SECTION–A Chapter - 1 : Personal Health TOPIC-1 Health Education Quick Review

 Health : It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. It is the quality of life that enables the individual to live fit and serve best.  Health Education : It is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adopt and maintain healthy practices and lifestyles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end.  Objectives of Health Education : (i) Develop healthy habits (ii) Prevention against diseases (iii) Impart health and hygiene knowledge (iv) Improve living conditions (v) Awareness about first aid  Importance of Health Education : (i) Discovering physical defects (ii) Maintaining good health (iii) Improving human relations (iv) Encouraging health and hygiene (v) Part of Safety Education TOPIC-2 Personal Care

Quick Review  Personal Hygiene : It is the condition of applying hygiene in one’s own self.  Tips for care of skin : Use good soap, take bath with fresh / lukewarm water, use clean towel, regularly clean genital and anal areas.  Tips for care of hair : Regular combing, use good quality soap/ shampoo, use amlas for washing hair, use eggs for retaining black colour of the hair.  Tips for care of ears : Cleaning wax regularly, not using sharp objects for cleaning, using glycerine and soft cloth for cleaning ears.  Tips for care of nails : Keeping nails neat and clean, cutting nails at short and regular intervals, avoid nail biting.  Tips for care of eyes : Using cold water and clean cloth for cleaning eyes, doing exercise of eyes, eating foods rich in Vitamins A and C, using sunglasses, watching TV and reading books from a distance, reading and writing in proper light.  Tips for care of nose : Regular cleaning of nose and mucus, performing Jala Neti Kriya; Kapal Bhati and Pranayam, avoid nose picking.  Tips for care of hands : Washing hands with soap and water before and after meals and after using toilets, thorough rinsing of soap on all parts of hands and gaps between the fingers, drying hands with clean towel.  Tips for care of feet : Using a good scrubber, wearing cotton socks, using two pairs of shoes alternatively, [2 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

powdering the feet before wearing the socks, going for regular pedicure at least once a month.  Foot Care : Taking good care of feet improves the overall personality of an individual.  Effects of poor foot care : It is important a proper care of feet else it may affect proper walking, exercising, comfort, affects the body parts like knee; hip and lower back.  Common feet related problems : (i) Corns : It is the thickening of small area of skin due to wrong foot wear. (ii) Broken nails : Generally due to very tight footwear. (iii) Ringworm : Communicable disease spread by fungus called dermatophytes. (iv) Athlete’s foot : Redness and itching called by walking bare foot in wet areas or wet shoes.  Ways to take care of feet : (i) Wash your feet daily. (ii) Use pumice stone to remove dead skin. (iii) Massage your feet with some oil, lotion or petroleum jelly before sleep. (iv) Take immediate and relevant steps in case of cut wound, sore foot, swelling, etc. (v) Wear comfortable foot wear. (vi) Regularly check your feet for blisters or corns. (vii) Regularly cut toe nails. (viii) Wear heels and pointed shoes in special cases only. Regularly wear comfortable shoes.  Tips for care of teeth : Using inter dental brush, daily flossing of teeth before sleeping, brushing teeth at least twice a day, gentle massaging of gums with brush.  Tips for care of tongue : Cleaning the tongue regularly with tongue cleaner, gentle cleaning of tongue after meals.  Tips for using hygienic clothing : Using fresh and washed inner clothes every day, ironing of clothes to destroy lice and nits.  Importance of Personal Hygiene : (i) Promotes personal as well as community health. (ii) Prevents and controls communicable diseases. (iii) Promotes the social value of the individual. (iv) Reduces total expenditure on health. (v) Helps in developing personality. (vi) Removes low feelings and enhances self confidence. (vii) Helps to feel secure. (viii) Helps to lead a good professional life.

TOPIC-3 Sleep Requirements

Quick Review  Factors determining sleep requirements : Age, Genetic and Exercise.  Age based standard sleep requirements : Age Group Hours of Sleep Per Day 0-3 months 14-17 4-11 months 12-15 1-2 years 11-14 3-5 years 10-13 6-13 years 9-11 14-17 years 8-10 18-25 years 7-9 26-64 years 7-9 65+ years 7-8  Benefits of proper sleep :  Healthy heart (i) Reduction in tension and stress Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 3]

(ii) Proper repair of body cells and tissues (iii) Reduces weight (iv) Improves immunity (v) Improves memory (vi) Proper hormonal growth (vii) Improves nervous system  Effects of insufficient sleep : (i) Risk of road accidents (ii) Pessimistic approach (iii) Depression (iv) Increase in body weight (v) Heart related problems (vi) Darkening of skin (vii) Poor memory (viii) Hypertension  How to enjoy sound sleep : (i) Comfortable bed (ii) Absence of noise (iii) Room temperature about 20°C (iv) Fixed sleep time (v) Light night dress (vi) Proper ventilation (vii) Avoid tea/coffee before going to bed (viii) Do not cover face.

TOPIC-4 Nutrition Quick Review  Nutrition : Nutrition is defined as the science of food and its relationship to health. In other words, it can be said that nutrition is the science of food which deals with the dynamic process in which the food consumed is digested.  Nutrients : Essential substances present in the food.  Diet : Contains variety of foodstuffs. This helps in protecting us from diseases and in the repair of worn out tissues and giving energy.  Balanced Diet : A diet that contains right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, salts, vitamins, roughage and water is called a balanced diet.  Roughage : The fibre present in the food which helps to eliminate wastes from the body.  Elements of Diet : A diet which contains all the foodstuffs necessary to maintain good health consists of following elements : (i) Carbohydrates, (ii) Proteins, (iii) Fats, (iv) Minerals, (v) Vitamins, (vi) Water.  Proteins : Proteins are nutrients that help to build the body and make new cells. They help us in the repair of worn out tissues. They are especially important for growing children. They are called body building food. Milk, eggs, cheese, pulses, meat and fish have lots of proteins. [4 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

 Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates gives us energy to work. Sugar and starch are carbohydrates. Potato, rice, bread, banana and grapes are rich sources of carbohydrates. These are called energy giving foods.  Fats : Fats provide us with twice as much energy as carbohydrates. We can store extra fat in our body to be used later. Butter, ghee and nuts are rich sources of fats, but too much of fats can lead to diseases like blood pressure, heart problem and obesity.  Vitamins : Vitamins are needed by our body in a very small amount. They keep us healthy by helping the body to fight against the diseases. They also help our eyes, nerves, gums, skin, etc., to work properly.  Minerals : Minerals are also needed in a very small quantity to keep us fit and healthy. Calcium is a mineral used for building bones and teeth. It is present in milk and green leafy vegetables. Iron is another mineral which helps our blood in carrying oxygen. These are called protective foods.  Water : Almost two-third of our body is made up of water. Water helps our body to work well and maintain our body temperature. We need to drink atleast 10-12 glasses or approx., 6-7 litres of water every day. qq TOPIC-5 Posture Quick Review  Posture means the position of body in regard to the environment at any given instant. In medical terms, the posture means, an unconscious adjustment of tone in different muscles involved in active movement or a static position, for : (i) Making the movement or position accurate (ii) For maintaining the line or point of gravity constant.  Correct posture or good posture – both static and dynamic - require normal muscle tone, mechanical freedom, better coordination, good neuromuscular control and well-developed postural reflexes. Correct posture is a position that is mechanically most favourable for the transmission of body weight. All the axes being parallel to vertical line. (abdomen in, chest held high, spin not twisted and shoulder are in erect position.)  Importance of correct posture : (i) Reduces strain and pains in joints (ii) Reduces the chances of postural deformities (iii) Helps in giving best physical performance (iv) Improves health (v) Helps in better metabolism of body activities (vi) Develops skills  Bad Posture is the posture that results from certain muscles tightening up on shortening while other lengthens and become weak which often occurs as a result of one’s daily activity.  Causes of Bad Posture : (i) Bad habit or faulty position (ii) Over straining of muscles (iii) Excessive body weight (iv) Due to accident or any disease (v) Lack of body exercise (vi) Weak bones or muscles (vii) Congenital (viii) Improper diet  Advantages of correct posture : (i) You will have more energy in your body (ii) Flexibility in the body (iii) Increases your positive vibrations (iv) Reduces stress (v) Increases intelligence and better concentration Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 5]

 Correct Standing posture : Standing posture is balanced, free from muscular and ligamentous strain, that the line of gravity of the centre of the head, chest, abdomen and pelvic fall in straight line. In standing position, weight should be equally distributed between the ball of the foot and the heel.  Correct Sitting posture or position : In simple sitting position, parts of the body, head, shoulder and hip should be well placed in proper alignments with each other. The weight of the sitter should be supported over a large area so as to equally distribute the pressure.  Correct Walking posture : In correct walking posture, the feet should always be parallel to the direction in which the person is walking. The heels of the feet should be touch the ground while walking and the weight of the body should then be transferred to the toes. TOPIC-6 Substance Abuse Quick Review  Consumption of alcohol : According to some doctors, if taken in small quantity, it helps digestion process. But, consumption in large quantities has bad effects on individual as well as society.  Effects of alcohol consumption on individual : (i) On muscular system : Muscles become weak, reduction in force that can be applied by muscles, irregular extension and contraction of muscles, reduction in strength of cardiac muscles. (ii) On excretory system : Organs loose control and efficiency, wastes get deposited in body, kidney failure and lever damage. (iii) On nervous system : Weakening of brain, impulsive, less or no nerve control, increase in response time, decrease in concentration. (iv) On digestive system : Low production of digestive juice, fattening of organ membranes, incomplete digestion of food, loss of appetite. (v) Other effects : Suicidal tendencies, decrease in decision making power.  Effects of alcohol consumption on society : (i) Family disputes, (ii) Non satisfaction of needs of family, (iii) Low social standard, (iv) Alcoholics are burden on family and society, (v) Loss of etiquettes and social values, (vi) Increase in crimes.  Harms of Smoking : (i)The constituent Nicotine is deadliest enemy of health, (ii)More than 15 chemicals in the leaves of tobacco cause cancer, (iii)Arsenic is produced while smoking which is poisonous.  Effects of smoking on individual : (i) Effects on circulatory system : Rise in blood pressure and pulse, fall in blood flow and body temperature, causes angina and heart attack. (ii) Effect on respiratory system : Inflammation of organs, cause throat irritation, cough, bronchitis, tuberculosis, oral cancer and lung cancer. (iii) Effect on nervous system : Weakening of nerves, brain damage, depression, cause paralysis and suicidal tendencies (iv) Effect on digestive system : Loss of appetite, cause stomach ulcers and heart burns, cancer of food pipe (v) Effect on prospective life : Each cigarette smoked reduces life by approximately 4 minutes.  Effect of smoking on society : Causes air pollution, threat to family as well as non-smokers around, generally make habitual for alcohol also, develops sterility, family disputes, etc.  Drug : Chemical substance that changes emotions, mood, state of nerves and state of consciousness of an individual.  Types of drugs : Legal drugs (alcohol, tobacco and caffeine) and Illegal drugs (cocaine, heroin, ecstasy, cannabis, ketamine, etc.)  Drug Abuse : Use of non-prescribed drugs in huge amounts in such ways that may affect the life of the consumer. [6 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

