A Descoberta Da Dupla Hélice Do DNA: Contributo Para Possíveis Narrativas
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Physics Today - February 2003
Physics Today - February 2003 Rosalind Franklin and the Double Helix Although she made essential contributions toward elucidating the structure of DNA, Rosalind Franklin is known to many only as seen through the distorting lens of James Watson's book, The Double Helix. by Lynne Osman Elkin - California State University, Hayward In 1962, James Watson, then at Harvard University, and Cambridge University's Francis Crick stood next to Maurice Wilkins from King's College, London, to receive the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their "discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material." Watson and Crick could not have proposed their celebrated structure for DNA as early in 1953 as they did without access to experimental results obtained by King's College scientist Rosalind Franklin. Franklin had died of cancer in 1958 at age 37, and so was ineligible to share the honor. Her conspicuous absence from the awards ceremony--the dramatic culmination of the struggle to determine the structure of DNA--probably contributed to the neglect, for several decades, of Franklin's role in the DNA story. She most likely never knew how significantly her data influenced Watson and Crick's proposal. Franklin was born 25 July 1920 to Muriel Waley Franklin and merchant banker Ellis Franklin, both members of educated and socially conscious Jewish families. They were a close immediate family, prone to lively discussion and vigorous debates at which the politically liberal, logical, and determined Rosalind excelled: She would even argue with her assertive, conservative father. Early in life, Rosalind manifested the creativity and drive characteristic of the Franklin women, and some of the Waley women, who were expected to focus their education, talents, and skills on political, educational, and charitable forms of community service. -
Staging the Scientist: the Representation of Science and Its Processes in American and British Drama
Staging the Scientist: The Representation of Science and its Processes in American and British Drama Aneta Marta Malinowska Dissertação de Mestrado em Estudos Ingleses e Norte Americanos Abril de 2014 Dissertação apresentada para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Estudos Ingleses e Norte Americanos, realizada sob a orientação científica de Professora Teresa Botelho “Putting on a play is a sort of a scientific experiment. You go into a rehearsal room which is sort of an atom and a lot of these rather busy particles, the actors, do their work and circle around the nucleus of a good text. And then, when you think you’re ready to be seen you sell tickets to a lot of photons, that is an audience, who will shine a light of their attention on what you’ve been up to.” Michael Blakemore, Director of Copenhagen ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS For my endeavor, I am actually indebted to a number of people without whom this study would not have been possible. First of all, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my parents for their love, support and understanding that they have demonstrated in the last two years. I dedicate this dissertation to them. I am also grateful to Professor Teresa Botelho for her guidance and supervision during the course as well as for providing me with the necessary information regarding the research project. My special thanks also goes to Marta Bajczuk and Valter Colaço who have willingly helped me out with their abilities and who have given me a lot of attention and time when it was most required. -
158273472.Pdf
ANNUAL .2003REPCOLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY .1; ANNUAL REPORT 2003 © 2004 by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory One Bungtown Road Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724 Web Site: www.cshl.edu Managing Editors Jeff Picarello, Lisa Becker Production Editor Rena Steuer Copy Editor Dorothy Brown Development Manager Jan Argentine Project Coordinators Maria Falasca, Nora Rice Production Manager Denise Weiss Desktop Editor Susan Schaefer Nonscientific Photography Miriam Chua, Bill Geddes Cover Designer Denise Weiss Book Designer Emily Harste Front cover: McClintock Laboratory (right) and Carnegie Library (left) (photos by Miriam Chua) Back cover: Magnolia Kobus on grounds of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (photo by Bruce Stillman) Section title pages: Miriam Chua Contents Officers of the Corporation/Board of Trusteesiv-v Governancevi Committees vii Edwin Marks (1926-2003) viii PRESIDENT'S REPORT Highlights5 CHIEF OPERATING OFFICER'S REPORT 25 50TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE DOUBLE HELIX 29 RESEARCH 47 Cancer: Gene Expression 49 Cancer: Genetics 74 Cancer: Cell Biology 106 Bioinformatics and Genomics 134 Neuroscience152 Plant Development and Genetics 199 CSHL Fellows 212 Author Index 217 WATSON SCHOOL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 219 Dean's Report 221 Courses 238 Undergraduate Research Program245 Partners for the Future 248 Nature Study 249 COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY MEETINGS AND COURSES 251 Academic Affairs253 Symposium on Quantitative Biology 255 Meetings 258 Postgraduate Courses295 Seminars 353 BANBURY CENTER 355 Director's Report357 Meetings 365 DOLAN DNA LEARNING CENTER 403 Director's Report 405 Workshops, Meetings, and Collaborations 418 COLD SPRING HARBOR LABORATORY PRESS 425 Publications 426 Executive Director's Report 427 FINANCE 431 History of the CSHL Endowment 433 Financial Statements 444 Financial Support448 Grants448 Institutional Advancement 457 Capital and Program Contributions 458 Watson School of Biological Sciences Capital Campaign 459 Annual Contributions 460 LABORATORY STAFF 474 III Officers of the Corporation William R. -
Science, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin Rachael Renzi University of Rhode Island, [email protected]
University of Rhode Island DigitalCommons@URI Senior Honors Projects Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island 2017 Science, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin Rachael Renzi University of Rhode Island, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog Part of the Fiction Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, Molecular Genetics Commons, Nonfiction Commons, Structural Biology Commons, and the Technical and Professional Writing Commons Recommended Citation Renzi, Rachael, "Science, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin" (2017). Senior Honors Projects. Paper 583. http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/583http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/srhonorsprog/583 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Honors Program at the University of Rhode Island at DigitalCommons@URI. It has been accepted for inclusion in Senior Honors Projects by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@URI. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Scientist, Between the Lines: Rosalind Franklin An Experimental Literary Approach to Understanding Scientific Literature and Lifestyle in Context with Human Tendencies Rachael Renzi Honors Project 2017 Mentors: Catherine Morrison, Ph. D. Dina Proestou, Ph. D. Structure is a common theme in Rosalind Franklin’s research work. Her earliest research focused on the structure of coal, shifted focus to DNA, and then to RNA in the Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Based off of the physical and chemical makeup, Rosalind Franklin sought to understand the function of these molecules, and how they carried out processes such as reproduction or changes in configuration. She was intrigued by the existence of a deliberate order in life, a design that is specific in its purpose, and allows for efficient processes. -
Maurice Wilkins Page...28 Satellite Radio in Different Parts of the Country
CMYK Job No. ISSN : 0972-169X Registered with the Registrar of Newspapers of India: R.N. 70269/98 Postal Registration No. : DL-11360/2002 Monthly Newsletter of Vigyan Prasar February 2003 Vol. 5 No. 5 VP News Inside S&T Popularization Through Satellite Radio Editorial ith an aim to utilize the satellite radio for science and technology popularization, q Fifty years of the Double Helix W Vigyan Prasar has been organizing live demonstrations using the WorldSpace digital Page...42 satellite radio system for the benefit of school students and teachers in various parts of the ❑ 25 Years of In - Vitro Fertilization country. To start with, live demonstrations were organized in Delhi in May 2002. As an Page...37 ongoing exercise, similar