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Seabird Numbers and Breeding Success in Britain and Ireland, 2006

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Seabird Numbers and Breeding Success in Britain and Ireland, 2006 UK Nature Conservation No. 31 Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2006 R.A. Mavor, M. Heubeck, S. Schmitt and M. Parsons Roddy Mavor and Matt Parsons, Seabirds and Cetaceans, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Dunnet House, 7 Thistle Place, Aberdeen, AB10 1UZ [email protected] and [email protected] Martin Heubeck, Shetland Oil Terminal Environmental Advisory Group, Department of Zoology, University of Aberdeen, Tillydrone Avenue, Aberdeen, AB9 2TN [email protected] Sabine Schmitt, Research Department, Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, The Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, SG19 2DL [email protected] Cover painting of black-legged kittiwakes by David Bennett. Cover design by Status Design & Advertising. Further information on JNCC publications can be obtained from: JNCC, Monkstone House, City Road, Peterborough PE1 1JY http://www.jncc.gov.uk/page-1482 Published by Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough Copyright: Joint Nature Conservation Committee 2008 ISBN 13 978 1 86107 605 2 ISSN 0963 8083 Seabird numbers and breeding success, 2006 This report should be cited as follows: Mavor, R.A., Heubeck, M., Schmitt, S. and Parsons, M. 2008. Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2006. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee. (UK Nature Conservation, No. 31.). Original data from the report may not be used in other publications (although general results and conclusions may be cited) without permission of JNCC, RSPB and/or SOTEAG, as relevant. Requests to use data should be channelled through S. Schmitt/RSPB (petrels, terns and skuas), M. Heubeck/SOTEAG (cliff-breeding species and black guillemots in Shetland) or Roddy Mavor/JNCC (other species/regions). Where necessary, such requests will be forwarded to other contributing organisations or individuals. Data on numbers at colonies throughout the UK and Ireland are held in the Seabird Colony Register database, which can be accessed, following registration, at www.jncc.gov.uk/smp. Instructions for contributions of seabird data: This report and subsequent editions are reliant on the contributions of observers throughout Britain and Ireland. If you would like to contribute data and information for future editions please note the following: Observers should, if possible, enter their whole colony counts online at www.jncc.gov.uk/smp. Contributors must first register on the website before they will be given permission to enter data. Alternatively, counts should be entered electronically or electronically on to SMP data sheets (see Appendix 1) or download from www.jncc.gov.uk/seabirds). Plot count and productivity data should be entered on to the existing standard data sheets (download from www.jncc.gov.uk/seabirds). All data and other observations should be emailed (preferably) or posted to Roddy Mavor at [email protected], or Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Dunnet House, 7 Thistle Place, Aberdeen, AB10 1UZ. Deadline for submission of data for inclusion in the relevant edition of this report is 30 November in the year they were collected. 2 Contents Contents Page no. Summary 4 1 Introduction 5 1.1 The Seabird Monitoring Programme 5 1.2 The Seabird Colony Register 6 1.3 Data presentation and methods 6 2 General features of the 2006 breeding season 12 3 Species accounts 13 3.1 Red-throated diver Gavia stellata 13 3.2 Northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialis 15 3.3 Manx shearwater Puffinus puffinus 22 3.4 European storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagicus 22 3.5 Leach's storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa 23 3.6 Northern gannet Morus bassanus 24 3.7 Great cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo 25 3.8 European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis 30 3.9 Arctic skua Stercorarius parasiticus 36 3.10 Great skua Stercorarius skua 39 3.11 Mediterranean gull Larus melanocephalus 42 3.12 Black-headed gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus 43 3.13 Mew gull Larus canus 47 3.14 Lesser black-backed gull Larus fuscus 49 3.15 Herring gull Larus argentatus 53 3.16 Great black-backed gull Larus marinus 56 3.17 Black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla 59 3.18 Sandwich tern Sterna sandvicensis 69 3.19 Roseate tern Sterna dougallii 72 3.20 Common tern Sterna hirundo 74 3.21 Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea 80 3.22 Little tern Sternula albifrons 85 3.23 Common guillemot Uria aalge 90 3.24 Razorbill Alca torda 96 3.25 Black guillemot Cepphus grylle 101 3.26 Atlantic puffin Fratercula arctica 103 4 Acknowledgements 106 5 Bibliography 107 5.1 References used in this report 107 5.2 Recent publications relevant to breeding seabirds in Britain and Ireland 110 Appendix 1 The New Seabird Colony Register Recording Form 112 3 Seabird numbers and breeding success, 2006 Summary Some findings of particular note in 2006 are summarised below: Observers at many seabird colonies throughout Britain reported a later than average breeding season in 