Rosalind Franklin Birthdate: July 20, 1920- April 16, 1938 Degrees

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Rosalind Franklin Birthdate: July 20, 1920- April 16, 1938 Degrees conferred: PhD from Cambridge University, 1945 Biographical Essay: Born in London, Rosalind Franklin showed early signs of extreme intelligence, knowing that she wanted to be a scientist since age 15. During her time at Newnham College in Cambridge, she achieved Second Class Honors in 1941 which is the equivalent to a Bachelor’s Degree today. She went on to research coal porosity (which was the basis of her thesis for her PhD) at the British Utilisation Research Association. In 1946, she began working in Paris studying crystallography and x-ray diffraction with Jacques Mering at the Laboratoire Central des Services Chimiques de I’Etat. This experience and research led to her discovery of the double helix/structure of DNA, otherwise known as “the secret of life”. In 1951 she began working at King’s College London. While studying DNA structure using x-ray diffraction techniques, she and her student Raymond Gosling discovered that there were two parts to the DNA: a dry “A” form and a wet “B” form. They took pictures of the DNA structures and the wet “B” form became famously known as Photograph 51 for being critical evidence of a double helix. Unfortunately to her disadvantage, conflict with her colleague Maurice Wilkins led to her discredit of the discovery. Without her consent, Wilkins shared Photograph 51 with scientists James Watson and Francis Crick which completed their own research with their own DNA model. They used the information gathered from Photograph 51 to publish their famous structure of DNA in 1953 for which they received a Nobel Peace Prize for in 1962. Franklin ended up leaving King’s College and returned to her studies of coal at Birkbeck College where she published 17 works on viruses and set the stage for structural virology. In 1958, Franklin died from Ovarian Cancer at the age of 37. .

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Physics Today - February 2003
Physics Today - February 2003 Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix Although she made essential contributions toward elucidating the structure of DNA, Rosalind Franklin is known to many only as seen through the distorting lens of James Watson's book, The Double Helix. by Lynne Osman Elkin - California State University, Hayward In 1962, James Watson, then at Harvard University, and Cambridge University's Francis Crick stood next to Maurice Wilkins from King's College, London, to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their "discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material." Watson and Crick could not have proposed their celebrated structure for DNA as early in 1953 as they did without access to experimental results obtained by King's College scientist Rosalind Franklin. Franklin had died of cancer in 1958 at age 37, and so was ineligible to share the honor. Her conspicuous absence from the awards ceremony--the dramatic culmination of the struggle to determine the structure of DNA--probably contributed to the neglect, for several decades, of Franklin's role in the DNA story. She most likely never knew how significantly her data influenced Watson and Crick's proposal. Franklin was born 25 July 1920 to Muriel Waley Franklin and merchant banker Ellis Franklin, both members of educated and socially conscious Jewish families. They were a close immediate family, prone to lively discussion and vigorous debates at which the politically liberal, logical, and determined Rosalind excelled: She would even argue with her assertive, conservative father. Early in life, Rosalind manifested the creativity and drive characteristic of the Franklin women, and some of the Waley women, who were expected to focus their education, talents, and skills on political, educational, and charitable forms of community service.
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Staging the Scientist: the Representation of Science and Its Processes in American and British Drama
Staging the Scientist: The Representation of Science and its Processes in American and British Drama Aneta Marta Malinowska Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses e Norte Americanos Abril de 2014 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses e Norte Americanos, realizada sob a orientação científica de Professora Teresa Botelho “Putting on a play is a sort of a scientific experiment. You go into a rehearsal room which is sort of an atom and a lot of these rather busy particles, the actors, do their work and circle around the nucleus of a good text. And then, when you think you’re ready to be seen you sell tickets to a lot of photons, that is an audience, who will shine a light of their attention on what you’ve been up to.” Michael Blakemore, Director of Copenhagen ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For my endeavor, I am actually indebted to a number of people without whom this study would not have been possible. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents for their love, support and understanding that they have demonstrated in the last two years. I dedicate this dissertation to them. I am also grateful to Professor Teresa Botelho for her guidance and supervision during the course as well as for providing me with the necessary information regarding the research project. My special thanks also goes to Marta Bajczuk and Valter Colaço who have willingly helped me out with their abilities and who have given me a lot of attention and time when it was most required.
