THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST

Vol. XXIII No. 6 June 2021

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Man’s Ultimate Founder: Responsibility

Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi (RAH) S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi If human beings subjugate themselves to the supremacy of material things and become slaves to their selfish desires, Patron: life on earth will become hellish and unbearable. Man has to remember that S.M. Rabey Hasani Nadwi his place in the scheme of creation is that of God’s vicegerent. As the Quran bears testimony, Allah ordered the Advisory Board : angels to bow down in front of man as a mark of respect.This clearly establishes that it is highly humiliating S. Bilal Abdul Hai Hasani Nadwi for man, God’s deputy on earth, to bow Mohammad Aslam Siddiqui down in front of anybody except his Creator. Had there been any such Shamsul Haque Nadwi scope, Allah should have allowed man to bow down in front of the angels as they carry on Allah’s orders on the Editor: earth: they, for instance, bring rain and make the wind blow. By making the angels bow down in front of man Allah Shariq Alavi clearly revealed His will that the world has been given to the care of man as His vicegerent and that he himself is Asstt. Editor: created for the worship of Allah the Almighty. Man must look at his present Obaidur Rahman Nadwi miserable lot and tell himself that he is supposed to do better. He must rise to his appointed position as Allah’s vicegerent, take none else except Allah as his Lord, and save himself and the world from eternal suffering. 

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CONTENTS

1- A Few Singular Characteristics - S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi 7

of The Indian Muslims

2- Imposition of Zakat Obligation - S.M. Rabey Hasani Nadwi 15

3- Media Monopoly By The Jews - Nazrul Hafeez Nadwi 19

4- Spiritual Initiation - Shah Ebadur Rahman 25

5- Golden Period of Islamic - M.I.H. Farooqi 27

Societies At A Glance

6- Amir Khusrau - M. Mujeeb 31

7- Obituaries - 34

8- For God’s Sake Be Human! - Obaidur Rahman Nadwi 37

9-Around The World - 39

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Wisdom of Qur’an Pearls From the Those who love to see obscenity spread Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) among the believers, will have a grievous Uthman narrates that the Prophet of Allah blessings penalty in this life and in the Hereafter. Allah and peace be upon him—said, “The best among you knows while you do not know. (al-Nur 24: 19) is he who learns the Quran and teaches it to others”. This verse carries a miraculous note, for it – Bukhari was revealed in Madinah in a particular context. Commentary: Since the superiority of the Quran to other A certain event had happened which was rapidly words (kalam) is as prominent as the superiority of gaining currency. The Quran disregards such Allah Himself to His creatures, the rank of learning and insignificant points as the number of people teaching of the Quran being higher than the rank of involved in such events and their other virtuous deeds is but natural. In addition, as it is interrelationships. Its critique is universal, far one of the prophetic duties of the Messenger of Allah— beyond the narrow historical and geographical blessings and peace be upon him – to receive the Quran from Allah through revelation, understand its wisdom, limits of any particular event. It’s message is and teach it to mankind, the person engaged in learning as valid now as it was at the time of its initial and teaching it serves the mission of the Prophet and revelation. thus develops a special association with him). On this As for those who love to spread obscenity ground a learner and teacher of the Quran naturally among the unbelievers, it may suffice for us to stands superior to all others. However, only that person cast a quick glance over today’s journalism, deserves this honor who learns and teaches the Quran television, radio, popular fiction, cinema and with due sincerity. If unfortunately a person adopts outlook on life. Such an abysmal depth of moral learning and teaching of the Quran as a means for depravity was once unimaginable. The Madinan worldly gains, he, as mentioned in a Tradition, will be Muslims took the verse quoted above at its face among the unfortunate destined to be thrown first into value and believed in it. They could not foresee the Hell fire and used as initial fuel to it. May Allah protect us from such ill-fate. the present level of obscenity that pervades ‘Abdullah bin’ Umar narrates that the Prophet of Allah society. - blessings and peace be upon him—said, “Only two It goes without saying that the forces of persons are enviable [i. e. , it is justified to envy them] moral disorder and anarchy are equipped with : One who is granted the bounty of the Quran and an amazingly rich range of resources. They are remains engaged in it day and night, and the other who capable of accomplishing anything and may is blessed with wealth and spends it for Allah day and project falsehood and evils truth. night.” —Bukhari and Muslim. The same is true of the evil influence Commentary: There are different ways in which a exercised by political, social and financial person can remain engaged in the Quran day and night, bodies working amid us. Europeans, Americans as referred to in this Tradition. First, he may commit and Communists who nurture a false and himself fully to learn and teach it. Secondly, he may remain busy in reciting it in Prayers (Salat) as well as tendentious view of life, who cause and spread outside Prayers (Salat). Thirdly, he may carefully corruption, whose morals are depraved and who observe the Quranic injunctions. The words of the cling to a false set of notions represent a present Tradition[ “who remains engaged in it day and powerful, highly organized entity. They impose night”] cover all these meanings. their evil views on other nations. Presently they The Quran is indeed a great bounty of the enjoy ascendancy and hegemony. They are Almighty, and the best way to thank Him for it is to further reinforced by a media which loves to observe a regular practice of reciting it and take it as a spread obscenity among believers.  guide for life.

[ 4 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Editor’s Note Legacy of Islam Terrorism in any form does not have the sanction of Islamic ethics. The Holy Quran has repeatedly warned Muslims to live a pious and peaceful life and eschew violence. Even in a few wars, which were fought during the life of the Prophet Muslims mostly, remained defensive. The wars were mainly against the tribes of Mecca and were in retaliation. The political edge to Islamic expansion made it perforce accretive and adaptive. It is not without significance that Christians and Jews were not forced to convert in the recently acquired Islamic lands since this was not politically expedient. And Islamic law sanctified this. Linguistic conversions, i.e. speaking of Arabic language preceded religious conversions. After the demise of the Prophet this spirit of tolerance only intensified. Under the Ummayad and later the Abbasid Caliphate the first cultural transformations that were noticed had more to do with language than religion. Within one century Arabic became the official language of the state and its bureaucracy. Being Arab in the Islamic Empires implied a linguistic identity more than a religious or ethnic identity. The spirit of accommodation was more than evident in the flowering of a rich Islamic scientific culture during the period of the Caliphates. Until the rise of modern science, no other civilization engaged as many scientists, produced as many scientific books, or provided as varied and sustained support for scientific activity as Islam. Religious discourses on science advocated its separateness from religion. As a result a value free or ethically neutral scientific knowledge that is not specific to any particular culture was able to develop. Islamic

[ 5 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 science inherited all the earlier pre-Islamic and Christian and Iranian scientific traditions and fused them into one new whole. Baghdad was at the center of this scientific activity. Here the Abbasi caliphs Harun- al Rashid and Al Mamun patronized scientific activity of higher caliber. The latter started a programme of astronomical observations in Baghdad and Damascus. Along with Baghdad and Damascus many other centers also emerged. These were located in Shiraz and Isfahan in Iran. Scientists from Muslim Spain-Andalucia - travelled to these centers for training. And like in astronomy and mathematics in the realm of medicine as well. Baghdad remained the dominant center for the production of the Arabic medical tradition. It was here that many Greek medical treatises were translated into Arabic. A worth mentioning fact here is that most of these centers of learning under the Muslim rulers had non-Muslim scholars and translators. They were given due recognition of their merits. This narrative of Islamic expansion reveals that Islam carries a rich intellectual legacy of tolerance of other cultures and a spirit of open mindedness to learn and adopt the good points of other civilizations. Moreover, in Islamic states non-Muslims lived quite happily and carried out their religious obligations freely. Even in trade and other commercial activities they enjoyed full liberty. Such a religion can never encourage violence and hatred. We need to remind ourselves of this rich history of our religion and use it to mould us into better human beings. S. A.

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[ 6 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 A Few Singular Characteristics of the Indian Muslims - S. Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi A distinguishing feature of the the Quran is derived from Nazareth, in entire Muslim community, including Galilee, the home town of Jesus Christ. Indian Muslims, is that the fundamental Zoroastrians known as Parsees in India, basis of their existence as a religious get their name from the founder of their community (Millat) is a well-defined, religion, Zoroasteror Zarathustra. The distinct and immutable faith and a same is the case with the Buddhists, divinely ordained canon (shariah). Like named after Gautama Buddha and other prevalent systems of faith and almost every other religion. worship Islam too is a religion, no doubt, The Muslims but the word hardly expresses the true nature of Islam and, furthermore, causes The believers are called in the it to be misunderstood if only owing to Quran, religious treatises, historical its general usage for all the other faiths books and literary compositions, either indiscriminately. It is for this reason that as Muslimoon or Ummat-i-Muslimah, instead of deriving its name from any and they are still known throughout the race, clan, country or founder of the world wherever they by the name of religion, it calls itself man’s self- Muslims. As already explained, the surrender (Islam) to God. This self- name is a derivative of Islam, “the surrender expresses itself not only in surrender” to Allah, embracing certain belief in God but also in duteous defined principles, ideas. values and obedience to His commands. It criteria for the guidance of humanity. bespeaks, also, of the fundamental Despite their ardent love and difference between the followers of attachment with the holy Prophet of Islam, who are called Muslims, and the Islam, the never agreed to their being adherents of other faiths getting their called as Mohammedans. It were the names from the founder, of their British who for the first time nicknamed religions the of their origin or a race or them as Mohammedans and their a clan. The Jews are also known as religious law (shariah) as Mohammedan Judaists and Bani lsrael, Judah wan, Law. But the Muslims protested against one of the sons of Prophet Jacob who the name given to them by their erstwhile was himself called Israel. Christains rulers and preferred to be known as draw their name from Jesus Christ while Muslims Certain institutions which had of their earliest names, Nazarenes or its been named as Mohammedan College Arabic form (Nasarah), as mentioned in or Mohammedan Conference during the

