AALS. See Association of American Law Schools ABA. See

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80306-9 - The Long Nineteenth Century (1789-1920) Edited by Michael Grossberg and Christopher Tomlins Index More information

index

AALS. See Association of American Law exclusion from privileges of citizenship Schools and, 361–362, 370, 371 ABA. See American Bar Association health and medicine, in context of, Abbott, Nathan, 54 518–519 Abolitionist movement, 299–304 Adams, Abigail, 373 bibliographic essays, 761–762 Adams, Charles Kendall, 59 Constitutional arguments of, 302–303 Adams, Henry Carter divorcement and, 303 ICC, at, 669 Douglass and, 401 legal education and, 690 economic arguments of, 302 legal liberalism, on, 665 fragmentation of, 301 railroads, on, 660, 669 fugitive slaves and, 303 trusts, on, 660, 661 graphic imagery, use of, 401–402 Adams, John growth of, 300–301 Abigail and, 373 habeas corpus and, 299–300 federal courts and, 124 historical background, 299 legal education, on, 39 immediatism, 300 legal profession, on, 84 indirect methods of, 400 military law under, 572 legal strategies, 299 Adams, John Quincy media, use of, 300 election of, 9 minstrel shows and, 402 infrastructure, on, 19 morality, appeals to, 401 Jackson and, 575 nulliﬁcation and, 302 marriage of Jackson and, 253–255 overview, 298–299 Adamson Act, 542 popular culture and, 400 Administrative Ofﬁce of the U.S. Courts, Quakers and, 373 594 secession of free states and, 301–302 Administrative state social inclusiveness of, 400–401 Bureau of Indian Affairs and, 382 Southern response to, 301 exclusion from privileges of citizenship Stowe and, 401 and, 381–382 territorial expansion and, 303–304 Freedmen’s Bureau and, 382 Abortion Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and, 382 AMA on, 275, 362, 365, 383, 384 ICC and, 381, 382, 527 demographics and, 275–276 immigration and, 382

823

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-80306-9 - The Long Nineteenth Century (1789-1920) Edited by Michael Grossberg and Christopher Tomlins Index More information

824 Index

Administrative state (cont.) national standards for legal education legal liberalism and, 672 and, 36 Native Americans and, 220 overview, 56 post-World War I period, during, political power of, 66–67 693–694 standardized education system, search Progressives and, 650–651, 652–653, for, 57 672–673 standards for admission, focus on, 49, rise of, 665 56–57 segregation and, 382 American Colonization Society, 180 World War I, impact of, 692–693 American Indian Movement, 242 Adoption of children, 267–268 American Judicature Society, 117, 118 Adultery, 405 American Medical Association (AMA) African-Americans ABA compared, 49, 66 disenfranchisement of, 349 abortion, on, 275, 362, 365, 383, 384 Free Blacks (See Free Blacks) health insurance and, 680 Freedmen (See Freedmen) American Social Science Association, 49 law schools, in, 64 American Society for the Free Persons of legal profession, in, 86 Color, 300 “passing” as white, 367–368 American Tobacco Company, 480, 663 police, in, 142 Ames, James Barr slavery (See Slavery) Gregory and, 59 women, violence against, 369–370 Harvard, at, 53 Agency law and automobiles, 524–525 legal education and, 57 Agnew, Daniel, 378 treatises, 44 Agricultural production, 461–462 Andrews, Steven Pearl, 273 Agriculture, Department of, 320, 474 Angell, Joseph K., 43, 44 Alaska Native Brotherhood, 238 Anglicans, 423 Alaska Native Sisterhood, 238 Anomalous zones, 628–629 Alcott, Louisa May, 411, 415 Ansell, Samuel, 585–588, 589, 590, 591 Alger, Horatio, 379, 412–413 Anti-Federalists. See Democrats Algiers, 623 (Jeffersonian) Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, 136, 172, Anti-Saloon League, 445 450, 453, 684 Antitrust law, 480–481, 513–514, Alien Tort Claims Act of 1789, 622, 635 538–541, 551. See also Trusts Alienage, discrimination based on, Clayton Act (See Clayton Act) 195–196. See also Citizenship; Sherman Antitrust Act (See Sherman Immigration Antitrust Act) All Indian Pueblo Council, 239 Appeals Allen, Macon Bolling, 86 appellate courts (See State courts) Allen, William, 265 Courts of Appeals, United States, American Anti-Slavery Society, 11, 300, 125–126, 656 301, 400 criminal law, in, 153 American Bar Association (ABA) military justice, in (See Military and court reform and, 118 law) early years, 56 Appellate courts. See State courts formation of, 49 Apportionment, 6 Judiciary Act of 1891 and, 125 Apprenticeship law schools, on, 57, 63 abuses, 39 military commissions, on, 602–603 costs of, 38

Index 825

dominance of in Early Republic, 37 product liability and, 522–524 drawbacks of, 79–80 regulation of, 522 English law, transplant from, 37 tort law and, 522 examinations, 38 ﬂexibility of, 40 Bacon, Matthew, 41 lack of coherency, 39 Baker, Newton, 586 lack of standards, 38 Baldwin, Henry, 217, 218, 491 local nature of, 79 Baldwin, Joseph, 38, 65 marriage of Freedmen and, 270 Ballard, Martha, 369, 371–372 overview, 37, 78–79 Bank of North America, 452 rules governing, 37–38 Bank of the United States, 17, 19, 454, 459 strengths of, 39–40 Bankruptcy, 458 Arbitration, 76 Commerce Clause and, 537 Armed Occupation Act of 1842, 30 federal court cases, 127 Army Corps of Engineers, 19 railroads and, 510–511 Arnold, Matthew, 388, 391, 449 Bankruptcy Act of 1841, 458, 537 Article III courts. See Federal courts Bankruptcy Act of 1898, 474, 476, 510 Articles of Confederation Banks citizenship and, 170–171 antebellum period, during, 17–18 comity under, 170, 174 Bank of the United states, 17 judiciary under, 453 “free banking” laws, 17–18 Articles of War. See Military and law imperialism and, 640 Ashcroft, John, 574, 602 rise of capitalism and, 454–455 Asiatic Exclusion League, 193 Baptists, 420, 422, 423, 424, 425, 438 Association of American Law Schools Bar associations, 49 (AALS) Barbary Wars, 623–624 attitude of law schools toward, 58 Bastards. See Illegitimate children formation of, 57–58 Beadle and Adams, 387, 411 national standards for legal education Beale, Joseph, 54 and, 36, 66 Beecher, Catharine, 403 Association of the Bar of the City of New Beecher, Henry Ward, 387, 392 York, 49 Beecher, Lyman, 425 Assumption of risk, 358–359, 480, Beef Inspection Act, 400 507–508, 548 Belknap, Michael, 602 Atkyns, John Tracy, 42 Bentham, Jeremy, 612, 613 Atrocity cases, 600–602 Berlin, Congress of, 607 Attorneys. See Legal profession Berne Convention, 502 Austin, Benjamin, 76, 96 “Best interests of child” standard, 264–266 Austin, J. L., 389 BIA. See Bureau of Indian Affairs Automobiles, 521–525 Bill of Rights accidents, 521–522 common law foundation of, 564 agency law and, 524–525 religion and, 417 bibliographic essays, 801 states, lack of incorporation to, 139–140 common carrier analogy, 521 Birth control enterprise liability and, 524 Comstock laws and, 276 importance of, 521 maternalism and, 275 insurance, 525 Bishop, Joel Prentice, 258 overview, 528–529 Black, Henry Campbell, 547 privity of contract and, 522–524 Black, Jeremiah, 582, 625

826 Index

Black Codes organized labor, on, 677 apprenticeship and, 270 privacy, on right of, 500 domestic law and, 338–339 Progressive, as, 650, 653 marriage and, 338–339 protectionism and, 470 Northern state laws compared, 337–338 trusts, on, 660, 661 overview, 349, 354, 355 women, on, 474 Reconstruction compared, 337 Brewer, David J. rise of capitalism and, 469 antitrust law, on, 541 slavery contrasted, 327 citizenship, on, 189 wage labor and, 341–342 fellow servant rule, on, 479 women and, 339, 340 Insular cases and, 691 Blacks. See African-Americans labor injunctions, on, 668 Blackstone, William religion, on, 438 abortion and, 518 British Levant Trading Company, 624 American editions of treatises, 93 Brockway, Zebulon, 164 apprenticeship, use of Commentaries in, Brooks, Preston, 308 79 Brosman, Paul, 596 domestic law, on, 245, 277 Brougham, Lord, 101 ethics, on, 42 Brown, Charles Brockden, 411 forms of action, on, 536 Brown, Henry B., 691–692 husband and wife, on (See Husband and Brown, John, 308 wife) Brown, Joseph, 325 illegitimate children, on, 266 Brown, William Wells, 285 marriage, on, 251–252, 348, 402 Brown University, 45 master and servant law, on, 535 Bryan, William Jennings, 442, 447 Oxford, at, 45 Bryant, Edwin E., 59 property law, on, 451 Buchanan, James teaching of, 38, 39 Dred Scott case and, 131, 310 treatises, 40–41 expatriation, on, 624 women’s property, on, 262 Utah Expedition and, 31–32 Blaine, James G., 426 Buffalo Bill, 414 Blaine Amendments, 427 Buntline, Ned, 414 Blair, Montgomery, 309 Bureau of Immigration, 382 Blasphemy, 8, 427–428 Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) “Bleeding Kansas,” 308 administrative state and, 382 Boone, Daniel, 394, 413, 414 creation of, 26 Borden, Lizzie, 412 expenditures by, 240 Border Patrol, 198, 200 marriage and, 252 Bounty hunters and fugitive slaves, 306 plenary power doctrine and, 686–689 Bourne, Randolph, 692 regulation of Native Americans by, 238, Boxer Rebellion, 637 241 Bradley, Joseph P., 378, 379, 544, 564, reservations and, 382 667 Bureaucratism, 444 Bradwell, Myra, 86, 104, 115, 477 Burke Act, 235, 239 Brandeis, Louis Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, 41 administrative state and, 527 Burlingame Treaty, 186, 616 attorney, as, 472 Burr, Aaron, 46 “bigness,” on, 478, 480, 664 Bush, George W., 602 Clayton Act, on, 679 Butler, Benjamin, 322

Index 827

Butler, Charles, 42 Jacksonian Democrats and, 454 Butler, Elizur, 217 Jeffersonian Democrats and, 453 “Bystanders” and fugitive slaves, 306 judicial review and, 454 juries and, 456–457 Cable Act, 364, 632 Kentucky Resolution, impact of, Calamity Jane, 414 450–451 Calhoun, John C. labor unions and, 471–472 infrastructure, on, 19 legal profession and, 456 legal education of, 46, 82 livestock and, 462 Secretary of War, as, 24, 26 married women’s property acts and, 455 slavery, on, 301 mechanic’s liens and, 458–459 states’ rights, on, 31 mergers and, 471 Calley, William, 601–602 negotiable instruments and, 459–460 Campbell, John A., 309 organized labor and, 460 Canada, fugitive slaves escaping to, 306 “otherness” and, 470–471 Canals, 502–504 overview, 449 bibliographic essays, 799–800 police power and, 451 eminent domain and, 503–504 political parties and, 457–458 importance of, 502–503 post-Civil War period, role of law litigation re, 503 during, 473 overview, 19–20 producer model, 450 railroads, competition with, 503 property law (See Property law) Capital punishment public utilities, regulation of, 475–476 abolition of, 165, 166 registration of property transfers, capital offenses, decline in, 158 451–452 electrocution, 165–166 regulatory reform and evolution of, 165 overview, 472 hangings, 165 railroads, 472 Capitalism, rise of, 449–482 riparian rights, 462–463 agricultural production and, 461–462 small businesses and, 460 bankruptcy and, 458 Virginia Resolution, impact of, 450–451 banks and, 454–455 wage labor and, 460 bibliographic essays, 792–795 Whigs and, 454 Civil War, impact of, 468–469 Whiskey Rebellion, impact of, 450 class consciousness, lack of, 460–461 women and, 469–470 contract law and, 459 Cardozo, Albert, 117 corporations (See Corporations) Cardozo, Benjamin, 117, 479, 523, 524, coverture and, 455 526, 527 debtor-creditor law (See Debtor-creditor Carnegie, Andrew, 191, 379, 471 law) Carnegie Foundation, 62, 63 dispute resolution and, 457 Cars. See Automobiles early competing economic visions, Caruthers, Robert Looney, 504 449–450 Catholics. See Roman Catholics ethnic stereotyping and credit, 455 Census federal courts and, 452–453 race and, 6–7 federalism and, 453 religion and, 7 Free Blacks and credit, 455–456 Census Bureau, 511–512 ideological conﬂicts re, 473 Centennial Exposition of 1876, 49 industrialization, rise of, 469, 531 Chain gangs, 162–163

828 Index

Chandler, Alfred, 471 expansion of rights of, 263 Chandler, Peleg, 94–95 illegitimate children Chase, Salmon P., 300, 303 Blackstone on, 266 Chase, Samuel, 129 child support for, 266–267 Cherokee Treaty of 1817, 213 state intervention, 267 Cherokee Treaty of 1819, 213 juvenile offenders, 163 Cherokee Treaty of 1866, 222 “tender years” doctrine, 264–266 Cherokees. See also “Five Civilized Tribes” Chile, 626 Cherokee Nation v. Georgia China background, 216 Boxer Rebellion, 637 domestic dependent nation status, immigration from (See Immigration) 216 Open Door policy, 637 fragmentation of Court, 217 U.S. Court for China, 628, 630, 635 guardian-ward analogy, 216–217 US relations with, 627, 628, 640 overview, 374 Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, 366, 367, Georgia, repression in, 216 368, 369, 371, 381 independence of, 215–216 Chitty, Joseph, 42, 44 Marshall and, 215–219 Choate, Rufus, 91 contradictory nature of rulings, 219 Choctaws. See “Five Civilized Tribes” legacy of, 219 Chopin, Kate, 407 property law and, 462 Churches and extralegal justice, 146 McIntosh case, 214–215 Cincinnati Law School, 47, 83 Mitchel case “Circuit riding” overview, 218 attorneys, 87 sovereignty and, 218–219 Supreme Court justices, 122, 123–124 Worcester case Citizenship background, 217 antebellum period, during, 176–183 federalism and, 218 Commerce Clause and, 177–178 impact of, 218 federal-state conﬂict, 176–181 sovereignty and, 217–218 Free Blacks (See Free Blacks) Chesnutt, Charles, 370 overview, 176 Chickasaws. See also “Five Civilized Tribes” Privileges and Immunities Clause taxation, powers of, 234 and, 176–177 Child, Lydia Maria, 404 territory, relationship with, 177 Child labor laws, 538, 542–544 bibliographic essays, 738–746 Child support for illegitimate children, 267 Civil War, impact of, 184 Children, 263–268 Dred Scott case and, 309–310, 323, 338, adoption of, 267–268 349 “best interests of child” standard, early Republic, during, 170–176 264–266 Articles of Confederation and, custody of 170–171 exclusion from privileges of Constitution and, 171–172 citizenship and, 364–365 Free Blacks, 175–176 habeas corpus and, 265 legal status of citizenship, rise of, 171 legislative favoring of maternal mobility of indigents, relationship custody, 265 with, 173–174 maternalism and, 264 poor laws, relationship with, 173–174 women’s rights movement and, 265 state citizenship, legal status of, 174 d’Hauteville case, 263–264 “warning out” and, 174–175

