DOCSLIB.ORG

The Doctrine of Judicial Review

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Doctrine of Judicial Review Kentucky Law Journal Volume 20 | Issue 3 Article 3 1932 The oD ctrine of Judicial Review F. R. Aumann The Ohio State University Follow this and additional works at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj Part of the Constitutional Law Commons Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits you. Recommended Citation Aumann, F. R. (1932) "The octrD ine of Judicial Review," Kentucky Law Journal: Vol. 20 : Iss. 3 , Article 3. Available at: https://uknowledge.uky.edu/klj/vol20/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Kentucky Law Journal by an authorized editor of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE DOCTRINE OF JUDICIAL REVIEW The relationship of the judiciary to the legislature is neces- sarily close, inasmuch as a large part of the court's time is spent in interpreting and applying law created by legislature. On the other hand legislative bodies in their turn, exercise con- siderable power over the judiciary. For one thing, legislative appropriations are necessary for the maintenance and opera- tion of the judicial departments. Then too, *where provisions of organization and tenure are not completely set forth in the Constitution, it becomes the duty of the legislature to make such provisions as are necessary.1 This places a large control of the judicial department in the hands of the legislature.2 Certain judicial powers have also been retained by legisla- tive bodies. 3 The power of impeachment is one instance of this kind. Up to date this power has been sparingly used in this country and the independence of the executive and the judiciary 'The Constitution of the United States, for example, provides that the judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and In such inferior courts as Congress may from time to time ordain and estab- lish. Consequently, Congress can determine the number of judges appropriate for the Supreme Court and create any additional tribunals which appear necessary for the transaction of federal business. Thus it might reduce the number of judges by providing that on the death or resignation of any of them the vacant post shall be abolished; then at the proper moment it might increase the number of judges to secure the appointment of men to its liking. The most outstanding example of legislative activity in this regard took place in 1802 in Jefferson's administration, when Congress repealed a law providing for sixteen circuit judgeships which President Adams had filled with Federalists the year before. 2In 1809, the legislature of Ohio passed an act declaring that the Constitution was to be interpreted as vacating all seven-year appoint- ments in 1810, not excepting cases in which the current incumbent had been appointed to fill a vacancy caused by the death or resigna- tion of the original holder. By this use of this provision, the legisla. ture was able to reconstruct the judicial personnel of the state. Three supreme court judges, three president judges of the common pleas courts, all the associate judges of that court (more than a hundred in number), and all of the justices of the peace of the state, were removed by this so-called "sweeping resolution." See Rufus King, Ohio, First Fruit o1 the Ordinance of 1787 (1888), p. 314. For an interesting account of the rivalry between the legislature and judiciary in early Ohio, see William T. Utter, "Judicial Review in Early Ohio," Missis- sippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. XIV, pp. 3-26; also "Saint Tam- many in Ohio: A Study in Frontier Politics," Ibid., Vol. XV, pp. 321-340. 'M. M. Voorhies, "Judicial Functions and Powers of Congress," Virginia Law Review, III, pp. 632-641 (June, 1927). THE DOCTRINE OF JUDIcIAL REVIEW have not been affected by it.4 It could be used, however, in such a way as to seriously interfere with the work of the courts. In view of its comparatively limited use in the past, however, it would seem that the courts have little to fear in this connection.0 The most important point of contact existing at the present time between the legislature and the judiciary arises from the power of the courts to review the constitutionality of legislation and refuse to enforce that which they declare unconstitutional. The principle that an act of legislation contrary to the law under which a legislative body is organized is invalid was famil- iar to Americans long before the Constitution was adopted. Before the Revolution, colonial legislation was frequently stib- jeeted to review by the Privy Council,7 and both before and 4 The United States Senate has sat as a Court of Impeachment in the cases of the following accused officials: William Blount, a Senator of the United States from Tennessee: Blount expelled; charges dismissed on various grounds; Monday, Dec. 17, 1798, to Monday, January 14, 1799. John Pickering, Judge of the United States District Court for the District of New Hampshire; removed from office; Thursday, March 