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Photograph 51, by Rosalind Franklin (1952) [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) Photograph 51, by Rosalind Franklin (1952) [1] By: Hernandez, Victoria Keywords: X-ray crystallography [2] DNA [3] DNA Helix [4] On 6 May 1952, at King´s College London in London, England, Rosalind Franklin photographed her fifty-first X-ray diffraction pattern of deoxyribosenucleic acid, or DNA. Photograph 51, or Photo 51, revealed information about DNA´s three-dimensional structure by displaying the way a beam of X-rays scattered off a pure fiber of DNA. Franklin took Photo 51 after scientists confirmed that DNA contained genes [5]. Maurice Wilkins, Franklin´s colleague showed James Watson [6] and Francis Crick [7] Photo 51 without Franklin´s knowledge. Watson and Crick used that image to develop their structural model of DNA. In 1962, after Franklin´s death, Watson, Crick, and Wilkins shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine [8] for their findings about DNA. Franklin´s Photo 51 helped scientists learn more about the three-dimensional structure of DNA and enabled scientists to understand DNA´s role in heredity. X-ray crystallography, the technique Franklin used to produce Photo 51 of DNA, is a method scientists use to determine the three-dimensional structure of a crystal. Crystals are solids with regular, repeating units of atoms. Some biological macromolecules, such as DNA, can form fibers suitable for analysis using X-ray crystallography because their solid forms consist of atoms arranged in a regular pattern. Photo 51 used DNA fibers, DNA crystals first produced in the 1970s. To perform an X-ray crystallography, scientists mount a purified fiber or crystal in an X-ray tube.
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“Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate” (1953), by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling [1]
Published on The Embryo Project Encyclopedia (https://embryo.asu.edu) “Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate” (1953), by Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling [1] By: Hernandez, Victoria Keywords: DNA [2] DNA Configuration [3] X-ray diffraction [4] DNA fibers [5] In April 1953, Rosalind Franklin and Raymond Gosling, published "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate," in the scientific journal Nature. The article contained Franklin and Gosling´s analysis of their X-ray diffraction pattern of thymonucleate or deoxyribonucleic acid, known as DNA. In the early 1950s, scientists confirmed that genes [6], the heritable factors that control how organisms develop, contained DNA. However, at the time scientists had not determined how DNA functioned or its three- dimensional structure. In their 1953 paper, Franklin and Gosling interpret X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers that they collected, which show the scattering of X-rays from the fibers. The patterns provided information about the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. "Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate" shows the progress Franklin and Gosling made toward understanding the three-dimensional structure of DNA. Scientists worked to understand the three-dimensional structure of DNA since the 1930s. In the early to mid-1900s, scientists tried to determine the structures of many biological molecules, such as proteins, because the structure of those molecules indicated their function. By the 1930s, scientists had found that DNA consisted of a chain of building blocks called nucleotides. The nucleotides contained a ring-shaped structure called a sugar. On one side of the sugar, there is a phosphate group, consisting of phosphorus and oxygen and on the other side of the sugar, another ring-shaped structure called a base.
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Science, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin Rachael Renzi University of Rhode Island, [email protected]
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 2017 Science, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin Rachael Renzi University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog Part of the Fiction Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, Molecular Genetics Commons, Nonfiction Commons, Structural Biology Commons, and the Technical and Professional Writing Commons Recommended Citation Renzi, Rachael, "Science, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin" (2017). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 583. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/583http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/583 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scientist, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin An Experimental Literary Approach to Understanding Scientific Literature and Lifestyle in Context with Human Tendencies Rachael Renzi Honors Project 2017 Mentors: Catherine Morrison, Ph. D. Dina Proestou, Ph. D. Structure is a common theme in Rosalind Franklin’s research work. Her earliest research focused on the structure of coal, shifted focus to DNA, and then to RNA in the Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Based off of the physical and chemical makeup, Rosalind Franklin sought to understand the function of these molecules, and how they carried out processes such as reproduction or changes in configuration. She was intrigued by the existence of a deliberate order in life, a design that is specific in its purpose, and allows for efficient processes.
