Receptieonderzoek Naar Indiemuziek En Heteronormativiteit

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Receptieonderzoek Naar Indiemuziek En Heteronormativiteit UNIVERSITEIT GENT FACULTEIT POLITIEKE EN SOCIALE WETENSCHAPPEN ‘Standing in the way of control’: Receptieonderzoek naar indiemuziek en heteronormativiteit Wetenschappelijke verhandeling aantal woorden: 17835 JOSHUA MIGNEAU MASTERPROEF COMMUNICATIEWETENSCHAPPEN afstudeerrichting JOURNALISTIEK PROMOTOR: DR. FREDERIK DHAENENS COMMISSARIS: DR. FLORIAN VANLEE ACADEMIEJAAR 2015 – 2016 WOORD VOORAF Vier jaar studeren had ik al achter de rug toen ik besliste om, via een voorbereidingsprogramma, nog voor een master journalistiek te gaan. In die eerste jaren had ik steeds een concreet doel voor ogen: een masterdiploma halen. Toen ik dat doel had afgevinkt, kreeg studeren een andere betekenis. Ik begon aan de opleiding journalistiek om mezelf zoveel mogelijk te verrijken. Ik schreef dan ook een masterproef over een onderwerp dat me veel nauwer aan het hart ligt: muziek en de representatie van minderheden. Deze mentaliteitshift leverde, volgens mijn bescheiden mening, beter werk op. Ik hoop dan ook dat deze masterproef, mijn mogelijk laatste academische werkstuk, een waardig einde is van mijn zesjarige opleiding aan de UGent. Ik was niet tot dit punt geraakt zonder de steun van mijn promotor, Dr. Frederik Dhaenens, die me heeft bijgestaan met deskundig advies en opbouwende kritiek. Ik kon steeds bij hem terecht met vragen, zelfs al waren ze onbenullig. Hij was ook in staat om van de verplichte werkcolleges nuttige en ontspannen feedbackmomenten te maken. Ik ben mijn ouders ontzettend dankbaar voor hun financiële en emotionele steun. Ze hadden niet voorzien dat ik zes jaar zou verder studeren, maar bleven toch steeds achter me staan. Ik wil ook mijn vriendin bedanken voor haar positieve ingesteldheid en schijnbaar eindeloze geduld. Ze was altijd in staat om me te motiveren en me te doen geloven in mezelf. Ik ken ook geen beter klankbord. Tot slot wil ik mijn vrienden bedanken die altijd geïnteresseerd waren in mijn werk en me hielpen waar nodig, en al de mensen die bereid waren om deel te nemen aan de focusgroepsgesprekken. Arno Vanhollebeke, Bieke Vanhauwaert, Marlies Vc, Amy Tant, Fien Deruyter, Tiffany Devos, Thomas Konings en Fréé Anckaert verdienen een speciale vermelding. Joshua Migneau 16 mei 2016, Gent ii INHOUDSOPGAVE ABSTRACT 1 INLEIDING 2 DEEL 1: LITERATUURSTUDIE 4 1.1 SEKSUALITEIT ALS EXPRESSIE VAN IDENTITEIT 4 1.2 SEKSUALITEIT IN RELATIE TOT MUZIEK 5 1.3 INDIEMUZIEK 8 1.3.1 IDEOLOGIE 8 1.3.2 INDIE EN SEKSUALITEIT 9 DEEL 2: METHODE 10 2.1 PROBLEEMSTELLING 10 2.2 ONDERZOEKSOPZET 11 2.2.1 VOORONDERZOEK 11 2.2.2 RECEPTIEONDERZOEK: FOCUSGROEPEN 11 2.3 FOCUSGROEPEN: STEEKPROEF 12 2.4 FOCUSGROEPEN: VRAGENLIJST 14 2.5 ETHIEK 14 2.6 ANALYSE: THEMATISCHE ANALYSE 15 DEEL 3: RESULTATEN 17 3.1 VOORONDERZOEK 17 3.2 RECEPTIEONDERZOEK 20 3.2.1 HETERONORMATIVITEIT BEVESTIGEN 20 3.2.2 HETERONORMATIVITEIT DOORBREKEN 23 3.2.3 HETEROSEKSUEEL PERSPECTIEF 30 3.2.4 INDIE 33 CONCLUSIE 38 BIBLIOGRAFIE FOUT! BLADWIJZER NIET GEDEFINIEERD. iii BIJLAGE 46 GESPREK 1 46 GESPREK 2 57 GESPREK 3 69 GESPREK 4 83 iv ABSTRACT In 2011 somde het gerenommeerde magazine SPIN een tiental