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Cestyll y Tywysogion a’r Arglwyddi The of the Lords and Princes of DISCOVER • DARGANFOD Gan fod gennym olion hyd at 500 o gestyll carreg ac argloddiau, hawdd deall bod Cymru’n cael ei hadnabod fel ‘gwlad y cestyll’. Mae’r niferoedd mawr hyn yn dyst i’r darnio a fu ar rym a thir yn y Gymru ganoloesol, pan gâi cestyll eu codi i ddangos awdurdod ac i amddiffyn tir mewn cyfnod o frwydro ysbeidiol, a hwnnw’n frwydro lleol yn aml.

Arglwyddi Eingl-normanaidd neu frenhinoedd Lloegr a gododd y mwyafrif o’r cestyll a hynny mewn ymgais i ymestyn eu rheolaeth ar hyd neu y tu hwnt i’r ‘Mers’, sef tiroedd y ffi n rhwng Cymru a Lloegr. Ond bu’r Cymry hefyd yn codi cestyll. Prif deyrnasoedd Cymru ar y pryd, a’i phrif dirfeddianwyr Delw beddrod o’r bedwaredd ganrif hefyd, oedd Gwynedd yn y Gogledd-orllewin, yn y ar ddeg o Rhys ap Gruffudd — yr De-orllewin a Phowys yn y Dwyrain, a cheid sawl tywysogaeth Arglwydd Rhys — tywysog Deheubarth fach hefyd. Câi cestyll eu codi gan y tywysogion a’r arglwyddi (y De-orllewin) yn y ddeuddegfed ganrif. i warchod eu tiroedd rhag ei gilydd a rhag cael eu goresgyn. A fourteenth-century tomb effi gy of Fel y Saeson, defnyddient eu cestyll i amddiffyn ffyrdd hefyd. Rhys ap Gruffudd — the Lord Rhys — prince of Deheubarth (south-west Wales) in the twelfth century. Un o brif arweinwyr Cymru yn y ddeuddegfed ganrif oedd Rhys ap Gruffudd, tywysog Deheubarth (m. 1197) — yr Arglwydd Rhys — a ddaeth i’r amlwg drwy lwyddo i wrthsefyll grym arglwyddi Eingl-normanaidd y Mers. Cofnodir ei fod wedi adeiladu neu wedi meddiannu nifer o gestyll. Er hynny, yn y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg, tywysogion Gwynedd fu’r cyntaf i hawlio rheolaeth dros Gymru gyfan, yn arbennig felly dan arweiniad Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (m. 1240) a’i ŵyr, (m. 1282). Tua diwedd yr Oesoedd Canol, roedd cestyll yn dal yn rhan o fyd aelodau o bendefi gaeth Cymru, er enghraifft Owain Glyndwˆr adeg ei wrthryfel yn erbyn rheolaeth Lloegr yn gynnar yn y bymthegfed ganrif ac, yn nes ymlaen, arglwyddi newydd o Gymry fel William Herbert o Raglan.

Cymharol fach (llai na 30) yw nifer y cestyll sydd wedi goroesi yng Nghymru ac sydd wedi’u cofnodi’n ffurfi ol fel rhai a sefydlwyd gan y Cymry, ond mae’n rhaid bod y niferoedd gwreiddiol yn llawer uwch. Bellach mae holl gestyll hysbys y tywysogion a’r arglwyddi wedi’u diogelu’n llawn fel henebion

Mae’r darlun hwn o lawysgrif o ganol cofrestredig a hyn yn sgil adolygiad trylwyr gan o’r y drydedd ganrif ar ddeg yn dangos un amddiffyniad statudol. o’r tywysogion yn deddfu. Mae i’w weld mewn copi o lyfr cyfraith mawr . © Llyfrgell Genedlaethol Cymru Bwriad y llyfryn hwn yw cynnig cyfl wyniad cyffredinol i’r cestyll sydd â chysylltiad agos â’r tywysogion a’r arglwyddi. Mae’r This mid-thirteenth-century manuscript rhain yn cynnwys cestyll dan ofal Cadw a chestyll sydd ym illustration shows a Welsh prince as lawgiver and appears in a copy of the meddiant awdurdodau lleol neu mewn perchnogaeth breifat, great book of Hywel Dda. ond sy’n cynnig rhywfaint o fynediad i’r cyhoedd. I gael rhagor © National Library Wales o wybodaeth, ewch i wefan Cadw — bit.ly/ArglwyddiCymru. 2 With the remains of up to 500 earthwork and stone castles, Wales is truly ‘a land of castles’. The large numbers reflect the fragmentation of power and land in medieval Wales, when castles were built to assert authority and defend land in a period dominated by intermittent, often localised, warfare.

Most of the castles were built by the kings of or the Anglo-Norman lords in their bid to extend control along or beyond the Welsh ‘March’ — an area of land on the border between England and Wales. But the Welsh were Pen wedi’i gerfio mewn carreg, a builders too. The Welsh-held lands were divided between gafwyd yng Nghastell Degannwy, sef y tywysog Llywelyn ap Iorwerth o bosibl. the major princedoms of Gwynedd (centred on north-west © Amgueddfa Cymru Wales), Deheubarth (centred on south-west Wales) and Powys (in east Wales), and several smaller realms. Castles A carved stone head, found at Castle, may represent the Welsh prince, were built by the Welsh lords and princes to defend their Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. © National land from each other, from invasion, and, like the English, to Museum Wales protect important routes.

It was Rhys ap Gruffudd, prince of Deheubarth (d. 1197) — the Lord Rhys — who emerged as one of the greatest Welsh leaders of the twelfth century, able to withstand the power of the Anglo-Norman lords of the March. He is recorded as building or occupying a number of castles. However, during the thirteenth century, the princes of Gwynedd were the first Welsh princes to claim rule over all of Wales, especially under the leadership of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth (d. 1240) and his grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd (d. 1282). During the later Middle Ages, castles continued to be associated with members of the Welsh gentry, for example Owain Glyndwˆr at the time of his uprising against English rule in the early fifteenth century, and, later still, new Welsh lords such as William Herbert of Raglan.