demonstrations have been organized recently in the schools of ❑ Francis H C Crick and Bangalore (7 to 10 January,2003) and Chennai (7 to 14 January,2003). The main objective James D Watson Page...34 is to introduce teachers and students to the power of digital satellite transmission. An effort is being made to network various schools and the VIPNET science clubs through ❑ Maurice Wilkins Page...28 satellite radio in different parts of the country. The demonstration programme included a brief introduction to Vigyan Prasar and the ❑ Rosalind Elsie Franklin Satellite Digital Broadcast technology, followed by a Lecture on “Emerging Trends in Page...27 Communication Technology” by Prof. V.S. Ramamurthy, Secretary, Department of Science ❑ Recent Developments in Science & Technology and Technology and Chairman, Governing Body of VP. Duration of the Demonstration Page...29 programme was one hour, which included audio and a synchronized slide show. -
Pnina Geraldine Abir-Am
Full text provided by www.sciencedirect.com Review essay Endeavour Vol. 39 No. 1 ScienceDirect Setting the record straight: Review of My Sister Rosalind Franklin, by Jenifer Glynn, Oxford University Press, 2012; Une Vie a Raconter, by Vittorio Luzzati, Editions HD Temoignage, 2011; Genesis of the Salk Institute, The Epic of its Founders, Suzanne Bourgeois, University of California Press, 2013. Pnina Geraldine Abir-Am WSRC, Brandeis University, United States 3 Written by long-term eyewitnesses, these books shed new her subtitle, as well as the institute’s trustees and pre- light on little-known aspects of the interaction between sidents, and the officers of the National Foundation for prominent scientists and the scientific institutions they Infantile Paralysis (who footed the institute’s extravagant join or leave during their careers. By using letters which costs – ‘‘after the first 15 million dollars were spent we Rosalind E. Franklin (1920–1958) wrote to her family, simply stopped counting’’, p. 116), among others. Franklin’s youngest sibling Jenifer Glynn (and an estab- These authors are close and attentive witnesses who 1 lished author in her own right ) seeks to dispel misun- were sufficiently displeased with previous historians’ efforts derstandings which continue to circulate about her to want to make the subject their own. Despite the elapsed famous sister, despite corrective efforts by two biogra- time since these events, the authors are still not ready to 2 phies and several essays. By contrast, the crystallogra- reflect on their own personas as both narrators and histori- pher and molecular biologist Vittorio Luzzati relies on cal actors beyond admitting that their proximity entails his personal experience with several prominent scientists – complications. -
Chapter 19: the New Crystallography in France
CHAPTER 19 The New Gystallography in France 19.1. THE PERIOD BEFORE AUGUST 1914 At the time of Laue’s discovery, research in crystallography was carried onin France principally in two laboratories, those of Georges Friedel and of Frederic Wallerant, at the School of Minesin St. etienne and at the Sorbonne in Paris, respectively. Jacques Curie, it is true, also investigated crystals in his laboratory and, together with his brother Pierre, discovered piezoelectricity which soon found extensive appli- cation in the measurement of radioactivity; but he had few students and formed no school. Among the research of Georges Friedel that on twinning is universally known and accepted, as are his studies of face development in relation to the lattice underlying the crystal structure. Frederic Wallerant’s best known work was on polymorphism and on crystalline texture. In 1912 both Friedel and Wallerant were deeply interested in the study of liquid crystals, a form of aggregation of matter only recently discovered by the physicist in Karlsruhe, 0. Lehmarm. Friedel’s co-worker was Franc;ois Grandjean, Wallerant’s Charles Mauguin. Laue, Friedrich and Knipping’s publication immedi- ately drew their attention, and Laue’s remark that the diagrams did not disclose the hemihedral symmetry of zincblende prompted Georges Friedel to clarify, 2 June 1913, the connection between the symmetries of the crystal and the diffraction pattern. If the passage of X-rays, like that of light, implies a centre of symmetry, i.e. if nothing dis- tinguishes propagation in a direction Al3 from that along BA, then X-ray diffraction cannot reveal the lack of centrosymmetry in a crystal, and a right-hand quartz produces the same pattern as a left- hand one. -