3, 1803, to Monday, March 12, 1804. Samuel Chase, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States; acquitted; Friday, November 30, 1804, to March 1, 1805. James H. Peck, Judge ot the United States District Court for the District of Missouri; acquitted; Monday, April 26, 1830, to Monday, January 31, 1831. West H. Humphreys, Judge of the United States District Court for the middle, eastern, and western Districts of Tennessee; removed from office; Wednesday, May 7, 1862, to Thursday, June 26, 1862. Andrew Johnson, President of the United States; acquitted; Fri- day, March 3, 1876, to Tuesday, August 1, 1876. William W. Belknap, Secretary of War; acquitted; Friday, March 3, 1876, to Tuesday, August 1, 1876. Charles Swayne, Judge of the United States District Court for the northern district of Florida; acquitted; Wednesday, Dec. 14, 1904, to Monday, Feb. 27, 1905. Robert W. Archbald, Associate Judge, United States Commerce Court; removed from office; Saturday, July 13, 1912, to Monday, Jan- uary 13, 1913. G. W. English, District Judge of Illinois; resigned; March 25, 1926, to Nov. 10, 1926. OR. Foster, Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, pp. 505-53 (1895); D. S. Alexander, History and Procedureof the House of Representatives, Ch. 17; D. G. Thomas, "The Law of Impeachment in the United States," Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev., Vol. II, pp. 378-395 (May, 1908); A. Simpson, A treatise on Federal Impeachements (1917); Extracts from the Journal of the United States Senate in all Cases of Impeachment, 1798-1904, 62nd Cong., 2nd. Sess., Sen. Doe. No. 876 (1912). 'Before the Revolution, the validity of an act could be tested by an appeal to the King in Council to set aside the enactment of a KENTucKy LAw JouRNAw after the adoption of the federal Constitution, courts in a number of states had held state statutes in conflict with state constitutions to be invalid.8 Although neither the federal Constitution 9 nor any of the state constitutions expressly recognize or sanction this so-called colonial legislature, or by an appeal from the decision of a colonial court. These powers were not lightly considered. In fact, it has been estimated that some 8,563 acts of the American colonies were sub- mitted to the Privy Council, of which 469 were disallowed. Imper- fect records of the Privy Council make it impossible to determine how many of these were set aside because ol lack of authority on the part of the legislature to enact them, but enough is known to indicate that the proportion is large. (See Russel, The Review of Colonial Legis- lation by the King in Council; Andrews, British Committees, Commis- sions, and Councils of Trade.) In addition to appeals from the enact- ments of colonial legislatures to the Privy Council, there were also appeals from the decisions of colonial courts. Included in this group were three well known cases: (1) Winthrop v. Lechmere (1727-8), Thayer, Cases on Constitutional Law, I, 34; (2) Philips v. Savage (1738), Acts of the Privy Council, III, 432; (3) Clark v. Tousey (1745), Acts of the Privy Council, III, 540. The records of the Privy Council are imperfect in this connection also. In consequence it is almost im- possible to determine how many of the cases appealed to it from the American colonies, aggregating more than 260 in number, were based on an alleged conflict between a legislative enactment and a colonial charter. See A. M. Schlesinger, "Colonial Appeals to the Privy Coun- cil," Pol. Sci. Quarterly, Vol. 28, pp. 279, 433; Hazeltine, Appeals from the Colonial Courts to the King in Council, Annual Report of the American Historical Association for 1894, p. 299. See Lawrence B. Evans, Cases on Constitutional Law, pp. 253-255. sThe rights of the courts to invalidate acts of the legislature had been exercised in at least five states before the constitutional con- vention assembled. As early as 1780, the highest court of New Jersey asserted the right of the courts to determine the validity of acts of the legislature in the case of Holmes v. Walton. (See The American Historical Review, Vol. IV, 456.) In 1782, in the case of Commonwealth v. Caton, the same doctrine was asserted in Virginia; in 1784 in the case of Rutgers v. Waddington it was asserted in New York; in 1786 in the case of Trevett v. Weeden, decided in Rhode Island, a similar view was expressed (See Arnold, "History of Rhode Island, Vol. It, Ch. 24; Coxe, Judicial Power and Unconstitutional Legislation, p.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Press Release Bytro Labs Cooperates with Sponsorpay Freiburg, 09/09/09