Although relatively few (less than 30) of the surviving castles in Wales are formally recorded as being Welsh foundations, the original numbers must have been much higher. All of the Darlun dychmygus o ryw 1530 known castles of the Welsh lords and princes are now fully yn dangos Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, tywysog Cymru, yn eistedd wrth protected as scheduled monuments following a thorough ochr y brenin Edward I o Loegr yn y review of statutory protection carried out by Cadw. . © Ymddiriedolaeth y Casgliad Brenhinol/© Ei Mawrhydi y Frenhines This booklet is intended to give a general introduction to the Elizabeth II 2018 castles closely associated with the Welsh lords and princes. An imaginative illustration of about They include castles in Cadw’s care as well as castles owned 1530 showing Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Wales, seated alongside by local authorities or in private hands, but offering some Edward I in Parliament. © Royal level of public access. For further information, please visit the Collection Trust/© Her Majesty Cadw website — bit.ly/LordsofWales. Queen Elizabeth II 2018 3 Cestyll y Cymry Welsh castles dan ofal Cadw in Cadw’s care

Castell Caergwrle OS 117 • SJ 307572 OS 117 • SJ 307572 Castell Caergwrle yw’r safl e Caergwrle Castle is Cadw’s diweddaraf sydd wedi’i sicrhau gan most recent acquisition. Built Cadw. Cafodd ei godi rhwng between 1278–83 by Dafydd ap 1278–83 gan Dafydd ap Gruffudd Gruffudd (d. 1283), half-brother (m. 1283), hanner brawd Llywelyn of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, on ap Gruffudd, ar dir a roddwyd iddo lands given to him by Edward I gan Edward I, brenin Lloegr, ac a and taken from Powys, it was gipiwyd oddi ar deyrnas Powys. the last castle to be built by Dyma’r castell olaf i gael ei godi gan a native Welsh prince. The castle un o dywysogion brodorol Cymru, provided the base for Dafydd’s ac o’r cadarnle yma y cychwynnodd attack on the English garrison cyrch Dafydd yn erbyn garsiwn y at Hawarden in 1282, which Saeson ym Mhenarlâg ym 1282, a sparked Edward’s second Welsh arweiniodd at ail ymgyrch Edward campaign. Work on the castle yn erbyn y Cymry. Parhaodd y continued under the Crown, gwaith ar y castell dan goron Lloegr, but it was probably incomplete ond mae’n debyg ei fod yn dal heb when it was abandoned after ei gwblhau pan gefnwyd arno yn sgil a fi re and was ruinous by 1335. tân. Roedd yn adfail erbyn 1335. There is a waymarked path Caergwrle Mae llwybr ag arwyddion ar gael o from the junction of Davis Paul R. © GHCC/NMRW: gyffordd Wrexham Road a Castle Road and Castle Street in the Street yng nghanol y pentref. centre of the village.

Castell Carreg Cennen SA19 6UA SA19 6UA Mae’n debyg bod castell brodorol Although a native Welsh castle yn perthyn i deulu brenhinol belonging to the Deheubarth Deheubarth ar y safl e hwn ers dynasty had probably long stood tro byd — roedd gan Rhys ap on the site — Rhys ap Gruffudd Gruffudd gestyll pwysig yn Aberteifi had important castles at Cardigan a Dinefwr ac mae’n bosibl and Dinefwr and possibly built ei fod wedi adeiladu yng Ngharreg at Carreg Cennen too — the Cennen hefyd — ond ym 1248 y earliest documentary evidence for ceir y dystiolaeth ddogfennol gyntaf a stronghold only appears in 1248. ynglyˆn â’r gaer. Yn y fl wyddyn honno, In that year, the Brut y Tywysogyon mae Brut y Tywysogion yn cofnodi (Chronicle of the Princes) records bod Rhys Fychan, gor-wˆyr yr that Rhys Fychan — great grandson Arglwydd Rhys, wedi adennill y of the Lord Rhys — recovered castell ar ôl i’w fam ei fradychu a the castle, which his mother had rhoi’r castell i’r Saeson oherwydd treacherously delivered to the ei chasineb at ei mab. Mae’r gaer English out of hostility towards sy’n sefyll heddiw yn deillio’n gyfan him. The stronghold that now gwbl o ddiwedd y drydedd ganrif ar stands dates entirely from the late ddeg a dechrau’r bedwaredd ganrif thirteenth and early fourteenth ar ddeg, ac mae’n debyg ei bod centuries and was probably built wedi’i chodi gan John Giffard ar ôl by John Giffard after Edward I’s i Edward I gipio’r castell ym 1277. capture of the castle in 1277. Carreg Cennen