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Maurice Wilkins Page...28 Satellite Radio in Different Parts of the Country
CMYK Job No. ISSN : 0972-169X Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers of India: R.N. 70269/98 Postal Registration No. : DL-11360/2002 Monthly Newsletter of Vigyan Prasar February 2003 Vol. 5 No. 5 VP News Inside S&T Popularization Through Satellite Radio Editorial ith an aim to utilize the satellite radio for science and technology popularization, q Fifty years of the Double Helix W Vigyan Prasar has been organizing live demonstrations using the WorldSpace digital Page...42 satellite radio system for the benefit of school students and teachers in various parts of the ❑ 25 Years of In - Vitro Fertilization country. To start with, live demonstrations were organized in Delhi in May 2002. As an Page...37 ongoing exercise, similar demonstrations have been organized recently in the schools of ❑ Francis H C Crick and Bangalore (7 to 10 January,2003) and Chennai (7 to 14 January,2003). The main objective James D Watson Page...34 is to introduce teachers and students to the power of digital satellite transmission. An effort is being made to network various schools and the VIPNET science clubs through ❑ Maurice Wilkins Page...28 satellite radio in different parts of the country. The demonstration programme included a brief introduction to Vigyan Prasar and the ❑ Rosalind Elsie Franklin Satellite Digital Broadcast technology, followed by a Lecture on “Emerging Trends in Page...27 Communication Technology” by Prof. V.S. Ramamurthy, Secretary, Department of Science ❑ Recent Developments in Science & Technology and Technology and Chairman, Governing Body of VP. Duration of the Demonstration Page...29 programme was one hour, which included audio and a synchronized slide show.
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Pnina Geraldine Abir-Am
Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Review essay Endeavour Vol. 39 No. 1 ScienceDirect Setting the record straight: Review of My Sister Rosalind Franklin, by Jenifer Glynn, Oxford University Press, 2012; Une Vie a Raconter, by Vittorio Luzzati, Editions HD Temoignage, 2011; Genesis of the Salk Institute, The Epic of its Founders, Suzanne Bourgeois, University of California Press, 2013. Pnina Geraldine Abir-Am WSRC, Brandeis University, United States 3 Written by long-term eyewitnesses, these books shed new her subtitle, as well as the institute’s trustees and pre- light on little-known aspects of the interaction between sidents, and the officers of the National Foundation for prominent scientists and the scientific institutions they Infantile Paralysis (who footed the institute’s extravagant join or leave during their careers. By using letters which costs – ‘‘after the first 15 million dollars were spent we Rosalind E. Franklin (1920–1958) wrote to her family, simply stopped counting’’, p. 116), among others. Franklin’s youngest sibling Jenifer Glynn (and an estab- These authors are close and attentive witnesses who 1 lished author in her own right ) seeks to dispel misun- were sufficiently displeased with previous historians’ efforts derstandings which continue to circulate about her to want to make the subject their own. Despite the elapsed famous sister, despite corrective efforts by two biogra- time since these events, the authors are still not ready to 2 phies and several essays. By contrast, the crystallogra- reflect on their own personas as both narrators and histori- pher and molecular biologist Vittorio Luzzati relies on cal actors beyond admitting that their proximity entails his personal experience with several prominent scientists – complications.
