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RSA Journal 13 115 PAOLA ZACCARIA Narration, Figuration and Disfiguration in Toni Morrison's Beloved andJazz Mysteriously united, the face and the voice. Is it possible to conceive of a face without a voice or a voice without a face? In poetic works, voice and face are the most frequent images of the body. Painting and music, portraits and songs are the true stories of the face and voice and of their complex relation­ ship. A mask or a bare face, melopoeia or a cry: the modality of representing a face or a voice challenges consciousness, blending opacity and transparency. To lose one's voice or face, to become mute, aphasic or disfigured, are experi­ enced as a loss of self. In moments ofpassage or metamorphosis, it can seem that the voice and the face change, that we speak with a different voice, say something never said: we are faced with a different self who is heard differ­ ently, seen differently. Without going back to the classic distinction between phoné and logos, or to the effects of a de-contextualization which lead to a discovery ofvoice, another voice in another discourse, or which risk losing the voice to the de­ territorialized subject, questions can be asked about the exchange of glances, about how they affect the self's sense of possession or dispossession; how the eye (and the brain) can capture the emotions registered in the face of another, in the voice of another. The concept "voice," understood as a linguistic construct of social beings, introduces the problem of "who speaks?" and, by implication, of"who listens?", i.e, "who speaks to who?"1 The voice has to do with the oral and the physical, is apparently the opposite of the writing and abstraction that connote text: whatever type of text — literary, visual, cinematographic or even a simple notice, text is always graphing. However, in order to reflect on texts, in literature as in cinema or art, 116 RSA Journal 13 we use terms like narrating voice, character's voice, lyrical voice, poetic voice; terms like authoriality, which is related to authority and plays on oral/aural. The dichotomy voice/writing has been in state of crisis for a long time now as Bachtin (1986) and Derrida (1967) underline.2 Many of the features we normally associate with writing also belong to the domain of speaking, and the term "in-scription" covers both oral and writing practices. The literary text, for example, is usually analyzed according to oral linguistic acts, contextualizing them, and the con-text often consists of supplementary readings of other information capable ofco-textualizing/con­ textualizing the text we are in the process of reading. Our literary reading practices, when teaching, are nothing if not the staging ofthe orality of a text. The voice ofthe teacher or ofthe student reading, gives voice to the characters or the narrator. Equally, writing can preserve its orality through an excessively paratactic style, or a repetitive style, or by using the device of asking us, as in an oral tale, to listen: "Listen," the incipit of many works asks us. "Hush, now": silence, the narrator of Jazz asks us in the incipit. Searching for the driving forces of the writing process, in a study on the forms of repetition, I moved towards the hypothesis that writing, among other features, assumes the figure of a line, a string which has the function of putting in touch two distant bodies-beings who can touch each other through the graphos. 3 Is this not true for the voice, too? Is speech not directed towards reaching another? Reaching and even touching, for better or for worse? Even a cross, conflictual word, in reality wants to strike the other, to reach him/her, even hit violently. Words are like stones, as the saying goes. The idea of writing as a way to "touch" the other, is consonant with one of the most touching and most meta-narrative passages in Jazz by Toni Morrison. Let's read it right now, so that it can accompany us as a sort of indispensable subtext. It can be read as the incarnation, not the conceptualization, of the reading process: ... I have loved only you, surrendered my whole self reckless to you and nobody else. That I want you to love me back and show it to me. That I love the way you hold me, how close you let me be to you. I like your fingers on and on, lifting, turning. I have watched your face for a long time now, and missed your RSA Journal 13 117 eyes when you went away from me. Talking to you and hearing your answer — that' s the kick. But I can't say that aloud; I can't tell anyone that I have been waiting for this all my life and that being chosen to wait is the reason I can. If I were able I'd say it. Say make me, remake me. You are free to do it and I am free to let you because look, look. Look where your hands are. Now.4 I prefer not to make any comment for the time being, but to leave it to Morrison to take us back to this