[ 7 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 early phases of British rule in India had Law during the British rule in India, the to be changed later on under the Muslim Personal Law rests upon the pressure of Muslim public opinion about Qur’an, as interpreted through and the unsuitability of the word expanded by the rules of Muslim ‘Mohammedan.’ jurisprudence (fiqah) on the basis of The Content and Form of Faith sayings and confirmed practice (hadith) of the Prophet of Islam. To be sure, the The reason for this strong public Qur’an lays down the rules, sometimes opinion which might appear as of trivial in great detail, for the fundamental importance to certain persons is that the institutions of Muslim social life, such as, form of the faith is as important from the personal behaviour, morals, marriage, Muslim viewpoint as the content itself. inheritance and economic activity. The faith as well as its manifestation in Where only general principles are laid the form of religious law (shariah) are down, these are supplemented by of basic importance for the uniqueness another authoritative source, the hadith, of the Muslim culture and its way of life. or spelt out by the Muslim doctors of There is, indeed, no basis in Islam for religion on the basis of probable action the notion that the Islamic religious law of the Prophet and his companions in is just another code to be obeyed, as the light of Quranic precepts. Thus, the we dutifully obey the laws of a city or a authority and validity of Muslim Personal state. It represents the sense of the Law is derived from the belief that they believers’ absolute responsibility to the conform to the Will of an all-controlling will of God, and for that reason, it had to God rather than social experience or be spelled out in detail for the guidance rational speculation. of the faithful. It is, thus, not at all surprising that the Muslims are so Inviolability of the Shari’ah sensitive to any talk about the so-called This brief elucidation of the nature reforms in the Islamic Law. This is a of Muslim personal law would show that matter of paramount importance for the those laws which have been laid down Muslims which ought to be taken into in explicit and unambiguous terms in the account in chalking out a course of Qur’an and which have been acted action in any individual, social or upon by the Muslim community without national matter affecting the Muslims. It any interruption so far, are inviolable and has also to be borne in mind that immutable. These are unalterable excepting for a few local customs, mandatory provisions of the Islamic Law usages and conventions which have and anybody transgressing these rules somehow found their way into the body would be deemed, according to the of laws recognised as Mohammedan consensus of Muslim doctors of faith, an [ 8 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 apostata and outcaste of the Muslim needs of the present-day life. This community. There may be differences process of assimilation and of opinion among the Muslim doctors in interpretation has always been regard to the interpretation and practical operative in the past and will remain so application of these mandatory laws, but in future also. there has been absolutely no question, Taharat nor there is now, of any reform or change in these Quranic Laws. No Muslim State Another unique feature of the nor any elected legislative body has any Muslims’ personal life arises out of his right to interfere in these laws, and any singular concept of personal and effort in that direction would be external purity. It demands, apart from construed as interference in the the general cleanliness, a state of legal practice of religion. purification too which is very often not understood by the non-Muslims. There are, however, other laws, as Cleanliness denotes freedom from dirt pointed out earlier, which comprise or stain both in one’s person and matters with respect to which there was clothes. Legal purification (taharat) either no clear guidance, a rule or goes further than that and demands that injunction available in the Qur’an or the one should be free from every hadith or those which fall in the category defilement, great or small, like of non-prohibited matters, and which excretion, urine, wine, blood, saliva of a were spelt out later on by the Muslim dog, dung, etc. in the smallest quantity. legists in conformity with the spirit of the Thus, however free from dirt a man may Islamic legal system. In these matters, be and however stainless his dress, a the doors of difference of opinion and speck of any defilement would render interpretation of the best course of him legally impure and disqualify him action in the light of the general from offering prayers. Similarly, if anyone principles and precepts of the Shari’ah has not washed his private parts after as well as the changing needs of the excretion or urination or requires to take times, have always been open in past, bath (ghusl) owing to any defilement, he are open even today, and will continue cannot attain purification without a to remain so in the future too. Muslim proper bathing. The repast, utensils, doctors of faith and jurisprudents having table-linens, clothes, bedsheets and all profound legal knowledge and a other articles of daily use should developed sense of interpreting matters likewise be free from every defilement in the true Islamic spirit can interpret the in addition to their being clean or free rules falling in the latter category in the from dirt. light of changed circumstances and the

[ 9 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Dietary Restrictions Muslims of every country and every age Another characteristic of the till the end of time. Indian Muslims too Islamic teachings having a profound have abided by these regulations and, impact on the Muslims’ way of living is to an extent, more meticulously than their the distinction it makes between the co-religionists in many other Muslim prohibited and permissible articles of countries. Even now they are more food. The Qur’an does not leave its cautious, law-abiding and sensitive with followers free to take whatever they like regard to Divine commandments than but lays down a clear line of demarcation the Muslims of certain other countries between the two types of foodstuffs whose faith has been enfeebled by an which should not be over-stepped by ever-increasing impact of the any Muslim. In the case of animals and materialistic civilization of the West and birds whose flesh can be eaten, they sudden opulence. Almost similar is the must be immolated in the name of God. case with wine which has ever remained The flesh of any animal that has been prohibited in the eyes of the Shari‘ah. dedicated or offered in sacrifice to an The Muslims have really known it as the idol or a saint or a person considered “mother of all evils” and never allowed it to be ‘divine’ or a martyr is strictly to gain a foothold in the Muslim society. prohibited, and so is the case with the In the use of alcoholic liquors too, the animal that meets a natural death or behaviour of the Indian Muslims has dies owing to injuries received in hunting been more in keeping with the demands before it is sacrificed in the name of of the Shari’ah than that of certain God. The swine has been declared westernised Muslim countries. desecrate and defiled and its flesh Love of the Prophet detestable, while there are other An intense attachment of the animals which are not profane, but their Muslims to the Prophet of Islam is flesh is prohibited. Lions, tigers, another distinguishing feature of their panthers, dogs and similar other feline life. The Prophet is not simply a founder and carnivorous beasts as well as all the of the faith, or a venerable personage hunting birds and those birds which use but something more than that: a tender their claws in eating fall in the prohibited feeling of heart-felt love and respect for category. The dietary restrictions the Prophet is what a Musalman constitute a distinguishing mark of the treasures more than anything else. A Abrahamic way of life: his taste; and Persian poet expressed the same taboos, likes and dislikes were, in truth, feeling in these words which can not confirmed by God as divine injunctions perhaps be surpassed: to regulate the cuisine practices of the

[ 10 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 ‘ ‘To cut short, most respected thou his city, his sayings and his teachings art after God.” and anything connected with him can At the same time, the Muslims arouse the tenderest feelings of love have been expressly asked to desist and fervour of devotion for him. These from exaggerated adulation and lines by the late Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, deification of the holy Prophet as was a poet and editor of the daily ‘Zamindar’ done by the followers of certain earlier of Lahore, adequately express the prophets. A tradition of the holy Prophet ardent love of Muslims for their Prophet. says: “Do not extol me beyond my limits The Namaz and the Zakat and the nor entertain exaggerated notions about Rozah and Hajj, virtuous are all ; me like the Christians who unduly But a Musalman I am not despite these magnified their Prophet. Call me, if you all; have to, by the name of the slave and Apostle of God”. Unless for the honour of Madina’s chief, I gladly give up the life I have. Unparalleled Love and Affection By God, short of that, imperfect shall But, in spite of the restraining ever remain my faith! effect of moderation preached by Islam in praising the Prophet, the heart-felt The never-ending Divine blessings love and the deep attachment the invoked for the Prophet of Islam day in Muslims have for him is unparaIleled day out, the merit and virtue of these and unsurpassed of that felt by the benedictions, the large number of the followers of any other religion for their Prophet’s biographies written by the prophet or the founder of their faith. It Muslims of India’ and of other countries can rightly be claimed that millions of and the eulogies composed by the them revere and love the Prophet more poets to adore and pay their respect to than their own lives, their children and him speak of the deepest love and parents and are ever willing to sacrifice regard entertained by the Muslims for their all to guard his honour. The the apostle of God. It is worth mentioning sensitiveness of the Muslims in this here that the eulogium has always regard has been demonstrated on remained, in every language, a innumerable occasions and can still call melodious medium to express the forth supreme sacrifice from them. The sentiments of gratitude to a benefactor, Muslims cannot simply suffer the but the ode to praise a particular slightest disparagement of their beloved personage, for whom every poet deems Prophet in any shape or form. Even it an honour to sing praises, is today the Prophet’s name, his honour, essentially a product of Muslim mind. If