5 LL36 9TS Castell y Bere LL36 9TS Llywelyn ap Iorwerth a sefydlodd Llywelyn ap Iorwerth established Gastell y Bere a hynny ym 1221 Castell y Bere in 1221 after he took ar ôl adennill tiroedd Meirionnydd back control of the territories of ac Ardudwy oddi ar ei fab Gruffudd Meirionnydd and Ardudwy from (m. 1244), er ei bod yn bosibl mai his son Gruffudd (d. 1244), although ei wˆyr, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, some elements of the castle may gododd rai o elfennau’r castell. have been constructed by his Ar un adeg roedd y castell yn grandson, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. rheoli llwybr pwysig ac yn gwarchod The castle once controlled an ffi n ddeheuol Gwynedd. Mae important routeway and protected ganddo ddau dwˆr ar gynllun the southern border of Gwynedd. siâp D nodweddiadol y Cymry, It features two towers of the sef petryal ac un pen iddo’n characteristic Welsh ‘D-shaped’ hanner crwn, yn darparu siambr plan — rectangular with one fyw helaeth ar y cyd â’r manteision half-rounded end — providing a milwrol sy’n dod yn sgil y gallu spacious living chamber, combined i saethu allan dros faes eang yn with the military advantages of a © GHCC/NMRW: Paul R. Davis y pen crwn. Cipiwyd y castell gan wide fi eld of defensive fi re at the y Saeson ym 1283. Gwnaeth y rounded end. The English captured Saeson rywfaint o waith arno the castle in 1283 and undertook ond mae’n debyg eu bod wedi some works, but it seems to have cefnu arno erbyn diwedd y been abandoned by the end of the drydedd ganrif ar ddeg. thirteenth century. Castell y Bere Castell Cricieth LL52 0DP LL52 0DP Dyma gastell a ddechreuwyd yn y Begun by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth 1230au gan Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, in the 1230s, the castle — with ac ar sail y porthdy soffi stigedig its sophisticated twin-towered a’i ddau dwˆr a’i dechnoleg fi lwrol gatehouse incorporating up-to-date gyfoes roedd yn ddatganiad grymus military technology — was a o rym ac awdurdod y tywysog powerful statement of the prince’s fel y prif lywodraethwr brodorol. power and authority as the premier Brut y Tywysogion sy’n rhoi’r native ruler in Wales. The earliest cyfeiriad cyntaf at y castell, gan reference to the castle appears in nodi bod mab ac aer Llywelyn, the Brut y Tywysogyon, which records Dafydd ap Llywelyn (m.1246), that Llywelyn’s son and heir, Dafydd wedi carcharu ei hanner brawd ap Llywelyn (d.1246), imprisoned Gruffudd yno ym 1239. Llywelyn his half-brother, Gruffudd, there in ap Gruffudd a ychwanegodd y 1239. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd added ward allanol a’i dau dwˆr sylweddol, the outer ward with its two ond cafwyd cyfnod pwysig o substantial towers, but there was drwsio ac ailadeiladu yn y castell also a major campaign of repair ar ôl iddo gael ei gipio gan Edward I and rebuilding on the castle after ym 1283, gan gynnwys ailwampio its capture by Edward I in 1283 — twˆr y gogledd er mwyn gosod including the remodelling of the peiriant tafl u cerrig ar y to. Tua north tower so that a stone- 1359, Syr Hywel y Fwyall fu’r throwing engine could be mounted Cymro cyntaf i’w benodi’n gwnstabl on its roof. Around 1359, Syr Hywel Cricieth. Ym 1403, cododd byddin y Fwyall was appointed Criccieth’s Owain Glyndwˆr warchae ar y fi rst Welsh constable. The castle castell, a gafodd ei ddinistrio was besieged by the forces of yn nes ymlaen. Owain Glyndwˆr in 1403 and Cricieth/Criccieth later destroyed.

6 Castell Dinefwr SA19 6RT SA19 6RT Mae i Ddinefwr le arbennig yng Dinefwr occupies a place of great nghalonnau’r Cymry gan mai yma affection in the minds of the roedd prif lys teyrnas Deheubarth , for, according to the yn ôl llyfrau cyfraith y drydedd thirteenth-century lawbooks, it was ganrif ar ddeg. Mae’n debyg mai the principal court of the kingdom Rhys ap Gruffudd fu’n gyfrifol am of Deheubarth. It is likely that the sefydlu’r castell, er iddo gael ei castle owes its origin to Rhys ap ddatblygu gan ei ddisgynyddion a Gruffudd, although it was developed, pheri anghydfod yn eu mysg yn y and fought over, by his descendants drydedd ganrif ar ddeg. Efallai fod in the thirteenth century. The great elfen amlycaf y castell, y twˆr mawr round tower which dominates the crwn, wedi’i hadeiladu gan ei fab, castle may have been built by his Rhys Gryg (m.1233), ond cafodd son, Rhys Gryg (d.1233), but rhannau sylweddol o’r castell substantial portions of the castle presennol eu codi ar ôl iddo gael as it now stands were constructed ei gipio gan y Saeson ym 1287. after it passed into English hands in Ar ddiwedd y bymthegfed ganrif a 1287. In the late fi fteenth and early dechrau’r unfed ganrif ar bymtheg, sixteenth centuries, Dinefwr passed daeth Dinefwr i feddiant Rhys ap into the life-time possession of Thomas (m. 1525), a urddwyd yn Rhys ap Thomas (d. 1525), who farchog gan Henry VII o Loegr am was knighted by Henry VII for his ei gefnogaeth ar faes Bosworth support at Bosworth Field in 1485. Dinefwr ym 1485. Tua diwedd yr ail ganrif The castle was transformed in the ar bymtheg cafodd y castell ei late seventeenth century when the weddnewid drwy addasu brig y top of the keep was rebuilt to form gorthwr i greu tyˆ haf. a summerhouse.