    Bytro Labs UG (haftungsbeschränkt) Stefan-Meier-Str. 8 79104 Freiburg +49 761 203 5462 [email protected] Press release Bytro Labs cooperates with SponsorPay Freiburg, 09/09/09: Users of the strategy game “Supremacy 1914” can now earn in-game currency using the SponsorPay platform. The SponsorPay platform serves as a monetisation tool for social games & apps, online games and virtual worlds, as well as for other publishers who have integrated virtual currency or premium features. Instead of paying with their own money, players can complete one of the numerous offers from SponsorPay’s advertising partners and get Supremacy 1914 Goldmarks for free in return. “SponsorPay convinced us with their strict policy for selecting advertising partners. We believe, that with the integration of SponsorPay we can achieve a sustainable increase of revenue.” comments Felix Faber, Co-Founder and CEO of Bytro Labs on the cooperation. About SponsorPay SponsorPay GmbH, which is seated in Berlin Mitte, was founded by Team Europe Ventures, Jan Beckers and Janis Zech and is currently employing 25 people. SponsorPay serves Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the U.K., France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Poland, Russia, the US, Canada and Turkey with native country managers and a localized product. Through their partners SponsorPay is able to reach more than 10 million users throughout Europe. About Supremacy 1914: Supremacy 1914 – Become the leader of a nation and conquer Europe In Supremacy 1914, the player becomes head of a mighty nation in precarious Europe after the turn of the century. He faces the challenge to become the undisputed sovereign leader of the whole continent using smart diplomacy or simply the brute force of his glorious armies.
    [Show full text]
  • Stillfront Announces Its Intention to Raise Equity Capital by Way of a Private Placement and Subsequently List Its Shares on Nasdaq First North, Stockholm
    NOT FOR RELEASE, PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION IN WHOLE OR IN PART, DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY, IN THE UNITED STATES, AUSTRALIA, CANADA, NEW ZEALAND, HONG KONG, JAPAN, SOUTH AFRICA OR ANY OTHER JURISDICTION WHERE SUCH RELEASE, PUBLICATION OR DISTRIBUTION WOULD BE UNLAWFUL OR WOULD REQUIRE REGISTRATION OR ANY OTHER MEASURES. November 18, 2015 Stillfront announces its intention to raise equity capital by way of a private placement and subsequently list its shares on Nasdaq First North, Stockholm Stillfront Group AB (publ) (“Stillfront” or the “Company”), an independent creator, publisher and distributor of digital games, today announces its intention to raise equity capital by way of a private placement of shares and subsequently list its shares on Nasdaq First North, Stockholm (the “Offering”). The board of directors considers the Offering as the logical next step for Stillfront to further support its strategy and development of its business. Additional capital and the listing of its shares would, among other things, benefit Stillfront in its efforts to recruit and retain top talent, execute on its growth strategy and contribute to increased recognition and brand awareness of Stillfront. Jörgen Larsson, CEO and founder comments: “2015 has been Stillfront’s most successful year to date with an incredible global response to the pre- launch marketing of Unravel – a puzzle-platform game developed by our Swedish subsidiary Coldwood in collaboration with Electronic Arts – and the successful launch of Call of War, developed by our German subsidiary Bytro Labs. These recent successes provide further support that our business model is working, and we are now exploring ways to continue to expand”.
    [Show full text]
  • The British Defence of Egypt 1935–1940
    The British Defence of Egypt 1935–1940 This book offers a comprehensive and challenging analysis of the British defence of Egypt, primarily against fascist Italy, in the critical lead-up period to the Second World War. The security of Egypt, a constant of British imperial strategy, is a curiously neglected dimension of the still burning appeasement debate. Yet it was a factor which demanded constant consider- ation by British policy-makers and figured in the crises of the period over Abyssinia, Czechoslovakia, Albania and Poland. By giving equal weight to the perspectives and assessments of the men on the spot, Steven Morewood adds to the originality of his interpretation by suggesting the old view should be reinstated: that Mussolini should and could have been stopped in his empire-building at the Abyssinian hurdle. Thereafter, as Nazi Germany tore the Versailles peace settlement to shreds, the drift to war accelerated as British resolve and credibility were brought into question. The fascist dictators in Rome and Berlin held no respect for weakness and Mussolini became the conduit through which Hitler could apply pressure to a sensitive British interest through reinforcing Libya at critical moments. Steven Morewood is lecturer in International History in the School of Historical Studies at the University of Birmingham. Cass series: Military history and policy Edited by John Gooch and Brian Holden Reid This series will publish studies on historical and contemporary aspects of land power, spanning the period from the eighteenth century to the present day, and will include national, international and comparative studies. From time to time, the series will publish edited collections of essays and ‘classics’.