Index 829

exclusion from privileges of (See conscription in, 325 Exclusion from privileges of Constitution, 324–325 citizenship) criticism of on states’ rights grounds, Fourteenth Amendment, under 325 Chinese immigrants and, 184, 186, decline in power of national 190 government, 317–318 Freedmen and, 361, 365 desertion in, 325 Native Americans and, 686, 687 financial system, centralization of, 325 immigration (See Immigration) growth in power of national “internal foreignness” concept, 169, government, 325 173, 202 internal conflicts, failure to resolve, jus soli, concept of, 171 327 Mexican War, extension of citizenship to lawlessness in, 326 residents of ceded territories from, male headship, threat to, 326–327 199–200 self-help in, 326 Native Americans and stationing of troops in local areas, 327 post-Civil War period, during, Confiscation Acts and, 322–323 226–227 criminal law, impact on, 136–137 Progressive Era, during, 234–235, distributive justice, impact on, 106–107 239–240 Emancipation Proclamation and, 323 post-Civil War period, during, 184–201 exclusion from privileges of citizenship, alienage, discrimination based on, impact on, 360 195–196 federal courts formal extension of citizenship to expansion of jurisdiction during, 318 native-borns, 184 impact on, 124–125 person-citizen distinction, 185 federalism and, 316–317 political advantages of citizenship, Free Blacks and, 321–322 195 government expenditures on, 33 race, ineligibility based on, 194 habeas corpus, suspension of, 318 “racial science,” flaws of, 194–195 historical study of women and, 195 Dunning School, 313–314 Pueblos and, 228 inevitability of Civil War, 314–315 race and, 11–12 national level, change from focus on, Civil Rights Act of 1866, 138, 271, 361, 315 475 overview, 313–314 Civil Rights Act of 1875 social, cultural and economic enactment of, 138, 334 perspectives, 315–316 striking down of, 138, 335, 336, 355, inequality during, 319, 321 379 legacy of, 344 Civil Rights cases, 335–336, 355–356, 379 legal profession, impact on, 103–105 Civil Service Commission, 594–595 martial law during, 318 Civil War, 316–327 national government, growth in power bibliographic essays, 762–766 of, 317, 321 citizenship, impact on, 184 necessity doctrine during, 574 Confederacy overview, 313 appropriation of private property, 325 paper money during, 34 breakdown in state and local order, pensions based on, 33 325–326 political economy, effect of, 32–33 Congress, 325 race, impact on, 34

830 Index

Civil War (cont.) Columbia University, 48, 55, 57 Reconstruction (See Reconstruction) Comity rise of capitalism, impact on, 468–469 Articles of Confederation, under, 170, slavery, impact on, 34 174 state and law, impact on (See State and fugitive slaves and, 304, 306–307 law) Commentaries. See Treatises tariffs during, 33–34, 320 Commerce Clause territorial expansion, effect of tensions antitrust law and, 539, 540, 541 re, 31–32 bankruptcy law and, 537 Union child labor laws and, 538, 542, 543–544 agricultural policy, 320 citizenship and, 177–178 economic policy, 318–320 commercial legislation overturned financial system, centralization of, 318 under, 536–537 habeas corpus, suspension of, 318 concurrent powers doctrine, 543 martial law in, 318 criminal law, authority to enact, 138, national government, growth in 139 power of, 317, 321 eminent domain and, 537 railroads and, 320 employer tort liability and, 480 wage labor and, 320–321 exclusion of non-citizens under, 176, Civilization Act of 1819, 212 177, 187 Clarke, John H., 679 immigration and, 684 Clay, Henry injunctions and, 564 economic policy, 454 intrastate commerce and, 537 infrastructure, on, 19 jurisdiction under, 543 Clayton Act, 564, 664, 678–679 labor legislation overturned under, Cleveland, Grover, 399 537–538 Cobb, Thomas Reade labor unions and, 542 comity, on, 306 Lochner era, during, 536, 538 marriage, on, 289 maritime law and, 538, 544, 545 mistreatment of slaves, on, 290 Native Americans under, 211, 352 property rights, on, 281 police power and, 451 sexual assault, on, 289 preemption of state law by, 544 slavery, on, 286, 377 public utilities and, 475 Codification of International Law, railroad employees, statutes re, 538, 542 Conference on, 641 railroads and, 508 Codification of law rise of market capitalism and, 459 anti-lawyer sentiment and, 96 state taxation and licensing under, 466 controversy re, 95, 99 statutory purposes, relevance of, 543 Democrats and, 97–98 substantive due process and, 561 Field Code, 97–98 trademark law and, 537 historical background, 95–96 “yellow dog” contracts and, 538 social activists and, 96–97 Common law marriage, 255–256 Story and, 98–99 Commonplace books, 41, 79 Cohen, Felix, 220, 240 Commons, John, 655 Coke, Edward, 42 Communications Cold War, 589, 617 antebellum period, during, 18 Collateral, slaves as, 293–294 newspapers, 18 Collier, John, 240, 241 postal service, 18 Colonialism. See Imperialism telegraphy, 18 Colt, LeBaron B., 497 “Complex marriage,” 273, 275

Index 831

Compromise of 1850, 31, 303, 307, 432 automobiles, privity of contract and, Comstock, Anthony, 276 522–524 Comstock Acts, 137, 138, 157, 276, exclusion from privileges of citizenship 365 and, 350–351 Comyn, John, 41 insurance companies and, 478 Concurrent powers doctrine, 543 popular culture and, 396 Confederacy. See Civil War post-Civil War period, during, Conﬁscation Acts, 322–323 191–192, 477, 478 Congregationalists, 422, 423 religious organizations and contract Conscription, 325 labor laws, 438–439 Constitution. See also speciﬁc amendment rise of capitalism, importance of contract apportionment under, 6 rights to, 450 citizenship and, 171–172 telegraphy and, 515 Commerce Clause (See Commerce Clause) Contributory negligence, 358–359, 464, Contract Clause (See Contract Clause) 465, 507, 547 Copyright Clause, 489 Cooley, Thomas M. Due Process Clause (See Due Process ICC, at, 527, 668–669, 670, 671, Clause) 672 Equal Protection Clause (See Equal legal education and, 57 Protection Clause) legal liberalism and, 648 federal courts and (See Federal courts) strikes and, 676 Fugitive Slave Clause, 303, 369, 451 Coolidge, Calvin, 636 Guarantee Clause, 302, 375 Coombe, Rosemary, 390, 391 Native Americans under, 211, 212 Cooper, James Fenimore naturalization under, 171 legal system, on, 457 population and, 5–6 literature of, 413–414, 415 Privileges and Immunities Clause (See military justice and, 584 Privileges and Immunities Clause) Somers affair, on, 576–577, 578 Supremacy Clause, 121, 207 Copyright Clause, 489 Taking Clause, 476 Copyrights, 496–502 Constitutional Convention allied rights, 500 attorneys and, 68 balancing of public and private interests, federal courts, debate re, 119, 120, 499–500 453 bibliographic essays, 798–799 Consumer League, 473, 651 compulsory licensing of, 498 Consumerism and women duration of, 499 department stores, 407–408 fair use, 499–500 fashion, political nature of, 408–409 individualism and, 496 literature, in, 408 legislation re, 497 overview, 407 market-oriented nature of, 501 Continental Congress, 209 music and, 497–498 Contract Clause overview, 528 banks and, 452 patents contrasted, 496 corporations and, 465–466 photography and, 498 foreclosures and, 461 privacy, and right of, 500–501 police power under, 451, 459 property law and, 478 substantive due process and, 561 reform, attempts at, 501–502 Contract law social importance of, 501 antebellum period, contract rights technology and, 496–497 during, 16–17 Corliss, George H., 500

832 Index

Cornell University, 59 Courts martial Coroner’s juries, 148–149 appellate court, proposals for, 583 Corporations atrocity cases, 600–602 accountability, 468, 480 authority to reverse judgments of, 586 antebellum period, rise during, 15 desertion cases, 579–580, 600–602 antitrust law, 480–481 judicial nature of, 586–587 Contract Clause and, 465–466 law member, role of, 591 derivative actions, 553–554 Courts of Appeals, U.S., 125–126, 656 ﬁduciary duties, 481 Cover, Robert, 392 governance, 467–468 Coverture ideological conﬂicts re, 473 antebellum period, during, 12 legal liberalism, hostility of toward state exclusion from privileges of citizenship role in corporations, 646–647 and, 348 legal profession, impact on, 89 Freedmen, and marriage of, 270 litigation re, 472–473 marriage and, 252 mergers, 471, 553, 555–556 married women’s property acts and, 262 negligence and, 465–466 rise of capitalism and, 455 opposition to, 452, 466–467 Coxe, Alfred Conkling, 523, 524 trusts (See Trusts) Craft, William, 285 ultra vires, 551–553 Crane, Stephen, 406 Corps of Topographical Engineers, 25 Creditors. See Debtor-creditor law Corwin, Edward S., 121, 619 Creeks. See “Five Civilized Tribes” Costa Rica, 625, 640 Crevecouer,` Hector St. John de, 172 Cotton, Joseph, 681 Crimes Act of 1790, 622 Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces, Criminal law, 133–167 U.S. appeals, 153 appointments to, 596 bibliographic essays, 722–725, 726–732 civil service status and, 595 Bill of Rights, lack of incorporation to executive branch, as part of, 594–596 states, 139–140 federal courts contrasted, 594 capital punishment (See Capital General Counsel, lack of cooperation by, punishment) 597–599 coroner’s juries, 148–149 independence of, 599 defendants, right to testify, 150–151 JAGs, lack of cooperation by, 596–597 discrimination laws and, 157–158 judicial activism and, 598 economic development, impact of, judiciary, as part of, 595 134–135 proposal to abolish, 599 evidence and, 150–151 uncertainty re, 594 extralegal justice (See Extralegal justice) Court of Claims, 4, 127–128, 237, 238, federal criminal law 318 ambiguous nature of, 140 Courts, 106–132 antebellum period, during, 136 distributive justice (See Distributive Civil War, impact of, 136–137 justice) evolution of, 135–136 evolution of, 132 lack of, 135 federal courts (See Federal courts) police power as underlying theory of, legislatures, interaction with, 107–108 139 petty courts, 153–155 post-Civil War period, during, small claims courts, 118 137–139 state courts (See State courts) “good behavior,” 159 Supreme Court (See Supreme Court) grand juries, 149

Index 833

habeas corpus, 135, 136 exclusion from privileges of citizenship indeterminate sentences, 158–159 and, 364–365 indictments, 149 habeas corpus and, 265 indigents, counsel for, 152–153 legislative favoring of maternal custody, informations, 149 265 insanity defense, 158 maternalism and, 264 jury instructions, 151 women’s rights movement and, 265 jury nulliﬁcation, 149, 151, 157–158 military, role of, 137 Daggett, David, 47 moral offenses, 156, 157 Dalton, John, 42 Native Americans and Dane, Nathan, 41, 43, 47, 48 early Republic, during, 213 Daniel, Peter V., 178, 309 post-Civil War period, during Darrow, Clarence, 442 Constitutionality of, 225–226 Davis, David, 582–583 Indian-on-Indian crime, 225 Davis, Jefferson, 325 overview, 224 Davis, John, 40 white settlers, 224–225 Davis, Rebecca Harding, 410 overview, 133–134 Dawes Act. See General Allotment Act pardons, 159 of 1887 parole, 159 Dawson, John, 12 penitentiaries (See Penitentiaries) Death penalty. See Capital punishment petit juries, 149–150 Debs, Eugene, 675–676 petty courts, 153–155 Debtor-creditor law plea bargaining, 151–152, 159 credit and rise of capitalism, 454 police (See Police) ethnic stereotyping and credit, 455 popular sovereignty and, 166–167 failures, 458 private prosecutors, 152 Free Blacks and credit, 455–456 probation, 159 innovation in, 452 public defenders, 152–153 legal representation, debtors and public prosecutors, 152 creditors contrasted, 88–89 reasonable doubt standard, 150 post-Civil War period, during, 476–477 reform of, 155 Declaration of Independence reformatories (See Reformatories) attorneys and, 68 slavery and, 290–292 promises of, 375 mistreatment of slaves, 290–291 race and gender under, 358 procedural safeguards, evolution of, rights expressed in, 373 292 slavery and, 303 state-building and, 658 Declaration of Sentiments, 406–407 statutory rape, 157 Defense, Department of Sunday closing laws, 155, 156–157 General Counsel, 597–599 U.S. Marshals, 136 single entity, consolidation as, 589 Crockett, Davy, 413, 414 Deists, 422 Croly, Herbert, 652, 672 Deloria, Vine, Jr., 235 Crowder, Enoch, 585–588, 589 Democrats (Jacksonian) Cuba, 639, 690 codiﬁcation of law and, 97–98 Curtesy, 250–251 economic policy, 13 Curtis, Benjamin, 310, 616 legal profession and, 77–78, 84, 92 Curtis, George T., 309 Reconstruction and, 333–334 Cushing, Caleb, 579, 580 rise of capitalism and, 454 Custody of children slavery and, 308

834 Index

Democrats (Jeffersonian) migratory divorce, 258 federal courts, on, 119–120 self-divorce, 255, 258 international affairs and, 609 statutory implementation of, 256 nationality and, 630–631 women, impact on, 404–405 rise of capitalism and, 453 Domestic law sovereignty and, 620 abortion, 275–276 Demographics of legal profession, 85–86 ambiguous nature of, 246 Denominationalism, 425 American context, 278–279 Department stores, 407–408 assumptions re, 279 Derivative actions, 553–554 bibliographic essays, 750–757 Desertion cases, 579–580, 600–602 birth control Dewey, John, 636 Comstock laws and, 276 d’Hauteville case, 263–264, 374 maternalism and, 275 Dicey, Albert Venn, 672 Black Codes and, 338–339 Dickinson, John, 121 Blackstone on, 245, 277 Dike, Samuel, 273 children (See Children) Dillingham Commission, 193, 194 common law marriage, 255–256 Discrimination coverture, 252 alienage, based on, 195–196 cultural framework, 278 criminal law and, 157–158 curtesy, 250–251 public accommodations, in, 356–357 divorce (See Divorce) state appellate court cases re, 115 dower, 250–251 Distributive justice, 106–109 evolution of, 277–278 bibliographic essays, 715–717 family, narrowing deﬁnition of, 245–246 Civil War, impact of, 106–107 husband and wife (See Husband and wife) economic development, impact of, 106, individualism and, 247 107 judicial discretion over, 278 federalism and, 108 “law of persons,” 245 immigrants and, 107 male domination, inroads into, 246 importance of to courts, 108 marriage (See Marriage) legislatures, interaction with courts, married women’s property acts (See 107–108 Married women’s property acts) Native Americans and, 107 maternalism and, 276–277 overview, 109 polygamy (See Polygamy) political parties, impact of, 107 Domestic violence, 368–369 slavery, impact of, 106–107 Douglas, Ann, 403 women and, 107 Douglas, Stephen, 303, 308, 615 District Courts, U.S., 126 Douglass, Frederick Divorce Constitution and slavery, on, 302 acceptance of, 257 Dred Scott case, on, 311 attacks on, 272–273 Fugitive Slave Acts, on, 371 bibliographic essays, 750–757 popular culture and, 401, 402 extralegal divorce, 255, 258 role of law in slavery, on, 280 fault, problems with, 256–257 violence and slavery, on, 368 incoherence of rules re, 257–258 Dower, 250–251 interstate conﬂicts, 257 Draft, 325 jurisdiction “shopping,” 257 Drago Doctrine, 637 legal background, 256 Dred Scott v. Sandford, 308–311 maternalism and, 275 Buchanan and, 310