Castell Dolbadarn LL55 4UB LL55 4UB Dolbadarn sydd â’r enghraifft orau Dolbadarn, which boasts the fi nest sydd wedi goroesi o dwˆr crwn surviving example of a Welsh round Cymreig. Mae’n debyg iddo gael ei tower, was probably constructed godi gan Llywelyn ap Iorwerth yn by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth in the last y degawdau olaf cyn ei farwolaeth decades before his death in 1240. ym 1240. Aeth ati’n fwriadol i It was consciously modelled on efelychu esiamplau Seisnig a godwyd English examples built by the gan arglwyddi Eingl-Normanaidd, Anglo-Norman lords — including gan gynnwys Ynysgynwraidd, Tretwˆr Skenfrith, Tretower and Bronllys a Bronllys yn y De-ddwyrain, ac castles, all in south-east Wales — ymgorffori’r datblygiadau diweddaraf and emulated the latest advances mewn pensaernïaeth fi lwrol. in military architecture. Llywelyn Dywedir bod Llywelyn ap Gruffudd ap Gruffudd is said to have kept wedi cadw ei frawd, Owain ap his brother, Owain ap Gruffudd Gruffudd (m. tua 1282), yn garcharor (d. about 1282), imprisoned there yma am ddau ddegawd. Mewn awdl for two decades. In a contemporary gyfoes, cawn Hywel Foel ap Griffri poem, Hywel Foel ap Griffri laments yn cwyno am garcharu Owain, Owain’s captivity, describing him ‘Gwˆr ysydd yn nhwˆr yn hir westai’. in the opening line as: ‘A man who Yn ôl Hywel, dylai brawd faddau is in the tower, long a guest’. Hywel i’w frawd, a dim ond Duw sydd â’r laments ‘Why does brother not hawl i ddifeddiannu rhywun: ‘Ni fedd forgive brother? It pertains only namyn Duw ddigyfoethogi dyn’. to God to dispossess a man’. Dolbadarn

7 Castell Dolforwyn SY15 6JJ SY15 6JJ Yng Nghytuniad Trefaldwyn ym 1267, In 1267, King Henry III of England rhoddodd brenin Lloegr, Henry III, formally recognised Llywelyn gydnabyddiaeth ffurfi ol mai Llywelyn ap Gruffudd as prince of Wales ap Gruffudd oedd tywysog Cymru. in the Treaty of Montgomery. Cafodd Castell Dolforwyn ei leoli’n Dolforwyn Castle was deliberately fwriadol i herio castell a bwrdeistref sited to rival the royal castle and y Saeson yn Nhrefaldwyn, gwta borough at Montgomery, just 4 bedair milltir i ffwrdd, ac yn miles away, and as a counter to wrthbwynt i gadarnle Gruffudd the centre of power of Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn o Bowys yn y ap Gwenwynwyn of Powys at Trallwng. Dechreuwyd adeiladu Welshpool. Begun in 1273, it was ym 1273, ac roedd y cynllun yn un more regular in plan than many mwy rheolaidd na llawer o gestyll of the earlier Welsh castles, but cynharach y Cymry, er bod yno nifer displayed a number of common o nodweddion cyffredin gan gynnwys features — including an old- gorthwr petryal hen ffasiwn a thwˆr fashioned rectangular keep and mawr crwn, wedi’u cysylltu gan large round tower, connected lenfuriau â thwˆr siâp D ar ei hymyl by curtain walls with a fl anking a phorth syml. Mae’n ymddangos D-shaped tower and a simple bod Llywelyn wedi cwblhau gateway. Llywelyn had evidently Dolforwyn amddiffynfeydd y castell cyn iddo completed the castle’s defences gael ei gipio ar ôl gwarchae gan before it was besieged and captured Edward I ym 1277. Trosglwyddwyd by Edward I in 1277. The castle then y castell wedyn i un o deuluoedd passed to the powerful Marcher grymus y Mers, teulu Mortimer, a family, the Mortimers, who repaired aeth ati i’w drwsio gan godi’r rhan it and erected the greater part of fwyaf o’r adeiladau domestig. the domestic buildings.

Castell Dolwyddelan LL25 0JD LL25 0JD Yn ôl y traddodiad, Dolwyddelan According to tradition, yw man geni Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. Dolwyddelan was the birthplace of Er hynny, cafodd y castell sy’n sefyll Llywelyn ap Iorwerth. However, the yno bellach ei godi gan y tywysog castle that now stands there was i ddisodli un cynharach — Tomen built by the prince to replace an Castell — a hynny yn ôl pob tebyg earlier castle — Tomen Castell rhwng 1210 a’i farwolaeth ym — probably between 1210 and his 1240. Roedd i gastell Llywelyn death in 1240. Llywelyn’s castle orthwr petryal ar ddau lawr, consisted of a rectangular keep of gyda siambr drwsiadus uwchben two storeys, with a well-appointed seler heb olau. Ychwanegiad o’r principal chamber above an unlit bedwaredd ganrif ar bymtheg yw’r basement. The battlements are a bylchfuriau. Cafodd y castell ei nineteenth-century addition. ehangu gan Edward I ar ôl iddo Edward I added to the castle after ei gipio ym 1283, gan godi he captured it in 1283, probably uchder y gorthwr a chodi twˆr heightening the keep and building y gorllewin, mae’n debyg, i gynnig the west tower to provide more llety helaethach. Yn niwedd y spacious accommodation. In the bymthegfed ganrif, prynwyd late fi fteenth century, Maredudd prydles Dolwyddelan gan Maredudd ap Ieuan ap Robert purchased the ap Ieuan ap Robert, a ddaeth â’i lease of Dolwyddelan and moved Dolwyddelan deulu i’r castell i fyw. his family into the castle.

