sign in sign up
<<
Home , Depiction of Jesus, Historical Jesus, Josephology, Joseph Marello, Life of the Virgin, Quamquam pluries

Saint Joseph 1 Joseph

For other uses, see (disambiguation). "San Giuseppe" redirects here. For other uses, see San Giuseppe (disambiguation).

Saint Joseph

Saint Joseph with the Infant , Guido Reni (c. 1635)

[1] Born Bethlehem, c. 90 BC (apocryphal date)

Died , July 20, AD 18 (apocryphal date)

Honored in Catholicism, , , Eastern , Oriental Orthodoxy

Feast March 19 - Saint Joseph, Husband of Mary (Western ), May 1 - St Joseph the Worker (Roman ), The Sunday after the Nativity of ()

Attributes Carpenter's square or tools, the infant Jesus, staff with lily blossoms, two turtle doves, spikenard.

Patronage The , unborn children, fathers, immigrants, workers, carpenters, realtors, against doubt and hesitation, and of a happy death, Croatia, Korea, Vietnam, many others

Yawsep; Greek: Ἰωσήφ, Ioseph) is a figure in the , the ,ܝܘܤܦ :Yosef; ,יוֹסֵף Joseph (Hebrew husband of Mary, the mother of Jesus and the stepfather[2] of Jesus. In , Eastern Orthodox and Anglican Christian traditions, he is regarded as Saint Joseph. places Joseph as Jesus' foster father. Some historians state that Joseph was Jesus' father. Some differing views are due to theological interpretations versus historical views. The Pauline , generally considered the earliest extant Christian records, make no reference to Jesus' father; nor does the of Mark, generally considered the first of the gospels.[3] The first appearance of Joseph is therefore in the gospels of Matthew and Luke. Each contains a tracing his ancestry back to King , but through different sons; Matthew follows the major royal line from Solomon, while Luke follows a minor line from Nathan, another son of David and Bathsheba. Consequently, all the names between David and Joseph are different. According to Matthew "Jacob was the father of Joseph," while according to Luke, Joseph (or possibly Jesus) is said to be "of ." Some scholars reconcile the genealogies by viewing the Solomonic lineage in Matthew as Joseph's major royal line, and the Nathanic lineage in Luke to be Mary's minor line. Joseph is venerated as a saint in the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran[4][5] and Methodist[6][7] faiths. In Catholic and other traditions, Joseph is the patron saint of workers and has several feast days. He was also declared to be the patron saint and protector of the Catholic Church by Pius IX in 1870, and is the patron of several countries and regions. With the growth of , the theological field of has also grown and since the 1950s centres for studying it have been formed.[8][9] Saint Joseph 2

In the

The epistles of Paul are generally regarded as the oldest extant Christian writings. These mention Jesus' mother (without naming her), but do not refer to his father – other than God (Romans 15:26 etc.). The oldest gospel, that of Mark, also does not mention Jesus' father.[3] Joseph first appears in the Gospels of Matthew and Luke, generally regarded as later than Mark. Luke names Joseph's father as Heli, and Matthew names his father as Jacob, which parallels the Joseph (whose father was also named Jacob) and is in keeping with that gospel's as a second . This theme is developed further in the infancy narratives, which, like the genealogies, have the function of establishing Jesus as the promised , the descendant of David, born in Bethlehem.

Like the two differing genealogies, the infancy narratives appear only in Matthew and Luke, and take different approaches to reconciling the St. Joseph by Guido Reni requirement that the Messiah be born in Bethlehem with the tradition that Jesus came from Nazareth. In Matthew, Joseph was in Bethlehem, the city of David, and obeys the direction of an angel to marry Mary. Following the birth of Jesus, Joseph stays in Bethlehem for an unspecified period (perhaps two years) until driven to take refuge in to escape the massacre of the children of Bethlehem planned by , who rules . Once Herod has died, an angel tells him to return to instead of to Bethlehem, and so Joseph takes his wife and the child to Nazareth and settles there. Thus in Matthew, the infant Jesus, like Moses, is in peril from a cruel king, like Moses he has a (fore)father named Joseph who goes down to Egypt, like the Old Testament Joseph this Joseph has a father named Jacob, and both Josephs receive important dreams foretelling their future.

In Luke, Joseph already lives in Nazareth, and Jesus is born in Bethlehem because Joseph and Mary have to travel there to be counted in a census. Subsequently, Jesus was born there. Luke's account makes no mention of angels and dreams, the Massacre of the Innocents, or of a visit to Egypt. The last time Joseph appears in person in any Gospel is the story of the Passover visit to the Temple in Jerusalem when Jesus is 12 years old, found only in Luke. No mention is made of him thereafter. The emphasises Jesus' awareness of his coming mission: here Jesus speaks to his parents (both of them) of "my father," meaning God, but they fail to understand.(Luke 2:41-51 [10]). Christian tradition represents Mary as a widow during the adult ministry of her son. Joseph is not mentioned as being present at the Wedding at Cana at the beginning of Jesus' mission, nor at the Passion at the end. If he had been present at the , he would under Jewish custom have been expected to take charge of Jesus' body, but this role is instead performed by . Nor would Jesus have entrusted his mother to John's care had her husband been alive. While none of the Gospels mentions Joseph as present at any event during Jesus' adult ministry, the share a scene in which the people of Nazareth, Jesus' hometown, doubt Jesus' status as a because they know his family. In Mark 6:3, they call Jesus "Mary's son" instead of naming his father. In Matthew, the townspeople call Jesus "the carpenter's son," again without naming his father. (Matthew 13:53-55 [11]) In Luke 3:23 "And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph, which was [the son] of Heli."(Luke 4:16-30 [12]) In Luke the tone is positive, whereas in Mark and Matthew it is disparaging.[13] This incident does not appear at all in John, but in a parallel story the disbelieving neighbors refer to "Jesus the son of Joseph, whose father and mother we know" (John 6:41-51 [14]). Saint Joseph 3

Gospel harmony Sample of the episodes of the life of Saint Joseph in the four canonical Gospels, in summary form.[15][16][17]

Number Event Matthew Mark Luke John

[18] 1 Joseph lived in Nazareth Luke 2:4

[19] [20] 2 Genealogy of Jesus Matthew 1:1-17 Solomon to Luke 3:23 Nathan to Jacob Heli