It results in drug addiction, deterioration of health (physical, social and psychological) and development of suicidal tendencies.  WADA and NADA : World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) and National Anti-Doping Agency (NADA) maintain, regularize, enforce and enlist substances which are categorized as drugs in sports.  Drugs Prohibited at all times : (i) Beta-2-agonists : Generally used by weightlifters, etc. to improve respiration efficiency. (ii) Peptide hormones : Like HCG, ACTH, HGH, etc. improve muscle growth and RBC count in blood. (iii) Anabolic steroids : THG, Methenolone, etc. improve performance, state of nerves and endurance but have serious side effects upon health. (iv) Diuretics : Like Probenecid, Dextran, etc. are used to hide the detection of drugs in urine and other samples. (v)Drugs prohibited during competition. (vi)Narcotics, Cannabinoids, Stimulants and Glucocorticosteroids, etc.  Chapter- 2: Causes and Spread of Diseases TOPIC-1

Meaning and Types of Diseases

Quick Review

 Disease : Body condition which disturbs the normal functioning of the body.  Causes of disease : (i) Genetic causes (ii) Environmental issues (iii) Unhealthy diet (iv) Incorrect lifestyle (v) stress  Types of diseases : (a) Natural/genetic diseases – present by birth. (b) Acquired diseases – developed during lifetime after birth. These are of two types : (i) Infectious / communicable/ transmissible diseases – caused by pathogens like virus, bacteria, fungi and protozoa. (ii) Non-infectious diseases – not caused by pathogens.  Modes of spreading of diseases - (i) Through direct contact (ii) Through use of contaminated objects (iii) Through carriers of disease like flies, insects, rodents, etc.  Preventive measures from infectious diseases by : (i) Not sharing personal items (ii) Washing hands before meals (iii) Getting vaccinated (iv) Drinking safe water (v) Controlling the agent (vi) Blocking transmission  Vaccination : Practice of injecting vaccine through veins into the human body. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 7]

TOPIC-2 Some Common Diseases and their Treatment Quick Review

Disease Symptoms Cause Treatment Bronchitis • Coughing • Bacteria • Resting • Wheezing • Smoking • Eating light food • Fatigue • Dust • Avoiding smoking • Fever • Swelling of wind pipes • Staying indoors • Breath shortness • Virus • Using face masks • Block nose • Chemical pollutants • Chest pain Pneumonia • Restlessness • Microorganisms • Consulting doctor • Cough mainly bacteria immediately • Chest pain • Giving antibiotics • High fever • Wearing heavy clothes • Difficulty in breathing • Taking nutritious diet • Staying indoors Tuberculosis (TB) • Breathlessness • Bacteria • Consulting doctor • Chest pain • Living in unhealthy immediately • Fever places • Checking patient’s sputum • Sweating • Eating unbalanced • Exposing to sunrays • Weakness diet • Exposing to fresh air • Loss of appetite • Administrating proper drugs • Loss of body weight AIDS (HIV) • Loss of appetite • Virus transmitted • Infected mother should not • Loss off body weight through use of breast feed baby • Fatigue contaminated needles, • Use of disposable syringes • Breathlessness from infected mother and needles. • Formation of tumors to child during • Consulting doctor pregnancy and unsafe • Skin rashes • Administrating proper drugs sex Malaria • High fever • Parasite transmitted • Spraying anti mosquito • Sweating through mosquito material • Headache bites • Using mosquito repellents • Cold • Administering quinine • Shivering • Body weakness Ringworm • High itching • Fungi that spreads • Using ring-cutter ointment • Development of round through contaminated • Using Sulphur ointment blue spots clothes and equipment • Using gowa powder mixed in sunflower oil. • Using iodine tincture Whooping cough • Extreme coughing • Bacteria • DPT vaccination • Vomiting Chicken Pox • Fever • Virus • Vaccination • Rashes • Staying indoors • Headache • Bathing with lukewarm • Itching water • Trimming finger nails [8 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

Typhoid • Loss in appetite • Bacteria • Administrating • High fever ampicillin • Body ache • Proper sanitation • Diarrhoea Arthritis • Painful joints • Exact cause is • Keeping joints in straight • Swollen joints unknown but can be position • Stiffness in joints inherited result of • Proper rest some other disease • Use of proper footwear • Obesity • Heavy labour work Heart disease • Rise in blood pressure • Deposition of fats and • Surgery • Partial paralysis cholesterol on arterial • Change in lifestyle • Digestive disorder walls • Proper medication Hypertension • Kidney problems • Excess emotional • Loosing weight • Dizziness changes • Regular exercise • Severe headache • Proper medication • Balanced diet Athlete Foot (Time Pedis) • Developing pimples • Fungi • Applying anti-fungal • Appearance of red ointment Taking medicine patches prescribed by doctor • Keeping feet clean • Using comfortable footwear • Keeping feet dry qq Chapter- 3: In Juries and First Aid

TOPIC-1 Injuries Quick Review  Soft tissue injuries : These include the injuries like Contusion, Strains, Sprains, Abrasion and Bruises.  Contusion : Muscle injury caused by being hit or kicked. It results in swelling, stiffness and reddening of skin. Prevention : (i) Use of protective equipment (ii) Adequate warm-up before training or sports activity (iii) Smooth and clean sports area (iv) Alertness while playing (v) Complete knowledge about the game  Strains : Muscle injury caused by pulling or twisting of muscle or tendon. Prevention : Proper conditioning during preparation : (i) Adequate warm-up before training or sports activity (ii) Smooth and clean sports area (iii) Alertness while playing (iv) Complete knowledge about the game (v) Discontinue playing in case of fatigue  Sprains : Ligament injury caused due to falling or twisting of ligament. Prevention : Proper conditioning during preparation : (i) Adequate warm-up before training or sports activity (ii) Smooth and clean sports area Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 9]

(iii) Alertness while playing (iv) Complete knowledge about the game (v) Discontinue playing in case of fatigue (vi) Eat well balanced diet (vii) Wear proper footwear  Abrasion : Rubbing off of skin due to friction in case of falling or sliding over ground. It may result in bleeding and pain. Prevention : (i) Use of protective equipment (ii) Adequate warm-up before training or sports activity (iii) Smooth and clean sports area (iv) Alertness while playing (v) Complete knowledge about the game (vi) Minimal skin area should be exposed (vii) Discontinue playing in case of fatigue  Bruises : Damaging of inner tissues of skin and blood vessels while outer skin surface has no effect. It causes darkening of the affected spot, pain and tenderness. (i) Use of protective equipment (ii) Adequate warm-up before training or sports activity (iii) Smooth and clean sports area (iv) Alertness while playing (v) Discontinue playing in case of fatigue (vi) Should not play rashly  Fracture : Breaking of bone at one or more places. (a) Causes of fractures : (i) Unnatural movements (ii) Sudden heavy impact (iii) Direct hit (iv) Osteoporosis (v) Excessive running or walking. (b) Prevention of fracture : (i) Adequate warm-up before training or sports activity (ii) Smooth and clean sports area (iii) Alertness while playing (iv) Complete knowledge about the game (v) Eat well balanced diet (vi) Wear proper footwear (vii) Should not play rashly  Role of individuals in preventing sports accidents : (i) Use of required protective gear and equipment (ii) Ensuring fitness of the player (iii) Proper coaching to the player (iv) Regular inspection of sports equipment and facilities (v) Preventive and precautionary measures taken to meet extreme climatic conditions (vi) Avoidance of excessive fatigue and over training (vii) Follow of sports rule (viii) Adequate warming-up and conditioning (ix) Adequate cooling down [10 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X TOPIC-2 First Aid

Quick Review  First Aid : It is an immediate and temporary help and care given to a wounded person or victim of an accident before a doctor arrives.  First Aid for cuts : Cut is an injury due to opening in the skin surface. First aid steps for cuts are : (i) Wash and dry your hands (ii) Clean the wound with tap water (iii) Don’t use antiseptic (iv) Dry the area with cotton (v) Apply dressing or sticking plaster (vi) In case of pain, give a painkiller or paracetamol (vii) Consult a doctor as a severe cut may need stitches  First Aid for grazes/scraps : Grazes or Scraps are superficial damage to outer layer of skin with no bleeding or deep effect. First aid steps for grazes/scraps are : (i) Wash and dry your hands (ii) Wash affected area with soap and water (iii) If dirt gets removed, leave the wound uncovered to self-heal (iv) If dirt does not get removed, cover it with non-adhesive dressing and immediately consult a doctor  First Aid for Strain : (i) Make the affected area comfortable (ii) Wash with cold water for 15-30 minutes (iii) Do not apply ice directly but warp it in clean cloth and then apply (iv) In case of excessive pain, give a painkiller or paracetamol (v) Apply warm water after 5 days (vi) Take rest for at least a week  First Aid for Nose Bleeding : (i) Make the person sit in chair with head backward and hands upwards (ii) Keep a cold and wet cloth on the back of neck (iii) Breathing to be done from mouth in the meanwhile (iv) In case of continuous bleeding, consult the doctor  First Aid for Abrasion : (i) Clean the affected area with fresh water (ii) Dry it with a piece of cotton (iii) Use an anti-fungal or anti-bacterial ointment (iv) Put a cotton dressing on the affected area (v) Get tetanus injection from the doctor  First Aid for Sprain : There are two methods PRICE and MICE : (i) PRICE : It stands for Protect Rest Ice Compression and Elevation – This is followed for first 48 hours of the injury. After that MICE is followed. (ii) MICE : It stands for Mobilization Ice Compression Elevation - This is followed after 48 hours from the injury till complete heeling of the injury.  First Aid for Cramps : A Cramp is a sudden and uncontrolled contraction of muscles. First aid steps for Cramps are : (i) Give a soft massage to the affected area (ii) Drink a lot of water (iii) Take multivitamin pill or powder  First Aid for Bruises : (i) Apply ice for first 24 hours with the help of a cloth (ii) Give rest to the affected area (iii) If possible, raise the affected area to an elevation (iv) In case of severe pain, use a painkiller or paracetamol  First Aid in case of Fracture : (i) Give rest to the affected area (ii) If there is bleeding, try to stop the bleeding first Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 11]