Index 835

citizenship and, 12, 184, 309–310, 323, growth, promotion of, 16–17 338, 349 historical narratives re, 13–14 effect of, 400 infrastructure (See Infrastructure) factual background, 308–309 local governments, role of, 14–15 international law and, 616, 636 national government, role of, 14 issues, 309 organized labor (See Organized labor) Kansas, effect on, 31 overview, 13 legacy of, 311 property development, promotion of, legal background, 309 15–16 Lincoln and, 311 rise of capitalism (See Capitalism, rise of) marriage and, 253 welfare capitalism (See Welfare Missouri Compromise of 1820 and, 310 capitalism) overview, 131, 308 Edison, Thomas, 498 political nature of, 304 Edmunds Act, 274 race and, 282 Edmunds-Tucker Act, 274 shifting political positions on, 317 Education, public Dreiser, Theodore, 408 antebellum period, during, 21 DuBois, W. E. B., 370, 470–471 religious instruction and, 436–437 Due Process Clause Edward III, 535 immigration and, 619 Egalitarianism, rise of, 9 property rights and, 475 Egypt, 624 public utilities and, 475 Eighteenth Amendment, 138, 445, railroads and, 510 446 religion and, 421 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 568 slavery and, 302 El Salvador, 625–626 substantive due process (See Substantive Electrocution, 165–166 due process) Eleventh Amendment Taking Clause, incorporation to states, organized labor and, 564 476 railroads and, 510 Duke, James M., 663 states’ rights and, 453 Dunning, William A., 313 Eliot, Charles W. Dunning School, 313–314 Adams and, 59 Duvall, Gabriel, 217 Harvard, at, 50, 54 Dwight, Theodore Langdell and, 105 case method and, 51, 55 legal education, on, 52, 53, 54, 56 legal education and, 48, 57, 63 Ellenton Riots, 145 legal profession, on, 68, 69 Ellickson, Robert, 390 Dworkin, Ronald, 392 Ellis, Edward, 414 Ellsworth, Oliver, 122, 453, 631 Eastman, Charles O., 238 Emancipation Proclamation, 323, 361, Economy and law 372 antebellum period, during, 13–17 Embargo Act of 1807, 23–24 banks (See Banks) Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 410, 411 bibliographic essays, 700–703 Eminent domain, 476, 503–504, 537 Civil War, effect on, 32–33 Employment law. See Master and servant communications (See Communications) law contract rights, 16 England. See United Kingdom corporations (See Corporations) Environmental determinism, 442 employee rights, 16 Episcopals, 422

836 Index

Equal Protection Clause custody of children and, 364–365 Harlan on, 481 disenfranchisement of immigration and, 188, 196 African-Americans and, 349 juries and, 380 “erasure” of lives of subject persons, 368 licensing of trade and professions, federalism and, 377 applicability to, 477 Freedmen and, 366–367, 368 sterilization and, 520 husband and wife, 363–364 Equity, 656 immigration and Erdman Act of 1898, 139, 538, 542 administrative state, 382 Erie Canal, 19, 503 China, from, 366, 368, 370–371 Espionage act of 1917, 138 males, favoring of, 367 Establishment Clause, 417, 420, 421, 437, overview, 357 445 racial classiﬁcation and, 362 Establishment of religion individualism and, 379 colonies, in, 421 Jacksonian era, challenges during, 358, move away from, 7–8 359 protection of Christian principles juries, in, 380 contrasted, 429–430 land, restrictions on ownership of, 353 Ethnicity. See also Race law, role of, 376–377 credit and ethnic stereotyping, 455 legal system immigration, exclusion based on race, African-Americans in, 380 192–193 white male domination of, 379–380 Evangelicals, 424 limits on citizenship, 365 Everett, Edward, 98 litigation, impact of, 383–384 Evidence in criminal law, 150–151 married women’s property acts and, 364 “Exceptionalism,” 2, 35 masking of laws Exclusion from privileges of citizenship immigration and, 378 abolition of slavery and Native Americans and, 377–378 community, effect on, 374 overview, 377 economic reasons for, 358 protective laws, guise of, 378 limited impact of, 349 segregation and, 377 new laws resulting from, 354 maternalism, 365 overview, 360–361 Mexican-Americans and, 374 abolitionist movement and, 373 miscegenation laws and, 355 abortion and, 361–362, 370, 371 Native Americans and administrative state and, 381–382 administrative control over, 365–366 agents of state, individuals and Cherokees, 368 nongovernmental organizations land allotment and, 352–353 acting as, 383 males, favoring of, 367 antebellum period, challenges during, marriage and, 366 359–360 resistance by, 373–374 bibliographic essays, 766–786 sovereignty, assault on, 362 Black Codes and, 354 subject nature of, 367 Civil War, impact of, 360 territorial expansion and, 351–352 community, effect on, 371, 374 white settlers and, 352 contract law and, 350–351 naturalization and, 361 coverture and, 348 overview, 345–346, 384–386 criminalization of conduct, 370–371, “passing” as white, 367–368 382 property ownership and, 354–355

Index 837

public accommodations, discrimination lynchings, 148 in, 356–357 mob actions, 147 public health measures and, 382–383 moral offenses and, 147 Reconstruction, during, 361 overview, 145 religious and natural order, based on, police, monitoring of, 147–148 378–379 vigilantes, 147 resistance to collective resistance, 372–373 Fair Trade League, 478 individual resistance, 372 Family law. See Domestic law law, role of, 374–376 Fearne, Charles, 42 restrictive covenants and, 356 Federal courts, 119–128 segregation and Anti-Federalists on, 119–120 administrative state, 382 appointment of judges, 121 outside of South, 355–356 bankruptcy cases in, 127 South, in, 355 bibliographic essays, 720–721 self-defense and, 350 Chief Justice, authority of, 126 slavery and circuits, 122 community, effect on, 374 Civil War Constitution, under, 353–354 expansion of jurisdiction during, males, favoring of, 366 318 overview, 348–349 impact of, 124–125 statistics, 384 Congressional authority over, 122–123 subject identities, status as, 363 Constitution and tension between excluded groups, 374 establishment of courts, 119 territorial expansion and, 351 overview, 119 tort law and, 350–351 vagueness of, 120–121 treatises, 377 Court of Claims (See Court of Claims) Twentieth Century legal reforms and, Courts of Appeals, 125–126, 656 378 delays in, 125 unequal treatment, 370 District Courts, 126 violence and, 381 districts, 122 voting rights and, 357–358 economic development, impact of, 125 wage labor and, 349–350, 358–359 expenses of, 125 white male domination and, 347–348, federalism and, 120 351 Federalists on, 119 women and growth of caseload, 125 disenfranchisement of, 380–381 international affairs, role in,1292.30 examples of, 371–372 Judicial Conference of the United States, founding principles and, 358 126 industrialization, impact of, 359, 362 judicial review in women’s rights movement, 373 Supremacy Clause and, 121 Expansion. See Territorial expansion vagueness of Constitution re, Expatriation Act of 1907, 364 120–121 Extradition, 618 Judiciary Act of 1789 and, 123 Extralegal divorce, 255, 258 Judiciary Act of 1801 and, 123–124 Extralegal justice, 145–148 Judiciary Act of 1875 and, 124–125 bibliographic essays, 737–738 Judiciary Act of 1891 and, 125–126 churches and, 146 Judiciary Act of 1911 and, 126 honor culture and, 145–146 Judiciary Act of 1925 and, 126

838 Index

Federal courts (cont.) Female Guardian Society, 404 jurisdiction of, 121, 122–123, 124–125, Female Moral Reform Society, 404 126 Ferguson, Homer, 597 local nature of, 123 Fiction. See Literature overview, 119 Field, David Dudley, 43, 83, 98, 582, 646 political purposes, shaping for, 123 Field, Stephen J., 479, 646, 649, 667, Reconstruction, role in, 330 684 rise of capitalism and, 452–453 Field Codes, 52, 98, 478 separation of powers and, 121 Fifteenth Amendment state courts, interference in, 118 adoption of, 361, 384 structure, debate re, 123 Black Codes contrasted, 327 Supreme Court (See Supreme Court) Confederate states, ratiﬁcation by, 330 territorial courts, 127 failure to enforce, 469 USCAAF contrasted, 594 miscegenation laws and, 271 Federal Crime Act, 135 opposition to, 333 Federal Employers’ Liability Act of 1908, promises of, 361 480, 507, 542 ratiﬁcation of, 333 Federal question jurisdiction, 655 removal of actions to federal courts Federal Reserve Act of 1914, 474, 536 under, 330 Federal Trade Commission, 527, 672 resident aliens under, 634 Federal Trade Commission Act, 536, 664 voting rights under, 34, 334, 374 Federalism Fifth Amendment Cherokees, Worcester case and, 218 admission of immigrants and, 189 Civil War and, 316–317 antitrust law and, 540 distributive justice and, 108 child labor laws and, 543 exclusion from privileges of citizenship Due Process Clause (See Due Process and, 377 Clause) federal courts and, 120 Equal Protection Clause (See Equal “Five Civilized Tribes” and, 232–233 Protection Clause) nationality and, 634 just compensation under, 537 Native Americans, federalism paradigm, labor unions and, 542 207 Native Americans and, 232 railroads and, 508–510 slavery and, 302 Reconstruction and, 332–333 states, applicability to, 139, 140 religion and, 420–421 substantive due process and, 564 rise of capitalism and, 453 Taking Clause, 476 sovereignty and, 614, 617–618 Filson, John, 413 state courts (See State courts) Financial institutions. See Banks Federalists Finney, Charles Grandison, 425–426, 431 federal courts, on, 119 First Amendment international affairs and, 609 debates re, 421 nationality and, 630–631 Establishment Clause (See Establishment sovereignty and, 619–620 Clause) Fellow servant rule Free Exercise Clause (See Free Exercise employee injuries, 547, 548–549 Clause) negligence and, 479–480 Jefferson and, 428, 433 railroads and, 507 religion and, 418, 419 tort law and, 464, 465 religious tests under, 8 wage labor and, 358–359 states, incorporation to, 448 Female Benevolent Society, 404 telegraphy and, 512

Index 839

Fiss, Owen, 392 property rights and, 474 Fister, Owen, 414 railroad rate regulation and, 667 “Five Civilized Tribes” railroads and, 510 eminent domain and, 230–232 ratification of, 333 exemption from federal laws, 230 religion and, 421 federalism and, 232–233 removal of actions to federal courts land allotment, 232–233 under, 330 limited autonomy of, 232 resident aliens under, 634 overview, 228 second American revolution, as, 314 plenary power doctrine and, 234 Slaughterhouse cases and, 335 significance of, 230 sovereign immunity and, 564 treaties, repudiation of, 232–233 state action and, 564 Fletcher, Albert, Jr., 595, 598–599 states, applicability to, 139 Flexner, Abraham, 63, 66 voting rights under, 360 Flournoy, Richard W., 641 women and, 340, 365, 375 Ford, Gerald R., 598 workers’ rights and, 343–344 Foreign affairs. See International affairs France Former slaves. See Freedmen Latin America, intervention in, 626 Forrestal, James, 589–591 undeclared war with prior to War Foster, George, 412 of 1812, 23 Foster, Hannah, 406 Franco-American Treaty of 1773, 130 Foucault, Michel, 390 Frankfurter, Felix, 125, 311, 612 Fourteenth Amendment Franklin, Benjamin, 401–402 adoption of, 361 “Free banking” laws, 17–18 Black Codes contrasted, 34, 327 Free Blacks, 285–287 citizenship under (See Citizenship) aliens, as, 180–181 civil rights legislation under, 138 antebellum period, during, 178–181 civil rights under, 311 citizenship of, 179 commerce, regulation under, 537 Civil War and, 321–322 Confederate states, ratification by, 329 credit and, 455–456 contract law and, 538 early Republic, during, 175–176 Due Process Clause (See Due Process exclusion of, 178, 179 Clause) Lower South, in, 286–287 Equal Protection Clause (See Equal mobility, restrictions on, 178, 179, Protection Clause) 287 expatriation and, 632 overview, 285 failure to enforce, 469 passports, 179–180 Fifteenth Amendment clarifying, 333 racial ideology and, 286 foreign persons, protection of, 564 recolonization, attempts at, 180 immigration and, 475, 619 restrictions on, 286 industrial organization and, 555 South, in, 178–179, 285–286 injunctions and, 564 Upper South, in, 286 juries and, 380 Free Exercise Clause, 417, 420, 421 legal transformation created by, 375 “Free labor.” See Wage labor miscegenation laws and, 271 Free Soil Party, 307 Native Americans under, 367 Freedmen perceived failures of, 314 exclusion from privileges of citizenship, persons, protection of, 185, 186, 187 366–367, 368 Plessy v. Ferguson and, 336 liberty, importance of, 372 promises of, 361, 375 marriage and (See Marriage)

840 Index

Freedmen’s Bureau public opinion and, 301 administrative state and, 382 Gaston, William, 291, 292 creation of, 333 Gawalt, Gerald, 85 Reconstruction and, 268, 269, 270 Geary Act, 187 women and, 367 Gender. See Women Fremont, John C., 25 General Allotment Act of 1887 French Revolution, 424, 428, 607 citizenship and, 365, 366, 367, 377 Freund, Ernst, 54, 672, 681 “Five Civilized Tribes” and, 230 Friedman, Lawrence, 3, 389 litigation re, 237 Friends of the American Indian, 223, 224, property rights, impact on, 227, 226, 227 352–353, 367 Fry, James, 584–585, 591 General jurisdiction, courts of. See State Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, 11, 136, 303, courts 305, 369 General Land Office, 29–30 Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 General Motors, 524 administrative state and, 382 General Survey Act of 1824, 19, 24 Constitutionality of, 306 Gentlemen’s Agreement of 1907, 193 Douglass on, 371 Germany, 642 enactment of, 303, 308 Girard, Stephen, 429 Free Blacks, threat to, 306, 366 Girard College, 429 procedural safeguards, lack of, 305 Glaeser, Edward, 487 reinforcement of slavery by, 400 Glorious Revolution, 572 return of fugitive slaves under, 322, 369 Godkin, Edwin, 646 shifting political views on, 317 Gompers, Samuel, 471, 480, 678 Fugitive Slave Clause, 303, 369, 451 “Good behavior,” 159 Fugitive slaves Goodnow, Frank, 652 abolitionist movement and, 303 Goodrich, Elizur, 45 bounty hunters and, 306 Gore, Christopher, 39 “bystanders” and, 306 Gould, James, 46, 81–82 Canada, escape to, 306 Gould, Jay, 643, 666, 669 comity and, 304, 306–307 Graduation Act, 29 Congressional authority over, 305–306 Grand juries, 149 habeas corpus and, 305 “Grandfather” clauses, 334 Northern attempts to protect, 304–306 Granger Laws, 666 overview, 304 Grant, Ulysses S., 327, 568, 648, 687 owners’ power to recapture, 306 Grayson, P. W., 76 statistics, 304 “Great Awakening,” 421 Underground Railroad, 304 Great Britain. See United Kingdom violence against, 369 Green, Nathan, 114 Fuller, Margaret, 407 “Greenbacks,” 34 Fuller, Melville W., 662, 691 Greenleaf, Simon, 38, 44, 47, 48, 83 Greenville, Treaty of, 26 Gadsden Purchase, 219 Gregory, Charles N., 59–60 Gallatin, Albert, 19 Grey, Zane, 414 Garfield, James A., 568 Grier, Robert C., 179 Garrison, William Lloyd Griffin, Cyrus, 209 Constitution and slavery, on, 301–302 Grimke, Elizabeth, 300 fugitive slaves, on, 305 Grimke, Sarah, 300 immediatism and, 300 Grotius, Hugo, 41, 613

