The Welsh in Iowa
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2003 The elW sh in Iowa Cherilyn Ann Walley Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Walley, Cherilyn Ann, "The eW lsh in Iowa " (2003). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 1399. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/1399 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. ProQuest Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI' The Welsh In Iowa by Cherilyn Ann Walley A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major: Agricultural History and Rural Studies Program of Study Committee: Dorothy A. Schwieder, Major Professor R. Douglas Hurt Andrejs Plakans Pamela Riney-Kehrberg S. Elwynn Taylor Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2003 Copyright © Cherilyn Ann Walley, 2003. All rights reserved. UMI Number: 3085952 UMI6 UMI Microform 3085952 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the doctoral dissertation of Cherilyn Ann Walley has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. ajor Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. For t Major Pro m TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES iv LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER 2. THE WELSH 15 CHAPTER 3. IOWA 51 CHAPTER 4. THE WELSH IN IOWA 88 CHAPTER 5. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE 141 CHAPTER 6. WELSH COAL MINERS 192 CHAPTER 7. CONCLUSION 228 APPENDIX A. AGRICULTURAL COMMUNITIES 238 APPENDIX B. MINING COMMUNITIES 306 BIBLIOGRAPHY 348 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Distribution of Welsh in United States, 1890. 41 Figure 2. Iowa, 1856: Predominating State of Origin for Each County. 59 Figure 3. Latitudinal Migration Patterns from Eastern States to Iowa. 59 Figure 4. Iowa, 1885: Ethnic distribution as proportion of foreign born in each county. 61 Figure 5. Welsh Agricultural Communities in Order of Settlement. 91 Figured. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1856. 92 Figure 7. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1885. 93 Figure 8. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1890. 94 Figure 9. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1900. 95 Figure 10. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1905. 96 Figure 11. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1910. 97 Figure 12. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1915. 98 Figure 13. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1920. 99 Figure 14. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1925. 100 Figure 15. Distribution of Welsh in Iowa, 1930. 101 Figure 16. Old Man's Creek Welsh Community, 1900. 117 Figure 17. Welsh Land Ownership, 1889: Douglas Township, Clay County. 119 Figure 18. Age Distribution Graph, Des Moines County 1850, Welsh. 147 Figure 19. Age Distribution Graph, Des Moines County 1850, Non-Welsh. 147 Figure 20. Age Distribution Graph, Johnson County 1860. 153 Figure 21. Age Distribution Graph, Sharon and Union Townships 1860, Non-Welsh. 154 Figure 22. Age Distribution Graph, Sharon and Union Townships 1860, Welsh. 154 Figure 23. Age Distribution Graph, Sharon and Union Townships 1870, Non-Welsh. 158 Figure 24. Age Distribution Graph, Sharon and Union Townships 1870, Welsh. 158 Figure 25. Age Distribution Graph, Sharon and Union Townships 1880, Non-Welsh. 161 Figure 26. Age Distribution Graph, Sharon and Union Townships 1880, Welsh. 161 Figure 27. Age Distribution Graph, Foreston-Lime Springs Welsh (1880). 183 Figure 28. Age Distribution Graph, 1880 Forest City Township Non-Welsh Native-born. 183 Figure 29. Age Distribution Graph, 1880 Forest City Township Non-Welsh Foreign... 184 Figure 30. Welsh Population in Iowa Coal Mining Counties. 198 Figure 31. Coal Mining Counties ranked in descending order of Welsh population... 200 Figure 32. Welsh Coal Mining Communities in approximate order of settlement. 