voorvallen op waarbij indie-artiesten geconfronteerd werden met homofobie, om daarna de conclusie te maken dat indie geen veilige plek is voor holebi’s (Juzwiak, 2011, 5 oktober). De relatie tussen indiemuziek en seksualiteit wordt in de wetenschappelijke literatuur weinig behandeld, en er is al zeker geen onderzoek uitgevoerd naar de receptie van holebithematieken in indie. In deze scriptie wordt daarom een licht geschenen op de nog onduidelijke relatie tussen indie en seksualiteit. Dit gebeurt vanuit de onderzoekstraditie van de culture mediastudies waarbij media gelinkt worden aan dominantie en identiteit. De Westerse populaire cultuur wordt namelijk gekenmerkt door heteronormativiteit: een discursief mechanisme dat seksualiteit in afgebakende categorieën indeelt en daarbij heteroseksualiteit als het ideaal beschouwt (Halberstam, 2005; Schippers, 2000; Shugart, 2003; Shuker, 2005; Valocchi, 2005). Maar populaire cultuur heeft ook het potentieel om heteronormativiteit te doorbreken (Connell & Gibson, 2003; Marshall, 2010; Taylor, 2010). Van daaruit wordt de vraag gesteld: ‘wat is de rol van indiemuziek bij het doorbreken van heteronormativiteit?’ Naar de traditie in de culturele mediastudies, wordt er veel belang gehecht aan actieve publieken die muziek interpreteren en daarbij een impact hebben op de betekenis ervan (Hall, 1980). In deze scriptie wordt dan ook een receptieonderzoek uitgevoerd op basis van een vooronderzoek waarin een beeld wordt geschetst van indie-artiesten die holebithematieken behandelen. In het eigenlijke onderzoek komt de focus op receptie liggen. Daarvoor worden vier focusgroepsgesprekken – twee met holebi’s en twee met hetero’s - geanalyseerd met thematische analyse. Daaruit blijkt dat heteroseksualiteit als de norm van het genre wordt gezien, maar dat indieliefhebbers wel geloven dat indie een van de toegankelijkste genres is om holebithematieken te brengen. Alhoewel het receptieonderzoek aantoont dat heteronormativiteit soms bevestigd wordt, speelt indie wel degelijk ook een rol in het doorbreken van heteronormativiteit. 1 INLEIDING Standing in the way of control Live your lives By the only way that you know - The Gossip – “Standing In The Way Of Control” (2007) Op 5 oktober 2011 blokletterde de gerenommeerde muziekwebsite SPIN het volgende: “Special report: homophobia haunts indie rock – recent incidents suggest that the music scene is no safe haven for out artists in America” (Juzwiak, 2011, 5 oktober). Verschillende holebiseksuele indie-artiesten deden hun verhaal over al dan niet fysieke agressie, stereotypering, uitsluiting en onbegrip. Ook bekendere artiesten van het genre deden hun beklag, zoals Seth Bogart van Hunx And His Punx die zich stoorde aan de constante definiëring van zijn identiteit en muziek op basis van zijn seksualiteit. De journalist gaf nochtans aan dat er meer openlijk holebiseksuele artiesten zijn in indie dan in zowat elke andere kunstvormen behalve theater, waarna hij begon aan een lange lijst om zijn punt te bewijzen (Juzwiak, 2011, 5 oktober). Een tiental artiesten en nog meer voorvallen kwamen in het artikel aanbod, waardoor de journalistieke waarde ervan zeker overeind blijft. Maar aangezien het stuk niet verder gaat dan anekdotes, is het moeilijk om enige