[ 11 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 nothing similar to it is found in the poetry peace and blessings of God be upon of other peoples, it is because no other him) was the last Apostle and the seal personage has been held in a similar of all the Prophets. No revelation shall esteem and regard by his people. The ever descend on a man after eulogies in the praise of the Prophet of Muhammad, and whoever makes such Islam in almost every language spoken a claim shall be no more than a liar and by the Muslims have a place of their own a deceiver. This faith is grounded in the in those literatures if only on account of teachings of the Qur’an and the their literary merit, rhythmical creation of Traditions and the uninterrupted belief beauty, exquisite expression and the of Muslims in this regard since the warmth of feeling contained by them. earliest times. The conviction in the Excluding Iran which has had some of finality of Muhammad’s Prophethood the best eulogist poets, the contribution has been acitadel of safety protecting of Indian Muslims to this form of poetry the faith of Muslims from falling a prey is without a parallel in any other to the artifices of cleverest renegades. language spoken by the Muslims. Some Companions and the Prophet’s Kins of the well-known poets of Indo-Pakistan sub-continent who have indited eulogies Companion is the name given to of exceptional poetic beauty, sublime in a contemporary follower of the Holy thought and artistic in construction, in the Prophet. Every Muslim acknowledges praise of the Holy Prophet are Mohsin the yeoman’s service rendered by each Kakorwi, Amir Minai, Khawaja Altaf one of them for the propagation of the Husain Hali, Maulana Zafar Ali Khan, Dr. faith. They are all regarded as ideal Sir Muhammad Iqbal, Iqbal Ahmad Muslims, benefactors of humanity and Suhail and Hafeez Jalandhri. An eulogist pure-hearted souls worthy of the highest poet Aasi Ghazipuri has beautifully marks of reverence. Whenever their summed up the feelings of love and name is mentioned by any Muslim, he respect felt by the Indian Muslims for the accompanies it with the phrase ‘razi Prophet of Islam in these lines: Allah ‘anhu’ which means ‘May God be pleased with him.’ Four of the Prophet’s “Convey my Salam and tell him (the companions viz., Hazrat Abu Bakr, Prophet), O Zephyr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthman and ‘Ali who succeeded After the remembrance of God, thee the Prophet as his right-guided Caliphs, alone we revere.” are held in the highest esteem and their The Finality of the Prophethood names are mentioned alongwith the Prophet’s in the orations (khutba) of the It is an article of faith for the Friday and the ‘Id prayers. In addition to Muslims that Muhammad (may the these four companions, there are six [ 12 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 other pious followers of the Prophet who level of proficiency that they can recite had been given by him the glad tidings the entire Quran in a single night. of redemption and Paradise. These are Actually, there are some of them who do known by the Muslims as the ‘Promised so every night during the month of Ten’ (‘ashra’-i-mubashsharah.) Ramadhan. It is not uncommon to see The members of the Prophet’s boys of 10 or 12 years of age who have household, known as ahl-i-bait, include learnt the voluminous scripture by heart. his wives, daughters and the two Nor are women found lacking in this feat grandsons, Imam Hasan and Imam of memory. Husain. Reverence and regard for each Hadith and Fiqah one of these kins of the Prophet is Next to the Book of God, the deemed as a duty incumbent on all Traditions (hadith) and the rules of Muslims. religious law (fiqah) have attracted The Book of God diligent attention of the Muslims. The The same is the case with the Traditions have been preserved with an Qura’n too. It is not merely a collection unbroken chain of narrators from the of morals and tales of wisdom, to be companions down to their disciples and acted upon when convenient, but a successors till these were reduced into revelation from God, preserved word by writing. A separate science for the word, for the guidance of humanity. It has verification and criticism of the suffered no interpolation, not even of a Traditions was evolved which included comma or a fullstop since it was the biographical account of all the revealed to the Holy Prophet. Muslims narrators of the Traditions, their moral have been commanded to handle the and spiritual worth, their memorising Book reverently and perform ablution capacity and veracity. Quite a large before reciting it. number of books, voluminous treatises and bibliographies, enough to fill a All over the world one would find a library, have been written on the subject. number of Muslims who have The Indian Muslims too have given committed the entire Qur’an to their special attention to the science and memory. In India there are special types produced some works of outstanding of schools which provide instruction in merit. In the last two hundred years, India learning the Qur’an by heart and its has indeed been the centre of study and recitation. Thanks to these schools,India teaching of the Traditions, leaving all the has hundreds of thousands persons who other Muslim countries far behind. have memorised the whole Qur’an and Today, no Muslim or even an Arab some of them have attained such a high country can boast of the high-standard [ 13 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 of the hadith studies found in some of for their misfortune, and moral support the Indian institutions, such as Darul to them when they need it: this is in no Uloom Deoband, Mazahirul Uloom, way a stumbling block in their way to Saharanpur, Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow patriotism and love for their own country. and Markazi Darul Uloom, Banaras. They consider it a duty enjoined by These institutions are regularly justice and humanitarian ideals, graduating students in the science of embedded in their religion and a means Traditions, carrying out research and of strengthening and furthering the bringing out valuable publications on the interests of their own country. Nothing subject. They also have in their teaching bears out this assertion more clearly staff certain doctors of exceptional merit than the Khilafat Movement launched by and ability who could be the envy of any the Indian Muslims under the leadership other Islamic country. of Mahatma Gandhi, Ali Brothers, Islamic Brotherhood Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Maulana Abdul Bari and other freedom-fighters. Last, but not the least dominant The wonderful spectacle of Hindu- trait of Muslim social life is the Muslim unity and the tremendous international brotherhood, a popular upsurge for the freedom of the transcendental religious and spiritual country produced by the Khilafat affinity cutting across all the barriers of Movement would be still fresh in the race, language and nationality, to which memory of many a person in the country. a Muslim feels irresistably drawn on The object of this movement was to account of his religious teachings. He, restore justice to the Turks and to undoubtedly, loves the country to which preserve Khilafat as much as to liberate he belongs ; deems it an article of faith their own country from the foreign yoke. to defend its interests and lay down his The same political consciousness and life for its sake; but this does not stand feeling of sympathy for the Muslims of in his way of taking interest in the welfare other countries has been responsible for of other Muslims whom he considers as the keen interest shown by the Indian members belonging to one and the Muslims in the Palestine problem. There same family. This concept of human is no denying of this concern of Muslims brotherhood is like a celestial light that for the humanity at large, and their co- guides the Muslims in the darkness of religionists in particular: it is a racial prejudices and national hatreds: characteristic of the message of Islam it teaches them to hate none but love which must be taken into account for a all. Their interest in the affairs of the better understanding of the Muslims’ other Muslims consists of a pious wish attitude and behaviour.  for their well-being, a feeling of sorrow [ 14 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Imposition Of Zakat Obligation - S.M. Rabey Hasani Nadwi* Same year, the year 9 AH, the generating gratitude in its followers on Commandment about Zakat got issued. the bounties granted them by their Zakat implies that the affluent, after Providence. It should be given having reached a certain limit of expression by means of being affluence, must take a portion out of compassionate with His creatures. The their wealth and have it spent on performance of this act was declared extending relief to the poor. This act was an act of worship. made an obligation like the other The End of Severe Circumstances obligations. It got determined as the Causing Impediments in fourth pillar of the five pillars of Islam: Performance of Missionary and the first one, the creed of Tauheed Purificatory Work: (monotheism); the second one, Namaz; the third one, Roza (fasting) during the It was, by now, the 62nd year of month of Ramadan; the fourth one, the Prophet’s (SAW) pious life. The 40- Zakat; and the fifth one, Haj, once during year period of his life that preceded the the entire lifetime in case of capability event of his investiture with the Prophecy of having it performed. was such a neat, clean, unblemished life led by him and marked with such For the imposition of Zakat, a limit sublime qualities that his kith and kin of the affluence was fixed. Unless the and his compatriots were full of affluence reaches that limit, Zakat does adulations and admirations for him. not become obligatory. Once the Then, on getting assigned the Prophecy, affluence reaches that limit, taking he(SAW) started the mission of about two and a half percent out of the reforming the others. In its performance, excess wealth and having it distributed he had to face the opposition and had among the destitute is a must and to endure great afflictions. In binding obligatory. Thus, it is that Islam performance of this mission, he (SAW) stands to be the religion marked with passed the rest 23 years. Out of these the characteristic of compassion and 23 years, 14 years were spent in commiseration with the destitute. Apart conveying and communicating the from the characteristic of having religion with fortitude and endurance. compassion with other human beings, Whatever persecutions he (SAW) was considering them as their brothers, subjected to during this period were Islam has also the characteristic of endured by him with fortitude. He took * Rector, Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow. no retaliatory steps and kept on

[ 15 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 tolerating them. Following the plan the guidance of Mohammad, the hatched to have him killed, he (SAW) Prophet of Allah (SAW), (out of which left his homeland and took abode in 28 were commanded by himself-SAW) another city. When there, too, he (SAW) only 459 Muslims; and 459 opponents got threats of attacks from the enemies, got killed. In all these combats only 11 he (SAW) was allowed to retaliate to Muslims got captured. Of the enemy’s attacks. When the enemy’s opponents, however, 6546 members operations became further menacing, were made captives. They were set free permission to openly wage the war was either against ransom or without it. granted. Out of the last eight years of Those set free unconditionally number the ten years duration of his (SAW) life 6347. Moreover, no vindictive action in Madinah after his migration thereto, was taken against them. The number of only seven years period was such when injured, too, comes to, taking the two he (SAW) felt compelled to combat in sides together, about 300. Even the armed manner. Out of these seven hard-liner captives of the enemies were years, too, two years were spent under meted out very kind treatment by him the peace treaty and truce. Thus it was (SAW). This is, in fact, the characteristic only the 5-6 years duration which were of Islam that the operation of war is spent in combats with the enemies. In conducted in it not merely to establish these combats, it were generally the one’s dominance; but, in order to Muslims who emerged victorious. And, establish the life of Truth and veracity. In his (SAW) mission of propagating the Islam, if the enemy himself accepts to Truth kept progressing and gaining enforce the truth, the Muslims then do grounds. Ultimately, he (SAW) had the not confront with him. Providing him dominance fully achieved and the himself the opportunity to carry out the strength of the opponents got crushed. job, they detach themselves. They The way he (SAW) comported himself charge him simply a redemption fee. during the six years of war represents Otherwise, that is, in case the enemy the loftiest paragon of his peace-loving does not accept the Truth and puts and compassionate nature. The picture obstructions in the way of reform and that emerges in terms of the loss of enforcement of truth, the Muslims then human life during this entire period can have to take recourse to coercion and, certainly be an amazing and if necessary, to the expedient of war. The astonishing revelation for the Western Holy Quran says: claimants of peace. (Those who if We establish them in To elucidate the same, in so many the earth, shall establish the prayer as 82 ventures undertaken by the and give the poor-rate and command Muslims to combat the enemies under that which is reputable and restrain