[21] 3 Joseph Betrothed to Mary Matthew 1:18

[22] 4 Angel visits Joseph (1st dream) Matthew 1:20-21

[23] 5 Joseph and Mary travel to Bethlehem Luke 2:8-15

[24] [25] 6 Birth of Jesus Matthew 1:25 Luke 2:6-7

[26] 7 Temple presentation Luke 2:22-24

[27] 8 Angel tells Joseph to flee (2nd dream) Matthew 2:13

[28] 9 Matthew 2:14-15

[29] 10 Angel tells Joseph to return to Nazareth (3rd Matthew 2:19-20 dream)

[30] [31] 11 Joseph and family settle in Nazareth Matthew 2:21-23 Luke 2:39

[32] 12 Finding Jesus in the Temple Luke 2:41-51

13 John 6:41-42 [33] Saint Joseph 4

Joseph as Jesus' father

Joseph as the father of Jesus appears in Luke and in a "variant reading in Matthew". Matthew and Luke both contain a genealogy of Jesus tracing his ancestry back to King David, but the two are from different sons of David; Matthew follows the major royal line from Solomon, while Luke follows a minor line from Nathan, another son of David and Bathsheba. Consequently all the names between David and Joseph are different. According to Matthew, "Jacob was the father of Joseph", while according to Luke, Joseph, or possibly Jesus, is said to be "of Heli". Some scholars reconcile the genealogies by viewing the Solomonic lineage in Matthew as Joseph's major royal line, and the Nathanic lineage in Luke to be Mary's minor line.

Holy Family with the by Murillo, 1675-1682.

Professional life

The gospels describe Joseph as a "tekton" (τέκτων). Tekton has been traditionally translated into English as "carpenter", but is a rather general word (from the same root that gives us "technical" and "technology") that could cover makers of objects in various materials.[34] The Greek term evokes an artisan with wood in general, or an artisan in iron or stone. But the specific association with woodworking is a constant in Early Christian tradition; (died c. 165) wrote that Jesus made yokes and ploughs, and there are similar early references.[35]

John Dominic Crossan puts tekton into a historical context more resembling an itinerant worker than an established artisan, emphasizing his marginality in a population in which a peasant who owns land could become quite prosperous. Other scholars have argued that tekton could equally mean a highly skilled St. Joseph the Carpenter, by Georges craftsman in wood or the more prestigious metal, perhaps running a workshop de La Tour, 1640s. with several employees, and noted sources recording the shortage of skilled artisans at the time.[36] Geza Vermes has stated that the terms 'carpenter' and 'son of a carpenter' are used in the Jewish to signify a very learned man, and he suggests that a description of Joseph as 'naggar' (a carpenter) could indicate that he was considered wise and highly literate in the .

At the time of Joseph, Nazareth was an obscure village in Galilee, about 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the Holy City of Jerusalem, which is barely mentioned in surviving non-Christian texts and documents.[37][38][39][40] Archaeology over most of the site is made impossible by subsequent building, but from what has been excavated and tombs in the area around the village, it is estimated that the population was at most about 400.[41] It was, however, only about 6 kilometres from the city of Tzippori (ancient "Sepphoris"), which was destroyed by the Romans in 4 BC, and thereafter was expensively rebuilt. Analysis of the landscape and other evidence suggest that in Joseph's lifetime Saint Joseph 5

Nazareth was "oriented towards" the nearby city,[42] which had an overwhelmingly Jewish population although with many signs of Hellenization,[43] and historians have speculated that Joseph and later Jesus too might have traveled daily to work on the rebuilding. Specifically the large theatre in the city has been suggested, although this has aroused much controversy over dating and other issues.[44] Other scholars see Joseph and Jesus as the general village craftsmen, working in wood, stone and metal on a wide variety of jobs.[45]

Modern appraisal The name "Joseph" is found almost exclusively in the genealogies and the infancy narratives.[46][47] The variances between the genealogies given in Matthew and Luke are explained in a number of ways, although one possibility is that Matthew's genealogy traces his legal descent, according to Jewish law, through St. Joseph; while Luke's genealogy traces his actual physical descent through Mary. Modern positions on the question of the relationship between Joseph and the Mary vary. The , which names Joseph's first wife as , holds that Joseph was a widower and merely betrothed, but never married, to Mary, and that references to Jesus' "brothers" are to children of Joseph and Salome. The position of the Catholic Church, derived from the writings of Saint , is that Joseph was the husband of Mary, but that references to Jesus' "brothers" should be understood to mean cousins or step-brothers. In both cases, the church doctrine of the Perpetual Virginity means that Joseph and Mary never had sexual relations. The Protestant churches, following the tenet of Virgin Birth but not that of Perpetual Virginity, hold no strong views on the subject.[48]

Later apocryphal writings

The canonical gospels created a problem: they stated clearly that Mary was a virgin when she conceived Jesus, and that Joseph was not his father; yet Joseph's paternity was essential to establish Jesus' Davidic descent. The theological situation was complicated by references to Jesus' "brothers and sisters" (repeated in Paul, where James is called the " of "), and by the fact that Jesus was described unambiguously by John and Mark as "Joseph's son" and "the carpenter's son." From the 2nd century to the 5th writers tried to explain how Jesus could be simultaneously the "son of God" and the "son of Joseph".[] Christ in the House of his Parents, by Murillo Saint Joseph 6

The first to offer a solution was the apocryphal Protoevangelium of James, written about 150 AD. The original gospels never refer to Joseph's age, but the author presents him as an old man chosen by lot (i.e., by God) to watch over the Virgin. Jesus' brothers are presented as Joseph's children by an earlier marriage, and his years and righteousness explain why he has not yet had sex with his wife: "I received her by lot as my wife, and she is not yet my wife, but she has conceived by the Holy Spirit."[49] Christ in the House of his Parents, by John Everett Millais The Protoevangelium was extremely popular, but it leaves open the possibility that Joseph might have had relations with Mary after the birth of Jesus ("she is not yet my wife..."). A few centuries later the developing doctrine that Mary was a virgin not only at the time of the conception and birth of Christ, but throughout her life, meant that this possibility had to be excluded. The apocryphal History of Joseph the Carpenter, written in the 5th century and framed as a biography of Joseph dictated by Jesus, describes how Joseph, aged 90 (the Protoevangelium had not given Joseph a specific age), a widower with four sons and two daughters, is given charge of the twelve-year-old Mary, who then lives in his household raising his youngest son James the Less (the supposed author of the Protoevengelium) until she is ready to be married at age 14½. Joseph's death at the age of 111, attended by angels and asserting the perpetual virginity of Mary, takes up approximately half the story.