208 Figures in Appendix A Welsh Agricultural Communities in Order of Settlement 238 Map of Johnson County, Iowa, 1875 241 Map of Union Township, Johnson County, 1870 242 Map of Sharon Township, Johnson County, 1870 243 Map of Union Township, Johnson County, 1889 244 Map of Sharon Township, Johnson County, 1889 245 Map of Old Man's Creek Welsh Community, 1900 246 Map of Louisa County, Iowa, 1875 254 Map of Des Moines County, Iowa, 1875 258 V Map indicating Welsh Land Ownership in Des Moines Co., 1873 259 Map of Iowa County, Iowa, 1875 265 Map of Monroe County, Iowa, 1875 268 Map of Howard County, Iowa, 1875 287 Map of Montgomery County, Iowa, 1875 (Welsh land highlighted) 293 Map of Clay County, Iowa, 1875 298 Map of Buena Vista County, Iowa, 1875 299 Map indicating Welsh Land Ownership, 1889: Douglas Township, Clay County 300 Map of Carroll County, Iowa, 1875 303 Figures in Appendix B Welsh Coal Mining Communities in approximate order of settlement 307 Map of Appanoose County, Iowa, 1875 308 Map of Appanoose County, Iowa, 1896 309 Map of Appanoose County, Iowa, 1915. Mines marked. 310 Map of Boone County, Iowa, 1875 312 Map of Jasper County, Iowa, 1875 316 Map of Keokuk County, Iowa, 1875 318 Map of Lucas County, Iowa, 1875 321 Map of Mahaska County, Iowa, 1875 324 Map of Des Moines Township, Mahaska County, Iowa, 1884 333 Map of Monroe County, Iowa, 1875 336 Map of Polk County, Iowa, 1875 341 Map of Wapello County, Iowa, 1875 343 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Welsh-born in Iowa, by County and Census Year. 102 Table 2. 1850 Des Moines County Family and Household Statistics. 144 Table 3. 1850 Des Moines County Agricultural Statistics. 149 Table 4. Fertility Rates, Sharon and Union Townships, Welsh and Non-Welsh. 163 Table 5. Household and Family Size: Welsh and Non-Welsh... 166 Table 6. Household and Family Composition: Welsh and Non-Welsh... 167 Table 7. Foreston/Lime Springs Welsh...Birthplace Statistics. 180 Table 8. 1880 Foreston/Lime Springs Welsh...Fam0y and Household Statistics. 186 Table 9. 1880 Cleveland Welsh, Lucas County: Family and Household Statistics. 220 Table 10. Welsh Communities: Family and Household Statistics Summary. 223 1 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION Iowa is well known as a home to immigrants. The state's German and Norwegian heritage is familiar, as are the state's numerous immigrant colonies, such as Orange City, Elkhorn, Decorah, and Swedesburg. Ethnic celebrations abound; Story City holds Scandinavian Days, the Amana Colonies sponsor Oktoberfest, and Bella's Tulip Time festival attracts visitors from around the region. The state is home to four ethnic museums; the Norwegians have one in Decorah, the Germans in Davenport, the Danes in Elk Horn, and even the Czechs have a museum, in Cedar Rapids. Less well-known, however, is the fact that Iowa was also a popular destination for smaller immigrant groups, such as the Welsh. Though not as numerous as the Germans or Norwegians, or as well known as even the Czechs, many Welsh did choose to make their homes in Iowa. Other histories have told small portions of the story of the Welsh in Iowa, concentrating on the Welsh in certain occupations or as members of specific communities. This study will give a more complete account of the Iowa Welsh experience, first by tracing the development of Welsh identity in Wales, then discussing the economic and religious factors that led to emigration. The story of Welsh settlement will be told, emphasizing the development of the two main types of Welsh communities in Iowa, agricultural and coal mining, while placing those communities in the larger context of general Iowa settlement and ethnic composition. Finally, this study will explore how the Welsh regarded themselves, and the measures they did or did not take to preserve their ethnic identity. It is this idea of ethnic identity, and its expression, preservation, and eventual loss, that this study is most concerned with. Once Welsh immigrants were settled in America, all that united them was a shared 2 concept of their own ethnic distinctiveness. The question is, how much did this ethnic identity influence the Welsh in Iowa, and what did the Iowa Welsh do to either maintain or erase that identity? Although the history of the Welsh in Iowa has not been fully documented, neither has it been completely ignored. Former English professor Phillips Davies performed a yeoman's work in translating R.