HOME CULTURES Making oftheodernHouse: Professor theHistory University. Sheista of manybooksndr 2010) andAmericanGlamour Modern InteriorsResearch A Socialandrchitectural Modern Architecture (Yale Yale UniversityPress,1998, American Ar Visiting Professorat the including Womenandthe History (HarryN.Abrams/ [email protected] College, whereshehas ta Alice T. Friedmansthe University Press,2010). ught since1979,and and theEvolution of Gra Center at Kingsto PP 1–28 VOLUME 12,ISSUE 2 ce Sla t at Wellesley ck McNeil ticles, uthor PUBLISHERS DIRECTLY FROMTHE REPRINTS AVAILABLE While itdecisivelybroke withfamiliar lively andengagedcommunity ofwomen. family, colleagues, andstudentstoforma surrounding themselves withfriends, its hybridspacesforliving andworking, In theirnewhometheyadapted manyof in 1870,foroveraquarterofcentury. single-sex institutionforhighereducation taught atWellesley College,founded asa activist. Bothwomenhadlivedand Coman, asocialeconomistandlabor for herselfandherpartnerKatharine professor Katharine Batesasahome Lee Massachusetts, wasbuiltbypoetand sprawling Shingle-stylehouseinWellesley, ABSTRACT Twentieth-Century of DomesticityinEarly LifeandtheQueering Love, Plain Sight Hiding in Alice T. Friedman “The Scarab”(1907),a “The ONLY PERMITTED BY LICENSE PHOTOCOPYING PRINTED INTHEUK PUBLISHING PLC2015 © BLOOMSBURY

1 HOME CULTURES DOI: 10.2752/175174215X14218464801170 2 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN cinating hybrids:cinating unlike conventional homesandworkplaces ofthe of thewomen’s collegesandurban settlement houseswere fas- tachments hadroom to flourish. women’swhich in words, and romantic emotions, entertainments, at ical and psychological environments different kind: spaces of a very workersurban neighborhoods, in for example—offered access to phys- women—as professors inwomen’s colleges or as settlement house to remain unmarried and to work inprofessions dominated by other boat, whether “at home” or abroad. For some, however, the choice lanes, or travelalong city streets and country by carriage, train, or and culturalcivic institutions of their time; allhad to keep house, walk these women men,went married to the in church, andparticipated were not only present but privileged inways they were not: most of shopkeepers, men,andthe “manonthestreet”—neighbors, delivery in whichmen—from husbands, brothers, to and preachers, suburban tinued to live out their daily lives inpublicand private environments professional worlds without men. most deeply felt intellectual and emotional attachments social and in but also, though less outsiders, frequently, the desire to their pursue degrees not only conferred onthem the statusandperspectives of “strangeness” of newlytheir very acquired and collegelearning KEYWORDS: queer, women, Wellesley, domesticity, architecture century domesticity. radically queeringthetermsofearly-twentieth- committed couplecould“hideinplainsight”while suburban neighborhood, demonstratingthatthis Scarab” nonethelessfitscomfortablyinitsleafy, conventions inbothplanandprogram, “The > Both programmatically and spatially, the buildings and landscapes queer. (Converse 1915: 1–2) missed the beauty; and the strangeness he called conservatism to brothers; their commentary and masculine inevitably his relegated hitherto bybeheld the visions scripturalprerogative a procession of young women, whose obstinate, dreaming eyes missed the beauty of the picture. He sawof beginning the slim be acommon heritage if Democracy was to beaworkingtheory, men’s daughters—to prove thattheintellectual must heritage endeavor of his sisters and daughters—or more probably other seventies, watchingperplexity with and scornful amusement the We know thatthe “maninthe street,” inthe sixties and sex colleges like Mount Holyoke, Smith,or Wellesley—the single- attendedthey not or Americans—whether educated Queer indeed. For many women in the first wave of college- 1 Of course, all of these women Of course, con - - were theirown (Palmieri 1995: 137–142, 312–13, note 21). other’s successes, frustrations, struggles, and triumphs as if they length,by mothers their andsisters),of varying andshared ineach leaves sabbatical their during (sometimes accompanied, for periods institutions they They supported. traveledthe social service together at and on-campus both meetings innumerable and gossip, meals, ship network that lasted for decades. They taught side-by-side, shared - friend tight-knit a (1899–1910),formed Hazard Caroline President Emily Balch, Elizabeth Kendall and others, including Bates, , , Florence Converse, colleagues or friends. with shared frequently were that libraries and offices had they where other buildings dotted around the campus, but also in their own homes, Hall, a looming Collegiate Gothic structure completed in 1875,and in Pauline Durant, women faculty taught and worked notCollege onlyin summer orduringtheterm (Palmieri 1995: 66–74). to theirfamilies’middle-class homes orto college campuses over the might spend months residing in urban settlement houses, returning near their daughters; moreover, volunteers from the women’s colleges into nearby oreven accommodations onto thecampus to itself be in houses intown, and sometimes student or faculty families moved faculty campus” could study or members livein rented “off rooms or boundaries between home and workplace were blurred: students and within the sameor building. bureaucratic—andMoreover, often the tial and domestic, still others educational, recreational, spiritual, - residen be might areas Some fluid. more were functions and aries new environments these bound in defined, clearly been foruse—had space—together hierarchies classandgender with andconventions private and public of zones which in century, nineteenth late to mid- for the theatrical staging of various identities” (Murphy 2009: 190). architecture their cultures in andprovided andcollections, settings they made palpable various historical periods and represented many created for themselves “were degrees heterotopicto varying because RevivalColonial andinteriors buildings thatthese men andwomen also Crane 2007; Darling2011; FellowsAs Murphy 2005). notes, the could establishspacesoftheirown“bachelors,” (Murphysee 2009; and “spinsters” as such scene, social the into fit quite not did who visitorstowns summer where resort NewEngland nineteenth-century Murphy to a handful of new and newly restored mixed-use buildings in 1986).This label was recently applied by architectural historian Kevin (Foucault resistance or non-conformity cultural or social of spaces gorized as “heterotopias,” a term coined by Michel Foucault to identify als—were newly formed hybrids of conventional types that can be cate theirownof course, innerspace and sense of themselves asindividu- dormitories, dining halls, campus landscapes, “college towns,” and, At Wellesley College, our focus here, founded in 1870 and by Henry The diverse environments these women inhabited—group homes, 2 Long-serving professors such as Katharine Lee 3 - - HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