8 Carreg Cennen Castell Dryslwyn SA32 8RW SA32 8RW Mae’r dystiolaeth ddogfennol gyntaf Although the fi rst documentary sy’n sôn am Gastell Dryslwyn yn reference to Dryslwyn Castle dyddio o 1246, ond mae’r dystiolaeth dates to 1246, archaeological archaeolegol yn awgrymu bod y evidence suggests its construction gwaith adeiladu wedi dechrau rai began some years earlier. The blynyddoedd yn gynt. Roedd adeiladau fi rst stone buildings at Dryslwyn carreg cyntaf Castell Dryslwyn yn included a round keep, an irregular cynnwys gorthwr crwn, ward gaerog defended ward dictated by the afreolaidd a oedd yn dilyn maint a size and shape of the hilltop, siâp y bryn, a phorth syml. Ehangwyd and a simple gateway. The castle y castell gan arglwyddi Deheubarth grew under successive lords of wedyn a’i ymestyn a’i wella ymhellach Deheubarth and was further dan law Rhys ap Maredudd (m. 1292) enlarged and improved under yn y 1280au, nes ei fod ymysg y Rhys ap Maredudd (d. 1292) in cestyll carreg mwyaf erioed i’w the 1280s, making it one of the codi gan yr arglwyddi brodorol. largest masonry castles ever raised Pan wrthryfeloedd Rhys yn erbyn by the native Welsh lords. When Edward I ym 1287, llwyddodd Rhys rebelled against Edward I in Dryslwyn i wrthsefyll gwarchae’r 1287, Dryslwyn withstood the Saeson am dair wythnos. Ychydig English besieging forces for three yn unig o waith adeiladu newydd a weeks. There was little new building gafwyd tra oedd y castell yn nwylo’r while the castle was in English Saeson, a chafodd ei adael yn wag hands, and it was abandoned after Dryslwyn ar ôl cael ei gipio gan fyddin Owain its surrender to the forces of Glyndwˆr ym 1403. Owain Glyndwˆr in 1403.

Castell Ewloe CH5 3BZ Ewloe Castle CH5 3BZ Cafwyd llawer o drafod ar y There has been much debate cwestiwn ai Llywelyn ap Iorwerth about whether Ewloe was begun a ddechreuodd godi Ewloe yn by Llywelyn ap Iorwerth in the y 1220–30au ynteu Llywelyn ap 1220–30s or Llywelyn ap Gruffudd Gruffudd ar ôl 1257, ond erbyn hyn after 1257, but the evidence now mae’r dystiolaeth fel pe bai o blaid seems to favour Llywelyn ap Llywelyn ap Iorwerth fel y cyntaf i Iorwerth as the fi rst builder on the adeiladu ar y safl e. Yr unig gyfeiriad site. The only explicit documentary pendant at y castell mewn dogfen yw reference to the castle appears in hwnnw yn Rholiau Pledion Caer ym a report in the Chester Plea Rolls 1311, sy’n awgrymu bod Llywelyn from 1311. It suggests that, after ap Gruffudd wedi adennill maenor Llywelyn ap Gruffudd recovered the Ewloe oddi ar y Saeson tua diwedd manor of Ewloe from the English 1256 ac wedi adfer y castell mewn in late 1256, he restored the castle llecyn yn y goedwig. Mae’r castell ‘in the corner of the wood’. The wedi’i rannu’n ddwy ward a castle is divided into two wards nodwedd amlycaf y ward uchaf yw’r with the upper ward dominated gorthwr petryal trawiadol ar siâp D by an impressive D-shaped keep a oedd yn cynnwys un ystafell fawr which contained only one large uwchben seler. Does dim tystiolaeth room above a cellar. There is no bod gwaith wedi’i wneud gan y evidence that the English undertook Saeson ar ôl iddyn nhw ei gipio ym any work following its capture in 1277, ac mae’r adroddiad ym 1311 1277, and the 1311 report states yn dweud bod y castell yn gyfan i that the castle was then ‘in great Ewloe raddau helaeth ar y pryd. part standing’.

10 Castell Rhaglan Raglan Castle NP15 2BT NP15 2BT Rhaglan oedd un o’r cestyll Raglan was one of the last medieval canoloesol olaf i gael ei godi yng castles to be built in England and Nghymru neu Loegr. Cafodd y Wales. The unique hexagonal Great Twˆr Mawr chweochrog unigryw Tower and the South Gate were a Phorth y De eu codi ar safl e built on the site of an older castle castell neu faenordy blaenorol or manor house by Sir William ap gan Syr William ap Thomas Thomas (d. 1445), the fi fth son of a (m. 1445), y pumed mab mewn minor Welsh gentry family. He had teulu o fân foneddigion. Daethai risen to prominence at Agincourt i amlygrwydd yn Agincourt ac and was one of a growing class of roedd yn un o ddosbarth cynyddol Welsh gentry to hold key positions o uchelwyr o Gymry mewn swyddi in the governance of mid-fi fteenth- o bwys yn llywodraeth Cymru century Wales. However, it was yng nghanol y bymthegfed ganrif. his son, William Herbert (d. 1469), Er hynny, ei fab, William Herbert who transformed the castle into (m. 1469), a weddnewidiodd y a great fortress-palace with an castell yn balas-gaer gwych ac impressive gatehouse and suites iddo borth ysblennydd a chyfresi of rooms around two courtyards o ystafelloedd o gwmpas dau gwrt, — the Fountain Court and the sef Cwrt y Ffynnon a’r Cwrt Pitched Stone Court. Herbert Palmantog. Roedd Herbert yn was a committed Yorkist during frwd o blaid teulu Iorc yn ystod the Wars of the Roses and Rhaglan/Raglan Rhyfel y Rhosynnau ac enillodd a trusted supporter of King ymddiriedaeth y brenin Edward IV. Edward IV. His career saw him Yn ystod ei yrfa cododd i radd rise to the title of Earl of Pembroke Iarll Penfro cyn cael ei ddienyddio before his execution by the gan garfan Lancaster. Dan Lancastrian cause. Under the berchnogaeth y Somersetiaid later ownership of the Somersets, wedyn, ieirll Caerwrangon, earls of Worcester, the castle cafodd y castell ei weddnewid was transformed into a magnifi cent yn blasty Dadeni gwych â gerddi Renaissance house with extensive helaeth yn yr unfed ganrif ar gardens in the sixteenth and bymtheg a’r ail. seventeenth centuries.

Dilynwch y Stori Follow the Story Chwiliwch am y symbolau Look out for these hyn i ddarganfod lleoedd symbols to discover other pwysig eraill i’r tywysogion important places of the a’r arglwyddi. lords and princes of Wales.