wetenschappelijke waarde te geven aan de gemaakte conclusie dat homofobie een bestaand probleem van het genre is. Verschillende aangehaalde voorvallen gebeurden bijvoorbeeld op straat, dus buiten de indiescène. Het is onmogelijk om onderbouwde uitspraken te doen over de receptie van holebi-thematieken in indie louter op basis van extreme voorvallen. Hoe staan indieliefhebbers dan werkelijk tegenover holebiseksualiteit in hun favoriete muziek? Denken fans ook dat er uitzonderlijk veel holebiseksuele artiesten in het genre zijn? Wat met stereotypering van of onbegrip voor de seksualiteit van de artiesten? Het artikel wrikt vooral veel vragen los. In de wetenschappelijke literatuur wordt geen antwoord op deze vragen geboden. De relatie tussen indie en gender of etnicitiet kreeg al voldoende aandacht (Bannister, 2006; Gilbert, 1999; Straw, 1997), maar seksualiteit wordt slechts in de kantlijnen besproken. Zo stelt Gilbert (1999) dat indiefans de conventionele genderidentiteiten doorbreken, maar niet in staat zijn om hetzelfde te doen met de conventionele seksuele identiteiten. Het is onduidelijk hoe Gilbert aan deze vaststelling is gekomen. Een uitvoerig onderzoek naar seksualiteit in indie is dan ook onbestaande. Met deze studie wordt een aanzet gegeven tot een beter begrip van seksualiteit in relatie tot indie. Daarvoor wordt geopteerd om een sociaal constructivistisch onderzoek op te zetten vanuit de onderzoekstraditie van de culturele mediastudies. Noties van macht en dominantie worden hierbij gelinkt aan identiteit en media (Hall, 1980; Negus, 1996; Shuker, 2005). Voor deze studie betekent dit dat indiemuziek een impact kan hebben op de betekenisvorming rond seksualiteit. Onderzoek wees uit dat de populaire cultuur, en dus ook muziek, heteronormatief is: seksualiteit wordt in afgebakende 2 categorieën ingedeeld waarbij heteroseksualiteit als het ideaal wordt beschouwd (Halberstam, 2005; Schippers, 2000; Valocchi, 2005). In deze scriptie staat dan de volgende onderzoeksvraag centraal: ‘wat is de rol van indiemuziek bij het doorbreken van heteronormativiteit?’ Om hierop een antwoord te bieden, moet rekening worden gehouden met de rol van zowel de artiesten als de publieken. Stuart Hall introduceerde het begrippenpaar ‘encoding/decoding’ in 1973 om deze gedachtegang te ondersteunen (Hall, 1980). Een artiest zal namelijk via codes betekenis in zijn muziek stoppen, maar dat is slechts de helft van het betekenisproces, want een publiek zal deze codes ook interpreteren. Verschillende onderzoeken (Ensminger, 2010; Negus, 1996; Sharp & Nilan, 2015; Valentine, 1995) wezen uit dat het interpreteren van muziek een belangrijk aspect is bij het vormen van een identiteit en seksualiteit. Er kan dus een betekenisverandering plaatsvinden tussen ‘encoding’ en ‘decoding’. De hoofdvraag van deze studie wordt daarom in twee deelvragen opgesplitst: ‘welke praktijken binnen het muziekgenre indie doorbreken heteronormativiteit?’ en ‘in hoeverre interpreteert het publiek deze praktijken als brekend met heteronormativiteit?’ De eerste deelvraag wordt gesteld in functie van de tweede. Daardoor zal de eerste slechts als vooronderzoek worden behandeld, terwijl het antwoord op de tweede vraag
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