    [Show full text]
  • The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923-29
    University of Richmond UR Scholarship Repository Master's Theses Student Research 12-1988 The oler of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29. Robert Carey Goodman Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.richmond.edu/masters-theses Recommended Citation Goodman, Robert Carey, "The or le of the tobacco trade in Turkish-American relations, 1923-29." (1988). Master's Theses. Paper 540. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Research at UR Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of UR Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Role of the Tobacco Trade in Turkish-American Relations, 1923-29 by Robert Carey Goodman III Candidate for the Master of Arts in History University of Richmond, 1987 Thesis Director: John D. Treadway This study of the tobacco trade between Turkey and the United States provides new perspectives on two major themes in Turkish-American relations between 1923 and 1929: the effect of Turkish nationalism on American interests in Ataturk's Turkey, and the effort to restore Turkish- American diplomatic ties broken during World War I. The marked rise in American cigarette consumption after World War I made the tobacco trade a crucial link between Turkey and America because it required the importation of aromatic tobacco. During the Turkish Republic's first decades, the value of American tobacco imports from Turkey exceeded the value of all American exports to that country. The tobacco trade survived Turkish nationalism and unsatisfactory diplomatic relations because of the financial benefits it brought to both states.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Research Report
    COMPANY ANALYSIS 9 December 2016 Summary Stillfront (SFRG.ST) List: Siege the opportunity Market Cap: 373 MSEK Redeye initiates coverage of Stillfront Group which we view as a Industry: Gaming diversified bet on the Gaming industry. An investor gets a company CEO: Jörgen Larsson Chairman: Per Skyttvall with a strong portfolio of game titles, new releases with great promise and the added bonus of attractive acquisitions conducted by a management team with a strong track-record. OMXS 30 Stillfront We believe that the market has overlooked some major value enhancing triggers that will materialize in the near-term: 100 Simutronics upcoming title Siege: Titan Wars has blockbuster 90 potential according to us. Other triggers lie in the revenue boost for 80 Bytro’s titles when they are mobile compatible, development and 70 launch of the in-house title at Coldwood and more. An adoption to 60 IFRS would reveal the underlying profitability and show the 50 discount to peers more clearly. 40 08-Dec 07-Mar 05-Jun 03-Sep 02-Dec Through our DCF using conservative assumptions we derive with an estimated fair value, in Base-case, of 105 SEK per share. Our valuation ranges from 32 SEK per share in Bear-case to 210 SEK in Bull-case. In conclusion, we find Stillfront conservatively valued and consider the company as an attractive risk-reward from an investment perspective. Redeye Rating (0 – 10 points) Management Ownership Profit outlook Profitability Financial strength 7.0 points 6.0 points 4.5 points 6.0 points 7.0 points Key Financials 2014 2015 2016E
    [Show full text]
  • Uti Possidetis Juris, and the Borders of Israel
    PALESTINE, UTI POSSIDETIS JURIS, AND THE BORDERS OF ISRAEL Abraham Bell* & Eugene Kontorovich** Israel’s borders and territorial scope are a source of seemingly endless debate. Remarkably, despite the intensity of the debates, little attention has been paid to the relevance of the doctrine of uti possidetis juris to resolving legal aspects of the border dispute. Uti possidetis juris is widely acknowledged as the doctrine of customary international law that is central to determining territorial sovereignty in the era of decolonization. The doctrine provides that emerging states presumptively inherit their pre-independence administrative boundaries. Applied to the case of Israel, uti possidetis juris would dictate that Israel inherit the boundaries of the Mandate of Palestine as they existed in May, 1948. The doctrine would thus support Israeli claims to any or all of the currently hotly disputed areas of Jerusalem (including East Jerusalem), the West Bank, and even potentially the Gaza Strip (though not the Golan Heights). TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 634 I. THE DOCTRINE OF UTI POSSIDETIS JURIS ........................................................... 640 A. Development of the Doctrine ..................................................................... 640 B. Applying the Doctrine ................................................................................ 644 II. UTI POSSIDETIS JURIS AND MANDATORY BORDERS ........................................