Veneration

A series of articles on Josephology

General articles

• St. Joseph • Holy Family • Saint Joseph's Day

Prayers & Devotions

• Prayer • Novena • • Scapular • Cord

Organizations

• Sisters of St. Joseph • Josephite Fathers • of St. Joseph

Papal Documents Saint Joseph 7

• •

• v • t [50] • e

The earliest records of a formal devotional following for Saint Joseph date to the year 800 and references to him as nutritor Domini (educator/guardian of the Lord) began to appear in the 9th century, and continued growing to the 14th century.[51][52][53] Saint discussed the necessity of the presence of Saint Joseph in the plan of the for if Mary had not been married, the would have stoned her and that in his youth Jesus needed the care and protection of a human father.[54][55] In the 15th century, major steps were taken by Saint Bernardine of Siena, Pierre d'Ailly and Jean Gerson. Gerson wrote Consideration sur Saint Joseph and preached sermons on Saint Joseph at the .[56] In 1889 Pope Leo XIII issued the Quamquam Pluries in which he urged Catholics to pray to Saint Joseph, as the patron of the Church in view of the challenges facing the Church.[57] Josephology, the study of the of Saint Joseph, is one of the most recent theological disciplines.[58] In 1989, on the occasion of the centenary of Quamquam Pluries Pope John Paul II issued Redemptoris Custos, i.e. Guardian of the which presented Saint Joseph's role in the plan of redemption, as part of the "redemption documents" issued by John Paul II such as to which it refers.[59][60][61][62] Together with the Blessed Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus, Joseph is one of the three members of the Holy Family; since he only appears in the birth narratives of the Gospels, Jesus is depicted as a child when with him. The formal veneration of the Holy Family began in the 17th century by François de Laval. Pope John XXIII added the name of Joseph to the Canon of the . had his name added to the three other Eucharistic Prayers.[63]

Feast days Main article: Saint Joseph's Day March 19, Saint Joseph's Day, has been the principal feast day of Saint Joseph in [64][65] since the 10th century, and is celebrated by Catholics, Anglicans, many Lutherans and other denominations.[66] In Eastern Orthodoxy, the feast day of Saint Joseph is celebrated on the First Sunday after the Nativity of Christ. In the Roman Catholic church, the Feast of St. Joseph (19 March) is a Solemnity (first class if using the Tridentine calendar), and is transferred to another date if impeded. It would be impeded on 19 March if that day is a Sunday or in Holy Week.

In 1870, Pope Pius IX declared Joseph patron of the universal Church and instituted another feast, with an octave, to be held in his honour on Wednesday in the second week after . This was abolished by Pope Pius XII, when in 1955 he established the Feast of "St. Joseph the Worker", to be celebrated on 1 May. This date counteracts May Day, a union, workers and socialists holiday and reflects Joseph's status as what many Catholics and other consider the "patron of workers" and "model of workers." Catholic and other Christian St Joseph by William Dyce (1806–1864) teachings and stories about or relating to Joseph and the Holy Family frequently stress his patience, persistence, courage, and hard work. Saint Joseph 8

The Feast of St. Joseph the Worker (1 May) is an Optional Memorial, and so is omitted if impeded, unless the day is raised to a higher rank because St. Joseph is the patron of the church, diocese, place, or institution. (However, the 1 May celebration is 1st class in the Tridentine calendar, so in it St. Joseph the Worker was celebrated on 2 May in 2008 because 1 May was Ascension Thursday and in 2011 because 1 May was in the Easter octave.)

Patronage

Pope Pius IX proclaimed Saint Joseph the patron of the Universal Church in 1870, the unofficial patron against doubt and hesitation, as well as the patron saint of fighting communism, and of a happy death.[67] Having died in the "arms of Jesus and Mary" according to Catholic tradition, he is considered the model of the pious believer who receives grace at the moment of death.

Saint Joseph is the patron saint of a number of cities, regions and countries, among them the Americas, Canada, China, Croatia, Mexico, Korea, Austria, Belgium, Peru, the Philippines and Vietnam, as well as of families, fathers, expectant mothers (pregnant women), travelers, immigrants, house sellers and buyers, craftsmen, engineers, and working people in general.

Places, churches and Institutions San Giuseppe

Main articles: St. Joseph's Cathedral, List of churches named after Saint Joseph and List of places named after Saint Joseph See also: Saint Joseph's (disambiguation) and São José Many cities, towns, and locations are named after Saint Joseph. According to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, the Spanish form, San Jose, is the most common place name in the world. Probably the most-recognized San are San José, Costa Rica, and San Jose, California, United States, given their name by Spanish colonists. Joseph is the patron saint of the New World; of the countries China, Canada, Korea, Mexico, Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Peru, Vietnam; of the regions Carinthia, Styria, Tyrol, Sicily; and of several main cities and dioceses.

Many churches, monasteries and other institutions are dedicated to Saint Joseph. Saint Joseph's Oratory is the largest church in Canada, with the largest dome of Saint Joseph's Oratory, Montreal. its kind in the world after that of 's Basilica in . Elsewhere in the world churches named after the saint may be known as those of San Giuseppe, e.g. San Giuseppe dei Teatini, San José, e.g. Metropolitan Cathedral of San José or São José, e.g. in Porto Alegre, .