2006. Feeding conditions again appeared to be less than ideal, with most species probably affected by a shortage of food, especially during the latter stages of chick-rearing. It was another late breeding season on Shetland for red-throated divers, where the number of pairs nesting was generally high, but success was below average. On Orkney, the number of pairs nesting was also high and they were more successful than average. On Eigg, all nests again failed due to predation by otters. Northern fulmar numbers decreased in Orkney and in western Britain between 2005 and 2006, but increased in Shetland and in eastern Britain. Overall, success was slightly below the UK and Ireland long-term mean. Productivity of Manx shearwaters was below average at the few monitored colonies. On Rum, it was the latest and most protracted breeding season since 1969. Crows removed eggs from accessible burrows on Bardsey. A survey of European storm-petrel colonies on the Isles of Scilly found 1,398 AOS, similar to that recorded in 2000. Leach’s storm-petrel numbers on Dun, St. Kilda, were estimated at 13,523 AOS, similar to numbers in 2003, suggesting that the decline in the size of the UK’s largest colony had at least slowed. After the decreases in 2005, in response to a late winter/early spring wreck, great cormorant and European shag numbers in many eastern regions increased, but decreases were noted in the west. Breeding success of European shag was also higher than in 2005 in eastern regions, but not the west. After a long period of decline, Arctic skua numbers in Shetland and Orkney increased for a second successive year. Breeding success in these regions was higher than in 2005, despite complete failures at some colonies, but was low in west Scotland. Great skua breeding success was higher than in 2005 too, particularly in Shetland. Mediterranean gulls continued to increase, with at least 350 pairs fledging approximately 250 young. Black- headed, common and lesser black-backed gulls also had a poor breeding season in 2006 with relatively few young fledged in many regions. Mink activity at colonies in western Scotland was found to have reduced breeding success of common gulls by 75%, lesser black-backed gulls by 33% and herring gulls by 36%. Black-legged kittiwake numbers decreased, or remained stable, in most regions although in SE England numbers were 70% higher than in 2005; the first increase detected there since 1995. Breeding success was low, except in NE England. Pipefish were again a major component of food items brought back to the nest. Sandwich tern numbers and breeding success were similar to 2005. Roseate tern numbers were almost 20% higher than in 2005, due to a substantial increase at Rockabill, and productivity was high overall. Common terns had a better breeding season than in 2005, with higher numbers and breeding success in most regions. Arctic terns suffered large declines in Scotland (except in Shetland) and breeding success for this species, and little tern, was high in Wales but generally poor elsewhere. Presumed food shortages, predation, bad weather and tidal inundation were all factors which depressed tern breeding success in 2006. Common guillemot numbers were mostly stable between 2005 and 2006, but declines occurred in a few western regions of Britain, and in NE Ireland. Regional trends have been mostly positive since 1986 although declines have occurred in Scotland recently. Mean productivity was, after 2004 and 2005, the third lowest recorded. Razorbill numbers in plots increased in Orkney, but decreased, or at least remained stable, in most regions since 2005. Whole-colony counts indicated increases in eastern regions, and in NW England, but numbers in most western regions declined. For the third successive year mean breeding success was markedly lower than the long-term average. Productivity was particularly low in colonies in the Northern Isles and Wales. Black guillemot numbers in Shetland and Orkney were stable between 2005 and 2006. However, numbers have halved in Orkney since 1986, although there has been virtually no change in numbers in Shetland over this time. Atlantic puffin breeding success was near average in 2006. However, success was low on Fair Isle and St. Kilda, although at the last site productivity was double that of 2005, which was the worst season recorded there. 4 Introduction 1 Introduction This is the eighteenth annual report on the results of seabird monitoring at colonies throughout Britain and Ireland, produced jointly by JNCC, RSPB and SOTEAG, as part of JNCC's Seabird Monitoring Programme. Available data on seabird breeding numbers and breeding success at seabird colonies in 2006 are summarised and compared with results from previous years, primarily 2005, with an analysis of longer term trends in the context of recent findings. The information contained in this report has been collated from many sources. These include research staff and wardens from a variety of organisations including RSPB, SOTEAG, JNCC, Scottish Natural Heritage, English Nature, Countryside Council for Wales, Irish National Parks and Wildlife Service, the Wildlife Trusts, bird observatories, National Trust and National Trust for Scotland, the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and BirdWatch Ireland.
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