    [Show full text]
  • News and Notes
    NEWS AND NOTES PERSONAL AND MISCELLANEOUS Compiled by the Managing Editor Professor Quincy Wright has returned to the University of Chicago after a year's leave of absence with the Foreign Economic Administration https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms and the State Department. Mr. Justice Thurman W. Arnold gave a series of lectures at the Uni- versity of Chicago during the autumn quarter entitled, "An Economic Ideal for Twentieth-Century America." Dr. Charles C. Rohlfing, of the University of Pennsylvania, has been appointed expert examiner by the U. S. Civil Service Commission to assist in the recruitment of administrative personnel. Chancellor A. B. Butts, of the University of Mississippi, on active duty as a Lieutenant Colonel, Judge Advocate General's Department, U. S. Army, since July 1, 1942, has reverted to inactive status and returned to the University as chancellor and professor of law. Dr. John A. Vieg, at present in the Bureau of the Budget and formerly a member of the faculty of Iowa State College, has been appointed associate , subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at professor of government at Pomona College, effective January 1, 1945. Mr. Robert D. Leigh, director of the Commission on the Freedom of the Press, lectured at the University of Chicago during the autumn quarter on "Politics vs. Bureaucrats: The Case of Congress and the FCC." 27 Sep 2021 at 17:06:15 Professor C. H. Pritchett, of the University of Chicago, gave his time , on during the autumn quarter to completing his study of the historical devel- opment of the organizations known collectively as "1313." Professor Henry P.
    [Show full text]
  • Stillfront Group AB (Publ)
    Stillfront Group AB (publ) Company Description December 2015 Important information This company description (the “Company Description”) has been produced by Stillfront Group AB (“Stillfront” or the “Company”) as an information only document for the purpose of providing certain information in conjunction with a listing (the “Listing”) of the Company’s shares on Nasdaq First North. The “Group” refers to Stillfront Group and its subsidiaries. The distribution of this Company Description in certain jurisdictions is restricted by law. No action has been taken by the Company or any other person to permit a public offering in any jurisdiction. Persons into whose possession this Company Description may come are required to inform themselves about and to observe such restrictions. This Company Description may not be used for, or in connection with, any offer to, or solicitation by, anyone in any jurisdiction or under any circumstances in which such offer or solicitation is not authorised or is unlawful. This Company Description does not constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any shares in the Company. This document is not a prospectus and it has not been approved or reviewed by any governmental authority or stock exchange in any jurisdiction. The shares have not been and will not be registered under the U.S. Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), or under any of the relevant securities laws of any state or other jurisdiction of the United States of America. The shares may not be offered or sold in the United States, except pursuant to an exemption from the Securities Act or in a transaction not subject to the registration requirements of the Securities Act.
    [Show full text]
  • Armenian Life, the Armenian Genocide, the Armenian Diaspora, Or Any Other Story Told Within the Film
    a movie by FATIH AKIN with TAHAR RAHIM Research Material This is a list of selected sources we have worked with for the making of „The Cut“. Please note, that this list does not hold every title we’ve studied, we don’t agree with everything that is said, nor is it a comprehensive bibliography on Armenian life, the Armenian Genocide, the Armenian diaspora, or any other story told within the film. Sometimes our choices were restricted by availability or language. However, if your curiosity about any of the themes touched by the movie has been sparked, this could be an informative starting point, and you might find some interesting reading/viewing material. The list is organized into 3 geographic areas: Near East, Cuba and United States. The themes follow the chronology of the movie loosely, and they might overlap. Please note, that this list mostly holds English titles. There are sources in German, Spanish, and French as well, and many of the English titles are available in other languages. 1 1. Near East 1.1. (Armenian) Life in the Ottoman Empire 1.1.1. Links Fantastic site on Ottoman Armenian town and village cultures and traditions: http://www.houshamadyan.org/en/home.html For information on Armenian history, culture and the diaspora (especially the American) in general: http://www.armeniapedia.org/wiki/Main_Page http://agbu.org/ http://www.neareast.org/ 1.1.2. Non-Fiction Boudjikanian, Aida [Ed.] Armenians of Lebanon: From Past Princesses and Refugees to Present-Day Community Beirut: 2009 Douwes, Dick The Ottomans in Syria: A History of Justice and Oppression New York: 2000 Kevorkian, Raymond and Vahe Tachjian [Eds.] The Armenian General Benevolent Union: One Hundred Years of History Cairo: 2006 Kocaer, Remzi.