Index 841

Guadalupe Hidalgo, Treaty of, 28, 198, Harris, George Washington, 413 199–200, 219, 228, 365 Harrison, William Henry, 27, 568 Guarantee Clause, 302, 375 Hart, H. L. A., 391 Guatemala, 625 Hartford Female Seminary, 403 Hartog, Hendrik, 391 Habeas corpus Hartz, Louis, 2, 3 abolitionist movement and, 299–300 Harvard Law School Civil War, suspension during, 318 creation of, 45 custody of children and, 265 evolution of, 46–47 federal courts, in, 135, 136 Langdell at (See Langdell, Christopher fugitive slaves and, 305 Columbus) Habeas Corpus Act of 1863, 137, 318, 330 professors, 52–53 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867, 330 Story at, 45, 47, 82–83 Habermas, Jurgen, 394 women at, 64 Hague Conferences, 638–639 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 415 Hale, Eugene, 562, 690, 692 Hay, John, 637 Hall, Dominick A., 573–575, 578–579 Hayes, Rutherford B., 568 Haltunnen, Karen, 411 Haymarket Riot, 151, 398–399 Hamilton, Alexander Health and medicine, 516–520 attorney, as, 88 abortion and, 518–519 Bank of North America and, 452 advances in, 516–517 Bank of the United States, on, 17 bibliographic essays, 800–801 economic policy, 13 infectious disease, 519 economic vision of, 449, 481 law, role of, 516 federal courts, on, 119 malpractice jury nullification and, 149 litigation re, 517 liberty, vision of, 450 standard of care, 518 sovereignty and, 619–620 technology, effect of, 517–518 Hamilton College, 48, 275 sanitation, 519–520 Hancock, Winfield Scott, 568 sterilization, 520 Handlin, Mary Flug, 3 X-rays, 518 Handlin, Oscar, 3 Health insurance, 680, 682 Hangings, 165 Henry, Patrick, 38 Harding, Warren G., 204 Hepburn Act of 1906, 671 Hardwicke, Lord, 42 Herttell, Thomas, 259, 260 Hargrave, Francis, 42 Higgins, Jessie, 76, 96 Harlan, John Marshall Hilliard, Francis, 44 capitalism and, 449, 481–482 Hoar, George, 690, 692 child labor laws, on, 543 Hoffman, Clara Cleghorne, 406 Fifth Amendment, on, 140 Hoffman, David, 46, 81, 83, 100–101 ICC, on, 670 Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. Insular cases, in, 691 admission of immigrants, on, 189 judicial activism, on, 564 antitrust law, on, 541 Native Americans, on, 231 Clayton Act, on, 679 popular influence on law, on, 166 common law, on, 546 Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 662, gender and, 380 663–664 Harvard, at, 53 Harper, William Joseph, 285 immigration and, 686 Harper, William Rainey, 54 Langdell, on, 52

842 Index

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, Jr. (cont.) poor laws, relationship with, Lochner case and, 131 181–182, 183 maritime law, on, 544, 545 state-local conﬂict, 181–183 popular culture, on, 415 taxes, 182, 183 Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 662 bibliographic essays, 738–746 treatises, 43 carriers and, 383 Homestead Act of 1862, 29, 320, 352, China, from, 185–191 362, 474 administrative restrictions, 188–190 Homestead Strike, 668 deportation and, 187 Honduras, 625, 626 erosion of support for, 186 Honor culture, 145–146 fugitive slaves compared, 369 Horwitz, Morton, 486 internal “foreignness” of, 189, 190 House, Royal E., 491, 492 overview, 185, 190–191 Howard, Jacob, 269 plenary power doctrine, exclusion Howard University, 64 under, 186–187, 683–684, Howe, Julia Ward, 432 685–686 Howells, William Dean, 404 statutory exclusion of, 185–186 Hughes, Charles Evans, 653, 654 citizenship and, 9–10 Hunt, Carleton, 56 distributive justice and, 107 Hurst, James Willard, 2–3, 109, 118 domestic minorities, relationship with, Husband and wife. See also Marriage 169–170, 184–185 Blackstone on early Republic, during, 170–176 criticism of, 249–250 colonial policies, continuation of, husband’s legal obligations, 250 172–173 overview, 249 Congress, authority of, 172 selective response to, 250 local governments, authority of, 175 wife’s legal disabilities, 250 overview, 170 Confederacy, threat to male headship in, states, authority of, 172, 174 326–327 exclusion from privileges of citizenship curtesy, 250–251 and (See Exclusion from privileges dower, 250–251 of citizenship) exclusion from privileges of citizenship imperialism and, 198–201 and, 363–364 India, from, 193 female dependency, 251 “insiders,” lack of homogeneity, male headship, 251 168–169 Revolutionary War, impact of, 247–249, “internal foreignness” concept, 169, 253 173, 202 Japan, from ICC. See Interstate Commerce Commission post-World War I period, during, Illegitimate children 197–198 Blackstone on, 266 voluntary restrictions, 193 child support for, 266–267 justiﬁcation for territorial defense, 168 state intervention, 267 lack of early immigration policy, 168 Immigration, 168–203 Mexico, from, 198–201 antebellum period, during, 176–183 extension of citizenship to residents of bonds, 182 ceded territories, effect of, 199–200 bureaucratic control over, 182–183 favored status of, 199–200 nativism and, 181 Mexican War, impact of, 198–199 overview, 9–10, 176, 181 restrictions, rise of, 200–201

Index 843

signiﬁcance of, 198 plenary power doctrine and, 689–692 territorial expansion, impact of, 199 Spanish-American war and, 690 numerical restrictions on, 198 territoriality and, 626 overview, 168, 170 “Westphalian” system and, 607–608 Philippines, from, 201 Implied warranties, 478–479 plenary power doctrine, restrictions Imprisonment. See Punishment under, 683–686 Income tax, 131 Commerce Clause and, 684 India, immigration from, 193 due process and, 686 Indian Affairs, Commissioner of, 233, 234, Immigration Bureau, role of, 241 684–685 Indian Affairs, Department of, 220 judicial oversight of administrative Indian Appropriation Act of 1871, 222 decisions, 684–685 Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, 365 sovereignty and, 684 Indian Commissioners, Board of, 224 territoriality and, 684–685 Indian Gaming Regulatory Act of 1988, post-Civil War period, during, 184–201 242 contract labor laws, 191–192 Indian Removal Act of 1830, 26, 230, 352, economic impact of, 191 359 ethnicity, exclusion based on, Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, 192–193 240–241 grounds for exclusion, 192 Indian Self-Determination and Education inside-outside distinction, 187–188 Assistance Act of 1975, 242 organized labor opposition to, 191 Indian Self-Governance Act of 1994, 242 person-citizen distinction, 185 Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, 212, procedure-substance distinction, 220, 228 188–190 Indian Wars, 26–27 race, exclusion based on, 192–193 Indians. See Native Americans women as, 193–194 Indictments, 149 post-World War I period, during, Indigents 197–198 counsel for, 152–153 property rights and, 475 mobility of, relationship with Puerto Rico, from, 201 citizenship, 173–174 race and, 202 Industrial organization and law, 531–564 restrictions, rise of, 169 antitrust law, 538–541 segregation compared, 202, 203 balancing of rights, 564 sovereignty and, 618–619 bankruptcy law, 537 World War I, restrictions during, bibliographic essays, 801–803 196 child labor laws, 538, 542–544 Immigration Act of 1917, 196 commercial cases versus labor cases, 564 Immigration Act of 1924, 197 corporations (See also Corporations) Immigration Bureau, 684, 685, 694 derivative actions, 553–554 Immigration Restriction League, 193 mergers, 553, 555–556 Immigration Service, 368 ultra vires, 551–553 Imperialism eminent domain, 537 immigration and, 198–201 employee injuries, 547–549 Insular cases and, 691–692 industrialization, rise of, 469, 531 Lodge on, 690–691 intrastate commerce, 537 “open door imperialism,” 637, 640–641 judicial decisions and, 531–532 overview, 689–690 judicial ﬂexibility and, 564

844 Index

Industrial organization (cont.) national government, role of, 18–19, 20 jurisdiction states, role of, 19–20, 467 commercial cases, 533, 536–537 Inheritance concurrent powers doctrine, 543 married women’s property acts, inconsistency in, 536 application of, 260 labor cases, 533, 537–538, 541–542 slavery and, 290 overview, 532 Injunctions statutory purposes, relevance of, 543 anti-injunction statutes, 677–678 legal creativity and, 564 organized labor and, 564, 674–675, legal stability and, 564 676–677 legislative control over commercial law, patents and, 491–492 importance of, 534 railroads and, 668 Lochner era, legal scholarship re, 531–532 Sherman Antitrust Act, under, 551 maritime law, 538, 544–545 state-building, role in, 656 master and servant law, 535, 547–549, strikes and, 674–675, 676–677 564 Insanity defense, 158 organized labor (See also Organized labor) Insolvency. See Bankruptcy antitrust law and, 551 Insular cases, 691–692 collective action, right of, 551 Insurance injunctions and, 564 automobiles, 525 secondary boycotts, 551, 556–557 contract law and companies, 478 sovereign immunity and, 564 Intellectual property law politics, role of, 564 copyrights (See Copyrights) precedent overview, 489 commercial cases, 546–547, 554–555 patents (See Patents) judicial review distinguished, 546 property rights and, 478 labor cases, 546–547, 554–555 trademarks, 537 overview, 532–533 uniformity in, 486 reform versus precedent, 545–546 Interior, Department of, 220, 238 problems in studying, 564 Internal improvements. See Infrastructure railroad employees, statutes re, 538, 542 Internal Revenue Agency, 137 reception of English law, importance of, International affairs, 604–642 533–534, 546 Asian nations, relations with, 627–628 rights bibliographic essays, 807–813 commercial cases, 555–556, 564 bifurcation of, 609–610, 630–631 labor cases, 556–557, 564 different tiers of nations, 624 “modern rights,” 557–563 European nations, relations with, 624, overview, 533, 555 625 social impact, 535–536 federal courts, role of, 612 substantive due process globalization, effect of, 611 commercial cases, in, 563 Hague Conferences, 638–639 labor cases, in, 563–564 international law police power contrasted, 563 arbitration, 638, 639 trademark law, 537 banks, role of, 640 “yellow dog” contracts, 538, 564 changing conceptions of, 612–613 Infectious disease, 519 intervention, 636–637, 639–640 Informations, 149 markets, role of, 640 Infrastructure move toward, 637–638 antebellum period, during, 18–22 “open door imperialism,” 637, local governments, role of, 20, 21–22 640–641

Index 845

positivism and, 639 imperialism and, 607–608 positivism in, 613 inﬂuence of, 610–611 stewardship theory, 640–641 internal versus external governance, Latin American nations, relations with, 608 625–627, 639–640 legacy of, 606 nationality and legal order, impact on, 611–612 complexity of, 630 nations, relationship between, 607 emergence of doctrine, 635 philosophical inﬂuence of, 606–607 expatriation, 631, 632–633, 634–635 International Law Institute, 638 federalism and, 634 Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 multinational agreements re, 635 administrative state and, 381 nonresident dependents, 632 Commerce Clause and, 536, 684 overview, 630 enactment of, 472, 531 resident aliens, 633–634 preemption of state law by, 511 sovereignty and, 631–632, 635–636 railroads and, 666, 668 overview, 604–606, 641–642 Sherman Antitrust Act compared, 670 sovereignty and Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) Democratic view, 620 administrative state and, 381, 382, 527 evolution of concept of, 614 bibliographic essays, 816–818 executive branch authority, 619 Cooley at, 668–669, 670, 671, 672 extradition, 618 court-like nature of, 672 federal court decisions re, 620–621 creation of, 472, 665, 668 federalism and, 614, 617–618 decline in power of, 670 Federalist view, 619–620 due process and, 670 immigration, 618–619 growth in power of, 694 implied powers of President, 621–622 judicial decisions re, 669–670 international law, role of, 615 judicial oversight of, 670, 671–672, 685 nationality and, 631–632, 635–636 railroads and, 506, 562, 669 Native Americans, 613–614 reemergence of, 670–671 overview, 609 Roosevelt and, 671 plenary power doctrine and, 621 strikes and, 676 political common ground re, 620 Iowa, University of, 54 rules of construction, 615–616 Iraq War, 603 stewardship theory, 621–622 territories, over, 614–615 Jackson, Andrew treaties, role of, 616–617 Bank of the United States, opposition “System of ’96,” 621 to, 17, 19, 459 territorial expansion, impact of, 610 Battle of New Orleans and, 24, 573 territoriality and contempt proceedings against, 574–575 anomalous zones, 628–629 election of, 568 Constitutionalism and, 629–630 Indian Wars, in, 27 gradations of sovereignty, 623 infrastructure, on, 19 imperialism and, 626 marriage of, 253–255 overview, 622 martial law and, 573–574 protection of citizens abroad, military law under, 572 622–623, 624–625 Native Americans and, 27, 30, 215, treaties, role of, 623–624 216, 462, 687 “Westphalian” system and necessity doctrine and, 574, 576 American reaction to, 609 popularity of, 394 basic principles, 606 Jackson, Helen Hunt, 396

846 Index

Jackson, Rachel Donnelson Robards, federalism, on, 332 253–255 impeachment of, 329 Jacob, Giles, 42 Milligan case and, 581–582 Jacob, Harriet, 280 Reconstruction, on, 329, 331, 337 JAGs. See Judge Advocate Generals unilateral actions by, 328 Jameson, Frederic, 389 Johnson, Charles S., 378 Japan Johnson, Richard M., 9 aggression by, 641 Johnson, Walter, 283 immigration from Johnson, William, 217 post-World War I period, during, Jones Act, 201 197–198 Judge Advocate Generals (JAGs) voluntary restrictions, 193 discipline and, 598 U.S. relations with, 627, 628 military justice, role in, 571 Jay, John, 128, 130, 613 UCMJ Jefferson, Thomas limiting authority of, 592 Alien and Sedition Acts and, 453 tension involving, 593–594 children, on, 267 USCAAF, lack of cooperation with, compact theory and, 450 596–597 criminal law, on, 158 Judges economic policy, 13, 453 federal courts, appointment of judges, economic vision of, 450 121 education and, 437 general jurisdiction, courts of, 111 federal courts and, 124 nonpartisanship, promotion of, 117 international affairs and, 609 state appellate courts law lectureship, establishing, 45 election of, 115 law professors, appointment of, 80 overview, 114 Louisiana Purchase and, 23, 351 “Judges’ Bill,” 126 military institutions under, 24, 570 Judicial activism military law under, 572 Native Americans, re, 234 necessity doctrine and, 574 state appellate courts, in, 117 protection of citizens abroad, on, 623 USCAAF and, 598 rationalism of, 424, 427 Judicial Conference of the United States, religion, on, 422, 423, 424, 433 126 secularism of, 424, 428–429, 430 Judicial review separation of church and state, on, 8, federal courts, in 420, 424 Supremacy Clause and, 121 slavery and, 286 vagueness of Constitution re, sovereignty and, 620 120–121 technology, on, 485 precedent distinguished, 546 territorial expansion, on, 30 state appellate courts, in, 116–117 University of Virginia and, 47 Judiciary Act of 1789, 121–122, 123, 136, Jerome, William Travers, 147 544–545, 628 Jews, 421, 435, 440, 447 Judiciary Act of 1801, 123–124 “Jim Crow.” See Segregation Judiciary Act of 1867, 137 John, Richard R., 3 Judiciary Act of 1875, 124–125 John Marshall Law School, 58 Judiciary Act of 1891, 125–126 Johnson, Andrew Judiciary Act of 1911, 126 Congressional Republicans, battle with, Judiciary Act of 1925, 126 329, 330, 337 The Jungle, 399