[ 16 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 that which is disreputable and unto been mentioned by Allah Almighty Allah is the end of all affairs.) Himself in the holy Quran thus: (Al-Hajj : 41) (And were it not for Allah’s Regarding the permission for the repelling of some by means of others, war and the command thereof, the cloisters and churches, synagogues and dictate is as follows: mosques wherein the name of Allah is mentioned much, would have been (And fight them until there be no more pulled down.) (Al-Hajj: 40)It is the self- temptation, and their obedience be same responsibility which he (SAW) has wholly unto Allah. So, if they desist, entrusted his forthcoming followers, too, then there is to be no violence save with. That is, they should keep against the wrong doers.) performing continuously the task of (Al-Baqra : 193) leading the mankind towards the deeds of righteousness and the life of Keeping in view the Shariat that philanthropy and compassion with encompassed all the apexes and all the humanity. He (SAW) described it as the virtues of the human life, the last Prophet self-same mission which the Prophets of Allah, the Prophet Mohammad had been in the past raised for and (SAW), performed the mission of presented before the people that conveying the Divine message and pattern of the religion which is not only imparting the guidance. When he conducive to salvation of the human (SAW)was forced to make use of the being’s forthcoming up-to the force, he did do that also. The need of Doomsday; but is, from the point of view the same and importance thereof has of their convenience, practicable, also. Hazrat A'bd-ur- Rahman bin A'uf

He got into the fold of Islam at the very early stage. He was a successful tradesman and was, therefore, wealthy. He had Islam strengthened with his wealth as well as with his body and soul. He is one of those ten companions who were conveyed the glad tidings of getting into the Paradise. He is placed among the most eminent Companions of the Prophet (SAW). Twice he migrated to Ethiopia. He valiantly took part in Badr, Uhad and other Ghazwat. During Ghazwa-e-Tabuk, the Prophet (SAW) offered one of his prayers with him (Hazrat A'bd-ur-Rahman) in the lead. In the year 32 AD, he breathed his last and got buried in Baquee'.

[ 17 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021

Lakshadweep: Tackle the Brewing Discontent

Lakshadweep administrator Praful Khoda Patel has kicked up a political storm with a set of decisions that the government claims will trigger further development in the Union Territory, but critics slam as undermining the political, cultural and economic make-up of the islands. For one, Mr. Patel has curtailed the powers of the panchayats, bringing health, education, fisheries and animal husbandry under the administrator. This has reportedly led to many engaged in these sectors on a contract basis being laid off. Two, while the islands had been free of Covid-19 for almost a year, Mr. Patel’s decision to lift the stipulation for mandatory quarantine for travelers from Kochi is attributed as a key reason for a surge in cases. The archipelago has now had over 7,000 cases. Three, the islands — which have an overwhelming Muslim majority — also face a draft regulation against cow slaughter, though beef forms part of the daily diet. Four, locals have opposed a draft regulation for the creation of a Lakshadweep Development Authority, fearing this would enable outsiders to purchase land. And five, Mr Patel has also, inexplicably, implemented the Goonda Act in Lakshadweep, which has a very low crime rate. Besides Mr. Patel’s actions being undemocratic and unpopular, any unrest in the islands have implications for India’s maritime security and could open the door for external mischief. The Centre should instruct Mr. Patel to step back, engage in consultations with communities, elected representatives and stakeholders, and respect local sensitivities, history and aspirations instead of imposing a top-down development and cultural model he may prefer. (Editorial, Hindustan Times, 27-5-2021)

[ 18 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Media Monopoly By The Jews - Nazrul Hafeez Nadwi Few experts from the Jewish tendencies and opinions, thereby protocol say: creating confidence in us, and bringing What is the part played by the over to usour quite unsuspicious press today? It serves to excite and opponents, who will thus fall into our trap inflame those passions, which are and be rendered harmless. needed for our purpose, or else it serves In the front rank will stand organs selfish ends of parties. of an official character. They will always Not a single announcement will stand guard over our interests and reach the public without our control. therefore their influence will be Even now this is already being attained comparatively insignificant. by us in as much as all news items that In the second rank will be the semi- are received by a few agencies, in official organs, whose part it will be to whose offices they are focused from all attract the tepid and the indifferent. parts of the world. These agencies will In the third rank we shall set up our entirely be ours and will give publicity to own opposition, which, to all what we dictate to them. appearance, in, at least, one of its Literature and journalism are two organs, will present what looks like the of important educative forces, and very antipodes to us. Our real therefore our government will become opponents at heart will accept this proprietor of the majority of the journals. simulated opposition as their own and This will neutralize the injurious influence will show us their cards. of the privately owned press and will put All our newspapers will be like the us in possession of a tremendous Indian (God) Vishnu, which will have a influence upon the public mind.... If we hundred hands, and every one of them give permits for ten journals, we shall will have a finger on any one of the public ourselves found thirty, and so on in the opinions as required. All those hands same proportion. The public, however, will lead the opinion in the direction of must in no wise suspect this. For which our aims on quickening the pulse. reason all journals published by us will be in appearance, of the most opposite We shall thus have a sure triumph over our opponents since they will not

[ 19 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 have at their disposal ready organs of sympathy of impartial countries are the press to sound their views. We shall among the main aims of propaganda. not even need to refute them except very For the realization of these ends’ stable superficially. political parties and their leaders, What does Propaganda mean? university scholars, ‘respectable’ personalities in addition to common Propaganda is defined as an masses are the tools, which are made organized circulation of opinion use of. intended to influence public feeling. At the international level propaganda Western Media — A Jewish involves organized circulation of a Enterprise government’s policy and viewpoint by a There is no denying the fact that political group regardless of the latter’s at present ninety five percent of media nationality. is under the control of the Jews who are Media experts admit the vital role brain washing the whole world. of media in the foreign policy of nations. Ever since the Jews considered In addition to a country’s historical media as second pillar (of their nation) background, geographical location, next only to economy, they have been population, economic and military holding it tightly and using it to flood the power, media plays an extraordinary rest of the world with their ideologies part in circulating and spreading its false and beliefs, which, whether pertaining beliefs and fictitious ideologies across to culture and civilization, politics and the globe through propaganda, and at economics, standard of living or the times of crises when educated fashion, to become the order of the day. sections of people feel psychologically The claim of international news and mentally more sensitive and are agencies that they are impartial in their compelled to take respite in profession and non-representational in propaganda. A successful propaganda character is betrayed by the ground is always in consonance with the realities. The fact remains that highlight political, economic, and diplomatic issues of trivial importance projecting, policies of a country. Arousing hatred them as basic issues and spread and apathy among the rivals, conflict and confusion in the developing perpetuating the friendly relations countries in general and the Muslim among the like-minded and gaining

[ 20 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 countries in particular. They malign other people were neither targeted nor were nation’s leaders and glorify their own. the national peculiarities nor the kith and The policy makers of the Western kin of the man who assassinated Essen countries carry out their conspiring Robin former Israeli Prime Minister, schemes in two ways: By i) creating a dubbed as terrorists. strong public opinion and ii) working for Broadcastings on American Radio its practical implementation. are both Private and Governmental Systematically planned theories are According to a survey 90% of handed over to the news agencies these broadcastings are anti-Muslim where they get aired through different and anti-Islamic. angles, experts and special correspondents are made to analyze In addition to VOA, BBC, Israel these programmes and favorable and Moscow radio, target the leaders, interviews arc taken from ordinary the society, and the religion of the Arab pedestrians projected as social countries. While religious people are workers, scholars, and people’s presented as backward, fanatic, and representatives. This is how the anti-civilization, Arabs, in general, are common public is made to see things projected as to be ill informed having through the policy maker’s eyes. These wine, gambling and sex as their fictitious theories are then implemented business. Contrarily, the Jews and the on fictitious grounds. ‘Could be dangers Christians are projected as to be the in future’ are pointed out and pre- only civilized people and their emptive steps are taken against these governments as the only true democratic self-styled enemies. states as compared to Arab dictatorship. The Western media, spreading the news about the West’s achievements in The procedure of the Western science and technology and its military media’s anti-Muslim propaganda can might, usually ignores crime, disruptive be understood by the following activities and murder which are so instances: rampant there. In fact, these incidents In 1963, John F. Kennedy was are given little coverage as if they are assassinated by Jews. But, strangely lesser importance. Perpetrators of the enough, the Western media raised a explosion at that killed a thousand storm against the Arab Muslims and an