(iii) Apply splints to the affected area. Splints can be made from wood, plastic, metal, etc. (iv) Apply ice (v) Consult the doctor immediately  Mouth-to-Mouth Artificial Respiration : It is a life-saving technique in which air is blown into the mouth of victim keeping his nostrils closed to pump air into the lungs.  Cardio-Pulmonary-Resuscitation (CPR) : It is an emergency life-saving technique performed with combination of mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration and chest compressions.  First Aid in case of Drowning : (i) Start Mouth-to-Mouth artificial respiration and CPR immediately. (ii) Give chest compression as soon as you reach shore. (iii) Check the heart beat and pulse. (iv) Continue CPR till heart beat and pulse become normal. (v) Make the person warm by removing wet clothes and covering with a warm or woollen clothes. (vi) Call the doctor. qq SECTION–B

Chapter- 4: Cricket

Quick Review  History : Cricket is a sport played by both men and women, by using a ball and a wooden bat. It was a popular sport in 13th century in England during the reign of King Edward I. The first major official match was held between Kent and Middlesex in 1719 and first rules were written in 1744. The Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Lords (formed in 1787), became the reference or the code of ethic employed in cricket. The MCC gave proper shape to cricket by framing rules and regulations in 1835. Imperial Cricket Council was formed in 1989 to regulate its development which became International Cricket Council later on in 1952.  The foundation of this club marked the adoption of the sport by rich and the nobility. During the first half of the 20th century, the game spread to other commonwealth countries (including Britain, West Indies in 1920 and New Zealand and India in 1932). Cricket is administered worldwide by the ‘International Cricket Council’ (ICC), which organises ICC Trophy events every 4 years. The first World Cup was held in 1975. Although, women play cricket but this sport is male dominated at the professional level. The first cricket club in India was named as Orient Club Mumbai in 1848. India’s first official match was played in 1933 at Gymkhana ground in Mumbai. In India, Board of Control for Cricket in India regulates the team selection. India won the World Cup in 1983 and 2011. India has produced many famous cricket stars like Sachin Tendulkar, Kapil Dev, Sourav Ganguly, Rahul Dravid, V. Sehwag, Anil Kumble, Navjot Singh Sidhu, Lala Amarnath, M. S. Dhoni and many more. A new form of fast paced cricket has come up which is known as ‘Twenty-20’. In this, both the teams have to play for only 20 overs each. India won the first ‘T-20’ world cup in 2007.  In real sense, the golden chapter of cricket begins from 1760 A.D. The first cricket club was formed in England in 1760. This club was named as Hambledon Club. This cricket club remained in historical limelight for approximately three decades. This club produced the famous player like John Nyren. The second golden chapter of cricket history begins from the establishment of Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). This club was formed in England in 1787. The first cricket match was played at Lords, the famous ground on June 27, 1788. The first official Test match was played between Australia and England in 1877. This match was won by Australia. Owing to disappointment, some English women burnt the bails and later on the ash of bails was handed over to the Australian team. Since then, England and Australia play cricket with each other for ‘ashes’. After that, Imperial Cricket Conference was formed in England in 1909 and along with this cricket got its international recognition in the same year. Besides England, Australia and South Africa also became the members of Imperial Cricket Conference. In 1926, India, West Indies and New Zealand also became its members. Pakistan also became its member in 1952. Due to the racial policy, South Africa was debarred from its membership in 1971. In 1956, the name of this conference was changed to ‘International Cricket Conference’. With the passage of time, other countries (besides Commonwealth countries) also got its membership. At present England, Australia, India, Sri Lanka, West Indies, New Zealand, Pakistan, America, Argentina, Canada, Denmark, Kenya, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh, Holland, Bermuda, Fiji, Singapore, Hong Kong, Israel and Malaysia, etc., are its members or associate members.  The first One-day International match in cricket history was played on 5th January, 1971. This One-day match was played between England and Australia Forty overs per innings were fixed for this match. The credit of [12 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

organisation and development of One-day International cricket matches also goes to England. As a result of persistent efforts of England, the first World Cup Cricket was organised in England. The teams of eight countries took part in this Cricket World Cup. West Indies defeated Australia by 17 runs during the final match of this World Cup. After the arrival of British, cricket was introduced in India. The history of Indian cricket begins from 1721. A cricket club was formed in Calcutta in 1792. In the beginning, cricket was played by kings and princes but now it has become the most popular game in India. The first team from India toured England in 1866.  Types of Batsman Dismissals (Out) : (i) Bowled : If the ball partially or completely disturbs the wicket even if it touches the bat. (ii) Catch-out : When a ball hits with the bat is caught by a fielder before it touches ground. (iii) Leg Before Wicket (L.B.W.) : When the batsman’s leg or any part of his body prevents the ball from touching the wicket. (iv) Hit-wicket : If the batsman disturbs the wicket by hitting it. (v) Handling the Ball : If the Batsman touches the ball with his hands. (vi) Run-out : If the batsman runs towards the wickets but does not get there in time to place his bat between the edge of the popping crease and an opponent disturbs the wicket by hitting with the ball. (vii) Stumped-out : If the batsman is near his wicket but outside the popping crease line, and the wicket keeper disturbs the wicket with the ball. (viii) Double-Hit : If the batsman intentionally hits the ball, for the second time, then he can be declared out on an appeal. (ix) Timed out : If the batsman does not report to face the bowler or unduly delay the match.  Cricket Field :

68.58 m Screen

m

3.65 9.1 4m× 3.65

4 m × 27.4 m 9.1 2012 cm m

Screen

22 yd 58 ft. (20.12m) (17.68 m)

Popping crease

8 ft. Bowling Return crease (2.44 m) crease

Measurement of Cricket Field Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 13]

 Facts to Know : Cricket (i) Number of players in a team 11+5 (Extra) = 16 (ii) Number of umpires in a match 2 + 1 (Third umpire) 1 3 (iii) Weight of the ball 5 to 5 ounces (156 gm) 2 4 (iv) Circumference of ball 8” to 9” (v) Length of the bat 38” (96.5 cm) 1 ” (vi) The widest part of bat 4 (10.8 cm) 4 (vii) The breadth of pitch on both sides from 4 feet 4 inches central wicket (viii) Distance of stumps from one side to the other 22 yd or 2012 cm (ix) Breadth of wickets 9 inches (x) Colour of ball white for night and red and pink for day time (xi) Number of scorers 2 (xii) Time for changing every innings 10 minutes (xiii) Time for changing the player 2 minutes (xiv) Types of matches one day, three day, five day, Twenty-20 (xv) Height of wicket from ground 28 inches (xvi) Radius of small circle 27.4 m (xvii) Radius of boundary 68.58 m (may vary from 75 to 85 yd)  How to Play A cricket match is played between two teams of eleven players each on a field of variable size and shape. The ground is grassy and is prepared by groundsmen whose jobs include fertilising, mowing, rolling and levelling the surface. Field diameters of 140-160 yd (130-150 m)are usual. The perimeter of the field is known as the boundary and this is sometimes painted and sometimes marked by a rope that encircles the outer edge of the field. The field may be round, square or oval. The objective of each team is to score more runs than the other team and to completely dismiss the other team. In one form of cricket, winning the game is achieved by scoring the most runs, even if the opposition has not been completely dismissed. In another form, it is necessary to score the most runs and dismiss the opposition in order to win the match, which would otherwise be drawn. Before the play commences, the two team captains toss a coin to decide which team shall bat or bowl first. The captain who wins the toss makes his decision on the basis of tactical considerations which may include the current and expected field and weather conditions. The key action takes place in a specially prepared area of the field that is called the pitch. At either end of the pitch, 22 yd (20 m) apart, are placed the wickets. These serve as a target for the bowling side and are defended by the batting side which seeks to accumulate runs. A run is scored when the batsman has run the length of the pitch after hitting the ball with his bat. There are many other ways of scoring runs. If the batsmen are not attempting to score any more runs, the ball is dead and is returned to the bowler to be bowled again. The bowling side seeks to dismiss the batsmen by various means until the batting side is all out, whereupon the side that was bowling takes its turn to bat and the side that was batting must take the field. In the professional matches, there are 15 people on the field while a match is in play. Two of these are the umpires who regulate all on-field activity. One of whom is the striker as he is facing the wicket at the bowler’s end, the other in a position called ‘Square Leg’, a position 10-12 metres to the side of the ‘on strike’ batsman. When the bowler delivers the ball, the umpire at the wicket is between the bowler and the non-striker. The umpires confer if there is doubt about playing conditions and can postpone the match by taking the players off the field if necessary, for example rain or dim light. Outside the field and in televised matches, there is often a third umpire who can make decisions on certain incidents with the aid of video evidence. The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions for Test matches and limited overs internationals played between two ICC full members. These matches also have a match referee whose job is to ensure that play is within the rules of cricket and the spirit of the game.  Scorers Outside the field, the match details including runs and dismissals are recorded by two official scorers, one representing each team. The scorers are directed by the hand signals of an umpire. For example, the umpire raises a forefinger to signal that the batsman is out. He raises both arms above his head if the batsman has hit the ball [14 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

for six runs. The scorers are required by the rules of cricket to record all the runs scored, wickets taken and overs bowled.  Innings The innings is the term used for the collective performance of the batting side. All eleven members of the batting side take a turn to bat an ‘innings’ and can end before they all do so. Depending on the type of the match being played, each team has one or two innings. The term ‘innings’ is sometimes also used to describe an individual batsman’s contribution (he played a fine innings’ etc.). The main aim of the bowler, supported by his fielders, is to dismiss the batsman. A batsman when dismissed is said to be ‘out’ and that means he must leave the field of play and be replaced by the next batsman on his team. When ten batsmen have been dismissed (i.e., are out), then the whole team is dismissed and the innings is over, The last batsman, the one who has not been dismissed, is not allowed to continue alone as there must always be two batsmen ‘in’. This batsman is termed ‘not out’. If an innings should end before ten batsmen have been dismissed, there are two ‘not out’ batsmen. An innings can end early for three reasons: because the batting side’s captain has chosen to ‘declare’ the innings closed (which is a tactical decision), or because the batting side has achieved its target and won the game, or because the game has ended prematurely due to bad weather or running out of time. In limited overs cricket, there might be two batsmen still ‘in’ when the last of the allotted overs has been bowled.  Overs The bowler bowls the ball in the sets of six deliveries (or ‘balls’) and each set of six balls is called an over. This name came about because the umpire calls ‘Over!’ when six balls have been bowled. At this point, another bowler is deployed at the other end and the fielding side changes ends. A bowler cannot bowl two successive overs, although a bowler can bowl unchanged at the same end for several overs. The batsmen do not change ends and so the one who was non-striker is now the striker and vice versa. The umpires also change positions so that the one who was at square leg now stands behind the wicket at the non-striker’s end and vice versa.  Combination of a Team A team consists of eleven players. Depending on his or her primary skills, a player may be classified as a specialist batsman or bowler. A well-balanced team usually has five or six specialist batsmen and four or five specialist bowlers. Teams nearly always include a specialist wicket-keeper because of the importance of this fielding position. Each team is headed by a captain who is responsible for the team.  Fielding Mapping on Ground : SCREEN