The Sisters of St. Joseph were founded as an order in 1650 and have about 14,013 members worldwide. In 1871, the Josephite Fathers of the Roman Catholic Church were created under the patronage of Joseph, intending to work with the poor. The first Josephites in America re-devoted their part of the Order to ministry within the newly-emancipated African American community. The Oblates of St. Joseph were founded in 1878 by St. Joseph Marello. In 1999 their Shrine of Saint Joseph the Guardian of the Redeemer was named after the Redemptoris Custos.[68] Saint Joseph 9

Prayers and devotions

In the Eastern Orthodox Church, during the feast day of Saint Joseph the following hymn is chanted: Verily, Joseph the betrothed, saw clearly in his old age that the foresayings of the had been fulfilled openly; for he was given an odd earnest, receiving inspiration from the angels, who cried, Glory to God; for he hath bestowed peace on earth. In the Catholic tradition, just as there are prayers for the Seven Joys of Mary and Seven Sorrows of Mary, so there are also prayers for the seven joys and seven sorrows of Saint Joseph; these include prayers for daily protection, vocation, happy marriage, happy death, and hopeless cases;[69] specific prayers, novenas Altar of St. Joseph, Billafingen, and devotions include the and the Novena to Saint Germany. Joseph.[70] St. included Saint Joseph along with Virgin Mary as to be invoked during prayers in his Introduction to the Devout Life,[71] Saint Teresa of Avila attributed her recovery of health to Saint Joseph and recommended him as an advocate,[72] and Saint Therese of Lisieux stated that for a period of time, every day she prayed to "Saint Joseph, Father and Protector of Virgins..." and felt safe and protected from danger as a result,[73] and Pius X composed a prayer to Saint Joseph which begins:[74]

Glorious St. Joseph, pattern of all who are devoted to toil, obtain for me the grace to toil, in the spirit of , in order to thereby atone for my many sins... There is a belief that planting a statue of St. Joseph on a house will help sell the house. This belief is held by some theists as well as atheists, but traditional Christian teachings view it as superstition and not a devotion.[75]

In art

Up to about the 17th century Joseph tends to be depicted as a man advanced in years, with grey hair, often balding, occasionally frail and with arthritic fingers, a comparatively marginal figure alongside Mary and Jesus if not entirely in the background, passive other than when leading them on their flight to Egypt. Joseph is shown mostly with a , not only in keeping with Jewish custom, but also because – although the Gospel accounts do not give his age – later literature tends to present him as an old man at the time of his wedding to Mary. This depiction arose to allay concerns about both the celibacy of the newly wedded couple,[76] the mention of brothers and sisters of Jesus in the canonical Gospels,[77] and Joseph's other children spoken of in apocryphal literature – concerns discussed very frankly by Jean Gerson for example, who nonetheless favoured showing him as a younger man.[78]

Nativity by Martin Schongauer (1475–80) Saint Joseph 10

In recent centuries – in step with a growing interest in Joseph's role in Gospel – he himself has become a focal figure in representations of the Holy Family. He is now often portrayed as a younger or even youthful man (perhaps especially in Protestant depictions), whether going about his work as a carpenter, or participating actively in the daily life of Mary and Jesus as an equal and openly affectionate member.[79] Art critic Waldemar Januszczak however emphasises the preponderance of Joseph's representation as an old man and sees this as the need, " to explain away his impotence: indeed to symbolise it. In Guido Reni's Nativity, Mary is about 15, and he is about 70 - for the real love affair - is the one between the Virgin Mary and us. She is young. She is perfect. She is virginal - it is Joseph's task to stand aside and let us desire her, religiously. It takes a particularly old, a particularly grey, a particularly kindly and a particularly feeble man to do that. It takes a Joseph. Banished in vast numbers to the backgrounds of all those gloomy stables in all those ersatz Bethlehems, his complex iconographic task is to stand aside and let his wife be worshipped by the rest of us. He is God's cuckold. And art has no choice but to point this out - while, of course, appearing not to." [80] Full cycles of his life are rare in the , although the scenes from the Life of the Virgin or Life of Christ where he is present are far more often seen. The Mérode of about 1425, where he has a panel to himself, working as a carpenter, is an early example of what remained relatively rare depictions of him pursuing his métier. Some statues of Joseph depict his staff as topped with flowers, recalling the non-canonical Protoevangelion's account of how Mary's spouse was chosen by collecting walking sticks of widowers in Palestine, and Joseph's alone bursting into flower, thus identifying him as divinely chosen. Several Eastern Orthodox Nativity show Joseph tempted by the Devil (depicted as an old man with furled wings) to break off his betrothal, and how he resists that temptation. There are some paintings with him wearing a .

Gallery of life in art

Joseph At work in the Mérode Joseph's dream, Marriage to and Altarpiece, 1420s Rembrandt, c. 1645 the Virgin, , Perugino, c. Dürer, 1448 1504

Nativity of The , Hans Temple Dream of Jesus, Marten Memling, c. 1480 presentation, di Flight, de Vos 1577 Fredi, 1388 Daniele Crespi, c. 1625 Saint Joseph 11

Flight to Egypt, , 14th , Book of Death of Joseph, St. Coronation of Joseph, century Hours, 15th century Martin's at Florac Valdés Leal, c. 1670

In music

• Nicolas Chadeville (1696–176?): "Joseph est bien Marié", a choral composition (1755) • The Killers: "Joseph, Better You Than Me" (2007)

Notes

[1] Souvay, Charles. "St. Joseph." (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 08504a. htm) The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 11 Oct. 2013 [2] stepfather - Wiktionary "stepfather (plural stepfathers). The husband of one's biological mother, other than one's biological father", Retrieved 3 August 2014 [3] Spong, John Shelby. Jesus for the non-religious. HarperCollins. 2007. ISBN 0-06-076207-1 A modern representation of St [4] St. Joseph's (Hill) Lutheran Church, Boyertown, Pennsylvania (http:/ / www. stjoeshill. org/ ) Joseph in Saint Pancras Church, [5] St. Joseph Lutheran Church, Allentown, Pennsylvania (http:/ / www. lutherans. com/ churches/ Ipswich church_info. php?church_id=8509)

[6] St. Joseph , Fort Wayne, Indiana (http:/ / stjoemin. com/ )

[7] St. Joseph United Methodist Church, Pikeville, North Carolina (http:/ / stjoemin. com/ )

[8] P. de Letter, "The Theology of Saint Joseph", The Clergy Monthly, March 1955, Online at JSTOR (http:/ / www. jstor. org/ pss/ 27656897) [9] For the use of the term, see: A Thomistic Josephology by James J Davis 1967, University of Montreal,

[10] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:41-51& src=KJV

[11] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=13:53-55& src=NIV

[12] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=4:16-30& src=NIV

[13] Vermes, Geza " The Authentic Gospel of Jesus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Qyl4ZuSuSkUC& pg=PP23#v=snippet&

q="Narratives and commands"& f=false)" (London, Penguin Books, 2004) Chapter 1: Narratives and commands, p. 1-37, ISBN 978-0141912608.