3 HOME CULTURES 4 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN with dreamy adolescence. tional drama, and intense romantic attachments that we associate emo language, flowery and effusive of sort reveal—oftentothe given yet—as theirletters, love poems, andother private communications were intellectually rigorous and forward-looking in the classroom, and and hierarchies, these spaces were filled with formidable women who architecture andcustoms, terms in andatypical ofgendervalues tected and empowered their inhabitants—unconventional in their Physically demarcated—either by gates or by walls which both pro period and the customs of the towns inwhich they were located. leges were decidedly “queer” in relation to the social norms of the alarming and enthusiasts imagined asfeminist utopias, women’s col community. the spaces that its faculty and students occupied the in surrounding The description is an apt one for Wellesley College’s campus and for personal privacypersonal thatpersisted largelyunchangeduntilthe1960s. respectability,teenth- and early-twentieth-century and with notions of reticence this consistent entirely is survive, - thenormsofnine with steadfastly silent about their sex lives in the letters and diaries that remained they while work; and love of culture women-centered dent, indepen oppositional, an occupied and created women ment-house couples. Mountains of archival evidence show that college and settle women between partnerships decades-long and colleagues, among abounded inthis world, but so too did the building of close bonds as Iread—for Icouldnot leave themfor carelesshandsto destroy.” of friendship—destroyingme, and mineto century her in one quarter “I have read through, during these past three years, allher letters to rial volume of love dedicated to poetry Coman that appeared in 1922: Coman’s letters as she prepared to publish Yellow Clover , the memo Katharine destroyedhad partner KendallElizabethshe her that of all for example, Katharine LeeBates told andcolleague heroldfriend silence—and these women clearly wanted it to stay that way. In1921, butpassionately articulated enacted;highly therest,asthey say, is their households, altering and “restoring” existing buildings, and—like buildings and campuses, commissioning houses for themselves and domestic and institutional newlyspaces, inhabiting designed college equal energy, they dedicated themselves to the radical “queering” of these in arenas (PalmieriFar 1995:154ff). less publicly, though with and political cultures of their time, and they were committed activists contemporary gender stereotypes as well as the social, economic, andassocialreformersgoal aseducational pioneers to challenge they shared with their mainstream contemporaries. It was their stated special world of female love and feminist culture, and the world that realms forged new paths,moving between backandforth their own Thus, whilehardly the “Adamless Edens” that detractors found so For these women, love was the highest ideal and, as such, not only Though few in number, the lifelong inhabitants of these same-sex these of inhabitants lifelong number,the in few Though 5 Specialfriendships,crushes, and cliques 6 7 4 ------

(Figure Bates (1859–1926) andKatherine 2) (Figure Coman(1857–1915) of the campus—built in 1907 by Wellesley professors Katharine Lee easy ten minutes’ walk from College Hall, which stood at the heart Streethouse inWellesley, on Curve Massachusetts (Figure 1)—an more conventional families. designed by Wright but ultimately unbuilt, which were intended for would have from indistinguishable also neighbors, its been virtually 1998, 2010). House (1951), as well as handful of other well-known works (Friedman “Hollyhock House”(1921), van andMies derRohe’s Farnsworth Wright’s Susan Lawrence Dana House (1904), his Aline Barnsdall duced architecturally innovative houses. Examples include Frank Lloyd or choosing to remain single—among other reasons) frequently pro households (formed as aresult of their being divorced, gay, widowed, female-headed own their accommodate to houses new commission (Friedman 1998, 2010), the rare twentieth-century women who could of and Architecturalthe Modern the Making House: ASocial History ments in whichthey lived or worked. Yet, asIsuggested in Women and nomic resources to custom design and construct the physical environ period have had either the opportunity, the commitment, or the eco environment butalsofor QueerStudies. built the of history the for only not significance, particular have also over asbuilders unheraldedcontributions decades,their thepast well-known become have activists progressive as activities public tural spaces and styles to create hybrid environments. While their the Colonial Revival enthusiasts cited above—recombining architec a sort of protectivea sort coloration to their inhabitants. ferred more subdued stylistic choices, perhaps because they offered Massachusetts (1931)—many queer women clients seem to have pre Belmont, in House Raymond-Kingsbury Raymond’sBauhaus-inspired them being architect (and Wellesley College 1909graduate) Eleanor among exist—prominent certainly couples women same-sex for built houses modern-looking While picture. complex more a suggest plan, other hand, while frequently unconventional inboth program and (Friedman 1998, 2010: 18–24). suburban development commissioned by agroup ofuniversity faculty professors ofasmall,male art State atMichigan University aspart Winckler House (1940) in Okemos, Michigan, designed for two fe Goetsch-Katharine Alma Usonian Wright’s Lloyd Frank is another of 1923 Ethel Poweras aresidence for and her partner herself (editor at 112 Charles Street in that Eleanor Raymond remodeled in townhouse nineteenth-century the is mode this in examples known House Beautiful House o hs it a nw e de te nsuig Shingle-style unassuming the added be now can list this To It goes without saying fewthat very women or men of any historical Houses built for identifiable same-sex female couples, on the couples, female same-sex identifiable for built Houses 3), committed life-partners for a quarter century, as a 8 ) and an extended household of family and friends; 10 hi GeshWnke house Goetsch-Winckler Their 9 Among the best- the Among ­residence ------HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

5 HOME CULTURES 6 HOME CULTURES Archives. 1926). Wellesley College K Figure 2 Connolly.Harry Wellesley, MA,1907.Photo: Street, Scarab,” Curve William Brainerd,“The Figure 1 ALICE T. FRIEDMAN atharine LeeBates(1859– (Davidson 1904). HouseofSeven anessaywith Imaginary on“The 1904 Gables,” in who edited thevolume Brainerd’s andpublished drawing, together was at the behest of Bates’s undertaken colleague Hannah Davidson, That project—more and antiquarian literary rather than architectural— novel.Hawthorne’s of edition school new a for houses, England New eighteenth-century on research extensive on based “reconstructed,” the Seven Gables” in Salem, Massachusetts, which the architect had of “House fictional Hawthorne’s Nathaniel on modeled been have to seems Scarab” “The Brainerd, H. William architect Boston-based by met the eye (Figure4). topic referred buildings to earlier, therewas agreat dealmorethan hetero the in as here, yet home, single-family suburban, a of ample known to Bates, onHawthorne’s whowas anexpert work. tions for (Burgess 1952: 153, household staff 161–4). and older sister Jeannie, smaller spaces for visitors, andaccommoda for and Coman, but also bedrooms herself for Bates’s mother Cornelia gabled house included not onlyexpansiveand working living quarters many- brown-shingled, the 1906–7, in Hazard Caroline friend her Scarab” by Bates upon her return from anextended tour of Egypt with “The Christened household. woman-only their and themselves for From the exterior, to “The Scarab”appears be afairly typicalex- 12 Thebook and itscontents would have been well 13 Typically approached by Bates, Coman, their 11 Designed - - Wellesley CollegeArchives. K Figure 3 atharine Coman(1857–1915). HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

