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A Thesis Entitled Anomie and Development—A Cross-National A Thesis entitled Anomie and Development—A Cross-National Study by Amin Etemadifar Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Sociology ________________________________________ Dr. Dwight Haase, Committee Chair ________________________________________ Dr. Barbara Coventry, Committee Member ________________________________________ Dr. Jerry Van Hoy, Committee Member ________________________________________ Dr. Amanda Bryant-Friedrich, Dean College of Graduate Studies The University of Toledo December 2016 Copyright 2016, Seyed Amin Etemadifar This document is copyrighted material. Under copyright law, no parts of this document may be reproduced without the expressed permission of the author. An Abstract of Anomie and Development—A Cross-National Study by Amin Etemadifar Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Arts Degree in Sociology The University of Toledo December 2016 This is a quantitative cross-national study examining the relationship between development and anomie in 100 countries using the data extracted from the World Bank and United Nations Development Program. The main goal of the study is to inspect Durkheim’s theory of anomie, as he views anomie as a threat to the stability and integration of society. So the study distinguishes such a formulation of anomie with that of Merton and his followers who reformulated it as a concept merely to explain the issue of crime. Independent variables of study include the Human Development Index (measured based on health, education, and income), Political Development Index (measured based on efficiency of government, rule of law, and accountability of government), social inequality, migration, access to the Internet, international economic integration, urbanization, gender development, and size of population, and their effects on anomie are examined by a OLS curvilinear regression technique. Regarding the fact that all countries have achieved at least a minimum level of development, it is not possible to examine what happens exactly at the very beginning of the process of iii development, and consequently, the focus in on a range of countries from low-developed to very high-developed. According to the results, development has a strong negative effect on the level of anomie. Also, urbanization, growth of population, and geographic mobility have positive effects on anomie that is consistent with Durkheim’s argument. However, no significant relationship was found between anomie and social inequality, which is not consistent with Merton’s theory of anomie. In addition, the effect of geographical region, cultural background, level of development, and regime type are examined by ANOVA, and based on the result, all of these four factors have a significant effect on the level of anomie. Countries located in the Middle East and North Africa, and with an Islamic background experience more anomie compared to other countries. In addition, anomie of weak democracies are more than established autocracies suggesting the degree of governance is more important that the form of government. iv For Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim… Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................. vi List of Tables .................................................................................................................... ix List of Figures ................................................................................................................... xi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 2 Theoretical Discussion and Literature Review ....................................................... 4 2.1 Anomie ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Durkheim’s Theory of Anomie ................................................................. 7 2.1.1.1 Durkheim’s View of Society ...................................................... 7 2.1.1.2 Durkheim’s Definition of Anomie ............................................ 12 2.1.2 Merton’s Theory of Anomie and Strain .................................................. 15 2.1.2.1 Merton’s Anomie Theory ......................................................... 16 2.1.2.2 Merton’s Strain Theory ............................................................. 17 2.1.2.3 Modes of Adaptations ............................................................... 18 2.1.3 After Merton ............................................................................................ 19 vi 2.1.4 Institutional Anomie Theory .................................................................... 20 2.1.5 Comparison of Durkheim’s and Merton’s Anomie Theory ..................... 22 2.2 Development ....................................................................................................... 23 2.2.1 Emergence of Modernization Paradigm .................................................. 24 2.2.2 Emergence of Dependency Paradigm ...................................................... 28 2.2.3 Neo-liberal Paradigm ............................................................................... 31 2.2.4 Revision of Washington Consensus and More Recent Approaches ........ 35 2.3 Prior Empirical Studies on Anomie .................................................................... 39 2.4. The Distinctions of Current Study ..................................................................... 44 3 Methods ...................................................................................................................... 46 3.1 Hypothesis of Study ............................................................................................ 46 3.2 Variables of Study............................................................................................... 47 3.2.1 Dependent variable .................................................................................. 47 3.2.2 Independent Variables ............................................................................. 48 3.3 Data Sources ....................................................................................................... 52 3.4 Sampling Technique ........................................................................................... 52 3.5 Statistical Techniques ......................................................................................... 53 4 Results ....................................................................................................................... 58 4.1 Descriptive data .................................................................................................. 58 4.2 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) ......................................................................... 61 vii 4.2.1 Grouping Based on Geographical Region ............................................... 63 4.2.2 Grouping Based on the Level of Development........................................ 65 4.2.3 Grouping Based on Regime Type ............................................................ 67 4.3 Regression Analysis ............................................................................................ 69 5 Discussion and Conclusion ....................................................................................... 73 5.1 Findings and Implications ................................................................................... 73 5.2. Limitations of Current Study and Conclusion ................................................... 77 References ........................................................................................................................ 80 A The Effect of Cultural Background on Anomie ................................................... 97 B Maps ....................................................................................................................... 100 viii List of Tables 2.1 Types of Suicide ....................................................................................................13 2.2 Modes of Adaptation..............................................................................................19 3.1 Equations of Regression Models ...........................................................................56 4.1 Variables by Country .............................................................................................59 4.2 Descriptive .............................................................................................................61 4.3 Criterion Variables for Each Country ....................................................................62 4.4 Means and Standard Deviations of Anomie by Regions .......................................64 4.5 Games-Howel Post hoc Results of Anomie by Regions ........................................65 4.6 Means and Standard Deviations of Anomie by Levels of Development ...............66 4.7. Games-Howel Post hoc Results of Anomie by Levels of Development ..............67 4.8 Means and Standard Deviations of Anomie by Regime Type ...............................68 4.9 Games-Howel Post hoc Results of Anomie by Regime Type ...............................68 4.10 Correlation Matrix
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