[14] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=John& verse=6:41-51& src=NIV

[15] David A. Reed (2009) Parallel Gospels in Harmony - with Study Guide - An online harmony of the Gospels (http:/ / www.

parallelgospelsinharmony. com/ ) Public Domain Paperback ISBN 978-0557074358

[16] Ken Palmer (2013) Gospel Harmony A chronological chart of the Life of Jesus Christ (http:/ / www. lifeofchrist. com/ life/ harmony/ ) [17] Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8

[18] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:4& src=NIV

[19] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=1:1-17& src=NIV

[20] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=3:23& src=NIV

[21] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=1:18& src=NIV

[22] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=1:20-21& src=NIV

[23] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:8-15& src=NIV

[24] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=1:25& src=NIV

[25] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:6-7& src=NIV

[26] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:22-24& src=NIV

[27] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=2:13& src=NIV

[28] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=2:14-15& src=NIV

[29] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=2:19-20& src=NIV Saint Joseph 12

[30] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Matthew& verse=2:21-23& src=NIV

[31] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:39& src=NIV

[32] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=Luke& verse=2:41-51& src=NIV

[33] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ bibleversefinder/ ?book=John& verse=6:41-42& src=NIV [34] Dickson, 47 [35] Fiensy, 68-69 [36] Fiensy, 75-77 [37] Ehrman, Bart D. : The Story Behind Who Changed the and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4 [38] Crossan, John Dominic. The essential Jesus. Edison: Castle Books. 1998. “Contexts,” p 1-24. [39] Theissen, Gerd and Annette Merz. The : a comprehensive guide. Fortress Press. 1998. translated from German (1996 edition) [40] Sanders terms it a "minor village." Sanders, E. P. The of Jesus. Penguin, 1993. p. 104 [41] Laughlin, 192-194. See also Reed's Chapter 3, pp. 131-134. [42] Reed, 114-117, quotation p. 115 [43] Reed, Chapter 4 in general, pp. 125-131 on the Jewish nature of Sepphoris, and pp. 131-134

[44] Fiensy, 74-77 (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=1l9RXDl1JB4C& pg=PA63& dq=Jesus+ tekton& lr=& as_brr=3& ei=ZzXqSdPVIpaQyAT47P2nDg#PPA62,M1) [45] For example, Dickson, 47

[46] Vermes, Geza. The Authentic Gospel of Jesus (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Qyl4ZuSuSkUC). London, Penguin Books. 2004. Epilogue. p. 398-417, ISBN 978-0141912608. [47] Funk, Robert W. and the . The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Birth & Infancy Stories" p. 497-526. [48] See, e.g.,

[49] Luigi Gambero, "Mary and the fathers of the church: the Blessed Virgin Mary in patristic thought" pp.35-41 (http:/ / books. google. com. au/

books?id=dsZzsAtggnUC& dq=L. + Gambero,+ Mary+ and+ the+ Fathers+ of+ the+ Church& printsec=frontcover& source=bn& hl=en&

ei=ja4aTNmcAcOVceLwsYkK& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CCoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=L. Gambero, Mary

and the Fathers of the Church& f=false)

[50] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Josephology& action=edit [51] The liturgy and time by Irénée Henri Dalmais, Aimé Georges Martimort, Pierre Jounel 1985 ISBN 0-8146-1366-7 page 143 [52] Holy people of the world: a cross-cultural encyclopedia, Volume 3 by Phyllis G. Jestice 2004 ISBN 1-57607-355-6 page 446 [53] Bernard of Clairvaux and the shape of monastic thought by M. B. Pranger 1997 ISBN 90-04-10055-5 page 244 [54] The childhood of Christ by Thomas Aquinas, Roland Potter, 2006 ISBN 0-521-02960-0 pages 110-120 [55] Aquinas on doctrine by Thomas Gerard Weinandy, John Yocum 2004 ISBN 0-567-08411-6 page 248 [56] Medieval mothering by John Carmi Parsons, Bonnie Wheeler 1999 ISBN 0-8153-3665-9 page 107

[57] Vatican website: Quamquam Pluries (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ leo_xiii/ / documents/

hf_l-xiii_enc_15081889_quamquam-pluries_en. html)

[58] Sunday Catholic Magazine October 4, 2009 (http:/ / sunday. niedziela. pl/ artykul. php?dz=wiara& id_art=00122) [59] Foundations of the Christian way of life by Jacob Prasad 2001 ISBN 88-7653-146-7 page 404

[60] Vatican website: Redemptoris Custos (http:/ / www. vatican. va/ holy_father/ john_paul_ii/ apost_exhortations/ documents/

hf_jp-ii_exh_15081989_redemptoris-custos_en. html) [61] Cradle of redeeming love: the theology of the Christmas mystery by John Saward 2002 ISBN 0-89870-886-9 page 230 [62] Divine likeness: toward a Trinitarian anthropology of the family by Marc Ouellet ISBN 0-8028-2833-7 page 102

[63] http:/ / attualita. vatican. va/ sala-stampa/ bollettino/ 2013/ 06/ 19/ news/ 31223. html#TRADUZIONE%20IN%20LINGUA%20INGLESE

[64] Roman Missal (http:/ / www. clerus. org/ bibliaclerusonline/ pt/ f4. htm) [65] Calendarium Romanum (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1969), p. 89 [66] 19 March is observed as the Feast of Saint Joseph, Guardian of Jesus, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran Church – Missouri , the Wisconsin Synod, and the Evangelical Lutheran Synod. Some Protestant traditions also celebrate this festival. [67] Foley, O.F.M., Leonard. Saint of the Day, Lives, Lessons, and Feast, (revised by Pat McCloskey O.F.M.), Franciscan Media,, ISBN