7 HOME CULTURES 8 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN “The Scarab,”reconstructed plansoftheground,second, andthirdfloors. “The Figure 4 of “old-fashioned Dutch tiles.” Dutch “old-fashionedof described in The House of the Seven Gables, with its chimneypiece meeting room, was modeled on the parlor of the old Pynchon House and showing shipsinfull sail (Figure6);thisspace, used as a library with a chimneypiece decorated tiles with blue and white “Delft” Facing the garden front was another large room, named “The Haven,” (Batesguests 1952: Burgess 2006; 163; see also 2006).Leopold taught her weekly graduate seminar, family and entertained and in the brick surround. Here Bates worked at a large mahogany desk, scarab, asouvenir from Bates’s trip to Egypt, had been embedded ceramic large a which below mantel, wooden and fireplace, a cases, to by Bates as “TheStudy,” book chairs, furnished with comfortable into Boston for meetings, shopping,orerrands. used by of the household when they members made their many trips fromriving thetown andthetrainstation,wasand it thus frequently here. This was also the closest entrance to the house for those ar the “front men, and other visitors delivery door”: neighbors, entered basement and the level changes of the hill-top site—that opened onto steep flight of stairs—required to accommodate the high-ceiling of the the garden front to Street entrance,wheretherewas theCurve a their beloved golden collie (Bates 1919: 183).A wide hallway led from Sigurd,for built was door green olive an with house gable-roofeddog had wide verandas on both the garden and south sides, where a large, led fromup thehill Weston Road and the campus beyond, the house students, and colleagues the gardenvia frontwhere apath (Figure 5), for thecookandmaid. roomscess to and sleeping quarters a large basement, with service ofthe household and their guests, members and akitchen,withac - room, furnished with atable large enough to accommodate the many Inside the Curve Street entrancewas theCurve Inside parlor, aspacious referred 14 Across the hall were an ample dining - - arry Connolly.Photo: Harry Scarab,”GardenFront,“The Figure 5 HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

9 HOME CULTURES 10 HOME CULTURES “The Haven.”Photo:Author.“The Fireplace with“DutchTiles” in Figure 6 ALICE T. FRIEDMAN on thisfloor:Comanusedbedroom duringherlater years. books as well. Elizabethand Balch Kendall owntheir published photographs their in Green to End(Bates Land’s andComan1907). Colleagues Emily 1905 appeared ina volume of Bates’s travel essays, From Gretna took on atrip with Bates and Annie Beecher Scoville inEngland in photographsher work in since the late 1890s,and the pictures she for others inthe Bates–Coman circle. Coman had been using her own floor, and this may have served as a darkroom for Coman and perhaps interior room with asinkwas located next to the full bathroom on this taught classes, andmet withcolleagues and friends. Asubstantial wrote, she here eaves: the under floor, top the on was “Bohemia,” door spaceaswell. private suite; Bates’s mother’s room probably had access to this out students. porchA sleeping ofBates’s onthe south side formed part were also small guest rooms and alcoves for visiting friends and live-in werefourdirections, floor two differentbedrooms. this in large On off the large hallway on the ground floor functioned as a waiting room, waiting a as functioned floor ground the on hallway large the home, the of center the At women. of household fluid extremely and and relaxing—both and out—by indoors entertaining, a large, diverse, access. Second, the house provided ample spaces for working,living, claimed, but offered some neighbors a number of different points of town, and the city of Boston beyond: it was not “built backwards,” as the neighborhood, the college, the to affiliations overlapping hold’s scape were clearly configured to reflect and accommodate the house surrounding andits Scarab” “The household standout.First, land- Katherine Coman’s large workspace, always referred to as narrowpin-wheeled a nextstaircasethat level,via the reached On A number of details about this hybrid house and its extended 16 Asmallbedroom andample storage space were also 15 17 - - her PhB fromher PhB the University 1880; in ofMichigan she arrived at Literature ofEnglish 1891. in the Department Comanhadreceived ulty ofWellesley 1885, in College Professor becoming andHead of and close friends (Burgess 1952:neighbors She joined the 45). fac - school founded by the Eastman sisters, who would later become her preparatory girls’ a Hall, Dana to on moving the later twenty-one, at of age 1880, in School High Natick at career teaching her began typically described themselves, when asked, as “friends.” they lived. earned as well asaresponsibilitythat they bore to thesocietywhich in their economic and intellectual independence as arightthat they had highly principled, they were proud of their role and viewedas leaders and self-sufficient, Confident, York.New upstate in College Hamilton father Levi Coman, a teacher and gentleman farmer, graduated from her Holyoke; Mount of graduates by founded school a , Newark, cated at the Putnam Female Seminary, not far from her home in rural edu been had mother Coman’s Massachusetts. Natick, in then and Falmouth in first own, her on children three raised College, Holyoke his father Joshua was President. Her mother, a graduate of Mount she wasafter born, was a graduate College, where of Middlebury roots. England New deep with families Protestant middle-class, educated, Katherine Lee Bates and Katherine Coman were both from highly the least. described Hawthorne’sin novel, their presence here is curious, to say were inspired by the nooks and crannies of the old Pynchon house via the closets. While it ispossible that these hidden passageways cess to the most intimate spaces of their family and “housemates” of circulation between bedrooms, literally allowing themto ac- gain Katharine Coman, or others unknown means to us—with a secondary sageways provided the occupants—Bates, her mother, her sister, large interior closets thatconnected eachpair. These private pas- not only via doorways from the central landing, but also through the accessed be all could floor second the on bedrooms the all, of ingly lege could be glimpsed over the tree tops. andmost surpris- Fourth, the hero of Hawthorne’s novel) and as a belvedere from which the col that of Mr Holgrave, the social reformer and “daguerrotypist” who is (like workshop photographer’s a Hawthorne), Nathaniel of that (like workspace scholar’s a as only not used be could “Bohemia” top-floor flow of words that emanated from this talkative group. Third, Coman’s but whose deafness prevented inthe relentless her from taking part who kept as atypistfor house and served Bates and her colleagues, to the “The Study” and dining room—people like Bates’s sister Jeannie, flocked who ladies the conversationof animated the from apart bit a lobby,room, living handy for and auxiliary those who wished to remain Bates and Coman worked, traveled, and lived together, yet they Colleagues on theWellesley College faculty since theearly 1880s, 18 Bates’s father, a Congregational minister who died soon 19 Bates - - HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

