Alberta, September 7, 2012; (3) tiger swallowtail, Papilio canadensis: Moose Mountain Prov. Park; June 03, 2007; (4) ants, prob Lasius sp: Wisimin; October 01, 2007; (5) darkling beetle, Eleodes: Spruce Woods Prov. Park; June 07, 2007; (6) male Efferia coulee, a common spring robber in the BC interior grasslands from the Chilcotin Plateau to the Okanagan and Similkameen valleys. Photo credits: (1) C. Sheffield; (2) J. Acorn; (3) H. Goulet; (4) H. Goulet; (5) H. Goulet; (6) R. Cannings.

Cover design by Sheila Torgunrud and Kendra Grams.

For information on The Biological Survey of Canada, please visit http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/bsc/bschome.htm

ISBN 978-0-9689321-7-9