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Chapter 19: the New Crystallography in France
CHAPTER 19 The New Gystallography in France 19.1. THE PERIOD BEFORE AUGUST 1914 At the time of Laue’s discovery, research in crystallography was carried onin France principally in two laboratories, those of Georges Friedel and of Frederic Wallerant, at the School of Minesin St. etienne and at the Sorbonne in Paris, respectively. Jacques Curie, it is true, also investigated crystals in his laboratory and, together with his brother Pierre, discovered piezoelectricity which soon found extensive appli- cation in the measurement of radioactivity; but he had few students and formed no school. Among the research of Georges Friedel that on twinning is universally known and accepted, as are his studies of face development in relation to the lattice underlying the crystal structure. Frederic Wallerant’s best known work was on polymorphism and on crystalline texture. In 1912 both Friedel and Wallerant were deeply interested in the study of liquid crystals, a form of aggregation of matter only recently discovered by the physicist in Karlsruhe, 0. Lehmarm. Friedel’s co-worker was Franc;ois Grandjean, Wallerant’s Charles Mauguin. Laue, Friedrich and Knipping’s publication immedi- ately drew their attention, and Laue’s remark that the diagrams did not disclose the hemihedral symmetry of zincblende prompted Georges Friedel to clarify, 2 June 1913, the connection between the symmetries of the crystal and the diffraction pattern. If the passage of X-rays, like that of light, implies a centre of symmetry, i.e. if nothing dis- tinguishes propagation in a direction Al3 from that along BA, then X-ray diffraction cannot reveal the lack of centrosymmetry in a crystal, and a right-hand quartz produces the same pattern as a left- hand one.
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Signer's Gift ÂŒ Rudolf Signer And
HISTORY 735 CHIMIA 2003, 57, No.11 Chimia 57 (2003) 735–740 © Schweizerische Chemische Gesellschaft ISSN 0009–4293 Signer’s Gift – Rudolf Signer and DNA Matthias Meili* Abstract: In early May 1950, Bern chemistry professor Rudolf Signer traveled to a meeting of the Faraday Society in London with a few grams of DNA to report on his success in the isolation of nucleic acids from calf thymus glands. After the meeting, he distributed his DNA samples to interested parties amongst those present. One of the recipients was Maurice Wilkins, who worked intensively with nucleic acids at King’s College in London. The outstanding quality of Signer’s DNA – unique at that time – enabled Maurice Wilkins’ colleague Rosalind Franklin to make the famous X-ray fiber diagrams that were a decisive pre-requisite for the discovery of the DNA double helix by James Watson and Francis Crick in the year 1953. Rudolf Signer, however, had already measured the physical characteristics of native DNA in the late thirties. In an oft-quot- ed work which he published in Nature in 1938, he described the thymonucleic acid as a long, thread-like molecule with a molecular weight of 500,000 to 1,000,000, in which the base rings lie in planes perpendicular to the long axis of the molecule. Signer’s achievements and contributions to DNA research have, however, been forgotten even in Switzerland. Keywords: Bern · DNA · Double helix · History · Signer, Rudolf · Switzerland 1. Signer’s Early DNA Years With the advancement of research, Helix’, pointed out that Rudolf Signer made however, insight into the nature of macro- important contributions in two places: “It 1.1.
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21.8 Commentary GA
commentary Who said ‘helix’? Right and wrong in the story of how the structure of DNA was discovered. in Paris, the double-helical structure of DNA Watson Fuller might not have been discovered in London The celebrated model of DNA, put forward rather than in Cambridge. In fairness to in this journal in 1953 by James Watson and Randall, it was his energy, enterprise and Francis Crick, is compellingly simple, both vision in establishing the King’s laboratory in its form and its functional implications that allowed the experimental work that stim- (see www.nature.com/nature/dna50). At a ulated the discovery to take place. stroke it resolved the puzzle inherent in the The proposed double-helical model for X-ray diffraction photograph (see right) DNA is commonly described as the most sig- shown by Maurice Wilkins at a scientific nificant discovery of the second half of the meeting in Naples in the spring of 1951. twentieth century. Inevitably, the contribu- R.COURTESY G. GOSLING & M. H. F. WILKINS This was the pattern that so excited Jim tions of the principal protagonists have been Watson, who, in The Double Helix1, wrote: subjected to minute scrutiny.Crick,Franklin, “Maurice’s X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA Watson and Wilkins have all endured hostile was to the point. It was flicked on the screen criticism and snide disparagement of their near the end of his talk. Maurice’s dry Eng- roles in the story. Franklin has loyal, influen- lish form did not permit enthusiasm as he tial and persistent champions,and in particu- stated that the picture showed much more lar has had her reputation boosted, mainly at detail than previous pictures and could, in Wilkins’expense.