11 HOME CULTURES 12 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN involved). Scoville (with whom she had been, but was no longer, romantically while she was traveling inEngland with former Dana Hall pupil Annie butalsoawayhad not onlyapassionate heart withwords. poet or an a ardentgifted lover. But looks can be deceiving, and Bates life she looks more like a white-haired, crinkle-eyed grandmother than modern eyes to be rather plain and serious; in her ample-figured later our to seems pince-nez, a in woman young pudgy a as photographs rights (Davis 1971: 366). scholarship to the test as a labor organizer and advocate for women’s of economics and industrial relations, frequently putting her academic and scholar of English Literature, Coman devoted her life to the study (1881– Palmer, appointed thereafter President of the College whowas shortly Wellesley that same year, moving east with her friend Alice Freeman when she published apicture ofComanwhen she andtheirdogSigurd published with Bates called Coman“Joy ofLife,” thatshemadepublic anickname lives. their throughout unflagging remained devotion couple’s The her household (Schwartz 1979: 64). 1979: (Schwartz household her freedom to build ahouse, to live as she liked, to travel, and to support the her gave newspapers, and magazines to sold Bates that articles 74–5;Sherr 2001). The success of that work, and of other verses and later set to music,forBates which most is widely known (Coman1913: the journey inspired“America inher memoirs) the Beautiful,” the poem, Pike’s Peak (by wagon, together with Coman’s mother, who recorded , in Colorado Springs, where a day trip to the top of letter addressedto “Dearestmy Katharine,” continuing: can be as beautiful as Princeton was a year ago?,” she wrote ina Coman’s death in 1915.but also after “I wonder if an English Spring passionate andsteadfast, not onlyfor the following century, quarter Her first love letter to Coman, dated February 24, 1891, was written In 1893, Bates andComanspentthesummer term teaching at desired way to your dearest heart. long- the found just had I when possible all of least seemed it Wellesley, because so many love held anchors me there and I want to come to Heaven) …itwas never possibleto very leave than you know I want …Of course to come to much youas (very care Ialwaysof her yourself? Sweetheart, love you, more dearly “myself”].[superscript: herbackto IfIbring you, you will take myin careofyour oftaking …Iamtired longings Katharine back to Wellesley or not. You are always and inmy heart pocket? We’ll goto Princeton againsometime. strayed home from the Rock and there were two hands in one Do you remember the sunset skythat Sunday evening whenwe For Iam coming back to you, my Dearest, whether Icome 7) (Davis 1971:While Bates 365). was apoet, essayist, writer, 22 After falling After inlove with Coman the previous year, she was 20 23 21 Bates, inearly who appears collection of essays, From Gretna Green to Land’s End History Told byPoets English (Bates and Coman 1902)and a popular collaborators, producing books for use inschools, such asEnglish seems apleasantprospect” (Bates 2006: 78–9). be glad to be at home and at work once more. My desk in Bohemia their home, Coman wrote to Bates 1912, from Egypt inJanuary “I shall convalescence (Bates Devoted 78–9). 2006: andto to herpartner to as“your herself broken dolly,” during her long years of illness and referring Bates, to notes love tender and flowers sent Coman part, an identifying caption (“Joy of Life with Sigurd” (Figure 7).For her The two women were butalsoprofessional not onlylife partners (Bates and frontispiece). of Life,”fromBates(1919: K Figure 7 atharine Comanas“Joy HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

13 HOME CULTURES 14 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN also Coman1913: 99–101). They clearly thought ofthemselves as town in had beenrenting 1952: (Burgess 137, 123, 139, 144; see the College in1900, however, they purchased the house that they term or sabbatical lodgings abroad. Once Coman became Dean of summer and campus, on offices and rooms Wellesley, of town the at various times, both of their mothers) between rented houses in been peripatetic, moving with their extended household (including, as spatially—expressed. relationship that was both intensely emotional and physically—as well Such clues are few and far between, but they helpto shed light ona shewrote,absorbed intalk,” physical affection the couple shared: “If we walked … close together, much beloved collie, Sigurd, for example, Bates casually reveals the this archivein surface of manuscripts and texts. about In writing their and irreverent tone. Bates described this “war of the sexes” at length, adopting anamused who deploredindignant readers such extremes of female fashion: laughed attheletters to theeditor Chronicle Morning of The from more ing (Burgess 1952:114–16). Bates wrote that she and Coman example of her friend’s daring nature and feminist politics, but noth- and was determined asanamusing offered is them”;this to “try had found apattern for “bicycling trousers” London,Bates in wrote, fearlesslytwo-wheeler. a on off pedaled Coman tricycle,while Coman the more physically timidBates apparently preferred to stickwithher Oxford inJune of 1894 and ventured out into the English countryside: and Coman—never for long—hired bicycles apart during a summer in care. For example, letters from Bates to her mother describe how she they always represented intimate their theutmost with relationship their friends and relations, were always upon them. Understandably, of eyes the and College, Wellesley of gaze spotlight the public: in ity women understood roles gender their sexual their or“performed” - partnership. respectable—and resolutely “closeted”—personal and professional inside the closets at “The Scarab,” they maintained a steadfastly obfuscation were remarkable; aided, perhaps, by the secret passages and romance were different from very our own, and their powers of Coman 1907), noted above. Undoubtedly, their notions of intimacy For the first ten or more years of their partnership, the couple had couple the partnership, their of more years or ten first Forthe superfluous. (Bates 1919: 147) to beloved not andthatallaffections directed to Sigurd were usto Hewished night. thatSigurd understand was theone we were having a fireside tête-à-tête or bidding each other good he would jealously push in between didus, when as he often Despite their reticence, however, incidental details do rise to the Little evidence to survives onthe shed ways light these which in than adoptachild: humor, explainingwhy the couple had preferred to “baby” adog rather children whoabounduponourhill”(Bates 2006:75–6). later noted, “theshe had unshepherded observed ways of the little on the Wellesleya kindergarten campus in 1912because, as Bates vocate for reform (Halsey 1915: 451). Coman even helped to establish programs Britain and in Scandinavia asaplatform from whichto ad end ofherlife, research sheusedheracademic welfare onsocial she was amongthe founders League; toward of the Consumers’ the Coman played an active role theSeamstresses in Strike1910 in and House, a settlement house Boston’sin South End (Davis1971: 366). ways active the morepublicly ofthetwo—helped Denison establish Settlements Association 1887,in 1892,and in Katharine Coman—al ship, and their activism. With their friends they founded the College The couple’s lives revolved around teaching,their scholar their unconventional—and slowly modernizing—world: unquestioningly imposedoften by themenwhoentered theladies’ reveals of Bates’s amused and ironic response to the “help” that was says about Bates’s andComan’s sense of themselves, and for what it quotingThe remainder of that here, passage bothis worth for what it hardby”; she and Coman were a pair, not separate (Bates 1919: 181). a more spacious one thatwe hadbuilton astripof untamed land into moved and home first the sold “We that noted Bates example, shared. When speaking of their move to “The Scarab” in1907, for were choices life their and finances their that assumption the under operating and ease, and confidence with “our” and “we” like words a couple throughout this longperiod of contingent domesticity, using happy irreverence. (Bates 1919: 30) his impressed dignities academic No concerns. serious our all and saved us from turning into plaster images by makinglightof cherished a childinstead of a collie, but Sigurd throve on neglect have would we mothering, of art fine the for opportunity given too for leisure little the home we loved. Had our dayshurried causes, boards, committees, mereprofessional women with Be it understood that we were teachers, writers, of servants Bates described the rhythms oftheir household candor and with was thatwe hadto appeargrateful. (Bates 1919: 181) andlayor shears our about in happyhim tangle. The worst ofit pioneer, mustneedsgostealthily or saw anax(sic) with forth warden or whosoever, but,driven by the deep instinctof the man stepped on the place, brother or guest or gardener or state keep the forest growthits own in careless beauty, but never a drew away from ourgrounds us.Within atleastwe strove to Then astreet came, and more houses, and quietly the wildwood - - - HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