point. Literature has, it is well-known, already per sé a doubling function: the narrator assumes the voice of a character or, vice versa, projects, mirrors and castrates himself in the other.5 In the field of diegesis, a doubling is staged, which re-doubles (duplicates) the division author/narrator. I don't intend to linger on the well-known distinctions between author/narrator/character, nor on the distinctions between a homo — or hetero — diegetic narrative, given that Toni Morrison herself, author ofBeloved (1987) and Jazz (1992), the works I have chosen, abandons any such neat genre type definitions, narrative schemes and the rest, constructed from text books of rhetorics or stylistics, narratol­ ogy, criticism and literary theory, from Wellek and Warren to structuralists like Genette. As a young woman in a pre-Cultural Studies epoch, Morrison studied at college, like all American students, modernism, critical categories and nar­ rative modes, later elaborating them according to an awareness of cultural pluralism: although she had been taught the Cartesian "I think therefore I am," fundamental to the hegemonic reality of "white, capitalist, suprematist" America," later on she — as other African American artists — moved towards the re-elaboration of the West African proverb "I am because we are; we are because I am. I am we." Morrison was able, as another Africanist well-known proposition affirms, to "dismantle the master's house with his own tools," that is, to deconstruct, contaminate, review and (re)construct. Let us see how. Literature, it is often said, is a duplication of voices; this can be intended as an echo, sound projected into a cave, voices without origins, replicating voices (in this case underlining the separate nature of the speaker from other 118 RSA Journal 13 bodies; this echo manifests itselfas the opposite ofthe game "call-arid-response" of the musical duo or trio.) It can also stage the split description/narration, seeing/hearing, eye/ear. Analyzing the first elements in these pairs — descrip­ tion, seeing, eye — we are taken directly onto the visual plane: the face, the "figuration." In reality, any narrative needs both parts of the pair: it needs to blend the semantic field and significance of the ear (voice, narration: listening) with the semantic field and significance of the eye (face, description-figuration: sight.) If the eye were separated from the listening function in a narration, it would work like a fixed camera, reducing the story to a silent film. A story is born from and of the fusion of these two elements. In order to proceed, a nar­ ration must create characters, that is "assume a figure." In order to give a sense ofdirection to this paper, I have selected from the dictionary entries some of the possible meanings of "figure" that can inform a careful textual analysis of the narrative 'nodes' mentioned in the title. "Figure" can mean: 1. the external shape or outline ofa thing, in particu­ lar, the appearance of the human body; 2. an illustration, drawn, sculpted or painted image; historical character or character in a work of art; 3. an image given the dignity ofor connoted as a symbol. ("the dove as a figure ofpeace"); 4. appearance; 5. rhetorical figure; figure ofspeech: an expression that moves away from the everyday, in order to achieve greater expressive power. From Latin: figura, from fingere, to shape, to mould. A narrative proceeds: 1) by giving form to or creating an outline for things and bodies; 2) sculpting and drawing images and characters with words 3) which can become a symbol or exist quite simply as decoration. All of this occurs through the use of rhetorical figures (5). From the etymology ofthe word, it is possible to discover the sememe of "figure": it is connected to construction, to shaping, sculpting, representing and modeling. It is plastic, non-mimetic (the Latin 'fingere' is connected to 'fiction'), belonging to the field of aesthetics (verbal representation or iconic visualization), iconology above all. The etymological root of the word is con­ nected directly to the world offictionality, to creative modalities, to narration and "figuration." RSA Journal 13 119 In recent times, much has been written about the figure and "figuration": Rosi Braidotti, in her introduction to the translation of Manifesto Cyborg by Donna Haraway, speaks of "figuration," taking the lead from Haraway herself and from Thomas Khun's notion oftheparadigm in "The Structure of Scientific Revolutions" (1962), defining it as a fundamental myth, a shared narrative.7 This means that figuration is not simply a figure of speech, or a rhetorical device, an image raised to the status of a symbol,8 but it is both something around which the life-narrative partnership hinges (shared narrative — shared, that is, by a community), and a construct, a working image-thought-action.
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