978-0-86716-887-7 (http:/ / www. americancatholic. org/ Features/ Saints/ saint. aspx?id=1327) [68] Mention Your Request Here: The Church's Most Powerful Novenas by Michael Dubruiel, 2000 ISBN 0-87973-341-1 page 154 [69] Devotions to St. Joseph by Magdalene Flavius, 2008 ISBN 1-4357-0948-9 pages 5-15 [70] Favorite Prayers to St. Joseph Tan Books, ISBN 978-0-89555-446-8 [71] Introduction to the Devout Life by St. Francis de Sales ISBN 0-7661-0074-X Kessinger Press 1942 page 297 [72] The interior castle by Saint Teresa of Avila, Paulist Press 1979, ISBN 0-8091-2254-5 page 2 [73] The Story of a Soul by Saint Therese De Lisieux Bibliolife 2008 0554261588 page 94 [74] Ann Ball, 2003 Encyclopedia of and Practices ISBN 0-87973-910-X page 449 [75] Saint Joseph: His Life and His Role in the Church Today by Louise Bourassa Perrotta 2000 ISBN 0-87973-573-2 page 130 [76] cf. Mt 1:25a [77] cf. , , ; , ; cf. section above [78] Shapiro:6-7 Saint Joseph 13

[79] Finding St. Joseph by Sandra Miesel (http:/ / www. catholicculture. org/ library/ view. cfm?recnum=4464) gives a useful account of the changing views of Joseph in art and generally in Catholicism

[80] Waldemar Januszczak, No ordinary Joe, The Sunday Times, December 2003 (http:/ / www. waldemar. tv/ 2003/ 12/ art-no-ordinary-joe/ )

References • Ferguson, Everett; Michael P. McHugh, Frederick W. Norris, "Encyclopedia of early Christianity, Volume 1",

article Joseph, p.629 (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=kgRV7QohACcC& pg=PA14& lpg=PA14&

dq=Encyclopedia+ of+ early+ Christianity,+ Volume+ 1& source=bl& ots=VAG1gwcSwt&

sig=LU5D7ZAxiO2ev-MIuX8sulfWVlE& hl=en& ei=h7QcTJrmCdCpcdjC2IIN& sa=X& oi=book_result&

ct=result& resnum=6& ved=0CDcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage& q& f=false) • Crossan, John Dominic. Jesus : A Revolutionary Biography. Harpercollins: 1994. ISBN 0-06-061661-X. • Dickson, John. Jesus: A Short Life, Lion Hudson plc, 2008, ISBN 0-8254-7802-2, ISBN 978-0-8254-7802-4,

Google Books (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/ books?id=_pBTI3VmPn8C& pg=PA47& dq=Jesus+ tekton& lr=&

as_brr=3& ei=oTbqSeyMHoKqzgSDzdjWCA) • Fiensy, David A.; Jesus the Galilean: soundings in a first century life, Gorgias Press LLC, 2007, ISBN

1-59333-313-7, ISBN 978-1-59333-313-3, Google books (http:/ / books. google. co. uk/

books?id=VZ6N-zVfTgkC& pg=PA26& dq=Jesus+ tekton& lr=& as_brr=3& ei=pzrqSeHoM56GyATL4fAk#PPR7,M1)

• Catholic Encyclopedia article (http:/ / www. newadvent. org/ cathen/ 08504a. htm)

Further reading • Guardian of the Redeemer (Redemptoris Custos) by Pope John Paul II, St. Paul Books and Media (January 1,

1989) ASIN B002AQ5E08 (http:/ / www. amazon. com/ dp/ B002AQ5E08)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Joseph.

• Joseph (http:/ / www. britannica. com/ EBchecked/ topic/ 306336/ Saint-Joseph|Saint). (2010). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 7, 2010, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online • The Life of St. Joseph, Spouse of the Blessed Virgin Mary and foster-father of Our Lord Jesus

Christ[[Category:All articles with dead external links (http:/ / www. catholicrevelations. com/ category/ saints/

the-life-of-st-joseph-catholic-church-saint-and-father-to-jesus-christ. html)]Wikipedia:Link rot]

• Catholic Online Saints: St. Joseph (http:/ / www. catholic. org/ saints/ saint. php?saint_id=4)

• Eastern Orthodox Tradition: The Righteous Elder Joseph The Betrothed, And His Repose (http:/ / www. serfes.

org/ lives/ stjoseph. htm)

• Holy Righteous Joseph the Betrothed (http:/ / ocafs. oca. org/ FeastSaintsViewer. asp?SID=4& ID=1& FSID=85) Orthodox and synaxarion for the Sunday after Nativity

• a Translation of Grimm's Legend No. 1 Saint Joseph in the Forest (http:/ / www. fairytalechannel. org/

2009_12_11_archive. html)

• The vocation of Saint Joseph (http:/ / www. earlychristians. org/ docs_interest/ Vocation_St_Joseph. html) at Early Christians Article Sources and Contributors 14 Article Sources and Contributors