15 HOME CULTURES 16 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN literary circle.literary Salem, and perhaps she also knew hischildren through their shared and Concord in houses his visited also had she doubt No 1902. in a complete edition of the romances, published by Thomas Y. Crowell, focused on Hawthorne’s novels, andshehadwritten introductions for and gardens—made sense.For perfect decades,Bates’s work had towns, houses, England New old of descriptions rich Hawthorne’s which had come alive for them, thanks to Bates lifelong study of H. Brainerd as architect, and of the architecture of Colonial America— work, and Wellesley College. Their choice of their neighbor William the three things they loved most and knew best: each other, their they mightlike to live in, Bates and Coman based their decisions on helped create. she was arespected and beloved member of the community that she her work, Bates may have been an outsider in society at large, but for supported and recognized increasingly and world, her in Secure Bates gentlychidedafriend:“Iammightilyamused,”shewrote, about it with increasing candor and humor. In 1910, for example, unconventionality of their lives and, as time wore on, spoke and wrote the recognized nonetheless Bates well-mannered, and cheerful Ever Sophia Hawthorne to hermother atlength: room was for reserved literature,” and then cited aletter written by the Hawthorne’s houseonMallStreet Salem,“whereanupper in of her essays. Inher introduction to and his family lived in, for example, and referred to these a number in he home every almost in occupied Hawthorne that studies top-floor large the of significance the of aware well was She 121–34).1919: England life, clearly shaped her choices as a home builder (Bates New author’s the of knowledge her as well others—as and Coman It follows, then, that when they of house came tothe imagine sort have had!…Solet’s befluttering fringes. without time for them—and money—think whatalife they would and dozen, a adopt can wemoneywhenever have and we time not Imind Idon’tthink of it. woven being Asfor in. children, the garment of life.” Ialways thought the fringe had the best on fringe “a of spinsters, free-flying us for metaphor your over and the Nursery! (Bates 1902c:and theNursery! xii) Seer—togifted spend his life time between the Custom’s House heaven- He—the … musing uninterrupted hour’s one of chance my ayear reach.Hehasnow of without lived thenursery in me aParadise of Peace toalone thinkofhim and still,yet within My husband’s study from be high will all noise, and betoit will Bates’s readings of Hawthorne’s works—sometimes aloud to 25 The Scarlet Letter, she described 24 House of the Sevenof the House Gables at Wellesley, andsheedited texts, ofclassic aseries The including Davidson taught summer school in the courses English Department so lovinglydescribes in purpose to the one on Mall Street and to the writing room Hawthorne economics. Whatever the reason, a top-floor study—similar in size and and history of fields “masculine” more the in brilliance Coman’s to Perhaps Bates saw like herself, as aloving Sophia, wife whodeferred William HouseoftheSevenGablesasDescribedby Hawthorne,” fromDavidson(1904). Brainerd,“The Figure 8 was builtfor Comanat“TheScarab.” above, in anew edition published by Davidson Hannah A. in1904. striking a Gables. His reconstruction of the house (Figure 8),whichbears into Hawthorne’s architectural modelsfor The leagues, clearly inspired architect WilliamH. Brainerd’s research Moreover, Bates’s scholarly interests, and those of her col- resemblance to “The Scarab,” first appeared, as noted as appeared, first Scarab,” “The to ­resemblance Mosses fromMosses an OldManse , for the Riverside Literature Series. No Series. Literature Riverside the for , 26 House oftheSevenHouse (Bates 1902a)— 27

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17 HOME CULTURES 18 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN the Boston area. al et on a volume to fireproofing on ticle mansions” (Bates 1902b). House of Seven Gables is apparently a composite of several old Salem “the that confidently stated she 1902, House of the Sevenof Gables is likely that Bates provided the impetus. Inher Introduction to The idea of devoting serious study to Salem’s colonial architecture, it the University of Maine (1907). received a BAin1883);and the classical at revival Carnegie Library Gothic Revival (from College style,atGrinnell Brainerd which had from the 1890s;Herrick Chapel and Steiner Hall (1907),both inthe dateswhich Nebraska, Universityof the at Music of Conservatory the include works his architect,well-known a not While Russell. & Leeds for andComan. herself rate reconstruction, and Bates commitment toa new building house House,”Brainerd’sresearch architecturally on“TheImaginary accu- is the timely confluence of Bates’s passion for Hawthorne, Davidson’s tention to the architectural sources before the others; more important riage. Bowen, before who had taught inthe English Department her mar doubt she was acquainted with both Bates and Brainerd’s wife, Mary long-term guestrecalledthat: ing nicknames—who spurred new interests and enthusiasms. One lov with christened Bates whom of students—all live-in and animals, her happy lifea house withComanin enlivened by friends, children, Writing of Sigurd andtheir other pets, Bates reveals many detailsof 192–3). 1952: (Burgess figure national respected a as years later stream of visitors who were in her received in her home, particularly friends, family, Bates’s and supporters. biographer chronicles the borhood andabeloved for destination anextended of community somewhat arcane. respectable, idiosyncratic inplan and program, and academically excellenttheir project in to partner create ahouse that was outwardly town of Wellesley and a member of their extended circle, he was an a solid choicefor Bates andComan;moreover, asaresident of the was Brainerd houses, England New of student as and architecture, Brainerd worked as a principal in the Boston firm of Brainerd, of firm Boston the in principal a as worked Brainerd instructor atWellesley) 134),from an interview withGeraldine Gordon, formerly a young well year. …that was awonderful (Quoted by Palmieri (1995: Bates,Miss who was a poet and a joker …… and Balch Miss night with Miss Jewett, night after a table night after a poet, street had dinner with us every night. And ifyou ever satat JewettMiss lived wholived Balch usandMiss with down the neigh- the in fixture a became quickly Street Curve on house The . 1910: 12–16) and worked asarchitect schoolsin ofpublic 28 Although it is not is Althoughit clearwhoamongthemhadoriginated the 31 Asacompetent ofhistorical practitioner revival 29 This suggests This that she had turned her at 30 Inaddition, he contributed anar Modern School Houses (Hamelin - - - - 2006: 74).2006: marking on “the friendship which remains my joy and blessing” (Bates of thatbeautifulnot bodyhadin been for ofthe soul,” re the victory friends: “It would have been intolerable to watch the slow destruction withcalmresolve. AsBatesher mortality wrote to Coman’s family and Emily Balchand Cornelia Warren, among others), Coman confronted religious beliefs and Bates’s tender she care waswhich (in aided by died of complications 1915. from that illness in January Buoyed by her existence: Comanwas 1911, breastcancerin with diagnosed and all-too-brief its was life shared Coman’s and Bates’s in tragedy est journey to Egypt. an “Egyptian tent cloth,” that Coman brought back for Bates from her a “model of an Alhambra door” that were hanging in“The Haven,” and Other prominently displayed and treasures included a “Cairo tapestry” Seymour, “anenlargement of his own Kodak picture,” taken in1910. there was alargephoto ofthemarket Luxor in by Coman’sbrother and a number of other amulets and small sculptures on the mantel, Study” “The in surround fireplace the in embedded scarab Egyptian large of photographic her beloved portrait (Figure 9).In1922, still “Bohemia,” working at Coman’son which she desk, placed a Immediately following Coman’sdeath,Bates moved to upstairs Comanwrote,Heart,” she waited to be taken into the operating room: “I have no fear, Dear travels from friends. or gifts of churches andsculpture,many were ofwhich souvenirs oftheir Study his in over Bates’s andphotographs paintings, desk—original ofRenaissancetions Carpaccio’s paintings—including St. Augustine both old and new, “The Scarab” was decorated with framed reproduc committed same-sex light. different couplecaststhepictureinavery own reticence) thatthehouseholdwas created andanchoredby a ladies’ (despitethe forrealization boardinggrown-upschool the girls, theseanecdotesWhile sometimes give theimpression ofajolly ht w ms hv te rt. Se lo oe ta “or Nubian “your welldecorations look very inthe dining room.” that notes also She grate.” the have must “we that were working away and that she had written upstairs, to Mr Brainerd forbeen shopping bedding andasoapdish,notingthat the painters to move into thenew house,Bates excitedly tells thatshehad him probably writtenSeptember in 1907 asshe and her family prepared 1995: 139) myin is opento best moments,when my her. heart (Palmieri loneliness. But Ishould come to you as my mother comes to me, concern totothis body is remain in spare youand grief pain for Life all.Myonlyreal allin andDeathare oneandGodis Furnished with antiques and traditional New England furniture, England New traditional and antiques with Furnished Havingcreated a haven for themselves andtheir friends, the great 35 Shealso quoted from anote that Coman had penned as 34 32 Inanundated letter to her brother, 33 Inaddition to the - - - HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