9.14×3.65m

3rd Man Fine Leg 1st Slip 2nd Slip Wkeeper 3rd slip 4'.4'' Short Leg Gully Umpire Sweeper Short Cover Point Square Leg Square Leg Silly Forward Covers Shortleg Extra Cover Silly Mid on Silly Mid on Mid Wicket Deep Mid

Wicket

a Extr

reep D

Cove Mid off Bowler Mid on Umpire

Long off Long-on

SCREEN Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 15]

 Basic Things : (i) Bowling : The bowler reaches his delivery stride by means of a ‘run-up’, although some bowlers with a very slow delivery take no more than a couple of steps before bowling. A fast bowler needs momentum and takes quite a long run-up, running very fast as he does so. The fastest bowlers can deliver the ball at a speed of over 90 miles per hour (140 km/h) and they sometimes rely on sheer speed to try and defeat the batsmen, who is forced to react very quickly. Other fast bowlers rely on a mixture of speed and guile. Some fast bowlers make use of the seam of the ball so that it ‘curves’ or ‘swings’ in flight. This type of delivery can deceive a batsman into mistiming his shot so that the ball touches the edge of the bat and can then be ‘caught behind’ by the wicket-keeper or a slip fielder. (ii) Fielding : All eleven players on the fielding side take the field together. One of them is the wicket-keeper aka ‘keeper’ who operates behind the wicket being defended by the batsman on strike. Wicket-keeping is normally a specialist’s occupation and his primary job is to gather deliveries that the batsman does not hit, so that the batsman cannot run byes. He wears special gloves (he is the only fielder allowed to do so) and pads to cover his lower legs. Owing to his position directly behind the striker, the wicket-keeper has a good chance of getting a batsman out caught off a fine edge from the bat. He is the only player who can get a batsman out stumped. (iii) Pitch : The pitch is 22 yd long between the wickets and is 10 feet (3.0 m) wide. It is a flat surface and has very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses. The condition of the pitch has a significant bearing on the match and team tactics are always determined with the state of the pitch, both current and anticipated, as a deciding factor. (iv) Wickets : Each wicket consists of three wooden stumps placed in a straight line and surmounted by two wooden crosspieces called bails, the total height of the wicket including bails is 28.5 inches and the combined width of the three stumps is 9 inches. (v) Creases : Four lines, known as creases, are painted onto the pitch around the wicket areas to define the batsman’s safe territory and to determine the limit of the bowler’s approach. These are called the ‘popping’ (or batting) crease, the bowling crease and two ‘return’ creases. The stumps are placed in line on the bowling creases and so these must be 22 yd apart. A bowling crease is 8 feet 8 inches long with the middle stump placed or fixed exactly at the centre. The popping crease has the same length, is parallel to the bowling crease and is 4 feet in front of the wicket. The return creases are perpendicular to the other two; they are adjoined to the ends of the popping crease and are drawn through the ends of the bowling crease to a length of at least 8 feet. When bowling the ball, the bowler’s back foot in his delivery stride must land within the two return creases while his front foot must land on or behind the popping crease. If the bowler breaks this rule, the umpire calls ‘No ball’. The importance of the popping crease to the batsman is that it marks the limit of his safe territory for he can be stumped or run out if the wicket is disturbed while he is out of his crease. Pitches vary in consistency and thus in the amount of bounce, spin and seam movement available to the bowler. Hard pitches are usually good to bat on because of high but even bounce. Dry pitches tend to deteriorate for batting as cracks often appear and when this happens spinners can play a major role. Damp pitches, or pitches covered in grass allow good fast bowlers to extract extra bounce. Such pitches tend to offer help to fast bowlers throughout the match, but become better for batting as the game goes on. (vi) Bat : The bat is made of wood and has the shape of a blade topped by a cylindrical handle. The blade must not be more than 4¼ inches wide and the total length of the bat not more than 38 inches.

38''

4¼'' Cricket Bat [16 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

(vii) Ball : The ball is a hard leather-seamed spheroid with a circumference of 9 inches. The hardness of the ball, which can be delivered at a speed of more than 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), is a matter for concern and batsmen wear protective clothing including pads, batting gloves for the hands, a helmet for the head and an abdominal guard. Some batsmen wear additional padding inside their shirts and trousers such as thigh pads, arm pads, rib protectors and shoulder pads. (viii) Umpires : The game on the field is regulated by two umpires, one of whom stands behind the wickets.  Latest General Rules : (i) The players : (a) A match is played between eleven players on each of the two sides. One of the players on each side shall be the captain. If the captain is not available, the vice-captain shall act as a captain, (b) Before the toss for innings, players shall be nominated by the captain. (ii) Boundaries : Though no distance of the boundaries from the wicket is fixed but it should be 75 to 85 yards. Due to this, the playing grounds vary in size everywhere. (iii) Follow on : The side batting first and leading by 200 runs in a five day match, 150 runs in a three day match, 100 runs in a two day match and 75 runs in a one day match can ask their opponents to follow their innings. (iv) Batsman Getting out : (a) When he is bowled, (b) When he is caught from a stroke off his bat and the ball is held by the fielder before it touches the ground. The fielder’s both feet must be in playing area, (c) When he handles the ball, (d) When he hits the ball twice, (e) Leg before wicket (LBW), (f) He is run out if he is out of his crease while the bail is in play and his wicket is put down by a fielder, (g) When he hits the wicket with his bat, body part or dress. (h) He is stumped. (i) When he is obstructing the fielder intentionally. (j) He is out, timed out if he takes more than two minutes intentionally to enter the field at the fall of the wicket. (v) New Balls : Now in One Day International matches, each fielding team shall have two new balls for its innings, to be used in alternate overs i.e., one ball from each end. (vi) Power plays and Fielding Restrictions : Now there will be no catching fielders from 1st to 10th over in an ODI and no batting power plays will be allowed between 11th and 40th overs. In case of fielding, 5 fielders will be allowed outside the 30-yd circle between the 41st and 50th overs instead of four fielders. In both, ODIs and T-20s, all ‘No Balls’, not just foot faults, will lead to a free hit. (vii) Obstructing the Field : Now batsman can be given out obstructing the field if he changes his course while running to prevent a run out chance. This change is applicable for test, ODI and T-20 matches. (viii) Runners : A runner for a batsman in case of injury is not permitted now. It is also applicable for tests, ODIs and T-20s. (ix) To Run out a Non-striker Batsman : Now the bowlers will be able to attempt to run out non-striker before delivery. Previously, the bowler could only run out a non-striker backing up if he did so before he had entered his delivery stride. This rule is applicable in Test, ODI and T-20 matches. (x) Duration of Intervals : Although the duration of the lunch and tea intervals remain unchanged i.e., 40 and 20 minutes respectively, the host team, with the consent of the other side, can apply to the ICC for an approval for intervals of 30 minutes each. It is applicable for test matches.  Terminology : The brief description of some of the terms is given below: (i) Dolly catch : A very simple catch which is easily taken by a fielder. (ii) Maiden over : A maiden over is that over in which the batsman is unable to make a run. (iii) Hat trick : When a bowler takes three wickets on three consecutive balls, he is said to have scored a hat trick. (iv) Extras : Runs not scored by the batsman but the runs through byes, leg byes, no-balls and wide balls. These runs are included in the scores of a team but not credited to the batsman. (v) Rubber : In the series of international test matches, a team, who wins more matches than the other team, is called to have won the rubber. (vi) Over : Series of valid deliveries (6 in England and 8 in Australia) made consecutively by one bowler from one end of the field before the bowling is taken up by another bowler at the other end. (vii) Over pitch : To bowl the ball so that it bounces so far up the wicket that it can be played with ease by the batsman. (viii) Seam : Slightly raised band of stitches round a cricket ball which enable bowlers to make it spin. (ix) Sitter : An extremely easy catch. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 17]

(x) Skittle : To dismiss rapidly a side or a number of batsmen. (xi) Spin : To twist the ball when bowling so that, on pitching it changes directions. (xii) Sundry : Sundry means extra. This term is used in Australia. (xiii) Sweep : It is stroke in which the ball is played behind the wicket on the leg side with a sweeping movement of the bat. (xiv) No ball : A ball is called ‘no ball’ when either umpire considers that the bowler’s delivery is not fair. (xv) Gully : It is an offside fielding position between the slips and point. (xvi) Bouncer : Ball pitched short by a fast bowler so that it rises sharply, often over the batsman’s head. (xv) Sight screen : It is a large screen positioned on the boundary so that it forms a backdrop behind the bowler, so that the striker can see the ball clearly. qq Chapter- 5 : Football Quick Review