“The Double Helix Is Indeed a Remarkable Molecule. Modern Man
“The double helix is indeed a remarkable molecule. Modern man is perhaps 50,000 years old, civilization has existed for scarcely 10,000 years and the United States for only just over 200 years; but DNA and RNA have been around for at least several billion years. All that time the double helix has been there, and active, and yet we are the first creatures on Earth to become aware of its existence.” Francis Crick (1916–2004) History of DNA and modern approaches to sequencing Konrad Paszkiewicz January 2017 Contents • A short history of DNA • Review of first generation sequencing techniques • Short-read second generation sequencing technology – Illumina • Third generation single molecule sequencing – PacBio – Oxford Nanopore “DNA is a stupid molecule” Max Delbruck “Never under-estimate the power of … stupidity” Robert Heinlein “It was believed that DNA was a stupid substance, a tetranucleotide which couldn't do anything specific” Max Delbruck The first person to isolate DNA • Friedrich Miescher – Born with poor hearing – Father was a doctor and refused to allow Friedrich to become a priest • Graduated as a doctor in 1868 – Persuaded by his uncle not to become a practising doctor and instead pursue natural science – But he was reluctant… Friedrich Miescher Biology PhD angst in the 1800s “I already had cause to regret that I had so little experience with mathematics and physics… For this reason many facts still remained obscure to me.” His uncle counselled: “I believe you overestimate the importance of special training…” Friedrich Miescher -
21.8 Commentary GA
commentary Who said ‘helix’? Right and wrong in the story of how the structure of DNA was discovered. in Paris, the double-helical structure of DNA Watson Fuller might not have been discovered in London The celebrated model of DNA, put forward rather than in Cambridge. In fairness to in this journal in 1953 by James Watson and Randall, it was his energy, enterprise and Francis Crick, is compellingly simple, both vision in establishing the King’s laboratory in its form and its functional implications that allowed the experimental work that stim- (see www.nature.com/nature/dna50). At a ulated the discovery to take place. stroke it resolved the puzzle inherent in the The proposed double-helical model for X-ray diffraction photograph (see right) DNA is commonly described as the most sig- shown by Maurice Wilkins at a scientific nificant discovery of the second half of the meeting in Naples in the spring of 1951. twentieth century. Inevitably, the contribu- R.COURTESY G. GOSLING & M. H. F. WILKINS This was the pattern that so excited Jim tions of the principal protagonists have been Watson, who, in The Double Helix1, wrote: subjected to minute scrutiny.Crick,Franklin, “Maurice’s X-ray diffraction pattern of DNA Watson and Wilkins have all endured hostile was to the point. It was flicked on the screen criticism and snide disparagement of their near the end of his talk. Maurice’s dry Eng- roles in the story. Franklin has loyal, influen- lish form did not permit enthusiasm as he tial and persistent champions,and in particu- stated that the picture showed much more lar has had her reputation boosted, mainly at detail than previous pictures and could, in Wilkins’expense. -
Rosalind Franklin En Haar Foto Van DNA
Rosalind Franklin en haar foto van DNA Rosalind Franklin en haar foto van DNA Het is vandaag precies 63 jaar geleden dat de kristallograaf Rosalind Franklin op 37-jarige leeftijd overleed. Ze was een pionier in het gebruik van röntgenstraling voor het bestuderen van de structuur van DNA, RNA en virussen. Hoe werkt dat, en wat maakt Franklin de onbezongen held van DNA? Bij de tandarts heb je misschien wel eens een röntgenfoto laten maken. Deze soort straling dringt namelijk makkelijk door onze huid en spieren heen, maar minder goed door onze botten. Natuurwetenschappers gebruiken röntgenstraling ook, maar met een ander doeleinde. De golflengte van de straling is namelijk van dezelfde orde van grootte als de typische afstand tussen atomen in een molecuul of kristal, waardoor röntgenstraling perfect is voor het bestuderen van hun atomaire structuur. Diffractie