[ 21 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Arab Muslims Basharah Sarhan was (C.l.A.), Israel (MOSAD) and Egypt focused to be responsible for the collectively planned to get them driven murder. He is still languishing in jail for out lest they should attain key posts in last thirty-two years waiting for his trail. these countries. For this purpose a He is to be hanged to death. bomb blast planned at the World Trade As it has always been the Centre on February 26, 1992 for which foremost aim of the Western media to the blame daubed on the door of the make the skeptical about his own faith, Muslims. they work to give him a powerful blow Prior to the blast, the Muslim were and finally breed in him antagonistic being projected as a threat not only to tendencies about his own faith and the Christians and but also to the rest of belief, his own civilization, his own the ‘civilized world’. history & culture. The orientalists also Media in the West played very role adopted the same methodology for in spreading the myth that the Muslims defacing Islam and presenting its image were increasing in number through as harrowing and making a wide polygamy and would ultimately get hold publicity of it through media with a typical of trade and industry. They journalistic flavour. simultaneously being projected as When Shah Faisal of Saudi terrorists on television by them killing Arabia fell to a conspiracy hatched by Israeli players in Munich, getting hold of the Western powers, the Western media the American Embassy inTehran and announced that he had been shot dead being responsible for wreckage of (an by a Muslim youth of his own family on American airliner) Lockerbie. With this the occasion of Idd Milad(the birthday successful campaign Israel banished celebration of the Messenger of innocent Palestinian doctors, engineers Allah).An attempt was made to bring and scientists from the occupied lands. home to the whole world, how the One more aim of this intelligence followers of the Prophet, the harbinger banishment was to bring the US home of peace, do not even hesitate to kill that they should also drive their enemies each other on his very birthday. (the Muslims) out of their land as did the Feeling pained by the presence of Jews in theirs. the Muslims in Europe and America, the Hence the Jewish media intelligence agencies of America demanded the US government to ban

[ 22 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 further immigration of the Muslims and American military and economic legislate a law by means of which the support for Israel so that it could easily US foreign ministry would expel create a strong public opinion against foreigners without giving them any prior the Islamic resurgence in the Muslim investigation. countries particularly and in Europe and Notwithstanding the American America generally. government’s puzzlement over how On January 29, 1987 when a Muslims could be responsible for the South Korean airliner crashed, the blast at the WTC, as the report of such Western news agencies held an Arab terrorist activities had been responsible for the act but on April 25, unprecedented, the Jewish media very 1988 investigation revealed a South shrewdly carried out their demonizing Korean woman guilty and she was project. subsequently hanged to death. But Some of the main objectives of strangely, the same media did not give this planning were: any considerable coverage to this news nor did it make any apology for its Weakening the efforts of the previously spread false propaganda. Muslims at the political, social, cultural and religious levels in the US. Whenever Israel commits any gross HR violations against the Getting the Muslim immigration to Palestinians the media is all praise for America banned and creating problems its military might and war skills. When in their way to gain citizen-rights. The Israel bombarded the atomic plant of Jews, it must be mentioned, were Iraq, the same media gave it a wide scared of the Muslims, presence in the coverage of the news by praising the US due to which they feared a serious ‘courage’ of the Israeli pilots and their blow to their investment. mentors for planning the attack. Pressurising the US government Prior to the Gulf War I, Iraqi nuclear to urge the Arabs and the rest of the capability was very much exaggerated Muslim world to crush their religious to give the world an impression that the organizations or otherwise the military attack on Iraq by the American led allied and economic support given to these forces was quite justified. War on Iraq countries would be stopped. was actually waged by the Western Obtaining more and more media. 

[ 23 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021

Review The Sedition Law, Protect Rights

The Supreme Court (SC)’s observation of the need to define what is or is not sedition will help minimise the misuse of the colonial-era provision to punish dissent. The apex court made this observation while restraining the Andhra Pradesh government from taking adverse action against two Telugu news channels, which have been booked under Section 124A of the Indian Penal Code (IPC) for allegedly promoting disaffection against the state government. The court’s dissatisfaction with this provision was also clear in April when it sought a response from the Centre on a plea challenging the constitutional validity of the law. Though the word sedition was dropped from the Constitution in 1949, Section 124A of IPC defines its scope as the intent or tendency to disturb law and order or words which seem to incite violence. The SC’s position should invite unqualified support. The State must safeguard its security and sovereignty, but it must also protect the fundamental rights of its citizens. Flimsy sedition charges are often invoked to intimidate and silence those who dissent. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, only 3% of the 93 cases filed in 2019 ended in convictions, suggesting that there was not enough evidence to uphold the charges. India has a legal architecture to deal with those trying to incite violence or threaten the integrity of the State. As India heads towards 75 years of Independence next year, it is only appropriate that SC has weighed in to distinguish between sedition and the democratic right of citizens to express dissent without being labelled enemies of the State. (Editorial, Hindustan Times, 02-6-2021)

[ 24 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Spiritual Initiation - Shah Ebadur Rahman When Sayyid Ahmad reached of preceding Night Prayer (Salatul Isha), Delhi, Shah Abdul Aziz welcomed him thus remaining engaged all night in warmly as he had very well-known his different kinds of devotional services. uncle Sayyid Noman and his maternal His feet used to get swollen due to the grandfather Sayyid Abu Saeed, great observance of post-night prayers scholars of their times and close (Tahajjud) for long hours. His sincerity, associates of his revered father Shah selflessness, and devotion started Waliyullah Dehlawi. Shah Abdul Aziz showing signs of Allah’s acceptance. was pleased to hear that Sayyid Ahmad Under the guidance of Shah Abdul Qadir had come that long distance in the hope and Shah Abdul Aziz, his spiritual of attaining Allah-cognizance under his excellence started shining bright. Shah spiritual guidance. He entrusted him for Abdul Aziz acknowledged the brilliance the time being to the spiritual care of his of the young Sayyid. He once mentioned brother, Shah Abdul Qadir, the famous to Shah Ismail, his nephew, that Sayyid scholar and first translator of the Quran Ahmad revealed a great affinity with the in Urdu. At his instructions he started nature and manners of the prophets: he living in the Akbari Mosque in one of the would not accept anything that was not rooms constructed for students and authenticated by the Shariah. engaged himself in the remembrance Sayyid Ahmad’s spiritual progress of Allah. He also started taking lessons under the guidance of Shah Abdul Aziz in Arabic and Persian from Shah Abdul knew no bounds. His soul was pious, Qadir. his nature clean, his heart selfless. One Friday Shah Abdul Qadir Those days he had several dreams presented Sayyid Ahmad to Shah Abdul hinting at his spiritual purification and Aziz. Sayyid Ahmad entered into Bai’ah enlightenment. Once he dreamed that (spiritual apprenticeship by taking an Ali ibn Abi Talib, the fourth rightly guided oath of allegiance) with Shah Abdul Aziz. caliph, was giving him a bath as a father Since then he devoted his days and gives a bath to his son, after which nights to prayers, supplication, and God Hazrat Fatima put an elegant dress on remembrance. Nawwab Wazeerud him. On another occasion, on the 27th Dawla relates that for years in the early of Ramadan in 1222 H (November 28, stage of his spiritual initiation Sayyid 1807, H stands for Hijri), he was Ahmad used to offer Morning Prayer suddenly awakened in the last part of (Salatul Fajr) with the ablution (Wudhu) the night. On opening his eyes he saw

[ 25 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Abu Bakr Siddique, the first caliph in offering prostration to Allah and singing Islam, and the Prophet Muhammad, His hymn in a manner impossible to be blessings and peace be upon him. He expressed in words. This experience was thus instructed: “Ahmad, wake up was so certain but so unique that he and take a shower. This is the Night of could not be sure if it was an experience Power (Lailatul Qadr). Engage yourself in dream or in awakening. In the morning in the remembrance of Allah, supplicate he narrated the whole incident to Shah to the Lord Who fulfills needs, and duly Abdul Aziz. Shah Abdul Aziz was glorify Him.” He took a bath, made overjoyed to hear it and congratulated ablution, and engaged himself in him by saying: “Extend thanks to Allah prayers and supplication. That night abundantly that He found you a pauper turned out to be a night of great and made you a king.” This incident has blessings for Sayyid Ahmad. He had been verified by Sayyid Muhammad Ali, strange revealing experiences. He one of the early biographers of Sayyid found in himself a newborn but highly Ahmad, and is recorded in his book powerful spiritual sensitivity with which Makhzane Ahmadi.  he could witness rocks and trees

Salat-i-Tahajjud

The prayers of the two 'Ids have already been described along with the fairs and festivals. Of the other important prayers, one is that of tahajjud which, although a voluntary prayer, has been so emphatically emphasised by the Holy prophet as well as by the Quran for the development of conscious devotion and spirituality that certain doctors of faith have been led to hold the view that this prayer was obligatory for the Prophet of Islam. Many devout Muslims, perhaps more in India than in other Islamic countries, get up at the dead of night to establish communion with their Lord. They could be seen offering eight or twelve rakats of this nocturnal prayer, immersed in the remembrance of God, seeking nearness to Him, begging His favour and bowing in thanksgiving unto Him so as to make selfsurrender and obeisance to Him the ruling passion of their life, finally culminating in love—love that satisfies the yearning of the human heart. Tahajjud prayer is offered in the units of two rakats each in which normally the longer chapters of the Quran are recited. The time for tahajjud begins after mid- night and lasts till the day-break.