 Introduction : Football, which is now commonly known as soccer, is one of the most popular game in the world, as well as the most spectacular sport. The game is played by two opposing teams, with eleven members in each team including the goal keeper. It is played in a rectangular field of specific measurements, each team aiming to score a goal into the opponents goal mouth. The game is primarily played with feet and only the goalkeepers are allowed to touch and handle the ball with hands. The game is of ninety minutes with forty five minutes each half and the team that scores more goals within awarded time is declared as winner.  World History : Football is one of the most important games in the world. It has a vivid and interesting history in the world of sports. The evidence of the game is being alluded that Chinese used to play football in 2nd and 3rd century B.C. by the name of “Tsuchu” which means kicking the ball. Moreover, it was also played popularly by Greeks and Romans. The growth of” modern football started in England. F.I.F.A. the governing body of football was established in 1904 with its headquarter in Zurich (Switzerland). The first F.I.F.A. world cup was started in the year 1930.  Indian History : Football in India was introduced by British soldiers in mid- nineteenth century and was spread in some parts of the country by forming regimental teams. Durand Cup which is India’s oldest tournament held (incidentally the third oldest in the world) was founded in 1888. A.I.F.F. the governing body of football in India was established in 1937. India participated in Olympics in 1948 and 1956. The years 1951-1962 were considered as golden era of Indian football as India won gold in 1951 and 1962 Asian Games. India qualified for 1950 F.I.F.A. World Cup but failed to participate due to fiscal problems. In 1956 Olympics, India was the first country from Asia to enter the semifinal of football. This achievement is considered as an apex position of Indian football.  Governing Body : Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) The Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA ) is the international governing body of association football, futsal and beach soccer. FIFA is responsible for the organization of Football’s major international tournaments, notably the World Cup which commenced in 1930 and the Women’s World Cup which commenced in 1991. FIFA was founded in 1904, with its headquarter in Zurich (Switzerland). All India Football Federation (AIFF) The All India Football Federation (AIFF) is the organization which manages the game of association football in India. It administers the running of Indian national football team and also controls the I League, India’s premier [18 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

domestic club competition, in addition to various other competitions and teams. The AIFF was founded in 1937, gained FIFA affiliation in the year 1948 and A.F.C. affiliation in the year 1954. Currently it has its office at Dwarka, New Delhi. 90-120 m

16.5 m Half-way line Penalty area 5.5 m 18-yard box Center circle Goal 11m 9.15m Center 7.32m spot

40.3m

45–90m 9.15m Penalty 2.44m spot

5.5m

11m

1m

Football Field  Football Fields Specification Shape of the playfield : Rectangular Dimensions of play field Length (touch line) : Maximum 120 m Minimum 90 m Width (goal line) : Maximum 90 m Minimum 45 m Dimensions of play field in international matches Length (touch line) : Maximum 110 m Minimum 100 m Width (goal line) : Maximum 75 m Minimum 64 m Height of goal post : 2.44 m Width between two goal posts : 7.32 m Height of corner flag : not less than 1.50 m Radius of corner arc : 1 m Radius of centre circle : 9.15 m Distance from penalty mark to centre of goal line : 11 m Distance from corner flag to optional mark : 9.15 m Shape of the ball : spherical Circumference of the ball : 27” to 28” (inches) Weight of the ball : 410 g to 450 g (14 to 16 ounce) Pressure in the ball should be : 0.6 to 1.1 atmospheres at sea level Width of the lines should be : 12 cm (5 inch) Duration of match : 90 minutes Duration of half time (interval) : not exceeds 15 minutes No. of officials’ for match : 4 (1 referee, 2 assistant referees, 1 table official) No. of players in each team : 11 + 7 (extra) = 18 players (as per law book 11 + 12 extra = 23) Players that can be substituted are : 3 players Minimum players required to start the game : 7 members in each team  Football Field Markings (i) Touch Line : Touch Line (length of the field) which is also known as side line is a line at the side of the football field. If the ball goes out of the touch line, the game will be restarted with throw-in. (ii) Goal Line : Goal Line (width of the field) which is also known as end line is a line at the side of the goal posts. If the ball goes out of the goal line touching the attacker then, the game will restart with goal kick and if the ball goes out touching the defender at the last moment before it crosses the goal line the game will restart with the corner kick. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 19]

(iii) Half way line : Half way line or a centre line is the line through the middle of the football field that divides the field into two equal halves. (iv) Centre circle : It is a circle that is made in the centre of the football field, at the Centre line with radius of 9.15m from the centre mark that bounds the opponents from interfering the start of the game at the time of kick off. (v) Centre mark : Centre Mark or the Centre spot is a mark or a spot in the centre of the football field, at the middle of the centre circle, where the ball is placed during kickoff. (vi) Penalty box : Penalty Box, also called a Penalty Area is 16.5 m x 40.32 m area, at each end of the playing field. The foul committed against attacking player inside that area is punishable with the penalty kick. (vii) Penalty mark : It is a mark or a spot inside the penalty area at a distance of 11 m from the centre of the goal line. (viii) Penalty arc : Penalty Arc is the semi-circle on the top of the penalty box with its radius of 9.15 m from penalty mark, where no player is allowed to be inside it, during penalty kick, except the penalty kicker and opponent’s goalkeeper. (ix) Goal box : It is a small area of 5.5 m × 18.32 m within the penalty box, where goal kick is taken from area anywhere within a goal box. (x) Corner arc : A semi-circle area with radius of 1 m, at each corner of the playing pitch is called Corner Arc. It is the area of the arc where the ball is to be placed during the corner kick.  Fundamentals Skills of Football (1) Kicking (i) Kicking with inside of the foot (ii) Kicking with inside of the instep (iii) Kicking with full instep (iv) Kicking with outside of instep (v) Kicking with outside of the foot (2) Receiving (i) Receiving the ball with the inside of the foot (ii) Receiving the ball with the full instep (stop volley) (iii) Receiving the ball with the outside of the instep (iv) Receiving with the sole of the foot (v) Receiving with the heel (vi) Receiving with the thigh (vii) Receiving with the chest (3) Heading (i) Heading forward from a stationary position (ii) Heading ball with side of the forehead (iii) Heading from standing jump off both feet (iv) Heading ball after a slight run and from a jump off one foot (v) Heading sideways from stationary position (vi) Heading ball from diving header (4) Dribbling (i) Dribbling with inside of the instep (ii) Dribbling with full instep (iii) Dribbling with the outside of instep (5) Tackling (i) Sliding tackle (ii) Interception tackling (iii) Sideways tackling (6) Passing (i) Short pass (ii) Long pass (iii) Through pass Short description of some of the above mentioned fundamental skills: (7) Kicking (i) Kicking with inside of the foot : A technique of kicking that involves the part of the foot bordered by the base of the big toe, the heel bone and the inner ankle. (ii) Kicking with inside of the instep : A kicking technique that involves the inner surface of the foot stretching from the base of big toe to the inner part of the ankle or more precisely the part of inner ankle. [20 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

(iii) Kicking with full instep : A technique of kicking that involves the part of foot extending from the base of the toes to the curve of ankle, in other words, the part which is covered by the laced part of the foot. (iv) Kicking with outside of instep : A kicking technique that involves, the part of the foot extending from the outer edge of the full instep to the outer edge of the foot bordered by the base of small toe and stretches almost up to the outside of the ankle (8) Receiving (i) Receiving with the thigh : Receiving with the thigh involves, receiving the ball by resting on the standing leg which is bent at knee, while the other leg rising from the hip with the knee bent leading the thigh to be at angle of 50° to 60° to that of the shin, thigh blocking the ball. (ii) Receiving with the chest : Technique which involves controlling the aerial ball by contacting the ball with the chest and allowing the ball to fall perpendicularly in front of him to attain a ball possession. (9) Heading Heading ball from diving header : A way of heading by which the player heads the ball finding that the only way to reach the ball is to fling himself in a dive to head it from off both feet or sometimes off one foot. (10) Tackling Interception tackling : The way of tackling by making a jump ahead of the attacker from behind to head or kick the ball away or take possession of it.  Football Cards The cards that are used in football are of size same as playing cards, which the referee holds up to indicate serious fouls or any unsporting behaviour of the players. The cards that are used in football are of two colors i.e. Yellow and Red cards. (1) Yellow Cards A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he/she commits any of the seven offences given below : (i) Unsporting behaviour. (ii) Dissent by words or action. (iii) Persistent infringements of the laws of the game. (iv) Delaying the restart of the play. (v) Failure to respect the required distance when play is restarted with a corner kick, free kick or throw-in. (vi) Entering or re-entering the field of play without the referee’s permission. (vii) Deliberately leaving the field of play without the referee’s permission. A substitute or substituted player is cautioned if he/she commits any of the following three offences : (i) Unsporting behaviour (ii) Dissent by word or action (iii) Delaying the re-start of play A player who receives two yellow cards is given red card and ejected. (2) Red Card A player substitute or substituted player is sent off if he commits any of the seven offences given below: (i) Serious foul play (ii) Violent conduct (iii) Spitting at an opponent or any other person (iv) Denying the opposing team a goal or an obvious goal scoring opportunity by deliberately handling the ball (this does not apply to a goalkeeper within his own penalty area). (v) Denying an obvious goal scoring opportunity to an opponent moving towards the player’s goal by offences punishable by a free kick or a penalty kick. (vi) Using offensive, insulting or abusive language and / or gesture (vii) Receiving a second caution in the same match Player shown a “red card” and sent off may not be replaced during that game (i.e. his team must play a player short for the rest of the game) A player substitute or substituted player who has been sent off must leave the vicinity of the field of play and the technical area.  Terminology Related to Football (i) Kick off : The method of starting a game or restarting it after each goal, a player passes the ball forward to a teammate from the centre spot. The ball must move into the opponent’s half of the field. (ii) Goal kick : Kick made from inside the goal area away from the goal. A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when a ball crosses the goal line that was last touched by a player of the attacking team. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 21]