19 HOME CULTURES 20 HOME CULTURES College Archives. desk in“Bohemia.”Wellesley K Figure 9 ALICE T. FRIEDMAN atharine LeeBatesather “our tenderest language,” she explained. Her most vivid writing, flowers were these women: young as exchanged first Coman and she protective miasma around them, she grieved for the loss of her friend. one so beloved?” language that had always Couched in literary cast a shame can there be ingrievingmodus tam caricapitis?”—“What for the from Coman to dedication a with opens longing, and love with filled the end, praising her bravery and courage (Bates 1922: The book, ix). to lover dashing her romanticized Bates1857,” 23, November Ohio, tendedlove letter. “westerna Coman Calling woman, Newark,in born the both collection of poems that served asamemorial and anex- ­overwhelmed Bates andlonging, grief with Yellow published Clover, In “Yellow Clover,” love poem,shedescribed thetitle tokens that OdesofHorace that speaks volumes: “Quis desiderio sit pudor aut work andloving commitment. colleagues had created, bought, andpaidfor through theirown hard their Bates, and that Wellesley Coman, a world in flourished that ship friend women”—a between friendship of type new the time, first the and Coman’s lifelong friend, praised her for “formulating, perhaps for ing acopy of the volume, , the founder of Hull House message was received loud and clear: writing to thank Bates for send world beyond their protective circle. And the radical meaning of that expressing heremotional andphysicalpartnership, to passion the Bates, approaching her later years, wasto willing that go in claiming of I’m sometimes not sure whether I’m alive or not.” to a friend in 1926,“So much of me died with Katharine Coman that ofwork andlove. century a quarter AsBates commented aletter in Nothing could take the place of the partner with whom she had shared thing ofthephysical yearning thatshefelt: feltIn “IfYou at Coman’spassing. Could Come,” Bates suggests some andraw,more wrenching revealing theunfathomable lossthatshe is Bohemia,” “In entitled sonnets” of “corona final the ­particularly their time andknowledge time their oftheWellesley CollegeArchives. Thanks Collections, and Jane Callahan, Archivist,were Library generous with and dedicated stewardship of “The Scarab.” Ian Graham, Director of ect, and to Katie Swenson, for her hospitality, architectural expertise, at Program Architecture and Wellesley Arts atevery stage of thisproj College, for her help andsupport England New the of Director College. Wellesley of fringes” “fluttering brave the to dedicated is article This A cknowledgments Yellow Clover alimited, in reveals copies, of750 edition how far In achingdreams,andstillyou cannot come.(Bates 1922: 5,39) Through toil-pressed day, butallnightlongitbleeds My wound isnumb creeds. One touch ofyou athousand were worth But fill my famished hearingwith your voice. If onlyourstainedstarhathsinandtears, I would not askyou ifthosegoldenspheres But, silent,take ofyour thecomfort face. I would not question you for heavenly lore, My love, my love, ifyou couldcomeoncemore a gaeu t m clege rfso Mrh McNamara, Martha Professor colleague my to grateful am I In love rejoice, From your highplace, 37 36 Yet the publication - - - - HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

21 HOME CULTURES 22 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN 12. 11. 10.

Notes Scarab.” reconstruct the sequence of rooms, and for drawingthe plans of“The also to Nauraeen Mazumdar, Wellesley, Class of 2014, for helping me 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1.

(1908: parts 4–7,177).(1908: parts For Davidson, see Leonard (1907); for Brainerd, see Brainerd LeeBates, aprominent Maine. Arthur businessmaninPortland, The construction of the house was overseen by Bates’s brother For Goetsch andWinckler, seeBandes (1991). Raymond’s sister andherpartner. house, The waswhich was 2006, in demolished forbuilt For lesbian patrons of architecture, see Bonnevier2007). (2005, 29). 1921, WCA, quoted EKKpapers, by Palmieri (1995: 314, note Katharine Lee Batesto as KLB) (hereafter Ellen Kendall, July 16, Duggan (1993). Davis(1993). For the backlashagainst“Boston marriages,” see among many other Faderman titles, (1990) andKennedy and The literature on this question isvast and inconclusive: see, culture, seeFellows (2005:13–14, 22)andHalperin(2012). Deegan (1996). For oftheseissues adiscussion ingay male of emotional, physical, and psychological attachments. See also “proof” of sexual contact and concentrated instead on the depth searchforawayfruitless) same-sexrelationships (often fromthe and women, Smith-Rosenberg moved the discussion of women’s men middle-class among etiquette social of conventions and focusingBy onthediscursive norms, notions of gender identity, (1975).Smith-Rosenberg see century, nineteenth the in ments For an analysis of women’s friendships and romantic attach- White, ofCongress];Reese Slaughter (1906). &Co.[Library seealsoPalmieri (1995);early as1884: sheet Boston: music, The phrase, whichgained currency inthe 1890s, was used as (hereafter asWCA).(hereafter of the faculty isavailable from the Wellesley College Archives Further information onScudder, Converse, andother members 1939)are Special Collections in at the University of Rhode Island. (1871–Hazard Caroline of papers (2010).The Gwinn Kristin by published was 1946, in Prize Peace Nobel the won who Balch, (1971), andScanlonCostner(1994). Anew biography of Balderson (1971); for Coman, see Halsey (1915), Allen F. Davis For Bates, see Burgess (1952)(Burgess was Bates’s niece)and campus anditsbuildingsseeFergusson Scudder (1937), and Glasscock (1975). For of the the history For Wellesley’s see Palmieri (1995, history Horowitz (1984). For of the women’s the history colleges and campuses see et al.(2000). passim); see also 18. 17. 16. 15. 14. 13.