Saint Joseph Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=624127664 Contributors: *feridiák, 5-HT8, A.amitkumar, ABF, Abbyoffartalot, Academic Challenger, Acather96, Ace ETP, Achayan, Adambro, Addihockey10, Addshore, Afaprof01, Ahoerstemeier, Airborne84, Ajplmr, Albanman, Albin013, Alexfc1, Alison, Allen4names, AnakngAraw, Andrew c, Andycjp, Anetode, Animum, Anir1uph, Ann Stouter, Anonymous from the 21st century, Antandrus, Antique Rose, Ar-wiki, ArchonMagnus, ArielGold, Avenged Eightfold, Ayecee, BDD, Bamilikeit17, Barticus88, Beaukarpo, Bemoeial, Bevo, Beyond My Ken, Billybobjengs, Biruitorul, Bkonrad, Bl3d4us, Blahma, Blakium, Blindman shady, BlueMoonlet, Bob the Wikipedian, Bobianite, Bobmarcus32, Bobo192, Bogdangiusca, Bogey97, Boneyard90, Bongwarrior, Boreas74, Boy.pockets, Brad Polard, Brandonparr, Broomwick, BuickCenturyDriver, Bus2Beezlebub, Bwpach, CBDONG, CWii, Caeruleancentaur, Campolongo, Camw, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Capricorn42, Capt Jim, Captain Video, Captain panda, CardinalDan, Carl.bunderson, Carmichael, Carthusian , Catgut, Cenarium, Chenzw, Chris the speller, ChristopheS, Chuck56, CiaPan, Cicdc, Clinkophonist, Closedmouth, Colonies Chris, ComeVSme, Cometstyles, CommonsDelinker, Corvus cornix, Courcelles, Cpl Syx, Crazysane, Csernica, Cuchullain, Cynthri, D-Rock, D.M. from Ukraine, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DO'Neil, DTOx, Dagnel, the , Das Baz, David de Cooman, Daylight15, Deconstructhis, DerBorg, DerHexer, Deror avi, Dg123456789, Dia^, Dinhhoangdat, Discospinster, Dkcdfc, Doc glasgow, DocWatson42, Dohfast1, Doktor Waterhouse, DoubleBlue, Dragons5652, Drboisclair, Drew R. Smith, Ducknish, Dysepsion, E. Ripley, Editor2020, Editoreditorman, Edrowland, El C, Ember of Light, Emperor001, Emptyviewers, Endeavor51, Engunneer, Enok Walker, EoGuy, Epbr123, EveryDayJoe45, Evrik, Excirial, Ezgranet, Falcon8765, Falconus, Fanoftheworker, Fanoftheworker1, FastLizard4, Fastily, Fastilysock, Felyza, Fjjo, Flewis, Foobaz, Fratprez, Fritzpoll, Funandtrvl, GDonato, Cornelius, Galorr, Gareth Griffith-Jones, Gentgeen, Gilliam, Gilmin, Gimmetrow, Ginsuloft, Glacialfox, Goldenecho, Good Olfactory, Gthazmatt, Gugganij, Gunther12301, Gurch, H Bruthzoo, Hafspajen, HalfShadow, HappyJake, Haruo, Haz the man, Henrygb, Heron, Hires an editor, Hiroe, Huangdi, Huon, IZAK, Ianlopez12, Ihcoyc, Imadjafar, In ictu oculi, Infrogmation, Interlingua, Iridescent, Isayuh, Itsmekp, J.delanoy, J04n, JASpencer, JBogdan, JForget, JFreeman, JLaTondre, JMyrleFuller, Jack large pen15, Jakec, Jameslugnut, JamieS93, Jammoe, JasonMiller, Java7837, Jay-Sebastos, Jayarathina, Jayjg, Jayron32, Jeff G., JesseRafe, Jfhaugh, Jfhutson, Jj137, Jnestorius, JoJaysius, John Carter, John Lake, John Reaves, John of Reading, Johnbod, Johncapistrano, Johnpacklambert, Jojhutton, Jon513, Jonathunder, Jonel, Joseph A. Spadaro, Joseph Solis in Australia, Josephk, Josh3580, Joy, Junglecat, Jusdafax, Just zis Guy, you know?, JustAGal, KConWiki, Kakorot, Kaldari, Kathleen.wright5, Kathovo, Kbdank71, Kbh3rd, Keilana, Kellywatchthestars, Khazar2, Khirad, Klantry01, Kmmurphy911, Kosher Fan, Krastatter, Kukini, La Pianista, Ladsgroup, Leadwind, LeaveSleaves, Leitoxx, Lennix, Leuko, Libmark, Lihaas, LilHelpa, Lima, Linaduliban, LittleOldMe, Llywrch, Longhair, Loverclint, Luckas Blade, Lugia2453, Lupo, LutherVinci, MDrako1990, Magioladitis, Majorly, Man vyi, Mandel, Mannanan51, Marauder40, Marcocapelle, Marcus2, Marek69, MarigoldSpark, MarkSutton, Martarius, Marvel1839, Mastercampbell, Materialscientist, Mattissa, McGeddon, Mediran, Meissen, MeltBanana, Methcub, Miborovsky, Michael Hardy, Mike Selinker, Milovoo, MishaPan, Mitchan, Mkamensek, Mladifilozof, Morenooso, Mottengott, Mpolo, Nagy, Nard the Bard, Nat90ho, Nate5713, NawlinWiki, Niceguyedc, Nightstallion, Nishidani, Nishkid64, Noctibus, O.Koslowski, Ojigiri, OlEnglish, Olivier, Omnedon, Omnipaedista, Oore, Oorpt, Ottava Rima, OverlordQ, Oxfordwang, Oxymoron83, PAntoni, Paolostefano1412, Patsw, Paul August, Paul Barlow, Paul Bedson, PaulGS, Penguins53, Peridon, PhDSusan, Philip Trueman, PiCo, Pinethicket, Pinktulip, Pitchka, Poopdoodles123, Portress, Prashanthns, Proline1, Purplebackpack89, RA0808, RUL3R, Rantaro, Rapunzelvern, Rcingham, Reach Out to the Truth, ReaverFlash, Redvers, Revived, RexNL, Rhodesreddd, Rich Farmbrough, Richardson mcphillips, Rockhopper10r, Roltz, Romansymphony, Ronbo76, Rwflammang, RyanGerbil10, Ryo, SMC, SMasters, Saforrest, Samgnzlz, Sandyc1, Sapphic, Satanael, Sayerslle, SchnitzelMannGreek, SchreiberBike, Schusch, Seaphoto, Seba5618, SebastianHelm, Sebatte, Seekonlytruth, Sesmith, Shanes, Shark96z, Sharkface217, Shoreranger, Shyam, SimonP, Sindinero, Sky Attacker, Slon02, Smalljim, Smsarmad, Snek01, SoSaysChappy, Some jerk on the Internet, Sopoforic, SoulMusic121, Spartacus007, Spencer, Srnec, StAnselm, StarryGrandma, Steaky1212, Steve Dufour, Steven J. Anderson, Stwalkerster, Subash.chandran007, Summer Song, Sun Creator, Syrthiss, Tanvir Ahmmed, Tarheelz123, Tayknoxville, Tbhotch, Telpardec, Tempodivalse, Tgboku, Tgeairn, Tgeorgescu, The MoUsY spell-checker, The One True Fred, The Thing That Should Not Be, The Wednesday Island, TheGerm, Thecheesykid, Theda, Therector, Thingg, Thurifer, Tiddlywinks, Tide rolls, Tom harrison, Tomisti, Tommy2010, Tommyxs, TotalHalibut, TravisTX, Troy 07, Trusilver, Tubby18, TuxLibNit, Tznkai, Ubiquity, Ukexpat, Uncle Dick, Unionhawk, Unschool, Used2BAnonymous, Ustye, Utcursch, Vald, Vanished user 39948282, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, VanishedUserABC, Vaquero100, Vargenau, Vary, Versus22, Vicenarian, Vikslen, Vipinhari, Voldemort175, Vrenator, Vsmith, WBardwin, WRK, Wereon, Werldwayd, Wes2k8, Wesley, Wetman, Wgolf, Whhalbert, Wiki13, William Avery, WilliamJustinM, Willthacheerleader18, Wilson D'Silva, Womzilla, Worldentropy, Wtmitchell, Xanzzibar, YUL89YYZ, Yamamoto Ichiro, YellowMonkey, Yuckfoo, Zoicon5,