Index 847

Juries rise of capitalism and, 471–472 Equal Protection Clause and, 380 Sherman Antitrust Act and, 541–542 exclusion from privileges of citizenship Laborers’ lien laws, 342–343 and, 380 Lafayette, Marquis de, 11 Fourteenth Amendment and, 380 LaFeber, Walter, 611 Mormons and, 274 LaFollette, Robert, 650 rise of capitalism and, 456–457 Lager Beer Riot, 143 state-building, as obstacle to, 656 Land-Grant College Act, 320 Jurisdiction Land Ordinance of 1785, 29 Civil War, expansion during, 318 Langdell, Christopher Columbus federal courts, of, 121, 122–123, appointment of, 50 124–125, 126 case method, 43, 51–52, 53–55 federal question jurisdiction, 655 common law, focus on, 51, 52 industrial organization and (See elective courses introduced by, 53 Industrial organization and law) impact of, 55–56 Supreme Court, of institutional reforms by, 51 appellate jurisdiction, 129 military justice and, 584 original jurisdiction, 129 model lawyers, 54 Jury instructions, 151 orthodoxy of, 54 Jury nullification, 149, 151, 157–158 overview, 36–37 Jus soli, concept of, 171 private practice, leaving, 105 Justices of the peace, 657–658 professors, appointment of, 52–53 Juvenile offenders, 163 scientific view of law, 50–51 standardized education system and, 57 Kafka, Franz, 389 Story, influence of, 45 Kansas-Nebraska Act, 31, 303, 308, 310 treatises, study of, 42 Katznelson, Ira, 3 Langston, John Mercer, 104 Keener, William R., 53, 55, 59 Larkin, Felix, 589, 590, 591, 592 Kennedy, Joseph, 6, 7 Latimer, George, 596, 601 Kent, James Law lectureships, 45–46, 80–81 blasphemy, on, 8, 427–428 Law reports, 42–43, 92–93 law lectureships, 45, 81 Law schools legal education and, 42 ABA on, 57, 63 marriage, on, 251–252, 255 African-Americans in, 64 master and servant law, on, 535 antebellum period, during, 45 religion, on, 433 attempts to raise standards, 64–65 treatises, 39, 43, 79, 93 bibliographic essays, 705–708 Kentucky Resolution, 450–451, 453 cost of, 61 King James Bible, 436–437 growth in, 61–62 King’s College, 45 hierarchy of, 62 Kirby, Ephraim, 43 impact of, 48 Korea, 627 Langdell and (See Langdell, Christopher Korean War, 596 Columbus) Ku Klux Klan, 334, 399 law lectureships, 45–46, 80–81 licensing requirements, 65 Labor unions litigation, focus on, 48 antebellum period, during, 16 medical schools compared, 62–63 growth of, 674–675 military justice, lack of scholarly interest popular culture and, 397 in, 600

848 Index

Law schools (cont.) rise of, 645–646 need for reform, 49 state courts and, 648–649 professors, 48 treatises, 648 proprietary law schools, 46, 81–82 trusts, hostility toward, 659–660 regional nature of, 47–48 Legal periodicals, 94 rise of, 82–83 Legal profession, 68–105 Root Report and, 65, 66–67 admission to practice segmented nature of, 63–64 loss of control over, 83–84 study of, 63 relaxation of standards, 84 “undesirables” in, 65 African-Americans in, 86 women in, 64 antebellum period, during, 68–70 League of Nations, 607, 609, 641 challenges faced by, 87 Leasing of prisoners, 162 scarcity of business, 88 L’Ecole Polytechnique, 24 apprenticeship (See Apprenticeship) Lee, Edward T., 58 bibliographic essays, 708–715 Lee, Robert E., 327 centralization of courts, effect of, 87–88 Legal education and thought, 36–67 “circuit riding,” 87 apprenticeship (See Apprenticeship) Civil War, impact of, 103–105 bibliographic essays, 705–708 colonial period, during, 71–72 case method, 43, 51–52, 53–55 control of, 74–75 commonplace books, 41, 79 corporate clients, impact of, 89 Cravath system, 58 criticism of ethical obligations, 42, 64 arbitration, proposals for, 76 Langdell on (See Langdell, Christopher codiﬁcation of law, impetus for, 96 Columbus) complexity of law, based on, 75–76, law lectureships, 45–46, 80–81 95 law reports, 42–43, 92–93 equality, incompatibility with, 77 law schools (See Law schools) independent citizens, as threat to, legal liberalism, philosophical principles 76–77 of, 647–648 limited impact of, 78 legal periodicals, 94 Revolutionary War, following, 75 medical education compared, 62–63 self-interest, due to, 76 National Reporter System, 57 debtors and creditors, legal overview, 36–37 representation of contrasted, 88–89 racism in, 64 Democrats and, 77–78, 84, 92 scientiﬁc view of law, 50–51, 92 demographics of, 85–86 treatises (See Treatises) dispute resolution and, 74 Legal liberalism, 645–650 diversity, tension regarding, 86 administrative state and, 672 elitism in, 74–75 bibliographic essays, 814–815 growth of, 83–86 corporations, hostility toward state role hierarchy in, 88 in, 646–647 legal liberalism in, 647 Jacksonian theory compared, 646 partnerships, rise of, 90 legal profession, in, 647 Protestant Baconism and, 83, 92 Lochner case, 649 railroads as clients, impact of, 89 philosophical principles, 647–648 regulation of police power and, 649 balancing competing interests, Progressive critique of, 652 102–103 property rights and, 649–650 Hoffman on, 100–101

Index 849

public interest versus service to clients, adventure stories, 412–415 100 “dark adventure,” 412 republicanism and, 100, 102–103 “moral adventure,” 412–413 self-regulation, 100 outlaw heroes, 413–415 Sharswood on, 102 railroads and, 413 republicanism and tall tales, 413 democracy contrasted, 73 Westerns, 413 ideology, importance of, 72–73 “common man,” representation of, public interest, centrality of, 72, 410–411 94–95 crime stories, 411–412 role of attorneys, 73–74 law, relationship with, 391–392 role of law, 73 law and, 409–410 Revolutionary War, impact of, 72 Mollie Maguires in, 398 rise of capitalism and, 456 prostitution in, 405–406 social and family networks within, pulp ﬁction, 411 89–90 women and consumerism in, 408 solo practitioners, predominance of, Livestock, 462 86–87 Livingston, John, 88 specialization, move toward, 90–91 Lloyd, Henry Demarest, 659 statistics re, 84–85 Local governments urban areas, concentration in, 91 Confederacy, breakdown of local order women in, 86 in, 325–326 zealous representation, 90, 102–103 economy, role in during antebellum Legal Realists, 545 period, 19 Leva, Marx, 589–590 immigration, authority over (See Licensing of trade and professions, Immigration) 477–478 infrastructure, role in during antebellum Limited jurisdiction, courts of, 110 period, 20, 21–22 Lincoln, Abraham Lochner v. New York, 559, 649 assassination of, 573, 582 Locke, John, 259, 422 attorney, as, 91 Lodge, Henry Cabot, 690–691 Confederacy, on, 328 Logan Act, 633 criticism during war and, 603 Loomis, Henry, 272, 273 domestic law and, 272 Lorde, Audre, 375 Dred Scott case and, 311 Lottery Act of 1895, 138 Emancipation Proclamation and, 361, Louailler, Louis, 573, 574 372 Louisiana Purchase, 23, 351, 615, 620 law schools and, 57 Low, Seth, 55, 638 Milligan case and, 581 Loyal Women’s League, 404 Reconstruction, on, 328 Lumpkin, Joseph Henry, 114 slavery, on, 303, 308, 321, 322, 360, Lynchings, 148, 369 385 Lytle, Clifford M., 235 treatises, on, 44 Vallandingham case and, 580, 581 MacKenzie, Alexander, 576–577 wage labor, on, 673 Madison, James war powers and, 318 Alien and Sedition Acts and, 453 Lippard, George, 406 Bill of Rights, on, 420 Litchﬁeld, 46, 81–82 comity, on, 171 Literature, 409–415 compact theory and, 450

850 Index

Madison, James (cont.) dissolution of prior unions, 269–270 Constitution, on, 1 economic obligations and, 270 economic policy, 453 extension of marriage rights to, 269 economic vision of, 450 female dependency, 271–272 international affairs and, 610 formalization of prior unions, popular information, on, 393 269–270 religion, on, 422, 424, 433 male headship, 271–272 separation of church and state, on, 8 miscegenation laws, 270–271 sovereignty, on, 618 overview, 268 Supreme Court, on, 128 Thirteenth Amendment and, Mahan, Alfred Thayer, 638 268–269 Maitland, F. W., 572 women, impact on, 270 Major Crimes Act of 1885, 225, 230 Kent on, 251–252, 255 Malpractice married women’s property acts (See litigation re, 517 Married women’s property acts) standard of care, 518 Native Americans and, 252 technology, effect of, 517–518 polygamy (See Polygamy) Mangum, Charles S., Jr., 378 separate form of contract, as, 247 Manifest Destiny. See Territorial expansion slavery and, 252–253, 288–289, 290 Mann Act, 138 Married women’s property acts, 259–263 Mansfield, Belle, 86 coverture and, 262 Mansfield, Lord earnings, application to, 260–261 assumpsit and, 553 economic justification for, 259 commercial law, on, 40, 546 equality as justification for, 259–260 criticism of, 564 exclusion from privileges of citizenship equity, on, 546 and, 364 influence of, 534–535 gifts, application to, 260 juries, on, 457 inheritance, application to, 260 slavery and, 303 limitations on, 261 Manumission. See Free Blacks police power and, 462 Marbury v. Madison, 129 property rights and, 474 Marcy, William, 636 differing views of, 262–263 Maritime law, 538, 544–545 importance of, 263 Market capitalism. See Capitalism, rise of rise of capitalism and, 455 Marquette University, 58–61 slavery and, 260 Marriage. See also Husband and wife third parties, effect on, 261–262 bibliographic essays, 750–757 tort actions, effect on, 262 Black Codes and, 338–339 trust law and, 259 Blackstone on, 251–252, 348, 402 women’s rights movement and, 260 common law marriage, 255–256 wrongful death actions, effect on, 262 “complex marriage,” 273, 275 Marshall, John coverture and, 252 Cherokees and, 215–219 difficulty in studying, 246–247 contradictory nature of rulings, 219 divorce (See Divorce) legacy of, 219 federal intervention, problems of, 272, property law and, 462 276 Commerce Clause, on, 543 Freedmen and, 268–272 corporate liability, on, 465–466 apprenticeship and, 270 federalism and, 621 coverture and, 270 imperialism, on, 692

Index 851

international law, on, 615 Medicine Lodge, Treaty of, 233 judicial review and, 454 Meigs, Josiah, 29 legal education of, 40 Melville, Herman Mansﬁeld compared, 534 literature of, 410, 411, 415 McIntosh case, 214 Somers affair, on, 577–578 Native Americans, on, 214, 613 Mencken, H. L., 447 sovereignty and, 614, 618 Mergers Supreme Court, in, 130 corporations, 471, 553, 555–556 territories, on, 629 railroads, 511 treaties, on, 616 Methodists, 425, 437 Martial law, 573–574, 583 Mexican-Americans, exclusion from Martin, Anna Gordon, 247–249 privileges of citizenship, 374 Martin, James, 247–249 Mexican Cession, 615, 626 Martin, Luther, 120 Mexican War Martin, William, 247–249 extension of citizenship to residents of Martineau, Harriet, 11 ceded territories from, 199–200 Maryland, University of, 45 immigration, impact on, 198–199 Master and servant law military commissions during, 573 antebellum period, employee rights slavery and, 307 during, 16 territorial expansion in, 28, 626 assumption of risk, 548 Mexico contributory negligence, 547 French intervention in, 626 employee injuries, 547–549 immigration from (See Immigration) fellow servant rule, 547, 548–549 nationalization in, 641 negligence, 548 US relations with, 640 organized labor and, 674 Michelman, Frank, 375 overview, 535, 564 Michigan, University of, 55, 57, 59, 64, vice-principal doctrine, 548–549 669 workers’ compensation, 549 Migratory divorce, 258 Maternalism Military Academy (West Point), 24, 570 birth control and, 275 Military and law, 568–603 custody of children and, 264 Act to Govern the Navy, 570, 579, 589 divorce and, 275 appellate court (See also Court of Appeals exclusion from privileges of citizenship for the Armed Forces, U.S.) and, 365 justiﬁcation for lack of, 586 polygamy and, 275 legal debate re, 587 Matthews, Stanley, 437 proposals for, 584–585, 587 Maybaum, Levy, 493 statutory authorization for, 585–586 McClellan, George, 568 arcane nature of military justice, 569 McCord, Louisa, 456 Army, impact of War of 1812 on, 24 McFarland, Daniel, 405 Army Corps of Engineers, 19 McKenna, Joseph, 235 Articles of War McKinley, John, 124 adoption of, 572, 579 McKinley, William, 192, 637, 639 appellate review, lack of, 584 McLean, John, 217 civilian justice, separation from, 570 McReynolds, James C., 544, 545 civilians, applicability to, 573, 581 Meat packers, 399–400 desertion cases under, 601 Mechanic’s liens, 458–459 English background of, 577 Medicine. See Health and medicine military justice under, 570

852 Index

Military and law (cont.) Uniform Code of Military Justice (See obsolescence of, 589 Uniform Code of Military Justice) reform, need for, 587, 588 War of 1812, impact of, 24 atrocity cases, 600–602 World War I, impact of, 585 bibliographic essays, 803–807 World War II, impact of, 588–589 civilian control over military, 575 Militia Act of 1792, 9 civilian justice contrasted, 571, 572 Militia Act of 1862, 323 civilians, applicability of military justice Militias, decline during antebellum period, to, 580–583 25–26 Milligan case, 581–583 Mill, John Stuart, 403 Vallandingham case, 580–581 Miller, Sally, 284–285 Cold War, impact of, 589 Milligan, Lambdin B., 581–583 Congressional authority over, 570 Mines, leasing of prisoners to, 162 conservative nature of military justice, Minors. See Children 600 Minstrel shows, 402 Corps of Topographical Engineers, 25 Miscegenation laws, 270–271, 355, 383 courts martial (See Courts martial) Missouri Compromise of 1820 criminal law, role in, 137 balance of power under, 307 deference to military justice, 599–600 Constitutionality of, 309, 310 desertion cases, 579–580, 600–602 popular sovereignty and, 31 discipline versus justice, 596, 598 repeal of, 308, 309 due process and, 570–571, 580 M’Naughton Rule, 158 English historical background, 572 Mob actions, 147 expenditures on during antebellum Mollie Maguires period, 23 historical background, 397–398 federal court jurisdiction over, 579 literature, in, 398 former slaves in, 323 popular view of, 398 importance of, 569 Monopolies. See Trusts Judge Advocate Generals (See Judge Monroe, James, 19, 215, 610 Advocate Generals) Monroe Doctrine, 27, 215, 610 lack of scholarly interest in, 600 Montesquieu, Baron de, 484 land grants to soldiers during Morgan, Edmund, 587, 588, 589–593 antebellum period, 30–31 Mormons martial law, 573–574, 583 abandonment of polygamy, 275 military commissions, trial by, 580–583 beliefs of, 431 Navy, impact of War of 1812 on, 24–25 disincorporation of, 274–275 necessity doctrine, 574, 576 historical background, 431–432 9/11 attacks, impact of, 602–603 judicial decisions re, 434 overview, 568 juries and, 274 political success of military leaders, 568 persecution of, 434 popular culture and, 568–569 polygamy and, 273, 274, 433, 439 President, authority of, 571–572, 587 prejudice against, 440 Revolutionary War, legacy of, 569 Morocco, 623 separation from civilian culture, 570 Morrill Act of 1862, 29, 272, 274, 474 Somers affair, 576–579 Morris, Robert, Sr., 86 standing army, resistance to, 569–570 Morse, Samuel F. B., 10, 491, 492 Supreme Court intervention in military Morse, Wayne, 593 justice, 583–584 Mortmain statutes, 435 transformation of military justice, Motor vehicles. See Automobiles 600–601 “Muckrakers,” 659