(iii) Direct free kick : A free kick that is taken from of the areas outside the penalty box and can be kicked directly or in- directly to score a goal. (iv) Indirect free kick : A free kick which cannot be scored directly and can be scored only if the ball touches the other player. (v) Corner kick : A method of putting the ball into play after it has crossed the end line and was last touched by a member of the defending team. A kick is to be started from within corner arc. (vi) Set play : It is a planned strategy that a team uses when a game is to be restarted with a free kick, penalty kick, corner kick, goal kick and throw-in. (vii) Throw-in : It is a method of restarting play after the ball has travelled outside the touchline. The ball must be held with two hands and released directly over the head while both feet are touching the ground. (viii) Penalty kick : A kick that is taken from a penalty mark in case a foul is committed by a defending player towards attacker inside the penalty box. A penalty kick is awarded to attacking team. (ix) Hand ball : This term means deliberate handling of a ball by a player other than the goalkeeper in the Penalty Area. This is considered as a deliberate action by the player and is penalized normally if there is movement of the hand towards the ball. (x) Passing : When a player kicks the ball to his teammate to keep the ball in possession and away from an opponent or to give the ball to a player who is in a better position to score. (xi) Dribbling : Skill of advancing and controlling the ball close to the feet while playing. (xii) Heading : The way of controlling, clearance or scoring the goal with the head. (xiii) Receiving : The way of controlling the coming ball with the feet, head, chest, thigh etc. (xiv) Shooting : When a player kicks the ball towards opponent’s net in an attempt to score a goal. (xv) Foul : The violation of the rules. In response to a foul, a referee calls for a direct free kick, an indirect free kick or penalty kick in case a foul is committed within penalty box. (xvi) Defender : A player who functions primarily in the defensive third of the field and whose major role is to repel attacks on the goal by the opposing team. (xvii) Mid fielder : A Player who functions primarily in the central (neutral) third of the field and whose principal job is to link the defense and the attack through ball control and passing. (xviii) Strikers : Players who function primarily in an attacking third of an opponent, to score a goal.  Latest General Rules of Football (i) Goal keeper can move on the goal line at the time of penalty kick; earlier the goal keeper was not allowed to do so until the execution of penalty kick. (ii) Now the golden goal rule is not applied, instead of it, extra time of two halves (15minutes-15minutes) is given to the teams to decide the winner if the match remains draw in normal time of 45 minutes - 45 minutes and if the match still remains draw in extra time , the penalty shoot takes place. New Amendments in the Rules of Football (i) Where head covers are worn, they must— (a) Be black or of the same main colour as the jersey (provided that the players of the same team wear the same colour) (b) Be in keeping with the professional appearance of the players equipments (c) Not be attached to the jersey (d) Not pose any danger to the player wearing it or any other player (e.g. opening/closing mechanism around neck) (e) Not have any parts extending out from the surface (protruding elements) (ii) Now there can be 23 players instead of 18 players, out of these, 12 players are called substitute players i.e. 11 players and 12 substitutes whereas only 3 players can be substituted from 12 substitute players.  Necessary Equipment [22 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

(i) Football fleets/football shoes (ii) Stockings/ football socks (iii) Shin guard (iv) Jersey (v) Shorts (vi) Goalie apparel (jersey, shorts and pants) (vii) Goal keeper gloves (viii) Football (ix) Supporters & cups (x) Head gear  Sports Award Arjuna Awardees Name Year P. K. Banerjee 1961 Tulsidas Balaram 1962 Chuni Goswami 1963 Jarnail Singh 1964 Arunlal Ghosh 1965 Yusuf Khan 1966 Peter Thangaraj 1967 Inder Singh 1969 Syed Naeemuddin 1970 C. P. Singh 1971 Magan Singh 1973 Gurdev Singh Gill 1978-79 Prasun Banerjee 1979-80 Mohammed Habib 1980-81 Sudhir Karmakar 1981 Shanti Mullick 1983 S. Bhattacharjee 1989 Brahmanand Sankhwalkar 1997 Baichung Bhutia 1998 I. M. Vijayan 2002 Deepak Kumar Mandal 2003 Deepak Kumar Mondal 2010 Sunil Chettri 2011

Padmashri Awardees Gostha Paul 1962 Sailen Manna 1971 Chuni Goshwami 1983 P. K. Banarjee 1990 Baichung Bhutia 2008

Dronacharya Awardees Sayed Nayemuddin 1992  Tournaments and Venues International Football Tournaments (i) Soccer Champions League (ii) UEFA Cup Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 23]

(iii) UEFA European League (iv) F.I.F.A. World Cup (v) European Championship Men (vi) European Championship Women (vii) CONCACAF Champions League (viii) Dubai Cup (ix) Confederations Cup (x) Copa America (xi) AFC Champion  National Football Tournaments (i) Indian Super League (ii) I-League (iii) I-League 2nd Division (iv) Calcutta Football League (v) Youth League (vi) Federation Cup (vii) Durand Cup (viii) Santosh Trophy (ix) Indian Super Cup  National venues (i) Salt Lake Stadium, Kolkata (West Bengal) (ii) Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Kochi (Kerala) (iii) Gurunanak Stadium, Ludhiana (Punjab) (iv) Indira Gandhi Stadium, Guwahati (Assam) (v) Kanchanjunga Stadium, Siliguri, (West Bengal)  International venues (i) Old Trafford, Manchester (England) (ii) San Sairo, Milan (Italy) (iii) Olyampiastadion, Berlin (Germany) (iv) EstadioAzteea, Mexico City (Mexico) (v) Millennium Stadium, Cardiff (Wales).  Sports Personalities Indian Personalities Baichung Bhutia I. M. Vijayan Sunil Chhetri Subrata Pal Jibon Singh Jeje Lalpekhlum Peter Thangaraj Guirmangi Singh Gostha Pal Renedy Singh  International Personalities (i) Lionel Messi (Argentina and Barcelona) (ii) Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal and Real Madrid) (iii) Luiz Suarez (Uruguay and Barcelona) (iv) Andres Iniesta (Spain and Barcelona) (v) Yaya Toure (Ivory Coast and Manchester City) (vi) Gareth Bale (Wales and Real Madrid) (vii) Phillip Lahm (Germany and Bayern Munich) (viii) Arjen Robben (Netherland and Bayern Munich) (ix) Robin Van Persie (Netherland and Manchester United) (x) Zlatan lbrahimovic (Sweden and Paris saint German) qq [24 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X Chapter- 6 : Handball Quick Review  Introduction : Handball also known as team handball is a team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six outfield players and a goalkeeper) pass a ball to throw it into the goal of the other team. A standard match consists of two periods of 30 minutes, and the team that scores more goals wins.  World History The game was originated at the end of the 19th century in Germany by German gymnast Konrad Koch. The first international games were played under these rules for men in 1925 and for women in 1930. Men’s handball was first played at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin as outdoors, and the next time at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich as indoors, and has been an Olympics sport since. Women’s team handball was added at the 1976 Summer Olympics.  Indian History In the history of Handball, it is presumed that the game of Handball was brought to India by Shri J.S. Chauhan of Haryana in 1970. He conducted two all India seminars on Handball at Rohtak in Haryana before the formation of Federation in year 1971-72. Amateur Handball Federation of India (AHFI) was formed in 1972 and got provisional affiliation with International Handball Federation.  Governing Bodies International Handball Federation (IHF) : IHF is the administrative and controlling body for international teams of handball. Main Tips at a Glance Dimensions of the court Length of the handball ground = 40 m Width of the handball ground = 20 m Width of the goal lines between goal posts = 8 cm Length of 7-metre line = 1 m Length of 4-metre line = 15 cm Width of safety zone Side lines = 1 m Behind the goal line = 2 m Measurement of goal post Height of the goal post = 2 m Width of the goal post = 3 m Distance between the goal post = 40 m There are two D’s on the handball court : (a) Outer D’s radius = 9 m (b) Inner D’s radius = 6 m Width of the lines All the lines, except goal lines shall be = 0.05 m The goal lines (between the goalposts) shall be = 0.08 m Ball size in terms of weight and circumference For men and male youth (over age 16) = 425 – 475 g, 58 – 60 cm For women, female youth (over age 14) = 325 – 375 g, 54 – 56 cm and male youth (age 12 to 16) For female youth (age 8 to 14) and male = 290 – 330 g, 50 – 52 cm youth (age 8 to 12) Playing time or duration of play For men and women (above 16 years) = 2 halves of 30 minutes (Interval of half time break is 10 minutes) For youth teams (age group of 12 to 16 years) = 2 halves of 25 minutes (Interval of half time break is 10 minutes) For junior teams (age group 8 to 12 years) = 2 halves of 20 minutes (Interval of half time break is 10 minutes) Players Total numbers of players in a team = 12 Court players = 12 Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 25]

Substitute players = 7 Officials (a) Referees–2 (b) Timekeeper–1 (c) Scorekeeper–1 4000 5 1992.5 5 1992.5 5

Side line 700 400

rest-

line 8 line

line

line

line

line

2000

Net

Goal

300

area

etre

600

throw

eeper's

Goal

Center

raining

7 m

r =

ree

Goal

900

F

Goalk

line

r = 450 450

goal

8 Substitution lines

Outer Place for time-keeper Bench for and score-keeper Bench for substitutes substitutes 350 350

28 13 ×20 28 100 28 80 8 8

8

200

20

208

9 ×

300 100 316 130 – 150

Centre line 5 445 445 5

15

5 Substitution line Substitution line Side line

15

50 Table for timekeeper and scorekeeper Bench for substitutes Bench for substitutes

Description of Handball Field  Handball Court Marking (i) Short lines : The shorter ones are called goal lines (between the goalposts) or outer goal lines (on either side of the goal). (ii) Centre line : The centre line connects the midpoints of the two sidelines. (iii) Free throw line (9 metre line) : It is a broken line, drawn 3m outside the goal area line. This line should be parallel to the goal line. [26 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