Zzyzx11, 荆 棘 冠 冕, 1291 anonymous edits Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors

File:Guido Reni - St Joseph with the Infant Jesus - WGA19304.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guido_Reni_-_St_Joseph_with_the_Infant_Jesus_-_WGA19304.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Boo-Boo Baroo, Mattes, Sailko, Shakko File:Guido Reni 042.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Guido_Reni_042.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Auntof6, Boo-Boo Baroo, Bukk, Diomede, Ecummenic, Goldfritha, Mattes, Origamiemensch, Rlevse, Shakko, Tangopaso File:Bartolomé Esteban Perez Murillo 003.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bartolomé_Esteban_Perez_Murillo_003.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Balbo, BrightRaven, Enrique Cordero, Goldfritha, Ham, History2007, Kokodyl, Mattes, ReaverFlash, Xenophon, 3 anonymous edits File:Georges de La Tour. St. Joseph, the Carpenter.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Georges_de_La_Tour._St._Joseph,_the_Carpenter.JPG License: Public Domain Contributors: Andreagrossmann, AndreasPraefcke, Bukk, Diomede, Goldfritha, Kjetil r, Mattes, Planet Herald, Sammyday, Soerfm, Xenophon, Zolo, 2 anonymous edits File:Sagrada Familia del pajarito (Murillo).jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sagrada_Familia_del_pajarito_(Murillo).jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Foundling, Henry.harris, Kokodyl File:Millais-christ-in-the-house-of-his-parents.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Millais-christ-in-the-house-of-his-parents.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: FunkMonk, Ham, Hsarrazin, Johnbod, Mattes, NeverDoING, Shakko, Wst File:William Dyce - St Joseph - WGA07375.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:William_Dyce_-_St_Joseph_-_WGA07375.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Foroa, Sabrebd File:Scuola veneta - Altare di San Giuseppe, già di San Marco - Santi Giovanni e Paolo.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Scuola_veneta_-_Altare_di_San_Giuseppe,_già_di_San_Marco_-_Santi_Giovanni_e_Paolo.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: LeZibou, M0tty, Oursana File:Oratoire Saint-Joseph du Mont-Royal - Montreal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oratoire_Saint-Joseph_du_Mont-Royal_-_Montreal.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Paolo Costa Baldi File:Billafingen Pfarrkirche Seitenaltar.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Billafingen_Pfarrkirche_Seitenaltar.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Photo: Veit Feger File:Martin Schongauer 001.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Martin_Schongauer_001.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Beek100, G.dallorto, Goldfritha, HBook, Raymond Ellis, Salix, Shakko, Tangopaso, Theo10011, Trzęsacz, Vincent Steenberg, Xenophon, 1 anonymous edits File:Albrecht Dürer 029.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Albrecht_Dürer_029.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Darwinius, EDUCA33E, Goldfritha, Joseolgon, Mattes, Orrling, Sailko, Tangopaso, Wst File:Robert Campin 010.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Robert_Campin_010.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Amadalvarez, AndreasPraefcke, Diomede, Donarreiskoffer, EDUCA33E, Sailko, Shakko, Stomme File:Rembrandt van Rijn 195.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Rembrandt_van_Rijn_195.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Auntof6, Jarekt, Mattes, Vincent Steenberg File:Casamento - perugino1.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Casamento_-_perugino1.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Pelagio de las Asturias, Sailko, Warburg File:Marten de vos Nativity.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Marten_de_vos_Nativity.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Auntof6, Bibi Saint-Pol, Bukk, Chemical Engineer, Donarreiskoffer, Mattes, Posible2006, Shakko, Stomme, Theo10011, Vincent Steenberg File: 028.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hans_Memling_028.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: 1970gemini, AndreasPraefcke, Auntof6, Balbo, Bukk, Kürschner, Leyo, Mattis, Salix, Shakko, Stomme, Vincent Steenberg, 1 anonymous edits File:Presentation in the Temple. Bartolo di Fredi..jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Presentation_in_the_Temple._Bartolo_di_Fredi..jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Eugene a, Shakko, Tangopaso File:Daniele Crespi 002.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Daniele_Crespi_002.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:Gryffindor, User:JoJan Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 15

File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -20- - Flight into Egypt.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Giotto_-_Scrovegni_-_-20-_-_Flight_into_Egypt.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Bukk, Olivier, Petrusbarbygere, Sailko, Tangopaso, Wst, 1 anonymous edits File:Enkhuisen (folio 39v) excerpt.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Enkhuisen_Book_of_Hours_(folio_39v)_excerpt.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Enkhuisen_Book_of_Hours_(folio_39v).jpg: Jalo derivative work (excerpt): Trelawnie File:Vitrail Florac 010609 02 Mort de Joseph.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Vitrail_Florac_010609_02_Mort_de_Joseph.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Vassil File:Coronación de San José Valdés Leal.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coronación_de_San_José_Valdés_Leal.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: AndreasPraefcke, Auntof6, Escarlati, Leitoxx, Mattes, Wasserhund, 2 anonymous edits File:Stjoseph.jpeg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Stjoseph.jpeg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: User:JASpencer Image:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie License

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 //creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/