Index 853

Municipal governments. See Local Congressional authority over, governments 212–213 Munro, George, 411 criminal law and, 213 Murray, Pauli, 378 federal-state conﬂict, 213–214 Murray, William. See Mansﬁeld, Lord exclusion from privileges of citizenship Mutiny Act of 1689 (UK), 572 and (See Exclusion from privileges My Lai massacre, 600–602 of citizenship) federalism paradigm, 207 Nanking, Treaty of, 628 “Five Civilized Tribes” (See “Five Napoleon, 23 Civilized Tribes”) Napoleonic Wars, 607 Fourteenth Amendment, under, 367 Nast, Thomas, 384, 385 inability to formulate consistent policy National Association for the Advancement toward, 208–209 of Colored People, 473, 474 inconsistent attitudes toward, 206 National Civic Federation, 472 Indian Trade and Intercourse Acts, National Origins Act of 1924, 357, 378 211–212 National Reporter System, 57 Indian Wars, 26–27 National Road, 19 litigation, table re, 231 National War Labor Board, 693 marriage and, 252 National Workmen’s Compensation Service Marshall and, 214, 613 Bureau, 525 Monroe Doctrine and, 215 Nationality Act of 1855, 632 national supremacy doctrine and, 210 Nationality and international affairs. See Northwest Ordinance and, 206, International affairs 210–211, 352 Native American Church, 238, 434 overview, 243–244 Native Americans, 204–244 paternalism paradigm, 207–208 administration during antebellum plenary power doctrine and, 686–689 period, 26 assimilation and, 687 antebellum period, during, 219–220 citizenship and, 687–688 administrative state, rise of, 220 dependent status of, 688 liquor and, 220 overview, 222–227, 686–687 money, distribution of, 220 racial ideology and, 688–689 reservations, 219 treaties and, 688 territorial expansion, effect of, 219 post-Civil War period, during, 222–227 trade, regulation of, 219–220 assimilation and, 223–224 ascendancy of Euro-American law, 205 attempts to protect interests of, 223 bibliographic essays, 746–750 citizenship and, 226–227 bilateralism in law, lack of, 205 Congressional authority over, 223 changing policies toward, 208 Congressional unilateralism, 222 Cherokees (See Cherokees) criminal law Civilization Act of 1819, 212 Constitutionality of, 225–226 coerced assimilation of, 208 Indian-on-Indian crime, 225 Commerce Clause, under, 211, 352 overview, 224 Constitution, under, 211, 212 white settlers, 224–225 Court of Claims and, 237–238 land allotment, 227 diplomacy and, 210 taxation and, 222–223 discovery doctrine and, 209–210 treaties, repudiation of, 222–223 distributive justice and, 107 Progressive Era, during, 233–239 early Republic, during, 209–215 assimilation and, 234 colonial law, continuation of, 209 citizenship and, 234–235, 239–240

854 Index

Native Americans (cont.) Negotiable instruments, 459–460, conflicting ideals of, 233–234 477 fishing rights, 235, 236 Nelson, Samuel, 310 indigenous movements, 238–239 New Deal, 672, 673 judicial activism re, 234 New England Divorce Reform League, land allotment, 235–236 273 reserved rights doctrine, 235, New Orleans, Battle of, 573 236–237 New York draft riots, 202 taxation, powers of, 234 New York University, 45 trust protection of property, 237 Newspapers, 18 water rights, 236–237 Nicaragua, 625, 626 property rights and, 462, 475 9/11 attacks Pueblos (See Pueblos) military justice, impact on, 602–603 recent years, during, 241–243 necessity doctrine and, 574 activism and, 242 Nineteenth Amendment, 381 Congressional developments, 242 Ninth Amendment, 451 improved conditions, 243 Nixon, Richard M., 601 Supreme Court developments, Norgren, Jill, 223 242–243 Norris, Frank, 396 termination of federal trust Norris-LaGuardia Act, 139 responsibility, 241–242 North. See Civil War reservations, 219, 362 Northern Pacific Railroad, 564 Rogers case, 220–222 Northwest Ordinance social contract theory and, 206 Constitutionality of, 310 sovereignty and Native Americans and, 206, 210–211, international affairs context, 621–622 352 limited recognition of, 205–206, 209 registration of property transfers, 452 move away from during antebellum sovereignty and, 615 period, 27 territorial expansion and, 28 Taney and, 220–222 Northwestern University, 54 treaties and Noyes, John Humphrey, 431 Constitution, under, 212 Nullification Crisis, 316 repudiation of, 222–223 treaty paradigm, 206–207 Oakes, James, 287, 291 tribal law versus US law, 204–205 Olney, Richard, 636 trust doctrine and, 210 O’Neall, John Belton, 296 upheaval among, 204 Oneida Perfectionists, 273, 275, 431 violence against, 369 Open Door policy, 637 Naturalization Act of 1790, 9, 10, 348 Opium Wars, 627 Naturalization Act of 1795, 171 Oppenheim, Lassa, 639 Naval Academy, 24–25, 577 Organized labor, 673–679 Naval Observatory, 25 antebellum period, during, 16 Neal, John, 411 anti-injunction statutes, 677–678 Necessity doctrine, 574, 576 antitrust law and, 551 Negligence bibliographic essays, 816–818 corporations and, 465–466 Clayton Act and, 678–679 employee injuries, 548 collective action, right of, 549–550, philosophical background, 463–464 674 railroads and, 464–465 immigration, opposition to, 191

Index 855

injunctions and, 564, 674–675, injunctions and, 491–492 676–677 international uniformity in law, move labor disputes, 145 toward, 495 master and servant law and, 674 judicial bias favoring, 490–491 overview, 673 national level, policy at, 490 Progressives and, 677 overview, 528 Reconstruction and labor law, 343–344 property law and, 478 rise of capitalism and, 460 success of US system, 495–496 secondary boycotts, 550–551, 556–557, Patterson, William, 122 674 Pease, Calvin, 113 sovereign immunity and, 564 Peckham, Rufus W., 189, 564, 662, 691 strikes (See Strikes) Peel, Robert, 143 unions (See Labor unions) Pendleton, Edmund, 40 wage labor concepts and, 673–674 Penitentiaries Otis, James, 358 chain gangs, 162–163 Ottoman Empire, 623, 627–628, 629 evolution of, 159, 161–162 Owen, Robert, 273 leasing of prisoners, 162 New York, in, 160–161 Pacific Railroad Act, 320 Pennsylvania, in, 159–160 Pacific Settlement of International prison labor, 161 Disputes, Convention for, 638 profitability of, 161 Packard, Frank, 413 reformatories contrasted, 164–165 Page Act, 186, 357, 367 Pennsylvania Abolition Movement, 299 Paine, Thomas, 1, 172, 273, 393, 424, Pennsylvania University, 45 483 Pension Act of 1818, 30 Paper money during Civil War, 34 Pension Bureau, 33 Pardons, 159 Pensions, 33, 682 Paris, Treaty of, 352 Peonage laws, 350 Parker, Arthur C., 238 Permanent Court of International Justice, Parker, Isaac, 45, 46, 47 638, 639 Parker, Oliver, 491 Perry, Matthew C., 25 Parole, 159 Personal Responsibility and Work Parsons, Theophilus, 44 Opportunity Act, 378 Passenger Acts, 10 Peru, 626 Patent Act of 1836, 489, 492 Petit juries, 149–150 Patent Office, 4, 489, 490, 492, 493 Petty courts, 153–155 Patents, 489–496 Phelps, Amos, 300 assignment of, 492 Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, 410 bibliographic essays, 797–798 Philippines business methods, nonpatentability conquest of, 690 of, 493 immigration from, 201 centralized information, 490 US relations with, 629, 639, 640 copyrights contrasted, 496 Phillips, Wendell, 302 criteria for patentability, 492–493 Pickpenny, Peter, 69 inventiveness, 493–494 Pierce, Edward Lillie, 44 nonobviousness, 494 Pinckney, Charles, 128 examination of applications, 489–490 Pinkerton, Allan, 137, 398 foreign inventors and, 494–495 Pinkertons, 137 individualism and, 489 Pinkney, William, 90

856 Index

Plea bargaining, 151–152, 159 Political question doctrine, 130–131 Plenary power doctrine Polk, James, 27 bibliographic essays, 818–820 Polygamy, 127 “Five Civilized Tribes” and, 234 abandonment by Mormons, 275 immigration and (See Immigration) attacks on, 273–274 imperialism and, 689–692 Congressional actions re, 274–275 Native Americans and (See Native criminalization of, 433, 434 Americans) maternalism and, 275 overview, 682–683 Mormons and, 273, 274, 433, 439 sovereignty and, 621 Republicans and, 274 Plessy v. Ferguson, 131, 336–337 Reynolds case, 274, 433–434 Poe, Edgar Allan, 415 Poor, Henry Varnum, 465 Poland Act, 127, 274 Poor laws, 173–174, 181–182, 183 Police, 140–145 Poor persons African-Americans in, 142 counsel for, 152–153 antebellum period, during, 20–21, 141 mobility of, relationship with bibliographic essays, 725–726 citizenship, 173–174 failures of, 140 Popular culture and law, 387–416 labor disputes and, 145 abolitionist movement and, 400 military model, 141–142 adultery and, 404–405 militias contrasted, 143–144 American context of, 393–394 monitoring of by extralegal groups, autonomy of law, fallacy of, 388–389 147–148 bibliographic essays, 786–788 North, in, 142–144 contract law and, 396 popular sovereignty and, 141 creative nature of law, 390–391 post-Civil War period, during, 144 custom, role of, 397 private detectives contrasted, 144 department stores, 407–408 professionalization of, 144, 657–658 diversity of culture, 416 race riots and, 145 extralegal elements of culture, reform of, 144 recognition of, 390 self-help contrasted, 144 fashion, political nature of, slave patrols, 141 408–409 South, in, 141–142 Haymarket Riot, 398–399 Vigilance Committees and, 144 interaction between, 391, 415–416 Police power Jackson and, 394 Commerce Clause and, 451 labor unions, 397 Contract Clause, under, 451, 459 literature (See Literature) federal criminal law, as underlying military and, 568–569 theory of, 139 minstrel shows, 402 legal liberalism and, 649 Mollie Maguires, 397–398 married women’s property acts and, negligence and, 396–397, 416 462 overview, 387–388, 415 Privileges and Immunities Clause and, popular sovereignty and, 393–394 451 prostitution and, 405–406 rise of capitalism and, 451 protest and, 394–396 substantive due process contrasted, Pullman Strike, 399 563 quasi-legal operation of social norms, Political parties. See also speciﬁc party 390 distributive justice, impact on, 107 strikes, 397 rise of capitalism and, 457–458 suffrage and, 406–407

Index 857

top-down model of law, fallacy of, Privy Council, 256 389–390 Probation, 159 tort law and, 396–397 Product liability and automobiles, traditional view of culture, limitations 522–524 of, 389, 391 Progressives, 650–654 vigilance committees, 399 administrative state and, 650–651, wage labor, 396 652–653, 672–673 women and, 402–403 bibliographic essays, 815–816 Population common law, need to reform, 651–652, antebellum period, during, 5–13 653 bibliographic essays, 698–699 direct democracy and, 651 Constitution and, 5–6 health insurance and, 680 egalitarianism, rise of, 9 legal liberalism, critique of, 652 hypotheses re, 5 middle class nature of, 651 immigration and, 9–10 (See also organized labor and, 677 Immigration) rise of, 650 individualization, move toward, 7 social versus legal nature of, 651 race and, 6–7 (See also Race) state-building and, 657 religion and, 7–9 (See also Religion) states, in, 653–654 slavery and, 10–11 (See also Slavery) women and, 651 women and, 12–13 (See also Women) Prohibition, 419, 445, 446–447 Posse Comitatus Act, 137 Prohibition Party, 445 Post Office Act of 1792, 18 Property law Post Roads Act of 1866, 512 conveyances, 462 Postal Service, 381 eminent domain, 476 Pound, Roscoe immigration and, 475 jury nullification, on, 151 implied warranties, 478–479 popular influence on law, on, 166 innovation in, 451 professionalization of legal system and, intellectual property law, 478 117–118 legal liberalism, in, 649–650 Progressive, as, 653, 654, 658 legislation re, 474 Powell, Lazarus, 268–269 livestock and, 462 Precedent and industrial organization. See married women’s property acts and, Industrial organization and law 474 Preemption Act of 1841, 462 differing views of, 262–263 Presbyterians, 424, 437 importance of, 263 Prison labor, 161 Native Americans and, 462, 475 Prisons. See Penitentiaries; Reformatories property taxes, 476 Pritchett, Henry S., 62 registration of property transfers, Privacy, right of, 500–501 451–452 Private prosecutors, 152 restrictive covenants, 356, 475 Privileges and Immunities Clause riparian rights, 462–463 Articles of Confederation contrasted, rise of capitalism, importance of 171–172 property rights to, 450 citizenship and, 176–177 segregation and, 474–475 mobility and, 177, 181 slavery and, 462 narrow construction of, 469 territorial expansion, role in, 28 police power and, 451 Proprietary law schools, 46, 81–82 practice of law and, 365 Prostitution, 405–406 promises of, 375 Protestant Baconism, 83, 92