(iv) 7- metre line or penalty line : It is a 1m long line directly in front of the goal. It is parallel to the goal line and 7m away from it (measured from the rear edge of the goal line to the front edge of the 7m line). (v) Goalkeeper’s restraining line (4- Metre line) : It means that beyond this area only the goal keeper can go. It is a 15cm long line directly in front of the goal. It is parallel to the goal line and 4m away from it (measured from the rear edge of the goal line to the front edge of the 4m line). (vi) Substitution line : The substitution line is the place from where the player is substitution takes place and the line for each team extends from the centre line to a point at a distance of 45m from the centre line.  Basic Rules of the Game (i) The game begins by giving the pass to another player from the centre line. (ii) A player may be changed at any time during the game. (iii) Each team has the right to receive a single 1-minute team time-out in each half of the regular playing time, but not in overtime. (iv) In the case of an injury to a player, the game may be stopped at any time on the instructions of the referee and the injured player may be replaced by the other player. (v) In the game, running while holding the ball is not allowed. (vi) If ball goes out of court during the game, the opposing team shall be given a throw from the same place. (vii) A goal keeper shall not go out through the outer “D”. (viii) The team that scores maximum goals shall be considered the winner. (ix) A referee may turn a player out of the game for two minutes after giving two warnings. (x) No other person except the goal keeper shall enter the goal area. (xi) A goal scored from inside the “D” (i.e. 6m line) shall not be considered.  Throws Used In The Game (i) Throw-off : A throw-off is used to start play at the beginning of each half or after a goal has been scored. (ii) Throw-in : A throw-in is awarded when ball goes out of bounds on the sideline or when the ball is last touched by a defensive player (excluding the goal line) and goes out of bounds over the endline. The throw- in is taken from the spot where the ball crossed the sideline, or if it crossed the endline, from the nearest corner. The thrower must place one foot on the sideline to execute the throw. All opposing players must stay 3m away from the ball. (iii) Free-throw : For a minor foul or violation, a free-throw is awarded to the opponent at the exact spot it took place. If the foul or violation occurs between the goal area line and the 9m line, the throw is taken from the nearest post outside the 9m line. The thrower must keep one foot in contact with the floor, then pass or shoot. (iv) Goalkeeper-throw : The goalkeeper throws the ball back in bounds after he or an opposing player has knocked the ball over the backline. (v) 7-metre throw / penalty throw : A penalty throw is a throw awarded when there is an infringement in any part of the court and spoils a clear chance of scoring. (vi) Referee throw : A referee throw is awarded when the ball touches anything above the court after a simultaneous infringement of the rules or after simultaneous possession of the ball. (vii) Corner throw : A corner throw is awarded when a defender, other than the goalkeeper, has knocked the ball over the backline. The team on offense throws the ball back in bounds from a corner closest to where the ball went out of bounds.  Punishments Fouls such as reaching around, holding, pushing, hitting, tripping and jumping into an opponent are to be punished progressively. (i) Warnings (yellow card) : The referee gives only one warning to a player for rule violations and a total of three to a team. Exceeding these limits results in 2-minute suspensions thereafter. (ii) Disqualification and exclusion (red card) : A disqualification is the equivalent of three 2-minute suspensions. A disqualified player must leave court and bench, but the team can replace player after the 2-minute suspension expires.  Fundamentals Skills of Handball (i) Holding and catching the ball Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 27]

(ii) Throw the ball (iii) Pass the ball (a) Bounce pass (b) Hook pass (c) Chest pass (d) Overhead pass (e) Jump pass (f) Shoulder pass (g) Side arm pass (iv) Dodge (v) Dribble (a) Low dribble and (b) High dribble (vi) Shot (a) High jump shot and long jump shot. (b) Dive shot (c) Underhand shot (d) Reverse shot The brief explanation of some of the fundamental skills is given below :  Shot (i) Jump shot : A shot attempted while leaping. (ii) Dive shot : The player stretches the body out and directs the momentum towards the goal. The ball should be released at the last possible moment by taking a dive.  Pass the Ball (i) Hook pass : It is used when a player is in the air for a jump shot. The ball is simply released, while at the top of the jump, to his/her teammate, who is expected to penetrate towards the goal. (ii) Chest pass : The chest pass is used frequently in handball. It is a short distance pass. This pass is the most accurate pass. Generally, it is given by both hands. (iii) Bounce pass : In bounce pass, the ball should be thrown in such a way that it should bounce towards the teammate. It should bounce approximately three feet in front of the receiver.  Dribble To move the ball by bouncing it on the floor.  Terminology Related To Handball (i) Fast- Break : When the defence gains possession of the ball because of blocked shot, interception or rule violations, the team is at that moment in a position to begin a fast break. (ii) Double-dribble : A player may run three steps, dribble any number of times, pick the ball up and run three more steps. If the player dribbles again after the last sequence of steps, it is called double dribble. (iii) Screen : It means the players of the serving team must not prevent their opponents from seeing the ball. (iv) Line cut : When the ball crosses the goal line, opponent team player throws the ball inside the field without touching the goal line. If he touches the line then it is called a line cut. (v) Court Player/Field Player : Any player on the court except the goalkeeper. (vi) Free Kick : When the ball strikes the hand or arm of a player and the referee deems that a player has deliberately handled the ball, a direct free-kick will be awarded to the opposing team. (vii) Running : If a player moves more than three steps while holding the ball in his hand, he is called for running. (viii) Passive play : It is illegal to keep the ball in a team’s possession without making a recognizable attempt to attack and to try to score. In other words, a team cannot stall (free-throw awarded to the other team). (ix) Fault : A fault is illegally served ball.  Important Tournaments and Venues International Tournaments (i) World championship (ii) World games (iii) Men’s youth world (iv) Olympic Games (v) Super Globe (vi) Asian Games (vii) SAP Games [28 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

 National Tournaments (i) Federation Cup (ii) Inter-university handball championship (iii) School national (iv) National championship  Sports Awards Arjuna Awardees Name Year Manjit Singh 1978 Roshan Singh 1984 Surjeet Singh 1990 Malkit Singh 1994 R Lubhaya 1997  Sports Personalities International Personalities Name Country Bertrand Gille France Ivano Bal Croatia Henning Fritz Germany Arpadterbi Serbia and Montenegro Nikola Karabatic France Thierry Omeyer France Slawomir Szmal Poland Filip Jicha Czech Republic Mikkel Hansen Denmark Daniel Narcisse France Domagoj Duvnja Croatia qq Chapter- 7 : Hockey Quick Review  Introduction : Field Hockey is an eleven-a-side game played on a pitch of 91.40 m x 54.86 m with a ball which has a 23cm circumference. Each player has a stick with a rounded head to play the ball with an objective to score goals by putting the ball in the opposing team’s goal in the duration of 60 minutes. Sticks are anywhere between 28 inches and 39 inches long and weigh between 340g and 790g. Protective equipment is worn in the form of full body armor, pads, gloves, kickers and a helmet by the goal keepers and shin guards and mouth guards for outfield players.  Governing International Hockey Federation (FIH) The Federation Internationale de Hockey (English: International Hockey Federation), commonly known by the acronym FIH, is the international governing body of field hockey and indoor field hockey. FIH was founded on 7 January 1924 in Paris by Paul Leautey, who became the first president, in response to field hockey’s omission from the programme of the 1924 Summer Olympics. Its headquarter is located in Lausanne, Switzerland and FIH is responsible for field hockey’s major international tournaments, notably the World Cup.  Hockey India Hockey India is the governing body of field hockey in India. It was formed after Indian Hockey Federation was dismissed in 2008 by IOA. Hockey India launched its own logo in a grand ceremony on July 24, 2009, in India. It resembles Ashok Chakra of Indian flag. It is made up of field hockey sticks. In a significant way forward, Indian Hockey Federation (I.H.F) & Hockey India (H.I), on 25 July 2011, signed an agreement leading up to formation of a joint executive board which shall perform the function of the National Sports Federation for field hockey. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 29]

 Hockey Specification No. of players : 16 (11 and 5 substitutes) Length of the field : 90.40 m Breadth of the field : 55 m Duration of the match : 60 minutes Half time interval : 5 minutes Weight of the ball : 156 to 163 gm Circumference of the ball : 224 to 235 mm Weight of the stick : 737 gm / 280 inches Height of the stick : 40 inches Width of the goal post : 3.66 m Height of the goal post : 2.14 m Height of the goal back board : 460 m Radius of “D” or the circle from the centre of the end line : 14.63 m Distance of penalty spot from the back line : 6.40 m No. of officials : 5 Distance of dotted circle from goal : 19.63 m Depth of the back board : 1.20 m Width of the lines : 75 mm Diameter of penalty spot : 150 mm Size of the flag on flag post : 300 mm Height of flag posts : 1.20 to 1.50 m Cards used in hockey : three types (red, green, yellow)  Hockey field and its Measurements

Penalty corner Penalty corner defender’s mark attacker’s mark

Goal

Penalty Long corner spot attacker’s mark Shooting circle

23 metre line

Centre line

22.8 m

23 metre line

5.0 m

22.9 m 14.63 m 6.47 m

5.0 m

m 10.0 m 3.66 m 5.0 [30 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

 Hockey Court Markings (i) Side line : The longer perimeter line (90.40m). (ii) Backline : The shorter perimeter line (55m). (iii) Goal-lines : The back-lines between the goalposts. (iv) 23 Meter area : The area enclosed by and including the line across the field 22.90 meters from each back-line, the relevant part of the sidelines, and the back-line. (v) Penalty spot : Penalty spot is marked in front of the centre of each goal in the centre of each spot 6.40 m from the inner edge of the goal-line. (vi) Playing distance : The distance within which a player is capable of reaching the ball to play it. (vii) Shooting circles : There are two shooting circles, one in front of each of the goals. The shooting circles are 14.63 m semi-circles and it is measured from the inside front corner of the goal-post to the outer edge of that line. (viii) Dotted circle : There are two dotted circles one in front of each of the goals which is 19.63 m.  Latest General Rules of Hockey (i) The two minute green card will be penalized for using the stick above the shoulder. (ii) The breaking at penalty corners. Regulation has effected a significant reduction in the number of breaks at tournaments, by both attackers and defenders. As a consequence, the requirement that a penalty stroke be awarded for defenders persistently crossing the back-line before permitted has been deleted. (iii) The ability to take attacking free hits, awarded within 5 meters of the edge of the circle, from the point of the offence. The ball still has to travel at least 5 meters before it can be played into the circle, or alternatively has to be touched by another player of either team, other than the player taking the free hit. Having to take the ball back to the 5 meters dotted line slowed the play and was seen as a real disadvantage to the attacking team and the flow of the game. (iv) The re-start after the ball has unintentionally been played over the back-line by a defender or deflected by a goalkeeper or player with goalkeeping privileges, and no goal is scored. Play will now be re-started with the ball on the 23 meters line and in line with where it crossed the back-line. (v) There is also a lifting of the ban on certain types of face masks, in particular those with metal grills, recognizing that the primary objective of wearing a face mask to defend a penalty corner should be safety. Nevertheless, players wearing face masks are not permitted to conduct themselves in a manner which is dangerous to other players by taking advantage of the protective equipment that they wear.  New Amendment in the Rules of Hockey (i) Now, the players cautioned with the green card will be suspended for 2 minutes. (ii) The duration of the match is of 60 minutes. (iii) Ball intentionally played over the back-line by a defender and no goal is scored. If it is clear that the action is intentional, umpires should not hesitate to award a penalty corner. (iv) Obstruction–Umpires should penalize shielding the ball with the stick more strictly. They should also look out for a tackling player who by pushing or leaning on an opponent causes them to lose possession of the ball. (v) Ball stationary at a free hit–Umpires are sometimes not strict enough on requiring the ball to be stationary, although very briefly, for a free hit especially if it is taken using a self-pass.  Fundamental Skills of Hockey (i) Hitting : Hitting involves, contacting the ball with a stick with hard firm forward swing, leading the ball to move fast. (ii) Push Pass : It involves pushing the ball with the stick, for short and accurate pass. (iii) Dodging : Dodge is used to gain space or time for either passing or dribbling by making the opponent go to the wrong way. It is to get away from close marking, a player may shift his weight and dodge to the left and draw his opponent to move in the same direction. (iv) Dribbling : Dribbling is running with the ball while shifting it right and left and keeping it in perfect control so as to pass it at any time or change its direction to beat a player. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 31]