[ 26 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Golden Period of Islamic Societies At A Glance - M.I.H. Farooqi During the Golden period of volumes as late as 1150. In 813, the Islamic History, Muslim scholars Bait al-Hikmah (‘House of (Scientific and Religious), engineers, Wisdom’) was established in philosophers, geographers, poets, Baghdad (with its own libraries, artists, and traders in the Islamic world laboratories, transcription service contributed to agriculture, the arts, and observatories), an institution economics, industry, law, literature, the likes of which Europe would not navigation, philosophy, sciences, develop for another four hundred sociology, and technology, both by years. preserving earlier traditions and by 2. Public hospitals (which replaced adding inventions and innovations of healing temples and sleeptemples) their own. Great Advances were made public libraries degree-granting in the field of anatomy, experimental Universities and astronomical medicine, ophthalmology, pathology, the observatories as research pharmaceutical sciences, physiology institutes like Bait-ul-Hikhma were and surgery. These advancements the common features in the Islamic made Islamic Society as the world’s World. Baghdad alone had more leading economic power for several than 50 Public Hospitals, some of centuries. them having more than 500 beds Few examples of lust and love of for patients. knowledge and scientific developments 3. By 794, paper mills were being by Muslims of Golden Period are listed constructed around Baghdad, with below: that precious material, being 1. By the 10th century, City of Cordova shipped to all the capitals of Islam. had 70 libraries, the largest had All religious literature was available 600,000 books. 60,000 Books on Paper by the end of 8th century used to be published each year in AD. Coloured paper was produced Islamic Spain alone. Cairo Library by early 9th Century AD. Book had two million books. Tripoli production in the Islamic world Library had three million books. blossomed into a vital industry During the same period the two Paper production in Europe largest libraries of Avignon and through Muslims was introduced Sorbonne contained at most 2,000 and produced during late thirteenth

[ 27 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 century. purification, oxidization, 4. Muslims used hydropower, tidal evaporation, filtration, distilled power, wind power, steam power, alcohol, uric acid, nitric acid, fossil fuels such as petroleum, alembic, valve, reciprocating horizontal-wheeled and vertical suction piston pump, mechanized wheeled water mills, fulling mills, water clocks, quilting, scalpel, bone gristmills, hullers, paper mills, saw, forceps, surgical catgut, sawmills, ship mills, stamp mills, vertical-axle windmill, inoculation, steel mills, sugar mills, tide mills smallpox vaccine, fountain pen, and windmills. Invented crankshafts cryptanalysis, frequency analysis, and water turbines employed gears three-course meal, stained glass in mills and water-raising and quartz glass, carpet, celestial machines, and pioneered the use globe etc. of dams as a source of water- 7. In contrast to the average life-span power, used to provide additional of 25 years in the ancient Greco- power to watermills and water- Roman world, life-span of the raising machines. Islamic scholarly class (During 5. Some of the large Industries Golden Period) was 84.3 years in commonly found in the Islamic world Iraq and Persia, 72.8 years in the only were: Astronomical Middle East, 69—75 years in instruments, ceramics, chemicals, Islamic Spain. Average for the distillation technologies, clocks, common man was more than 40 glass, mechanical hydro powered years. The Islamic Empire also and wind powered machinery, experienced a growth in literacy matting, mosaics, pulp and paper, Hundred percent literacy(both men perfumery, petroleum, and women) in large industrial cities pharmaceuticals, rope-making, like Baghdad, Cairo, Bukhara, shipping, shipbuilding, silk, sugar, Cordova, Granada Tripoli etc. textiles, water, weapons, and the 8. Islamic Golden Age witnessed a mining of minerals such as sulphur, fundamental transformation in ammonia, lead and iron. agriculture known as the “Muslim 6. Some new products and inventions Agricultural Revolution. New Crops during Golden Period were camera from Africa (sorghum), China (citrus obscura, coffee, soap bar, tooth fruits), India (mango, rice, cotton, paste, shampoo, pure distillation, sugar cane), were introduced liquefaction, crystallization, throughout Islamic world with an

[ 28 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 increased mechanization, which Islamic World in general, Islamic led to major changes in economy, Spain, Iraq, Iran and Egypt in population distribution, vegetation particular. cover, agricultural production and 10. Four hundred Physicians during income, urban growth, the Middle Ages have been listed as distribution of the labour force, and those who were responsible for numerous other aspects of life in the making Medicine and Surgery as Islamic world. a developing science. Three 9. According to Gillespie out of 130 hundred fifty belonged to the scientists who made a mark during Muslim World. (Middle Ages). Middle ages,110 belonged to Some important technological achievements of Muslims (During Middle Ages) which helped the modern Industrial Revolution:

• Analogue Concept • Architectural Equipments • Astronomical Clocks • Automation Theory • Chemical Analyses • Clocks with gears • Dials • Glass industry •Gunpowder technology • Hygiene Related Products • Industrial Milling • Laboratory apparatus • Mechanical clocks • Medical Encyclopedias SS • Mural instruments • Musical instruments • Navigational Instruments • New Acids • New Elements • Newer Food and Drink Preparations • Oil industry • Optical instruments • Perfumery • Pottery •Pumps • Simple Drugs and medications • Surgical instruments • Sword Making • Water clocks 

[ 29 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021

Sunni Central Waqf Board Wants Reconstruction of Razed Barabanki Mosque

LUCKNOW: Sunni Central Waqf Board (SCWB) expressed concern over the demolition of a British era mosque at Ram Sanehi Ghat in Barabanki on May 17. It demanded Barabanki district administration to ensure its re- construction. “We hope that the mosque at Barabanki will be promptly re- built,” said Athar Hussain, spokesperson, Indo Islamic Cultural Foundation (IICF), the trust which SCWB established to ensure the construction of mosque and other establishments on the allocated five-acre land in Dhannipur village of Ayodhya. The local administration claimed it was residential encroachment on government land. IICF said that it has also been reported that this demolition was in violation of the stay orders of the High Court order regarding any demolition in pandemic. “In such tough times, authorities will have to step up and energies should be directed towards constructive acts, not destructive ones,” said Hussain. The meeting was held under the chairmanship of Zufar Farooqi chairman UP SCWB. Attended by all 10 trustees, the meeting also discussed the long pending issues like submission of drawing and its clearance, non-issuance of 80 G certificate by Income Tax authorities and follow up of FCRA norms. Hussain said the members also expressed concern at the loss of human life in the pandemic wave and the board has decided to run a fully equipped Ambulance service on charity model for Ayodhya with immediate effect. (Hindustan Times, 20-5-2021)

[ 30 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Amir Khusrau - M. Mujeeb ALL THAT HISTORIANS want to provided relief from tiresome artificiality. tell us about Amir Khusrau seems to be They must also have lightened the load irrelevant. He was born in 1253. He on his conscience, because the called himself an Indian and was proud chronicles were written solely for the of it. Historians insist that he came of a purpose of earning rich rewards. And in Turkish family that had been driven from a way they misrepresent him and his its home by the Mongols. His father had times. He had, against his nature, to a fairly successful career as an officer, assume the coarse political attitude of but he died when khusrau was still a boy. conquerors, to give to wars and warriors Another relative became Khusrau’s a religious and cultural character which guardian. As soon as he was old they did not possess, to magnify little enough, Khusrau, according to the men and little things beyond all common practice of the day, looked for reasonable measure, to indulge in patrons among the noblemen. He had partiality without regard for truth and not wanted to be educated. His teachers justice. It is undeniable that the kings, first tried to fit him into the usual pattern, the nobles and the armies Khusrau then helped him to cultivate his glorified in his chronicles’ could destroy extraordinary natural aptitude for life, happiness, property; they could versification. It was as a poet that he inflict great suffering. This was not found welcome in the courts of the something that impressed Khusrau or noblemen, and ultimately of kings. And appealed to his imagination. It was for the historian it is of great interest that necessity, the moralist would say, Khusrau composed in verse chronicles necessity created by not a little greed, celebrating the achievements of his that made Khusrau the eulogist of patrons. They are contemporary noblemen and kings. Really he sources, and therefore of great value. belonged somewhere else; to another court, to another people. As poetic compositions, however, they are pedantic, ornate, heavy. I would What history tells us about is the say they are unreadable. But in between political and military activity of the Turks accounts of insignificant events which who established their rule in India. I Khusrau has forced his skill to exalt, would distrust any computation that there are scattered lyrics of great would place their number above 20,000 beauty. To Khusrau they must have