Tywysogion Gwynedd Princes of Gwynedd

Tywysogion Deheubarth Princes of Deheubarth

Owain Glyndwˆ r Owain Glyndwˆ r

11 Cestyll y Cymry sy’n Welsh castles cynnig mynediad with public access, i’r cyhoedd, ac nad not in Cadw’s care ydynt dan ofal Cadw

Castell Aberteifi SA43 1JA Cardigan Castle SA43 1JA Yn ôl y cofnodion, cafodd ei godi Recorded as having been built â cherrig gan yr Arglwydd Rhys in stone by the Lord Rhys in © GHCC/NMRW: Paul R. Davis ym 1171 a dyma safl e’r 1171 and the site of the fi rst gyntaf. Mae’n debyg mai gwaith Eisteddfod. Most of the visible naill ai William Marshal neu Goron masonry castle is likely to be Lloegr yw’r rhan fwyaf o’r gwaith the work of either William maen sy’n weladwy, a hynny yng Marshal or the English Crown nghanol neu ddiwedd y drydedd in the mid to late thirteenth Aberteifi /Cardigan ganrif ar ddeg. Er hynny, mae gwaith century, but excavations have cloddio wedi datgelu olion waliau revealed the remains of possible cynharach o bosibl. Dan ofal earlier walls. In the care Ymddiriedolaeth Cadwraeth of The Cadwgan Building Adeiladau Cadwgan. Agored bob Preservation Trust. Open daily — dydd — cardigancastle.com/cy cardigancastle.com

Carndochan, y Bala Carndochan, Bala OS 125 • SH 847306 OS 125 • SH 847306 Castell carreg a chanddo orthwr Stone castle with a large D-shaped mawr siâp D, porthdy a thri thwˆr keep, gatehouse and three other arall, wedi’i gladdu dan ei rwbel towers, buried in its own rubble in a

© GHCC/NMRW: Paul R. Davis ei hun mewn man uchel ac agored very high and exposed location near ger y Bala. Does dim cofnodion Bala. There are no documentary dogfennol ynglyˆn â’r castell a’r unig records of the castle and it can awgrym o’i ddyddiad yw ffurf y twˆr only be dated by the form of its siâp D — sy’n debyg i’r rhai yng D-shaped tower — comparable Nghastell y Bere ac Ewloe — ond with those at Castell y Bere and mae bron yn sicr mai un o gestyll Ewloe — but it is almost certainly Carndochan Llywelyn ap Iorwerth neu Llywelyn a castle of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth or ap Gruffudd ydyw. Perchnogaeth Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Privately breifat, ond ar dir mynediad agored. owned but on open access land.

Carn Fadryn, Botwnnog Carn Fadryn, Botwnnog OS 123 • SH 280352 OS 123 • SH 280352 Bryngaer garreg drawiadol o’r Spectacular stone-built Iron Age Oes Haearn a chastell canoloesol hillfort and medieval castle on the ar benrhyn Llyˆn. Yn ôl Gerallt Llyˆn peninsula. The Welsh castle Gymro ym 1188, roedd castell crowns the highest part of the y Cymry ar y copa newydd summit, described by Gerald of gael ei adeiladu ac yn perthyn Wales in 1188 as newly built and i feibion property of the sons of Owain (m. 1170). Dyma un o gestyll Gwynedd (d. 1170). It is one of

© CBHC/RCAHMW cynharaf y Cymry ac mae’n the earliest Welsh castles and symbol o rym ac arglwyddiaeth symbolises power and lordship in yn y cyfnod ansicr ar ôl marwolaeth the unsettled period following the Owain Gwynedd a rhannu death of Owain Gwynedd and the Carn Fadryn ei diroedd rhwng ei feibion. division of the land between his Mynediad cyhoeddus. sons. Public access. 12 Castell Degannwy Deganwy Castle OS 115 • SH 782794 OS 115 • SH 782794 Caer eiconig sy’n gorwedd ar draws An iconic fortifi cation sprawling dau frigiad craig ysblennydd. Mae across two spectacular rocky wedi’i chofnodi fel caer Gymreig outcrops. It is documented as an ganoloesol gynnar a safl e cyfres early medieval Welsh fortress and o gestyll yn perthyn i’r Norman, the site of the successive castles of Robert o Ruddlan (m. 1088–93), the Norman, Robert of Rhuddlan ac i dywysogion Gwynedd. Er hynny, (d. 1088–93), and the princes of mae’r rhan fwyaf o’r adfeilion Gwynedd. Most of the visible ruins, gweladwy yn deillio o gastell carreg however, are of a massive stone anferth a godwyd gan Henry III castle built by Henry III in 1245–50 ym 1245–50 ac a ddinistriwyd ym and destroyed by Llywelyn ap 1263 gan Llywelyn ap Gruffudd. Gruffudd in 1263. Privately owned, Degannwy/Deganwy Perchnogaeth breifat, mynediad permissive access to the base of caniataol hyd at droed y graig. the rock.

Dinas Emrys, Beddgelert Dinas Emrys, Beddgelert OS 115 • SH 606492 OS 115 • SH 606492 Gorthwr carreg petryal yw olion A rectangular stone keep is the amlycaf y castell canoloesol ond clearest relic of the medieval castle, mae’n gorwedd ar safl e bryngaer but it is on the site of an earlier gynharach o’r Oes Haearn ac efallai Iron Age hillfort and possibly an caer ganoloesol gynharach. Does earlier medieval fortifi cation. There dim tystiolaeth ddogfennol ynglyˆn is no documentary evidence for the â chodi’r gorthwr carreg ond mae’n construction of the stone keep, but perthyn yn ôl pob tebyg i gyfnod it is likely to belong to the reign Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, yr adeiladwr of Llywelyn ap Iorwerth, the most cestyll prysuraf ymysg tywysogion active castle builder amongst the Cymru. Dan ofal yr Ymddiriedolaeth Welsh princes. In the care of the Genedlaethol, mynediad caniataol. National Trust, permissive access.