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Rosalind Franklin En Haar Foto Van DNA
Rosalind Franklin en haar foto van DNA Rosalind Franklin en haar foto van DNA Het is vandaag precies 63 jaar geleden dat de kristallograaf Rosalind Franklin op 37-jarige leeftijd overleed. Ze was een pionier in het gebruik van röntgenstraling voor het bestuderen van de structuur van DNA, RNA en virussen. Hoe werkt dat, en wat maakt Franklin de onbezongen held van DNA? Bij de tandarts heb je misschien wel eens een röntgenfoto laten maken. Deze soort straling dringt namelijk makkelijk door onze huid en spieren heen, maar minder goed door onze botten. Natuurwetenschappers gebruiken röntgenstraling ook, maar met een ander doeleinde. De golflengte van de straling is namelijk van dezelfde orde van grootte als de typische afstand tussen atomen in een molecuul of kristal, waardoor röntgenstraling perfect is voor het bestuderen van hun atomaire structuur. Diffractie Het trucje dat we gebruiken voor het met röntgenstraling bestuderen van kristallen heet diffractie. Het vader-zoonpaar William Henry en William Lawrence Bragg ontdekte dat röntgenstraling, gereflecteerd vanaf kristallijne vaste stoffen, verrassende spikkel-patronen produceerde. Ze bedachten dat, wanneer een metaal is opgebouwd uit netjes gerangschikte atomen, inkomende stralen kunnen reflecteren van opeenvolgende lagen atomen en – afhankelijk van de hoek tussen de atoomlaag en het gereflecteerde licht – elkaar daarbij kunnen opheffen of juist versterken. Zo verwacht je pieken in het gereflecteerde diffractiepatroon wanneer het verschil in de weglengte van de twee stralen overeenkomt met een geheel veelvoud van de golflengte van het licht: alleen dan zijn twee gereflecteerde lichtgolven tegelijk op een piek en versterken ze elkaar. Hiermee bleken de experimenten een van de eerste bewijzen voor het feit dat atomen bestaan, en hun inzicht leverder de heren Bragg de Nobelprijs op in 1915, “voor hun verdiensten bij de analyse van kristalstructuur door middel van röntgenstralen”.
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Initial Airway Management of Blunt Upper Airway Injuries: a Case Report and Literature Review
Errors in Medicine: A Human Factors Perspective GAYLENE HEARD, MB, BS, FANZCA Department of Anaesthesia, St Vincent’s Hospital, Melbourne Gaylene Heard is a Visiting Medical Officer at St Vincent’s Hospital and the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne. Her interests include simulation, patient safety and human factors. INTRODUCTION “The real problem isn’t how to stop bad doctors from harming, even killing, their patients. It’s how to prevent good doctors from doing so”.1 The past decade has seen an increasing focus on the issue of errors in medicine. In particular, errors made by doctors, nurses and para-medical staff in hospitals have received significant attention. The report by the Institute of Medicine in the USA, aptly titled “To Err is Human”, estimated that between 44,000 to 98,000 hospitalised patients die annually in the USA as a result of medical errors.2 The Quality in Australian Healthcare Study3 found adverse events (unintended injury or complication caused by healthcare) occurred in 16.6% of hospital admissions, with 51% of these adverse events judged to be “highly preventable”. Death occurred in 4.9% of patients suffering an adverse event, and permanent disability in 13.7%. In 2000, a report from the United Kingdom4 found that medical errors caused harm (death and injury) to in excess of 850,000 patients admitted to National Health Service Hospitals annually. This represents 10% of total admissions.4 Although there has been much discussion and controversy about the methodologies of some of these studies,5, 6, 7, 8 it is now widely accepted that the risks to patients from medical errors are significant.
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