[ 31 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 families. Not all of these Turks were and at the times when people came to professional soldiers, and those who visit him, the etiquette of the court was were would have realised, for more observed. A king could kill a thousand clearly than historians would have us innocent persons; that would be an evil believe, that they were a small minority fate. But he risked his throne if he took in a vast country. I do not wish to belittle action of any kind against a sufi. their ideas and their achievements. Ionly Amir Khusrau belonged to the wish to emphasise that these ideas and intimate circle of the great Sufi,Shaikh achievements had a social background, Nazamuddin of Delhi, whose influence, and with this our historians have not yet once established, was far greater than learnt to concern themselves. They that of the most powerful kings. And this forget that the whole country was not remarkable and enduring influence was involved in political rivalries, that it did always exerted to promote fellow- not participate in campaigns. There was feeling, tolerance, reverence for all peace, goodwill, understanding, beliefs sincerely and steadfastly held. reinforced by powerful spiritual The example of the saint opened out to tendencies. Amir Khusrau a vast field for the Perhaps the most important single exercise of his intellectual and artistic factor in the social background of India powers. Nothing was alien to him, of those days was the influence of the nothing without meaning and interest. Sufis, the mystics, particularly of the He seems to have been completely at Chishti order. We are now inclined to home in the village, to have seen how question their social value, because they men and women lived and felt and had no plan, no programme of any kind behaved. He seems to have studied of philanthropic activity. They had no several languages, and there are still concrete aims. They just sat extant scores of couplets where he plays somewhere, prayed, talked to people; charmingly with words. His teacher had they gave spiritual advice, and forgiven him his worldliness. He smiled sometimes indirect practical guidance at the liberties Khusrau took with ideas to those who asked for it ; they had no and beliefs, at all his poetic images, political ideas or interests; and if wrongs even when they inclined to be erotic. In were openly committed, they prayed for Khusrau’s lyrics, the saint figures a change of heart. We cannot now everywhere and in all aspects, as the realise the effectiveness of this apparent proud hero, as a woman of loveliness inactivity. The sufi began to be called beyond description; as the master of the Shah or king. His seat became a throne winehouse, dispensing spiritual

[ 32 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 intoxication in the form of the supremely intimacy and reverence, of beauty and handsome, and cruelly indifferent Turk. sorrow, of poetic adventure and deep The saint did not mind. He must have spirituality an outstanding feature of been really pleased when Khusrau Muslim culture. The genius of Khusrau abandoned the current literary language represents this quality of Muslim culture and its style, and explored the almost at its best. Khusrau has become possibilities of a new medium, which he a legend. He was called the Indian calls Hindi. The mystics believed in songster by his contemporaries, who cultivating the spoken language and thought his Persian compositions were the first to make the people’s rivalled the best poetry of Persia. He speech the means of expressing lofty was master of Indian music, the spiritual ideas. Khusrau took over from originator of particular styles of singing. folk poetry the form of depicting the He was supposed to have frolicked with woman as the lover, and nothing that has village women, to have amused and come down to us from that period is confounded them with his riddles and more delightful than the mixed Persian hit wit, to have so mixed-up Persian and and Hindi lyrics of Amir Khusrau. But, Hindi in his speech as to make people judging from quantity alone, these laugh and feel at one with each other. A expressions of love in Indian style would song that is sung when the bride is seem to be literary excursions. The leaving her home, something entirely achievements of Amir Khusrau which and utterly Indian, is said to have been have made his name endure are lyrics composed by him. A glossary of Hindi that he wrote for singing at gatherings and Persian words and phrases, a where music and poetry were used as masterpiece of scholarly frivolity, is stimulants to religious fervour, to spiritual believed to be a literary exercise of his. ecstasy. Many of these lyrics express Whether one wishes to laugh or to make beliefs that are, from the orthodox love, to study philology or folklore, to Muslim point of view, heretical. But this sing or to induce spiritual exaltation, heresy had the full support of a sufistic Khusrau is there as the archetype. With tradition of humanism, of an him tradition becomes suddenly rich, interpretation of religion which, while it versatile, exquisite. For centuries he intensified religiousness, also released was looked upon as the creator of Indo- the believer from the bonds of Muslim culture. And even now we have orthodoxy. It gave to the Muslim poet to recognise him as the source of much complete freedom as well as a peculiar that we cherish.  spiritual status. It made the blending of

[ 33 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Obituaries Maulana Syed Hamza Hasani Nadwi Sahabiaat etc.and also compiled (1950-2021) Maktubat-e-Abil Hasan in five volumes. Maulana Syed Hamza Hasani Besides, he took keen interest in social, Nadwi Vice-Rector Nadwatul Ulama, religious, reformative and academic member, All India Muslim Personal Law activities. He became member of Sunni Board, an accomplished journalist, an Central Waqf Board twice able administrator and a scion of consecutively. Hasani family passed away after a After the death of Maulana Syed prolonged illness on May 20, 2021 in Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi, he was made Lucknow. General Secretary of Nadwatul Ulama He was son of Maulana in 2000 and made Vice-Rector of Mohammad Sani Hasani and Nadwatul Ulama in 2018. He dedicated nephew,son-in-law and close confident his whole life to the cause of Nadwatul of Maulana S.M.Rabey Hasani Nadwi, Ulama. He played constructive role in Rector Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow and Nadwa’s progress and development. President All India Muslim Personal Law His personality proved boon to Nadwa. Board. His remarkable contributions and achievements in the cause of Nadwa Born on December 15,1950. He will always be remembered. had his elementary education at home and got his higher education in Darul On his demise various Uloom Nadwatul Ulama, Lucknow. He condolence meetings were held in and was kindhearted, self-conscious and out of India in which glowing tributes righteous. He possessed sturdy intellect were paid to him. and sturdy commonsense. He always No doubt, his death is a great loss kept himself away from name and for Nadwatul Ulama and for the fame. He spoke little,but when he spoke, community. he spoke with authority and finality. He His funeral prayer was led twice. never stopped from expressing his The first funeral Prayer was led by Dr. views what he thought proper and right. Saeedur Rahman Azami Nadwi at He was a prominent journalist. He Nadwa and the second was led by had been made editor of ‘Rizwan’ Hazrat Maulana S.M.Rabey Hasani (Monthly) in 1974 and continued it till his Nadwi at Takiya Kalan and was buried passing away. He was also a good in his ancestral graveyard at Takiya writer. He wrote various books like Kalan, Raebareli, U.P. Seerat Ummahatul Mumenin, Tazkira [ 34 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Maulana Nazrul Hafeez Nadwi In 1983 came back to India and Azhari (1940-2021) again joined Nadwa and served there Maulana Nazrul Hafeez Nadwi till his demise. He was made HOD, Azhari, HOD Department of Arabic Department of Arabic Language and Language and Literature Nadwatul Literature Nadwatul Ulama after Ulama, a well- known Islamic scholar,an Maulana S.M. Wazeh Rasheed Nadwi accomplished writer and a noted in 2006. journalist passed away after a brief He was an accomplished illness on May 28, 2021 in Lucknow. journalist. He carved a niche in the field He was born at Malmal, district of journalism. He had profound and Madhubani, Bihar in 1940.He received deep knowledge of western media his basic education and memorized the particularly Jewish media. He was one Qur’an at Madrasa Kafiatul Uloom, of those Indian Islamic scholars who Partapgarh. His father Qari Abdul realized the gravity of danger of western Hafeez was a good teacher of Arabic countries and thwarted their nefarious and a noted poet of Urdu. He came to designs and disruptive efforts made Darul Uloom Nadwatul Ulama in 1955 against Islam. and did Alimiat in 1962 and Fazilat in He was also a prolific writer. He 1964 from Nadwatul Ulama. During his authored several books like Western stay at Nadwa he derived immense Media, Abul Hasan Nadwi Katiban wa benefits from Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Mufakkiran, Majalis-e-Ilm wa Irfan and Ali Nadwi. Allama Nadwi was a constant the like. His book’ Western Media’ got source of inspiration and much popularity which was translated in encouragement to him throughout his many languages including English and life. He left an endeliable impact on his Bengali. Truly speaking, he was an life. erudite scholar. He was conferred After completing education, he President Award for his outstanding taught one year at Jamiatur Rashad contribution in the field of Arabic Azamgarh, U.P. After that he was language and literature in 2005. appointed teacher in Nadwatul Ulama He left a galaxy of students behind in 1966. In 1975 for further studies he him who impart education in their went to Egypt and got admission in respective areas.No doubt, it is an Jamia Azhar from where he did his M.A. everlasting tribute to him. in Arabic literature and did B.Ed from His myriad contributions in the Ain Shams College,Egypt. arena of education will always be remembered.

[ 35 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Athar Hussain (1933-2021) Wasi Ahmad Siddiqui in 2010. He held Athar Hussain, Director of the post till his demise. Finance, Nadwatul Ulama, former Maulana S.M. Rabey Hasani principal Ameeruddaula Inter College, Nadwi Rector Nadwatul Ulama led his Lucknow and a prominent academician funeral prayer and buried in Aish Bagh passed away after a brief illness on May Graveyard, Lucknow. 6,2021 in Lucknow. Maulana Raisus Shakiri Nadwi He was a man of transparent (1943-2021) heart and a noble qualities. He was a Maulana Raisus Shakiri Nadwi, paragon of morality. He never showed Librarian Department of Arabic egotism, pride and haughtiness. He met Language and Literature Nadwatul every one cheerfully. He performed his Ulama and a noted poet passed away duties with honesty and integrity. Even on May 4, 2021 in Lucknow. Maulana Syed Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi could not help without being impressed Born on January 1st 1943 at Ali by his sense of devotion and talent. Abad Rudauli, Faizabad, U.P. He had his primary education in his locality. After Born in a middle class family of that he took admission in Darul Uloom Sitapur U.P. in 1933. He did his High Nadwatul Ulama where he did his School and Inter Mediate in Sitapur and graduation in 1963. He served as an did B.Sc and M.Sc (Math) from Imam in Idghah Masjid of Haleem University of Lucknow. He was Nagar for about three decades. He also appointed Lecturer in Ameeruddaula associated with Rahman Foundation, Inter College, Lucknow. Later on he Lucknow for a couple of years. In 2008 became principal of the same college. he was appointed at Nadwatul Ulama He took retirement before two years of and served till his death. his tenure in 1993 and dedicated himself to Nadwatul Ulama,Lucknow.He He was a noted poet of Urdu came in contact with Maulana Syed Ghazal and Na’at. He earned Abul Hasan Ali Nadwi in 1950 and considerable fame in this genre. He derived considerable inspiration from wrote many poems and won several him. accolades. His collections of poems are as follows: Hira, Payaam, Ilqa, Kausar, He held various posts in Nadwatul Khairul Umam Ki Bargah Mein and Ulama like Director of Examinations, Muhammad Jab Yad Aaye etc. His Secretary, Majlis Sahafat wa Nashriyat, passing away created a vacuum in the Member Executive Committee and arena of Islamic poetry.  became Director of Finance Nadwatul Ulama after passing away of professor (Obaidur Rahman Nadwi)