Castell Dinas Brân, , Dinas Emrys Llangollen Llangollen OS 117 • SJ 223431 OS 117 • SJ 223431 Adfail eiconig ar safl e uwchben An iconic ruin on a towering dyffryn Dyfrdwy sy’n edrych dros site in the Dee valley overlooking dref Llangollen, ac a godwyd gan Llangollen, built by Madog ap Madog ap Llywelyn o Bowys Fadog, Llywelyn of Powys Fadog probably yn y 1260au mae’n debyg. Twˆr siâp during the 1260s. A typically Welsh D yn null nodweddiadol y Cymry, D-shaped tower forming part a hwnnw’n ffurfi o rhan o’r llenfur, of the curtain wall is the most yw’r elfen amlycaf yn yr adfeilion impressive of the standing remains, sy’n sefyll, ond mae’r nodweddion but other features include a eraill yn cynnwys gorthwr carreg rectangular stone keep and a petryal a phorthdy. Gwelodd gatehouse. Edward I’s campaigning lluoedd Edward I fod y castell forces found it deserted and burnt wedi’i adael ac wedi’i losgi yn ystod down in 1277. After 1282 it was eu cyrchoedd ym 1277. Ar ôl transferred to John de Warenne, 1282 cafodd ei drosglwyddo i John who made his base at , de Warenne, a ymgartrefodd yng and did not rebuild it. In the care nghastell Holt, heb ailadeiladu yma. of Denbighshire County Council, Dan ofal Cyngor Sir Ddinbych, public access. mynediad cyhoeddus. Dinas Brân

13 Glyndyfrdwy Glyndyfrdwy neu ‘Mwnt Owain or ‘Owain Glyndwˆr’s Glyndwˆr’, Corwen Mound’, Corwen OS 125 • SJ 125431 OS 125 • SJ 125431 Mwnt o bridd ar safl e grymus An earthen motte occupying uwchben dyffryn afon Dyfrdwy. a commanding position Gwyddom fod gan Owain Glyndwˆr overlooking the Dee valley. ganolfan yma, ond mae’n bosibl ei It was a known seat of Owain fod yn deillio o waith y Normaniaid. Glyndwˆr, but was possibly Norman Yma y cododd Owain ei luman in origin. It was here that he ym 1400 ar ddechrau ei wrthryfel raised his standard in 1400 mawr. Mae’n debyg bod tyˆ Glyndwˆr signalling his great uprising. wedi’i leoli ar y llwyfan yn y ffos Glyndwˆr’s house probably stood ddwˆr. Perchnogaeth breifat, on the adjacent moated platform. mynediad caniataol. Privately owned, permissive access. Glyndyfrdwy Domen Castell, Domen Castell, y Trallwng Welshpool OS 126 • SJ 230074 OS 126 • SJ 230074 Mwnt trawiadol, a lawnt bowlio An impressive motte, with a bowling erbyn hyn yn y beili, a godwyd green now occupying the bailey, gan dywysogion Powys rywbryd probably built by the princes of cyn 1196 mae’n debyg. Cafodd Powys some time before 1196. ei gipio bryd hynny a’i ddal am It was captured at this time and gyfnod gan lu o Gymry a Saeson briefl y held by a joint force of ar y cyd. Ym mherchnogaeth Ystâd English and Welsh. Owned by the Powys, ond dan ofal Cyngor Tref Powys Estate, but in the care of y Trallwng, mynediad caniataol i’r Welshpool Town Council, permissive tu allan. access to the exterior.

Castellnewydd Emlyn Newcastle Emlyn Castle OS 145 • SN 311407 OS 145 • SN 311407 Mae’n debyg mai Maredudd ap Rhys The castle was probably built by o Ddeheubarth a gododd y castell, Maredudd ap Rhys of Deheubarth tua 1240. Yn sgil gwrthryfel ymysg y around 1240. Following a Welsh Cymry, fe’i hildiwyd i goron Lloegr uprising, it surrendered to the ym 1287 gan aros yn nwylo’r goron Crown in 1287 and remained in Castellnewydd Emlyn/ tan 1349. Yn ystod y cyfnod hwn royal hands until 1349. It was during Newcastle Emlyn y cafodd y porthdy a’i ddau dwˆr this later period that the dominating anferth a’r adeiladau eraill eu twin-towered gatehouse and other codi, ond mae’n debyg bod olion buildings were added, but it is likely archaeolegol castell y Cymry that buried archaeological remains wedi’u claddu ac yn dal yma. survive of the Welsh castle. In the Dan ofal Cyngor Sir Gaerfyrddin, care of County mynediad cyhoeddus. Council, public access.

Castell Nanhyfer Nevern Castle

© GHCC/NMRW: Paul R. Davis OS 145 • SN 082401 OS 145 • SN 082401 Mwnt a beili a ddisodlwyd wedyn A motte and bailey later superseded gan gastell mewnol ac iddo by an inner castle comprising a dwˆr carreg a beili. Yr arglwyddi stone tower and bailey. The castle Normanaidd yng Nghemaes, sef originally belonged to the Norman teulu Fitz Martin, oedd y perchnogion lords of Cemais, the Fitz Martins, Nanhyfer/Nevern gwreiddiol ond o 1155 ymlaen bu’n but from 1155 repeatedly changed

14 newid dwylo rhwng Rhys ap Gruffudd hands between Rhys ap Gruffudd a William Fitz Martin. Yn y 1190au, and William Fitz Martin. In the bu’r castell yn rhan o’r ymrafael 1190s, it was involved in the teuluol rhwng yr Arglwydd Rhys a family confl ict between Lord Rhys thri o’i feibion (Gruffudd, Maelgwn a and three of his sons (Gruffudd, Hywel Sais). Yn ôl y cofnodion, aeth Maelgwn and Hywel Sais). It is Hywel Sais ati’n fwriadol ym 1195 i recorded that in 1195, Hywel Sais ddinistrio’r castell i’w atal rhag deliberately destroyed the castle to syrthio i ddwylo’r Eingl-Normaniaid. prevent it falling into Anglo-Norman Dan ofal Cyngor Cymuned Nanhyfer hands. In the care of Nevern mynediad cyhoeddus. Community Council, public access.