found by Dorothy (1952: Burgess note as in seealsoAnon. 5); Bates’s early life is well documented: in addition to the material 78). intothankful sigh her ownher bed ownin Bohemia”(Bates 2006: In Bates’s memoir, she notes that Coman “nestled down witha China (taken in1911) (seeKendall 1913). withComan, included her ownon English history photographs of (1894 and 1899) co-authored two books for high school students 1905–6.Professorin Kendall,Kimball Elizabeth earlier had who (1910).The book included photographs taken onaresearch trip her photographs (together with others by Lewis Hine), see Balch later travels. Professor and social reformer Emily Balchpublished one” (Coman 1913: 128).This oversight was not repeated on to agreatdisappointment is camera; it have bringing missed trip to Europe in1895, she noted that Katherine “wished for a Katharine Coman: see Coman (1913:In her memoir of their 99). mentions the taking of photographs by both Seymour and Spain, is on p.55.Throughout her memoir, Coman’s mother wasthe camera,”which stolen andrecovered to a trip during the reference to stored Coman’s trunk, Miss for supplies with For ofphotography, Coman’searlypractice seeBates (1899); WCA. death: “Dear Mine Executors,” “InBohemia,October 11, 1928,” will, she suggests that this car be given to her the chauffeur after when she became unable to walk long distances. In anote to her her by her friend , together with a paid chauffeur, her automobileLincoln “Abraham.” car had been The given to christened the she in 1920s, and (Burgess 123); it 1952: of fied her bicycle “Lucifer,” perhaps because Sigurd, the dog, was terri Bates made up nicknames for both people and things: she called my attention letters to from these important Bates to her brother. Melinda Ponder, whoispreparingabiography of Bates, for calling (probably September 10,1907, WCA). Iamgrateful to Professor chest for my room Bates, and callitLebanon.”to KLB n.d. Arthur long mirror.” Bates also notes that she was “to have a cedar Room, The Blue Grotto” be named “Vanity Fair because of your letter, Bates writes that a friend had suggested that “Jeannie’s with access to this outdoor space. Characteristically, inthe earlier balcony: Bates’s own room and the one next to it are the only ones 1907),12, Bates refers to Bower” “The andto hermother’s In anundated letter to her brother (probably September 10and Seven Gables. 1904: 387, House,” Imaginary “The in 389) ticity, noted were by particularly Davidson andBrainerd (Davidson itsauthen detail,This and the historical documents supporting see Truettner andStein (1999), (2001). andConforti England, New in Revival Colonial the and style Shingle the For The House oftheHouse - - HIDING INPLAINSIGHT

23 HOME CULTURES 24 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN 30. 29. 28. 27. 26. 25. 24. 23. 22. 21. 20. 19.

No biography ofBrainerd exists: seenote 13 above. 2001:(Conforti 248–62). a settlementto house on the premises was support ingenious 1907,in but her scheme to use the proceeds from that venture Gables,” Seven of “House tourist-oriented a as Salem in House Turner-Ingersoll the “restore” to efforts Emmerton’s Caroline Bates andher circle probably didnot approve ofpreservationist post atthetimeofherwedding in1906 (seeBrainerd 2009). University of Chicago in 1897. Bowen resigned from her Wellesley Italian Renaissance literature, who received her PhDfrom the Brainerd Bowen, was to married and ascholarof English Mary See above, note 13. under theEaves.” whom Bates knew well, a chapter included Chamber on“The Seven Gables. InHawthorne’s text, George Edward Woodberry, See also Davidson (1904:Introductionxi–xii), to For Bates’s dedicationto Hawthorne, seePonder (1999). WCA. 3, 1910, Russell January KLB to Bartlett, Mary Bates Papers, TheletterWCA. was (1979: cited first inSchwartz 63). KLB to Katharine 24, Coman, February 1891, Bates Papers, Archives, Yale University Library. Scoville (1866–1953),Beecher Family Manuscripts Papers, and 13,1888, Series I,BoxFolder 20, of Papers Annie Beecher 790. in a marriage to a man: KLB to Annie Beecher Scoville, January “Bohemian life,” but she insisted that Scoville would be happier exchanged vows withScoville and embarked on what she calls a 1888, for example, Bates wrote that she would gladly have January In (1975)described. Smith-Rosenberg that manner the tionship and by Bates’s fears muchabout in their future, very emotional (and perhaps also the physical) intensity of their rela the about soul-searching much by marked are these 1880s; Bates andScoville exchanged passionate love letters the in (probably September 12,1907), Bates Papers, WCA. to Bates, live n.d. to at“TheScarab.”SeeKLB KLB with Arthur both mother thecareoftheir sharedin andsister, whowere She was also helped financially by a loan from her brother Arthur; and Norway. Denmark in research field on based 1915), (Coman insurance the Mississippi of the Faromic Beginnings West: How We Won the Land beyond States (Coman 1910), drawn from her Wellesley Econ­ course, Industrial The include Her publications History oftheUnited Schwartz Judith by (1979). was archive this of reading earliest The Coman (1913: ix–xvii,1–56). (1896: 441–3); Guild (1908: 261). For Katharine Coman, see (Coman 1912),and a treatise on unemployment The

House of the - 37. 36. 35. 34. 33. 32. 31. Bandes, Susan (ed.) 1991. Dreams: TheGoetsch Affordable - KatharineBalderson, C.1971. “Katherine Lee Bates.” InEdward T. Charities York: Emily.Balch, 1910.New Slavic Our Fellow Citizens. Anon. 1910. Menand Women Dictionary of America: ABiographical Anon. 1896.“Arthur Lee Bates.”Review: In Biographical Cumberland Annie Beecher Scoville Beecher Papers, Family Manuscripts Papers, References Bates, Katherine Lee. 1899.“In Pilgrimageto Santiago.” Bates, Katharine Lee. 1902a. “Introduction.” In Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bates, Katharine Lee. 1902c. “Introduction.” In Nathaniel Hawthorne, Bates, Katharine Lee. 1902b. “Introduction.” In Nathaniel Hawthorne, University Press. Women 1607–1950 James Janet James Wilson and Paul Boyer (eds), Notable American Publication Committee. of Contemporaries. New York: L.R.Hamersley &Co. Publishing Co. County,, pp.441–3. Maine Boston, Review MA:Biographical and Archives, Sterling MemorialLibrary, Yale University. Museum. House and Frank Lloyd Wright Magazine The Scarlet Letter, pp.v–xvi.New York: Thomas Crowell. Thomas Y. Crowell. York:New v–xvi. House of The the Sevenpp. Gables: ARomance, fromMosses an OldManse