    [Show full text]
  • Iran's Role in Afghanistan in the Modern Era: Leveraging Influence for Regional Supremacy
    Iran's Role in Afghanistan in the Modern Era: Leveraging Influence for Regional Supremacy Heather MacLeod Robinson This thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) at the University of St Andrews February 2020 Contents Abstract .................................................................................................................................ii Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................... iv A Note on Transliteration ................................................................................................ v Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Overview and Objectives ............................................................................................................ 1 Methodology and Source Discussion .................................................................................... 5 Western Archival Sources .......................................................................................................... 6 Iranian and Afghan Primary Sources ................................................................................. 12 Media Materials and Databases ............................................................................................ 14 Chapter One: The Conceptual Framework for Iran’s Role in Afghanistan .. 16 Introduction .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Mudros, Armistice of | International Encyclopedia of the First World
    Version 1.0 | Last updated 06 April 2021 Mudros, Armistice of By James Ryan The Armistice of Mudros was signed on 31 October 1918 between the Ottoman government and a British-led Allied delegation aboard the HMS Agamemnon in the port of the Greek-held island of Lemnos, bringing a formal end to the Ottoman army’s participation in the First World War. Table of Contents 1 Occupation of Constantinople 2 Partition of the Ottoman Empire 3 Control of the Straits 4 Withdrawal from the Caucasus 5 Treaty of Sevres (1920) 6 Turkish War of Independence Notes Selected Bibliography Citation Occupation of Constantinople Following the capitulation of Bulgaria in late September 1918, which Talat Pasha (1874-1921) personally witnessed as he was returning from Germany, the CUP leadership resigned from the Ottoman cabinet on 8 October. The resignation was a recognition that terms of surrender in the war effort needed to be negotiated shortly and that the current leadership was in no credible position to negotiate them. While figures like Talat Pasha and Djemal Pasha (1872-1922) effectively left the stage at this point, the new grand vizier, Ahmet İzzet Pasha (1864-1937) was trusted by the CUP though he was not a member of the organization. Likewise, the cabinet and bureaucracy remained stocked with CUP figures. Armistice talks were initiated by the British General Charles Townshend (1861-1924), who had been imprisoned on the Prince’s Islands since his capture at Kut al- Amara in 1916. Ahmet İzzet Pasha’s government sent a delegation headed by Hüseyin Rauf (Orbay) (1881-1964), a senior CUP figure who had initially opposed the entry into the war on the side of Germany, to handle negotiations with the British aboard the HMS Agamemnon anchored near Mudros on the Aegean Sea.
    [Show full text]
  • Suaad Alghafal a Bridgehead to Africa ZMO-Studien
    Suaad Alghafal A Bridgehead to Africa ZMO-Studien Studien des Leibniz-Zentrum Moderner Orient Herausgegeben von Ulrike Freitag Band 39 Suaad Alghafal A Bridgehead to Africa German Interest in the Ottoman Province of Tripoli (Libya) 1884 – 1918 ISBN 978-3-11-068496-4 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-068501-5 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-068506-0 DOI https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110685015 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. For details go to https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Library of Congress Control Number: 2021930705 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2021 Suaad Alghafal, published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston The book is published open access at www.degruyter.com. Cover image: © Dr. Abdelhamed Jamil, Department of Geography, King ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck www.degruyter.com To my mother Warda and my father Mohamed: You are the reason for what I am today and what I want to be tomorrow To my brothers: I am really grateful for your continuous help and support; without you I could not have reached this stage in my life Acknowledgments This book is the result of the research done for a doctoral degree at the Freie Uni- versität Berlin. At the beginning, I express my deep gratitude and appreciation to Prof. Dr. Ulrike Freitag, my first supervisor.
    [Show full text]