Y Castell Coch ym Mhowys Powis Castle SY21 8RF SY21 8RF The site, situated in parkland to the Ar y safl e hwn, mewn parcdir i’r east of the medieval Welsh borough dwyrain o fwrdeistref ganoloesol y of Welshpool, was the main seat of Trallwng, yr oedd prif lys tywysogion the princes of Powys — rivals of Powys, gwrthwynebwyr tywysogion the house of Gwynedd. A stone Gwynedd. Mae castell carreg â thri castle of three baileys, with remains beili, gyda gweddillion sy’n dyddio dating from the twelfth to the o’r ddeuddegfed ganrif hyd at y fi fteenth centuries, crowns the bymthegfed, yn sefyll ar yr esgair rocky ridge. The castle was greigiog. Cafodd y castell ei remodelled and rebuilt between ailwampio a’i ailadeiladu rhwng 1587 1587 and 1845 and transformed a 1845 i greu’r plasty welwch chi into the mansion you see today. heddiw. Dan ofal yr Ymddiriedolaeth In the care of the National Trust — Y Castell Coch ym Mhowys/ Genedlaethol — nationaltrust.org.uk nationaltrust.org.uk Powis Castle Castell Rhaeadr Rhayader Castle OS 147 • SN 968680 OS 147 • SN 968680 Safl e castell a adeiladwyd gan yr The site of a castle built by the Arglwydd Rhys o Ddeheubarth Lord Rhys of Deheubarth in 1177, ym 1177, a chartref wedyn i deulu and later the English Mortimer Mortimer o Loegr, ar safl e creigiog family, on a rocky site above the uwchben afon Gwy. Llwyfan petryal river Wye. The remains consist yw’r olion sydd wedi goroesi ond of a rectangular platform, but ar un adeg roedd yma gastell carreg. there was once a stone castle Heddiw, rhan o ffos amddiffynnol here. Today, only part of a defensive yn unig sydd ar ôl, mewn parc ditch remains in a public park. cyhoeddus. Dan ofal Cyngor Sir In the care of Powys County Council, Powys, mynediad cyhoeddus. public access.

Sycharth, Llansilin Sycharth, Llansilin OS 126 • SJ 204258 OS 126 • SJ 204258 Castell mwnt a beili trawiadol, An impressive motte and bailey o’r ddeuddegfed ganrif yn ôl pob castle, probably of the twelfth tebyg. Cafodd ei grybwyll wedyn century. It was later noted as the fel safl e llys Owain Glyndwˆr, a site of Owain Glyndwˆr’s court, ddisgrifi wyd mewn cywydd cofi adwy described vividly in a poem by gan Iolo Goch tua 1390. Mae’r Iolo Goch about 1390. The poem cywydd yn crybwyll melin deg, mentions a mill, fi shponds, a llyn llawn pysgod a pharciau i warren and a deerpark containing gwningod a cheirw. Perchnogaeth a lodge. In private ownership, breifat, mynediad caniataol. permissive access. Rhaeadr/Rhayader © CBHC/RCAHMW

15 Lleoedd Allweddol sy’n gysylltiedig â’r Tywysogion a’r Arglwyddi Key Places Linked with the Lords and Princes of Wales

Priordy Penmon Degannwy Penmon Priory Deganwy Llys Euryn Abaty Aberconwy Aberconwy Abbey Abergwyngregyn Ewloe Llys Rhosyr

Dolbadarn Caergwrle

Dinas Emrys Dolwyddelan Abaty Glyn-y-groes Eglwys y Santes Fair Valle Crucis Abbey St Mary’s Church, Beddgelert Glyndyfrdwy Cricieth/Criccieth Dinas Brân Carn Fadryn Carndochan

Sycharth

Domen Castell

Cestyll/Castles Castell y Bere Y Castell Coch ym Mhowys/Powis Castle Cestyll Cadw/Cadw Castles

Cestyll Heblaw Cestyll Cadw/Non-Cadw Castles Eglwys y Santes Fair/St Mary’s Church, Llanllugan Senedd-dy Machynlleth Safleoedd Eraill/Other Sites* Machynlleth Parliament House Dolforwyn Ffordd Cymru/The Wales Way Ffordd Cambria/The Cambrian Way

Ffordd yr Arfordir/The Coastal Way Abaty Cwm-hir/Abbey Cwmhir Ffordd y Gogledd/The Way Rhaeadr/Rhayader

Abaty Ystrad-fflur/

Cofeb Cilmeri/Cilmeri Memorial Ogof Llywelyn ger Aberedw Aberteifi/Cardigan Llywelyn’s Cave near Aberedw Nanhyfer/Nevern Castellnewydd Emlyn/Newcastle Emlyn

Abaty Talyllychau/Talley Abbey

Dinefwr Eglwys Gadeiriol Tyddewi Dryslwyn St David’s Cathedral Carreg Cennen Abaty Hendy-gwyn/ Abbey

Rhaglan/Raglan

*I gael gwybodaeth am safleoedd eraill sy’n gysylltiedig â’r tywysogion a’r arglwyddi, gweler gwefan Cadw — bit.ly/ArglwyddiCymru *For information on other sites associated with the lords and princes of Wales, please visit the Cadw website — bit.ly/LordsofWales

Mae’r safleoedd ar y map wedi’u dewis am fod modd i’r cyhoedd fynd iddyn nhw. The sites included on this map have been selected because they are accessible to the public.