Jane Addams to KLB,May 9,1922, Bates Papers, WCA. Library, RadcliffeCollege. KLB to Abbie Farwell Brown, 1926, Brown Papers, Schlesinger physician. Instructorof Michigan, ofHygiene andWellesley’s resident health, women’s of field and Dr Katharine Raymond, a 1905 graduate of the University the in reformer a and Michigan of theyMosher,Eliza Dr included 1875an Universitythe of alumna Even oftheir extended Coman’s doctors were part feminist circle: Bates Papers, WCA. her “Dear will: Mine Executors,” “InBohemia,October 11, 1928,” All ofthese objects were noted by Bates aletter in attachedto WCA. Papers, Bates,KLB to n.d. (probably Arthur September 10, 1907),Bates WCA. Papers, Bates,toKLB n.d. (probably Arthur September 11, 1907),Bates School inMalden,MA. Cheverus School in East Boston, and the Daniels Grammar The volume includes examples of hiswork, i.e. the Bishop 8(2):49–59. , Vol. I, pp.114–15. Cambridge, MA: Harvard , pp. v–xiv. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. . East Lansing, MI: Kresge Art . East Lansing, MI:Kresge Art The Wellesley Winckler

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25 HOME CULTURES 26 HOME CULTURES ALICE T. FRIEDMAN Burgess, Dorothy. 1952. York: D.F.Hamelin, A. New et. 1910. al Modern School Houses. Bowen.Brainerd, Bowen 2009.“Guide to Mary Brainerd the Mary Bonnevier, Katarina. 2007.Toward BehindStraightCurtains: aQueer Bonnevier, Katarina.“A 2005. Queer Analysis of Eileen Gray’s E.1027.” Bates, Katharine Lee and Katharine Coman. 1907. From Gretna Bates, Katharine LeeandKatharine Coman.1902. History English Bates, Katharine Lee. 2006.“For Katharine Coman’s Family and Bates, Katharine Lee. 1922. Bates, Katharine Lee. 1919. Sigurd andOther OurGoldenCollie Coman, Katharine. 1912. Coman, Katharine. 1910. TheIndustrial History of the United States. Coman, Katharine. 1913. Seymour Coman Memories of Martha rn, hia 20. Ese e of, aai Cifr Bre and Barney Clifford Natalie Wolfe, de 2007. “Elsie Sheila. Crane, Converse, Florence.1915. TheStory ofWellesley. Boston, MA:Little 2001. Joseph A. Conforti, ImaginingNew England: Explorations of Coman, Katharine. 1915. Unemployment of ASummary Insurance: Swetland PublishingCo. SPCL.BRAINERD (accessedApril22,2014). www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU. (Special Collections Research Available Library). online: http:// Papers, 1895–1915.” Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Library ofArchitectureFeminist Theory . Stockholm: AxlBooks. New York: Routledge. Spatial Productions of Gender in Modern Architecture, pp.162–80. In Richards. Green to Journey Land’sEnd: A Literary inEngland.London: Grant Told by EnglishPoets. New York: Macmillan. Innermost Circle ofFriends.” New York: E.P. Dutton &Co. Companions oftheRoad New York: Macmillan. Bates. Norman,OK:University ofOklahomaPress. We Won theLandBeyond theMississippi Carolina Press. Society and Culture Wendy Inscriptions Lesbian (eds), Francophone Michallat in Aesthetics ofFemale Homoeroticism.” InRenate Guntherand the Lure of Versailles: Picturesque Spectres and Conservative Brown &Co. CarolinaChapel Hill,NC:University Press. ofNorth Regional Identity from the Pilgrims to the Mid European Systems. New York: Progressive NationalService. Boston, HillPress. MA:TheFort Hilde Heynen andGülsüm Baydar (eds), NegotiatingDomesticity: , pp. 205–36. Durham, NC: University of North North Universityof NC: Durham, 205–36. pp. , Dream and Deed: TheStory of Katharine Lee Economic Beginnings of the FarEconomic Beginnings West: How . New York: E.P. Dutton &Co. Yellow Clover: ABook of Remembrance. Legacy 23(1):74–85. . New York: Macmillan. - Twentieth Century . . Davis, Allen F. 1971. “Katharine Coman.” In aln, lzbt. 01 “iel, asil Fre, Raymond Forbes, Mansfield “Finella, 2011. Elizabeth. Darling, Halsey, Olga.1915. “Katharine Coman,1857–1915.” Survey The Halperin, David. 2012. How to BeGay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard 2010. Kristin. Gwinn, GreeneBalch: Emily Road Long The to Inter­ Guild, Marion Pelton. Marion Guild, 1908 “Cornelia Bates.” TheCongregationalist Jean (ed.) 1975.Glasscock, Friedman, T. Alice 2010. Women Modern ofthe Making andthe Friedman, T. Alice 1998. Women Modern ofthe Making andthe Foucault, Michel.1986. “OfOtherSpaces.” Fergusson, Peter, James F. O’Gorman,and John Rhodes. 2000.The Fellows, to 2005.APassion Will. Gay Preserve: MenasKeepers of Faderman, Lillian.1990. Odd Girlsand Twilight Lovers: History of 1993. Lisa. Duggan, Trials “The Sensationalism, Mitchell: of Alice Deegan, Mary Jo. 1996.“Dear Love,Deegan, Mary Dear Love: Feminist Pragmatism HouseoftheSevenDavidson, 1904. Imaginary “The HannahA. Horowitz, Helen Lefkowitz. 1984. Studies McGrath and Modernist Architecture Britain.” in Wilson James and Paul Boyer (eds), University Press. nationalism and Christian World Haven, CT: Yale University Press. and ArchitecturalHouse: ASocial History (paperback reprint). New and ArchitecturalHouse: ASocial History . New York: Harry Abrams. Wellesley College. Architecture andLandscapeof Wellesley. Wellesley, College MA: of Women Culture. University Press. LifeLesbian Twentieth in Signs: JournalofWomen inCultureandSociety Sexology, and the Lesbian Subject in Turn-of-the-Century America.” Society and the Chicago Female World of Love and Ritual.” Gender and frontispiece and pp. 381–391. Boston, MA: Houghton, Mifflin & Co. the Study of the House of the Seven Gables by Davidson H. A. , Seven of the House Illustrated Specially Gables. to Aids with Hawthorne, Nathaniel (ed.), Davidson A. Hannah In Gables.” University Press. , Vol.Dictionary Biographical 1, pp.365–7. 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