[ 36 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 For God’ Sake Be Human! - Obaidur Rahman Nadwi Today, the entire world is passing schools including six hospitals and nine through the stage of degeneration. No primary care health centers in the Gaza doubt, the prevailing Covid-19 pandemic strip have been destroyed the UN is also the result of people's inhuman acts humanitarian agency said. More than and bad doings. The holy Qur'an says: 52,000 Palestinians have been displaced "Mischief has appeared on land and sea by airstrikes, the UN aid agency has said, because of the meed that the hands of while rights group Amnesty International men have earned, that Allah may give them said Israeli air raids on residential a taste of some of their deeds in order that buildings might amount to war crimes. they may turn back from evil." (S.30,A.41) It is time all Muslim countries and The moral fabric of the society has been UNO must come forward and take serious torn to shreds. Materialism has steps to extinguish the fire of unending overshadowed the finer aspects of life. Israeli airstrikes, atrocities and Corruption of all kinds has now become a oppressions in Palestine.Besides, we all way of life. In this context we may recall pray to God for peace in Palestine. In the T.S. Eliot, one of the greatest poets of the words of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru: "Even twentieth century, who composed a so, there is something else which we famous poem named "The Waste Land" consider is of greater importance. That is after observing the then prevailing moral peace. Without peace our dreams vanish degeneration, abjection, abasement and and are reduced to ashes (India's Foreign beast like behavior in Europe. He Policy, p,218) After all, as human beings, described Europe as a waste land on it is imperative for us to feel the pain and account of the sins committed by its suffering of all human beings regardless people. He further threw light on the of caste, creed, religion, and region. disillusionment of a whole generation Here,noted Islamic scholar Syed Abul pointing out spiritual degeneration and Hasan Ali Nadwi's thought-provoking prevalence of lust in contemporary words are worth quoting. He says, "If man Europe. The recent spate of Israeli loses the ability of sharing other's airstrikes which claimed hundreds of suffering, he will become bankrupt. Even Palestinians' life show candidly their if a nation is blessed with the wealth of inhuman and barbaric attitude against America, administration of Russia and humanity. It also makes us realize that petrol wells of Saudi Arabia,even if rivers humanity has reached its lowest ebb. The of gold and siver flow in it, and even if sanctity it carries has vanished. wealth showers over its land like rain, it Reportedly, more than 230 Palestinians will still be truly pauper if its stream of love have been killed including 61 children and is dried. He further says: "The heart which 36 women. Nearly, 450 buildings, 50 doesn't feel pain of others is not a human

[ 37 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 heart; it is the heart of lion. The eye which To sum up the urgument it will apt doesn't become wet is not a human eye. to quote the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) It is the eye of a daffodil. The forehead "God shows His mercy on those who show which doesn't become wet with the mercy to others”. Maulana Hali has perspiration of penitence is not a human beautifully and aptly composed the above forehead; it is a piece of rock. The hand Tradition of the prophet in this couplet. which doesn't move forward to serve "Karo mehrbani tum ahle zameen par humanity is virtually paralyzed and lifeless. Khuda mehrban hoga arsh-e-bareen par" The claw of a lion is better than that hand (Be kind to man on the earth God will be of a person which cuts the throat of kind to you on the empyrean.) another human. "(Islam An Introduction, All said and done solution of all page.153) problems lies in revering human beings.

Hindu doc recite Islamic Prayer to Sinking Patient

Praises and blessings are pouring in for a Hindu woman doctor who recited the Islamic prayer for a Muslim patient on the latter’s death bed at a private hospital in Pattambi in Palakkad. The patient, who was suffering from Covid pneumonia, was on ventilator for more than two weeks and her relatives were not allowed in the ICU. “The patient was taken out of the ventilator on May 17 as her conditions worsened. As doctors felt that there was very little they could do in such a condition, we informed the situation to the relatives,” Dr Rekha Krishna, who is working at Sevana Hospital and Research Centre, said. “As I approached her, I felt that she was having some problems in leaving the earthly abode. Then, I slowly recited Kalima (La Ilaha Illalla, Muhammadur Rasululla) in her ears. I could see her taking a few deep breaths and then she flatlined,” said Dr Rekha. “My act was not planned. It happened at the spur of the moment. I was born and brought up in Dubai and I knew the customs and practices followed by Muslims,” she said. The doctor said she only returned the respect and consideration she got in the Gulf. “I was never discriminated against because of my faith when I was in the Gulf and I returned the respect when I got a chance. I was brought up in a surrounding where every faith is respected,” Dr Rekha said. “I don’t think mine is a religious gesture; it is a humane act. A major problem with Covid-19 patients is that they feel lonely and isolated. Health workers are the single point of contact for them without their family around and we should do all we can help the patients,” she said.

[ 38 ] THE FRAGRANCE OF EAST, June 2021 Around the World Bashar Al – Assad Re – Elected As Syrian Growth and the Global Goals 2030, or P4G, President for 4th Term summit. Bashar Al – Assad has been re – elected for a The two-day summit is the second of its kind fourth term as President of war – torn Syria. following the inaugural meeting held in He has been in change since July 17, 2000. Copenhagen in 2018, and is focused on public- He is also commander-in-chief of the armed private partnerships, especially in developing forces. countries. UN body to probe ‘crimes’ committed in Advanced nations have laid out ambitious Gaza conflict emissions-cutting goals in recent months, as The top UN human rights body passed a well as plans to ultimately go carbon neutral resolution aimed to intensify scrutiny of Israel’s by 2050. treatment of Palestinians, after its chief German Chancellor Angela Merkel called on Michelle Bachelet said Israeli forces may have the countries to phase out their dependence committed war crimes and faulted the militant on fossil fuels, warning that the climate crisis group Hamas for violations of international law is threatening people’s lives and the economy in their 11-day war this month. as much as the Covid-19 pandemic. The 24-9 vote, with 14 abstentions, capped a Opposition nears deal to oust Bibi special human rights council session on the The head of a small hard-line party said he would rights situation faced by Palestinians. The try to form a unity government with Prime resolution was arranged by the Organization Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s opponents, of Islamic Cooperation countries. taking a major step towards ending the 12-year The resolution, which will almost certainly go rule of the Israeli leader. unheeded by Israel, calls for the creation of a Following the development, Netanyahu, as permanent commission of inquiry (COI) - the known as “Bibi” across Israel, said that a most potent tool at the council’s disposal to coalition government without him was a monitor and report on rights violations in Israel, “danger” for Israel’s security, according to AFP. Gaza and the West Bank. It would be the first In an address, Yamina Party leader Naftali such COI with an “ongoing” mandate. The Bennett said he has decided to join forces with commission is also to investigate “all underlying the country’s opposition leader, Yair Lapid. root causes of recurrent tensions”. “It’s my intention to do my utmost in order to World leaders call for cleaner, greener form a national unity government along with my planet friend Yair Lapid, so that, god willing, together World leaders called for more action and we can save the country from a tailspin,” inclusion of all countries in the global drive Bennett said. towards a cleaner and greener planet at a A unity government would end the cycle of climate summit hosted virtually by South deadlock that has plunged the country into four Korea. elections over the past two years. It also would South Korea, which recently announced plans end the record-setting tenure of Netanyahu, the to cut finance for international coal projects, is most dominant figure in Israeli politics over the seeking a bigger role in the global initiative to past three decades. go green. In another development, Israeli and Egyptian “South Korea will play a responsible role as a officials held talks in both countries aimed at bridging nation between developing and bolstering the ceasefire that ended the latest advanced nations,” said President Moon Jae- round of violence between Israel and Gaza’s in as he opened the 2021 Partnering for Green Hamas rulers. 

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OUR REPRESENTATIVES ABROAD

Britain : Mr. Akram Nadwi O.C.I.S.St. Cross College Oxford Ox 1 3 TU (UK)

Dubai : Mohammad Khalid Kanpuri P.O. Box No. 12772 Dubai U.A.E.

Pakistan : Mr. Ataullah Sector A-50, Near SAU Qrs. Karachi 31 (Pakistan)

Qatar : Dr. Aftab Alam Nadwi P.O. Box No. 1513 Doha, Qatar

Saudi Arabia : Mr. Zia Abdullah Nadwi Director Al Waha International School P.B.No. 12491 Jeddah, Pin-21473 (K.S.A.)

South Africa : Mr. M. Yahaya Sallo Nadwi P.O. Box No. 388 Vereninging, (South Africa)

U.S.A. : Dr. A. M. Siddiqui 98-Conklin Ave. Woodmere, New York 11598

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