Het trucje dat we gebruiken voor het met röntgenstraling bestuderen van kristallen heet diffractie. Het vader-zoonpaar William Henry en William Lawrence Bragg ontdekte dat röntgenstraling, gereflecteerd vanaf kristallijne vaste stoffen, verrassende spikkel-patronen produceerde. Ze bedachten dat, wanneer een metaal is opgebouwd uit netjes gerangschikte atomen, inkomende stralen kunnen reflecteren van opeenvolgende lagen atomen en – afhankelijk van de hoek tussen de atoomlaag en het gereflecteerde licht – elkaar daarbij kunnen opheffen of juist versterken. Zo verwacht je pieken in het gereflecteerde diffractiepatroon wanneer het verschil in de weglengte van de twee stralen overeenkomt met een geheel veelvoud van de golflengte van het licht: alleen dan zijn twee gereflecteerde lichtgolven tegelijk op een piek en versterken ze elkaar. Hiermee bleken de experimenten een van de eerste bewijzen voor het feit dat atomen bestaan, en hun inzicht leverder de heren Bragg de Nobelprijs op in 1915, “voor hun verdiensten bij de analyse van kristalstructuur door middel van röntgenstralen”. -
Commentthe College Newsletter Issue No 147 | May 2003
COMMENTTHE COLLEGE NEWSLETTER ISSUE NO 147 | MAY 2003 TOM WHIPPS DNA pioneers: The surviving members of the King’s team, who worked on the discovery of the structure of DNA 50 years ago, with James Watson, their Cambridge ‘rival’ at the time. From left Ray Gosling, Herbert Wilson, DNA at King’s: James Watson and Maurice Wilkins the continuing story Prize for his contribution – and their teams, but also to subse- A day of celebrations quent generations of scientists at King’s. ver 600 guests attended a cant scientific discovery of the Four Nobel Laureates – Mau- unique day of events celeb-rat- 20th century,’ in the words of rice Wilkins, James Watson, Sid- ing King’s role in the 50th Principal Professor Arthur Lucas, O ney Altman and Tim Hunt – anniversary of the discovery of the ‘and their research changed attended the event which was so double helix structure of DNA on the world’. oversubscribed that the proceed- 22 April. The day paid tribute not only to ings were relayed by video link to Scientists at King’s played a King’s DNA pioneers Rosalind the Chapel and lecture theatre 2C. fundamental role in this momen- Franklin and Maurice Wilkins – tous discovery – ‘the most signifi- who went onto win the Nobel continued on page 2 2 Funding news | 3 Peace Operations Review | 5 Widening participation | 8 25 years of Anglo-French law | 11 Margaret Atwood at King’s | 12 Susan Gibson wins Rosalind Franklin Award | 15 Focus: School of Law | 16 Research news | 18 Books | 19 KCLSU election results | 20 Arts News continued from page 1 myself alone, working below the level of the Thames and piping hydrogen into the camera. -
Van Robays.Indd
FACTS VIEWS VIS OBGYN, 2017, 9 (1): 57-61 History of medicine Rosalind Franklin (1920-1958) J. VAN ROBAYS Department of Pathology, ZOL, Campus St Jan, Schiepse Bos 6, 3600 Genk, Belgium. Correspondence at: [email protected] Editing: Sien Ombelet Photo 51 and the unveiling of DNA amounts of A and T (adenine and thymine), and equal amounts of G and C (guanine and cytosine). DNA has been known for quite some time. In Those bases therefore had to be coupled somehow 1869, the Swiss biochemist Johann Miescher did to one another. a series of experiments on a cell type that was In the meantime, Oswald Avery discovered that then abundantly available: pus cells. From their DNA, at least in bacteria, was the carrier of genetic nucleus, he extracted a phosphoric substance he information. When scientists realized DNA might called nuclein. The function of this substance, later well be the source code of life itself – including in called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), was a mystery. human beings – they fervently started looking for Toward the end of the 1940’s, it was discovered that its structure. The greatest chemist of those days, it had to be an unbranched chain molecule. Erwin the American Linus Pauling, proposed an alpha Chargaff found out that it always contained equal helix structure in 1951, but unfortunately this did 57 not match the X-ray diffraction analysis. In January what she wanted to become: scientist. But her father 1953 he proposed a different DNA model – a triple thought higher education did not suit a woman, so spiral – but this too was incorrect.