858 Index

Protestants. See also specific denomination Quincy, Josiah, Jr., 47, 80 de facto Protestant establishment, 426 Quinn, Robert, 596, 597, 598 dissent within, 430–431 Quota Act of 1921, 197 ecumenicism, 434 liberty and, 427, 434 Race moral legislation and, 439, 440–441 African-Americans (See politics and, 426 African-Americans) voluntarism and, 430 antebellum period, during, 6–7, 9 Public accommodations, discrimination in, Census and, 6–7 356–357 citizenship and, 11–12 Public assistance. See welfare capitalism ineligibility based on race, 194 Public defenders, 152–153 “racial science,” flaws of, 194–195 Public health. See Health and medicine Civil War, impact of, 34 Public prosecutors, 152 defining of race Public utilities, regulation of, 475–476 men and, 285 Pueblos overview, 283–284 assimilation and, 229 “performance,” by, 284 citizenship and, 228 “science,” by, 284 dependent status of, 229–230 women and, 284–285 land rights, 228, 229 Free Blacks (See Free Blacks) New Mexico statehood, effect of, 229 Freedmen, marriage and (See Marriage) overview, 228 immigration and, 192–193, 202 squatters, effect of, 228–229 Native Americans and, 688–689 Puerto Rico Reconstruction, limitations to based in conquest of, 690 racial ideology, 337, 340–341 immigration from, 201 slavery (See Slavery) Insular cases and, 691–692 women and, 13 Pufendorf, Samuel, 41 women’s rights movement, Pullman, George, 399 fragmentation over, 340 Pullman Strike, 399, 564, 668, 675–676 Race riots, 145 Punishment Ragged Dick, 412–413 bibliographic essays, 732–737 Railroads, 504–511 capital punishment (See Capital accidents, 505 punishment) assumption of risk and, 507–508 chain gangs, 162–163 bankruptcy law and, 510–511 “good behavior,” 159 bibliographic essays, 799–800, 816–818 indeterminate sentences, 158–159 canals, competition with, 503 juvenile offenders, 163 Civil War, during, 320 leasing of prisoners, 162 contributory negligence and, 507 pardons, 159 destructive competition, seeking relief parole, 159 from, 665–666 penitentiaries (See Penitentiaries) employees, statutes re, 538, 542 prison labor, 161 federalism and, 508–510 probation, 159 federalization of, 508 proportionality, 158 fellow servant rule and, 507 reformatories (See Reformatories) growth of, 531 Pure Food and Drug Act, 400, 536 ICC and, 669 importance of, 504 Quakers, 373, 420, 422, 424 injunctions and, 668 Quietism, 443 legal profession, impact on, 89

Index 859

literature, in, 413 political reforms under, 330–331 local governments, role of, 20 racial ideology, limitations based in, mergers, 511 337, 340–341 negligence and, 464–465 Republican plan, 329–330 overview, 528 second American revolution, as, 314 passenger safety, 508 segregation, and rise of, 335–337 “pooling,” 669 Sharecroppers, 343 rate regulation, 666–668 Slaughterhouse cases, 335 receivership and, 666 social authority structure, impact on, regulatory reform and, 472 330, 331–332 safety, improvements in, 505–506 state constitutions under, 330–331 segregation and, 383 status of former Confederate states, standard time and, 504–505 328 states, role of, 20 violence during, 333–334 substantive due process and, 510 voting and, 332 tort law and, 506–507 wage labor and, 341–342 Railway Act of 1840 (UK), 465 women and Rantoul, Robert, 97–98 failure to extend concepts of equality Reasonable doubt standard, 150 to, 339, 340 Receivership, 656–657, 666 fragmentation of women’s rights Reconstruction, 327–344 movement over race, 340 bibliographic essays, 762–766 Redlich, Josef, 63 Black Codes (See Black Codes) Reed, Alfred Z., 63–64, 65 Civil Rights cases, 335–336 Reed, Elizabeth Congressional authority over former Reed, William B., 264 Confederacy, 328 Reeve, Tapping, 46, 81–82, 377 Democrats and, 333–334 Reformatories exclusion from privileges of citizenship juvenile offenders, 163 during, 361 penitentiaries contrasted, 164–165 failures of, 314 purposes of, 164 federal courts, role of, 330 women, 163–164 federalism and, 332–333 Regulatory state. See Administrative state Fifteenth Amendment and, 333 Rehnquist, William H., 242, 564, 600 Fourteenth Amendment and, 333 Religion, 417–448. See also speciﬁc religion Freedmen, marriage and (See Marriage) antebellum period, during, 7–9 Freedmen’s Bureau and, 333 bibliographic essays, 788–792 “grandfather” clauses, 334 Blaine Amendments, 426–427 historical study of blasphemy, 8, 427–428 Dunning School, 313–314 bureaucratism in, 444 national level, change from focus on, Census and, 7 316 colonies, in, 421 overview, 313–314 competition among, 425 Johnson plan, 328–329 Constitutional clauses, 417–418, judicial limitations on, 334–335 420–421 labor law, Northern state laws compared, contract labor and, 438–439 343–344 de facto Protestant establishment, 426 legacy of, 344 democracy and, 428 legal culture, changes in, 331, 332 denominationalism, 425 military intervention, calls for, 334 disestablishment, 422–423, 429 overview, 34–35, 313, 327–328 dissent within, 430–431

860 Index

Religion (cont.) “wall of separation,” 420, 423 diversity in, 417, 421–422, 434–435 Repatriation Act of 1935, 201 divisions within, 419–420, 447–448 Republicanism and legal profession. See Due Process Clause and, 421 Legal profession environmental determinism and, 442 Republicans establishment agricultural policy during Civil War, colonies, in, 421 320 move away from, 7–8 China, on, 637 protection of Christian principles economic policy during Civil War, contrasted, 429–430 318–320 Establishment Clause (See Establishment formation of party, 308 Clause) polygamy and, 274 extralegal justice and churches, 146 Reconstruction plan, 329–330 federalism and, 420–421 slavery, on, 303, 321 Fourteenth Amendment and, 421 tariffs and, 320 Free Exercise Clause (See Free Exercise wage labor and, 320–321 Clause) Reserved rights doctrine, 235, 236–237 fundamentalism, 443–444 Restrictive covenants, 356, 475 instruction in public schools, 436–437 Revenue Act of 1868, 222 interaction with law, 418 Revolutionary War internal property disputes, 437–438 husband and wife, impact on, 247–249, liberty and, 427, 428–429, 434 253 moral legislation and, 439, 440–441 legal profession, impact on, 72 mortmain statutes and, 435 military and law, legacy re, 569 nondemocratic theologies, 430 Reynolds, David, 412, 414 overview, 417, 418–419, 448 Reynolds, George, 127, 433 politics and, 426 Reynolds case, 274, 433–434 polygamy and (See Polygamy) Richards, Harry, 60–61, 62 private law of, 435 Richardson, Albert, 405 Progressives and, 444 Rigby, William, 585 Prohibition and, 419, 445, 446–447 Rights and industrial organization. See property ownership and, 435 Industrial organization and law quietism and, 443 Rio de Janeiro Pan-American Conference, recent years, debate during, 418 635 reform efforts and, 444–445 Riparian rights, 462–463 revivals, 425–426 River and Harbor Appropriation Act of science and, 442–443 1888, 537 secularism (See Secularism) Robards, Lewis, 253–255 slavery and, 432–433 Roberts, John G., 242 social role of, 441–442, 444 Roberts, Owen, 589 states, in Robinson, Frederick, 77 overview, 421 Rockefeller, John D., 663 variation among, 423–424 Roentgen, Wilhelm Conrad, 518 Virginia, 422 Rogers, William S., 221 Sunday closing laws, 155, 156–157, Roman Catholics 436, 440 attacks on, 430–431 tax exemptions and, 435–436 Blaine Amendments and, 426, 427 temperance and, 419, 445–446 conservative Catholics, political alliances voluntarism and, 430 of, 447

Index 861

prejudice against, 440 “Second Great Awakening,” 426, 431 reform efforts and, 445 Secondary boycotts, 550–551, 556–557, religious instruction in schools and, 674 436–437 Secret Service, 137 unique American form of, 435 Secularism Roosevelt, Franklin D., 602 coexistence with Protestant values, 441 Roosevelt, Theodore disestablishment contrasted, 429 administrative state, on, 672 historical background, 440 China, relations with, 630, 637 move toward, 8–9 Drago Doctrine, 637 opposition to, 447 election of 1912 and, 664 public attitudes toward, 439–440 expatriation and, 634 religious prejudice, based in, 440 health insurance and, 680 separatism distinguished, 424 ICC and, 671 suspicion of, 424–425 international affairs and, 604 Securities and Exchange Commission, 527 Native Americans, on, 227, 687 Sedition Act of 1918, 138 Progressive, as, 652–653 Segregation Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 662, 663 immigration compared, 202, 203 state-building and, 695 other domestic minorities, attitudes of, stewardship theory and, 621, 622, 640 203 technology, on, 526 overview, 202–203 trusts, on, 660, 661 Plessy v. Ferguson, 336–337 Root, Elihu, 64, 65–66 property rights and, 474–475 Ross, Lewis, 34 railroads and, 383 Roxas, Manuel, 201 Reconstruction and rise of, 335–337 Rufﬁn, Thomas, 290, 291, 292 Supreme Court cases re, 131 Russell, Richard, 596, 598, 599 Self-defense, 350 Russia, 624 Self-divorce, 255, 258 Rutherford, Samuel, 41 Seminoles. See “Five Civilized Tribes” Seneca Falls Convention, 406, 462 Salvation Army, 444 Sentences. See Punishment Sampson, William, 96–97 Separation of powers, 121 Sanitation, 519–520 Seven Years War, 605 Santo Domingo, 626 Seventeenth Amendment, 618 Saunders, Edward, 42 Sewall, Samuel, 41 Scalia, Antonin, 564, 594, 596 Sexual assault of slaves, 289–290 Schools Shakers, 431 antebellum period, during, 21 Sharecroppers, 343 religious instruction in, 436–437 Sharswood, George, 83, 102 Schurz, Carl, 687 Shattuck, Petra, 223 Science Shaw, Lemuel, 73, 82, 88, 304 national government support for during Sherman, John, 661, 662 antebellum period, 25 Sherman Antitrust Act religion and, 442–443 ambiguity in, 662 Scopes trial, 442, 447 Commerce Clause and, 138, 139, 536 Scott, Dred, 282, 307. See also Dred Scott v. Constitutionality of, 540 Sandford enactment of, 661–662 Scott, James Brown, 639 holding companies under, 471 Scudder, Jasper, 504 injunctions under, 551

862 Index

Sherman Antitrust Act (cont.) Democrats and, 308 Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 distributive justice, impact on, 106–107 compared, 670 Dred Scott case (See Dred Scott v. Sandford) judicial decisions re, 539, 540, 662–664 Due Process Clause and, 302 labor unions and, 541–542 Emancipation Proclamation, 323, 361, litigation re, 538–539 372 post-World War I period, during, 694 exclusion from privileges of citizenship strikes under, 675, 678 and (See Exclusion from privileges substantive due process and, 562 of citizenship) Shipley, Ruth B., 641 families Shleifer, Andrei, 487 importance of, 289 Siemer, Deanne, 598, 599 separation of, 289 Sinclair, Upton, 399 Fifth Amendment and, 302 Singer Sewing Machine, 484 former slaves (See Freedmen) Sino-American Treaty, 627 Freedmen (See Freedmen) Sixteenth Amendment, 476 fugitive slaves (See Fugitive slaves) Slaughterhouse cases, 335, 559, 632 hiring out of slaves, 294 Slave Codes, 287–288 inheritance and, 290 Slave patrols, 141 Kansas-Nebraska Act and, 308 Slave trade, 292–298 law, role of, 280–282, 283, 311 collateral, slaves as, 293–294 liberty, importance of, 372 domestic importation of slaves, 293 malleability of slaves, 296–297 hiring out of slaves, 294 manumission (See Free Blacks) litigation re, 294–295 marriage and, 252–253, 288–289, 290 overview, 292 married women’s property acts and, prices, 293 260 tort actions re, 297, 298 Mexican War and, 307 volume of business, 292–293 military, former slaves in, 323 warranties and, 294, 295–296 military intervention in, 322 Slavery, 280–312 Missouri Compromise of 1820 and, 307 abolition mistreatment of slaves exclusion from privileges of criminal prosecutions, 290–291 citizenship and (See Exclusion from owners, actions against, 291–292 privileges of citizenship) third parties, civil actions against, legacy of, 324 291 move toward, 10–11 moral agency of slaves, 297–298 abolitionist movement (See Abolitionist politics, role in downfall of, 311–312 movement) property rights and, 462 bibliographic essays, 757–762 racial ideology, importance of, 282, 283 character of owners, images of, 298 religion and, 432–433 character of slaves, images of, 298 Republicans on, 303, 321 Civil War, impact of, 34 sexual assault and, 289–290 collateral, slaves as, 293–294 South, in context of, 282–283 Compromise of 1850 and, 307–308 state appellate court cases re, 114–115 Conﬁscation Acts and, 322–323 Supreme Court cases re, 131 criminal law and, 290–292 territorial expansion mistreatment of slaves, 290–291 effect of, 307–308 procedural safeguards, evolution of, tensions re, 31–32 292 Underground Railroad, 304, 400 Declaration of Independence and, 303 violence against, 369

Index 863

violent responses to, 308 growth of national government, 3 wage labor and, 323–324 institutional growth, 3–4 warranties and, 294, 295–296 law, overstating role of, 1–2 Slovik, Edward, 601 political economy and, 4 Small businesses, 460 race and, 4 Small claims courts, 118 signiﬁcance of national government, Smith, Adam, 259, 484, 649 1, 5, 35 Smith, Allen, 652 territory, governance of, 5 Smith, Gerrit, 300 Civil War, impact of, 32–35 Smith, Joseph, 431, 432 bibliographic essays, 704–705 Snyder Act, 240 government expenditures on, 33 Social Darwinism, 473 national government, rise in power of, Social Gospel movement, 442, 473 468 Society of American Indians, 238 overview, 32 Somers affair, 576–579 political economy, effect of, 32–33 South. See Civil War territorial integrity, importance of, 32 Sovereign immunity, 564 State-building, 654–658 Sovereignty bibliographic essays, 813–814, 816, 820 Cherokees and competing ideologies, role of, 654, 658 Mitchel case, 218–219 courts, role of, 654–655 Worcester case, 217–218 criminal law and, 658 immigration and, 621–622 equity, role of, 656 implied powers of President and, federal common law and, 655 621–622 federal question jurisdiction and, 655 international affairs and (See injunctions, role of, 656 International affairs) juries as obstacle to, 656 Native Americans (See Native local level, on, 657–658 Americans) overview, 643–645, 694–696 plenary power doctrine and, 621 Progressives and, 657 Soviet Union, 641 receivership, role of, 656–657 Spain, 626 removal of actions to federal courts, Spanish-American War, 201, 604, 637, 690 655–656 Sparrow, Bartholomew, 3 State courts, 109–118 Spencer, Philip, 576, 577, 578 appellate courts, 112–117 Spooner, Lysander, 302 discrimination cases in, 115 St. Clair, Arthur, 27 evolution of caseload, 115 Standard Oil Company, 471, 480, 484, increasing authority of, 113–114 650, 659, 663 intermediate appellate courts, 113 Stanford University, 54 judges Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, 263, 369, 408 election of, 115 State, Department of, 633 overview, 114 State and law, 1–35 judicial activism in, 117 antebellum period, during, 1–5 judicial review in, 116–117 bibliographic essays, 697–698 legislatures limiting authority of, 113 complexity of, 1 nomenclature, 113 decentralization of authority, 3 slavery cases in, 114–115 Europe, strength of national statistics, 112–113 government compared with, 35 substantive due process in, 116 “exceptionalism” and, 2, 35 bibliographic essays, 717–720 generalization, danger of, 2 corruption in, 117–118

864 Index

State courts (cont.) treatises, 41, 43–44, 51, 93 federal courts, interference from, 118 Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 269, 401, 456 general jurisdiction, courts of, 111–112 Strikes civil claims in, 111 anti-injunction statutes, 677–678 criminal prosecutions in, 111–112 injunctions and, 674–675, 676–677 judges, 111 meat packers, 399–400 nomenclature, 111 popular culture and, 397 overview, 111 Pullman Strike, 399, 564, 668, reform, need for, 112 675–676 statistics, 112 Stumpf, Harry, 109 legal liberalism and, 648–649 Substantive due process limited jurisdiction, courts of, 110 commercial cases, in, 563 multi-tiered systems, 109–110 industrial organization and nonpartisanship, promotion of, 117 commercial cases, in, 563 parochial nature of, 109 labor cases, in, 563–564 reform, need for, 117–118 police power contrasted, 563 small claims courts, 118 labor cases, in, 563–564 specialization of, 118 police power contrasted, 563 Statute of Apprentices (UK), 535 railroads and, 510 Statutory rape, 157 state appellate courts, in, 116 Steamboats Supreme Court, in, 131 accidents, 505 Suffolk Law School, 58 importance of, 502–503 Suffrage, 406–407 litigation re, 503 Sumner, Charles, 185, 269, 308, 361 Stearns, Asahel, 46 Sumner, William Graham, 378, 473 Stephenson, Gilbert T., 377 Sunday closing laws, 155, 156–157, 436, Sterilization, 520 440 Stewardship theory, 621–622, 640–641 Supremacy Clause, 121, 207 Stewart, A. T., 407–408 Supreme Court, 128–132. See also speciﬁc Stone, Harlan F., 64, 65 justice Story, Joseph appellate jurisdiction of, 129 apprenticeship and, 40 bibliographic essays, 721–722 Blackstone, on, 41 Chief Justice authority over federal codiﬁcation of law and, 98–99 courts, 126 comity, on, 306 “circuit riding,” 122, 123–124 commercial law, on, 125 docket, authority over, 126 common law, on, 545, 546, 655 early years, 128 copyrights, on, 499 growth of caseload, 130 corporate liability, on, 465–466 income tax cases in, 131 fugitive slaves, on, 305 Judiciary act of 1891 and, 126 Harvard, at, 45, 47, 82–83 leadership, role of, 130 international law, on, 615 military justice, intervention in, juries, on, 457 583–584 law reports, on, 42, 43, 48 number of justices, 129 legal education and, 38 original jurisdiction of, 129 Native Americans, on, 217 overview, 128–129 patents, on, 491, 493 political question doctrine and, professor, as, 48 130–131 religion, on, 429–430, 439 politicization of, 131–132 Somers affair, on, 576 segregation cases in, 131

Index 865

slavery cases in, 131 flexibility of law, 487–488, 526 substantive due process in, 131 innovations, 502 Sutherland, George, 616, 622 interaction between, 483 “System of ’96,” 621 judiciary and, 526 negative effects of, 525–526 Taft, William Howard overview, 488–489, 529–530 Clayton Act and, 678, 679 public purpose and, 527 election of 1912 and, 664 regulation of, 526–527 international affairs and, 640 subsidy hypothesis, 486–487, 488 Judiciary Act of 1925 and, 126 uncertainty of law and, 527–528 legal education and, 65, 66 volume of technological innovation, nationality, on, 635 483, 484 Pullman Strike and, 675–676 war, in, 484 Sherman Antitrust Act, on, 663 Telegraphy, 511–516 Supreme Court, in, 694 antitrust law and, 513–514 Taking Clause, 476 bibliographic essays, 800 Taney, Roger B. common carrier analogy, 513, 514 corporate governance, on, 467 contract law and, 515 corporate liability, on, 466 easements and, 512–513 Dred Scott case and, 12, 180, 308–311, growth in, 511–512 349 overview, 18, 528 fugitive slaves, on, 305, 306, 309 railroad analogy, 514–515 Guarantee Clause, on, 130–131 tort law and, 516 international law, on, 616 Temperance, 419, 445–446 nationality and, 631–632 Ten Regiments Act, 30 Native Americans and, 220–222 “Tender years” doctrine, 264–266 Privileges and Immunities Clause, on, Tenth Amendment, 451, 543, 617 177, 179 Territorial courts, 127 rise of capitalism and, 15 Territorial expansion Supreme Court, in, 130–131 abolitionist movement and, 303–304 Tappan, Arthur, 300 antebellum period, during, 22–32 Tappan, Lewis, 300 bibliographic essays, 703–704 Tariffs during Civil War, 33–34, 320 cession of state claims, effect of, 28–29 Taxation Civil War, tensions leading to, 31–32 Chickasaws, taxation powers of, 234 Europe, tensions with, 27–28 immigration, taxation of, 182, 183 General Land Office, role of, 29–30 Native Americans, of, 222–223 immigration from Mexico, impact on, property taxes, 476 199 religious organizations, tax exemptions international affairs, impact on, 610 for, 435–436 land grants to soldiers, impact of, 30–31 Supreme Court, income tax cases in, 131 Louisiana Purchase, 23 Taylor, Edward T., 200 Mexican War and, 28 Taylor, Zachary, 568 national government, role of, 22 Technology and law, 483–530. See also economic strength compared to states, specific technology 22–23 bibliographic essays, 796–801 expenditures by, 23 bureaucratization and, 485 Native Americans, effect on, 219 Constitution and, 485–486 privatization and, 30 extralegal factors, importance of, property law, role of, 28 484–485 rectilinear surveying and, 29

866 Index

Territorial expansion (cont.) married women’s property acts, effect of, slavery 262 effect on, 307–308 negligence (See Negligence) tensions caused by, 31–32 popular culture and, 396–397 townships and, 29 railroads and, 506–507 Territoriality and international affairs. See slave trade, tort actions re, 297, 298 International affairs telegraphy and, 516 Texas Republic, 199 Total Abstinence Union, 446 Thailand, 627 Tourgee, Albion, 351 Thayer, Sylvanus, 24 Tousey, Frank, 411 Thirteenth Amendment Trademarks, 537 Black Codes and, 337 Train, Arthur, 151, 158 civil rights legislation under, 138 Transportation. See Automobiles; Canals; debate re, 268 Railroads; Steamboats marriage of Freedmen and, 268–269 Transportation Act of 1920, 511 peonage laws and, 350 Transylvania University, 45 promises of, 361 Treaties. See also specific treaty property rights and, 474 Constitution, treaties with Native readmission of former Confederate states Americans under, 212 upon adoption of, 329 repudiation of treaties with Native slavery, abolition of, 34, 311, 323, 360 Americans and, 222–223 taking of property, as, 468 treaty paradigm and Native Americans, Thirty Years War, 606 206–207 Thompson, George, 406 Treatises Thompson, Smith, 217 Ames, 44 Thompson, Thomas W., 39 Blackstone, 40–41 Tillman, Ben, 148 commonplace books, 41 Titus, Harold, 413 evolution of, 43 Tocqueville, Alexis de exclusion from privileges of citizenship American hegemony, prediction of, 28 and, 377 antebellum period, on national state Holmes, 43 during, 1, 2–3 influence of, 44 courts, on, 15, 108, 109, 129, 483 Kent, 39, 43, 79, 93 criminal law, on, 140 legal liberalism, 648 election of judges, on, 110 rise of, 93 legal profession, on, 49, 63, 74 specialized treatises, 41–42 legal system, on, 449, 454, 456, 643 Story, 41, 43–44, 51, 93 Native Americans, on, 205, 214 summary of, 44 popular culture, on, 393, 416 Vattel, 41 profit, on, 106 Trenton Delaware Falls Company, 504 race, on, 12 Tripoli, 623 religion, on, 417, 425 Truman, Harry S., 596 small businesses, on, 460 Trust law and married women’s property Tod, George, 113 acts, 259 Todd, John, 409 Trusts, 658–665 Tompkins, Jane, 403 bibliographic essays, 816–818 Tort law Clayton Act (See Clayton Act) automobiles and, 522 common law and, 660 exclusion from privileges of citizenship consolidation of, 659 and, 350–351 incorporation statutes and, 661

Index 867

legal liberalism, hostility of, 659–660 military and law, English historical legislative response, calls for, 658–659 background, 572 litigation re, 661 Mutiny Act of 1689, 572 “muckrakers” and, 659 Railway Act of 1840, 465 overview, 480–481, 664–665 Statute of Apprentices, 535 regulated monopoly, concept of, tensions with prior to War of 1812, 23 660–661 United Nations, 606, 642 rise of, 658 United States Marshals, 136 Roosevelt and, 663 U.S. Coast Survey, 25 “rule of reason” and, 480–481 U.S. Credit System Company, 493 Sherman Antitrust Act (See Sherman U.S. Exploring Expedition, 25 Antitrust Act) U.S. Steel, 650, 679 state law and, 660 USCAAF. See Court of Appeals for the Wilson and, 664 Armed Forces, U.S. Tucker, Henry, 41 Utah Expedition, 31–32 Tucker, St. George, 40, 48, 79, 81, 84, 93 Vallandingham, Clement, 580–581, 583 Tunis, 623 Van Buren, Martin, 19 Turner, Frederick Jackson, 379, 415 Van Devanter, Willis, 239 Turner, Nat, 286, 288, 293 Vance, Zebulon, 325 Twain, Mark, 415, 602 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 320, 321 Tydings-McDufﬁe Act, 201 Vattel, Emmerich de sovereignty, on, 613 Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 401 territoriality, on, 622, 623, 624 Underground Railroad, 304, 400 treatises, 41 Uniform Code of Military Justice Vaughn, John, 42 appellate review under, 591 Veblen, Thorstein, 473 committee re, 589–591 Venezuela, 636 compromises in, 592–593 Versailles, Treaty of, 605, 606 Congressional approval of, 593 Vesey, Denmark, 141, 286, 288 courts martial under, 601 Vesey, Robert Belt, 42 JAGs Vice-principal doctrine, 548–549 limiting authority of, 592 Vienna, Congress of, 607 tension involving, 593–594 Vietnam War judicial council, 591–592 atrocity cases, 600–602 panels of judges, 592 controversy re, 600 USCAAF (See Court of Appeals for the necessity doctrine during, 574 Armed Forces, U.S.) Vigilance Committees, 144, 399 Uniform Negotiable Instruments Law, 477 Vigilantes, 147 Union. See Civil War Virginia, University of, 45, 47–48 Unions. See Labor unions Virginia Resolution, 450–451, 453 Unitarians, 423, 424 Volstead Act, 138, 441, 445 United Kingdom Voting rights apprenticeship law transplanted from, exclusion from privileges of citizenship, 37 357–358 Articles of War, English background Fifteenth Amendment, under, 34, 334, of, 577 374 industrial organization, importance of Fourteenth Amendment, under, 360 reception of English law to, Reconstruction and, 332 533–534, 546 Voting Rights Act of 1871, 330

868 Index

Wabash Railroad, 669 Weiner, Mark, 688 Wage labor Weld, Theodore Dwight, 300 Black Codes and, 341–342 Welfare capitalism, 679–682 exclusion from privileges of citizenship bibliographic essays, 818 and, 358–359 health insurance, 680, 682 organized labor and, 673–674 litigation re industrial accidents, popular culture and, 396 681–682 Reconstruction and, 341–342 overview, 679–680 Republicans and, 320–321 pensions, 682 Union, in, 320–321 private versus public nature of, 682 Waite, Morrison Remick, 274, 433 workers’ compensation, 680–681 Walker, David, 300 West Point, 24, 570 Walker, Samuel, 165 West Publishing Company, 57 Walker, Timothy, 47, 83 Western Union, 512, 514, 515 Walker, William, 626 Westphalia, Congress of, 606 War, Department of, 318 Westphalia, Treaty of, 606 War Industries Board, 693 Wetherbee, Nellie, 408 War Labor Policies Board, 693 Wheeler, Edward, 414 War of 1812 Whigs events leading to, 23 economic policy, 13 issues in, 624 rise of capitalism and, 454 military, impact on, 24 Whiskey Rebellion, 136, 450 New Orleans, Battle of, 573 White, Andrew Dixon, 59 overview, 24 White, Edward D., 662, 679, 693 sovereignty, impact on concept of, 620 White, James Boyd, 391 Ward, Herbert, 413 Whitman, Walt, 410, 411 Warranties Wickham, John, 40 implied warranties, 478–479 Wigmore, John Henry, 54, 64, 65, 587 slavery and, 294, 295–296 Willard, Frances, 446 Warren, Charles, 43 William and Mary, 572 Warren, E. Walpole, 438 William and Mary, College of, 45 Warren, Earl, 628, 662 Williams, Patricia, 298 Warren, Samuel, 500 Wilmot, David, 307 Washington, Booker T., 470, 477 Wilmot Proviso, 31, 303, 307 Washington, Bushrod, 177 Wilson, James Washington, George Bank of North America and, 452 copyrights, on, 489 federal courts, on, 119, 453 economic policy, 453 law lectureships and, 39, 45, 81 election of, 568 sovereignty, on, 614 international affairs and, 604, 609, 620 Supreme Court, on, 128 military law under, 572 Wilson, Woodrow religion, on, 426 administrative state, on, 672, 693 Supreme Court and, 128, 130 antitrust law and, 664 territorial expansion, on, 30 Clayton Act and, 678 Wayne, Anthony, 27 election of 1912 and, 664 Wayne, James, 580, 581 international affairs and, 609, 612, 640 Webb-Kenyon Act, 545 Progressive, as, 652 Webster, Daniel, 39, 88, 90, 92 states’ rights, on, 22 Webster, Noah, 69 stewardship theory and, 640, 641 Wegdewood, Josiah, 401–402 war policies, 693

Index 869

Winthrop, William, 586–587 reform movements, role in, 404 Wirt, William, 90 reformatories for, 163–164 Wisconsin, University of, 58–61 rise of capitalism and, 469–470 Wisconsin Bar Association, 60 sentimentality and, 403 Women suffrage and, 406–407 adultery, impact of, 404–405 Women’s Christian Temperance Union, African-Americans, violence against, 157, 406, 446 369–370 Wood, Fernando, 15 antebellum period, during, 12–13 Wood, Thomas, 41 Black Codes and, 339, 340 Woodbury, Levi, 494 citizenship and, 12, 195 Woolsey, Theodore, 273 consumerism and Worcester, Samuel A., 217 department stores, 407–408 Workers’ compensation, 549, 680–681 fashion, political nature of, 408–409 World Trade Center attacks literature, in, 408 military justice, impact on, 602–603 overview, 407 necessity doctrine and, 574 distributive justice and, 107 World War I divorce, impact of, 404–405 administrative state and exclusion from privileges of citizenship impact on, 692–693 and (See Exclusion from privileges post-War period, during, 693–694 of citizenship) immigration, restrictions on, 196 Fourteenth Amendment and, 340, 365, international affairs, impact on, 604, 605 375 military justice, impact on, 585 immigrants, as, 193–194 World War II law schools, in, 64 desertion cases, 600–601 legal profession, in, 86 military justice, impact on, 588–589 marriage of Freedmen, impact of, 270 necessity doctrine during, 574 married women’s property acts (See Wright, Carroll D., 273 Married women’s property acts) Wrongful death actions, 262 morality and, 403–404 Wythe, George, 38, 40, 45, 80–81 popular culture and, 402–403 Progressives and, 651 X-rays, 518 property rights, 12–13 prostitution, impact of, 405–406 Yale University, 45, 47 race and, 13 Yates, Robert, 119, 120 antebellum South, deﬁning race in, “Yellow dog” contracts, 538, 564 285 Young, Brigham, 127, 432 fragmentation of women’s rights Young, Edward, 564 movement over, 340 Young Men’s Christian Association Reconstruction, failure to extend (YMCA), 444 concepts of equality to, 339, 340 Zenger, John Peter, 149