(v) Scooping (side line hit) : A “scoop” occurs when a stationary or slow moving ball is raised off the ground with a slow movement of the stick, after the head of the stick is placed slightly under the ball. (vi) Lunging : Lunging is used to increase the reach, to play the ball which is out of reach. The player is required to hold the stick at the top of the stick by either hand. Holding the stick and the arm extending fully and body lunging forward on one leg, knees comfortably bent. It is used when the ball is out of the two-handed reach. (vii) Feinting : When a player dribbles to mislead his opponent. Feinting with the ball is to draw the ball sideways to the left or right at an angle to the line of the dribble, just in front of the opponent to make the opponent sway to that side, beating an opponent with a body-swerve (to dodge) produced by a shift of weight. (viii) Flick : It occurs when the ball is pushed and is consequently raised off the ground. It is used to pass the ball to a teammate or place the ball into the goal. (ix) Reverse flick : It means to raise the ball with the reverse stick to give pass over the stick of an opponent towards the right side or to place the ball into the goal. (x) Tackling : It is an attempt to take possession of the ball from an opponent’s control or an action to stop an opponent from retaining the possession of the ball. (xi) Push : A method of moving or passing the ball in which the stick is in contact with the ball and the ground as the player pushes the ball up the field.  Terminology Related to Hockey (i) Rolling substitution : It is the continuous replacement of one player from another throughout the game, as long as each side has only 11 players on the field at once. (ii) Shoveling : It is the simplest and the most basic shot. Its execution is simply to push in the desired direction, be the forehand, backhand or the spearing motion. (iii) 16 yard hit : A 16 yard hit is a type of free hit, awarded for defense, when the ball goes wholly over the backline and the attacking team was the last to touch it in any way. It is taken in line with where the ball crossed the back-line, up to 14.63m from the backline. (iv) Hit in : This is a powerful stroke for long passes or to score goal. A player raises the stick at back and then hits the ball with the full swing of the stick whereas hands hold the stick from the top. When the ball goes out on the sideline, the opposite team gets a hit in. (v) Misconduct : Rough or dangerous play, time-wasting, deliberate breach of any rule or any other behavior, which in the umpire’s opinion amounts to misconduct. (vi) Corner push : It is a technique of attack within the hockey field, when the ball is pushed involving the Penalty Corners. (vii) Carried : When a ball hits the leg (foot) while dribbling or tackling an opponent, it is considered as a foul (foot foul), opponents can intentionally hit the ball on the leg to get a free hit. One has to be careful while tackling an opponent. (viii) Sudden death : If a hockey match is tied after the end of regulation time, then an extra time of two 7.5 minute periods is played. During this period, the team which scores the first goal is declared winner. It means ‘the game ends as soon as one team scores’. (ix) Stroke : To pass the ball to the teammate at short or long distance or to score a goal with a powerful blow from a stick. (x) Reverse hit : It means to hit the ball towards the right side to run without changing the position of the ball or body with the reverse side of the stick. (xi) Bully : It is a call used to start or restart play. The referee puts the ball between two opposing players. The players tap the flat sides of their sticks three times and then go for the ball. (xii) Pass back : To restart the game, a player hits the ball from the center line to one of his teammates. (xiii) Back stick : It is an illegal shot in which the ball strikes the rounded face of the hockey stick. (xiv) Goalkeeper : One of the participants of each team on the field who wears full protective equipment comprising at least headgear, leg guards and kickers and who is also permitted to wear goal-keeping hand protectors and other protective equipment. (xv) Field player with goalkeeping privileges : One of the participants on the field who does not wear full protective equipment but who has goal-keeping privileges, this player wears a different color shirt to their other team members for identification. (xvi) Attack (Attacker) : The team (player) which (who) is trying to score a goal. (xvii) Defense (Defender) : The team (player) which (who) is trying to prevent a goal from being scored. [32 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

(xviii) Back-line : The shorter (55 meters) perimeter line. (xix) Goal-line : The back-line between the goalposts. (xx) Side-line : The longer (91.40 meters) perimeter line. (xxi) 23-meter area : The area enclosed by and including the line across the field, 22.90 meters from each back-line, the relevant part of the side-lines, and the back-line. (xxii) Push : Moving the ball along the ground using a pushing movement of the stick after the stick has been placed close to the ball. When a push is made, Arjuna Awardees Name Year Baljeet Singh Saini 2000 Tingonleima Chanu 2000 Capt. R. S. Bhola 2000 Balkishan Singh 2000 Jalaluddin Rizvi 2000 Madhu Yadav 2000 DilipTirkey 2002 Gagan Ajit Singh 2002 Mamta Kharab 2002 Devesh Chauhan 2003 Suraj Lata Devi 2003 Deepak Thakur 2004 Innocent Helen Mary 2004 Viren Rasquinha 2005 Jyoti Sunita Kullu 2006 Prabhjot Singh 2008 Surinder Kaur 2009 Ignace Tirkey 2009 Jasjeet Kaur Handa 2010 Rajpal Singh 2011 Sardar Singh 2012 Saba Anjum Karim 2013 Padmashree Awardees Name Year Balbir Singh 1957 K. D. Singh ‘Babu’ 1958 Charanjit Singh 1964

Krishan Lal 1966 Prithipal Singh 1967 Shankar Laxman 1967 Leslie Cladius 1971 Vasudevan Baskaran 1981 Mohd. Shahid 1981 Eliza Nelson 1982 Jhamanlal Sharma 1990 Selma D'Silva 1991 Ajit Pal Singh 1992 Pargat Singh 1998 Dhanraj Pillay 2001 Mukesh Kumar 2003 Dilip Tirkey 2004 Balbir Singh Kullar 2009 Ignace Tirkey 2010 Zafar Iqbal 2012 Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 33]

Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees Name Year Dhanraj Pillay 1999-2000 Dhyan Chand Awardees Name Year Ashok Diwan 2002 Charles Cornelius 2003 Dharam Singh Mann 2003 Hardyal Singh 2004 Rajinder Singh 2005 Nandy Singh 2006 Varinder Singh 2007 Mukhbain Singh 2008 Gundeep Kumar 2012 Syed Ali 2013  Tournaments International Tournaments (i) Hockey World Cup (ii) Women’s Hockey World Cup (iii) Hockey Junior World Cup (iv) Women’s Hockey Junior (v) Olympic Games (vi) Hockey World League (vii) Hockey Champions Trophy (viii) Hockey Champions Challenge  National Tournaments (i) MCC Murugappa Gold Cup (ii) Gurmeet Memorial Hockey Tournament (iii) Indian Oil Surjit Hockey Tournament (iv) Chhatrapati Shivaji Hockey Tournament (v) Aagha Khan Hockey Tournament (vi) Bombay Gold Cup (vii) Obaidullah Khan Gold Cup (viii) Jawaharlal Nehru Hockey Tournament (ix) Lal Bahadur Shastri Hockey Tournament (x) Liberals Hockey Tournament (xi) Shri Shadilal Rajendralal Memorial Hockey Tournament (xii) Indira Gold Cup (xiii) Beighton Cup (xiv) Senior National Hockey Tournament (xv) Junior National Hockey Tournament (xvi) Sub-junior National Hockey Tournament qq Chapter- 8 : Basketball Quick Review  Introduction : Basketball is played by 2 teams of 5 players each. The aim of each team is to score in the opponents’ basket and to prevent the other team from scoring. The game is controlled by the officials, table officials and a commissioner, if present. The basket that is attacked by a team is the opponents’ basket and the basket which is defended by a team is their own basket. The team that has scored the greater number of points at the end of playing time shall be the winner.  World History The game of Basketball was first invented by Dr. James Naismith of USA in December, 1891 at Spring Field College, [34 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

United States of America. In the very beginning, 40 to 50 players used to be in one team. The game used to be played in a Gymnasium. A pair of baskets was nailed on the walls facing each other. One had to take the ball out whenever a goal was scored. After that, Dr. Smith framed certain rules of the game.  Indian History Approximately 85 years ago in India, the game of Basketball was introduced by Y.M.C.A College, Madras. Since then, Basketball has become popular in every part of India. The Indian Basketball Federation was formed in 1950.  Governing Bodies of Basketball FIBA International Basketball Federation (Federation International de Basketball) FIBA, the International Basketball Federation, is the world governing body for basketball, founded in 1932.. FIBA brings together 214 National Basketball Federations from all over the world. FIBA organises and oversees international competitions. FIBA establishes the official basketball rules as well as the regulations that govern the relationships between the different members of the basketball communities. BFI Basketball Federation of India The Basketball Federation of India (BFI), which came into being in 1950, is the governing and controlling body of basketball in India, responsible for the development and promotion of the sport at all levels. BFI oversees all the national level basketball operations in India. Main Tips at a Glance (i) Number of teams = 2 (ii) Number of court players in a team = 5 (iii) Number of substitutes in a team = 7 (iv) Total players = 12 Dimensions of the court (v) Length of the court = 28 m (vi) Breadth of the court = 15 m (vii) Area of the court = 4700 m2 (viii) Radius of centre circle = 1.80 m Dimensions of the lines (ix) Width of the lines = 0.5 cm (x) Centre line shall extend = 15 cm beyond each side line (xi) Furthest edge of free-throw line from the = 5.80 m inner edge of the endline (xii) Free-throw line shall be = 3.60 m long Dimensions of Backboard (xiii) Height of lower edge of board from the floor = 2.90 m (xiv) Thickness of the backboard = 3 cm (xv) Backboard shall be = 80 m horizontally (xvi) Backboard shall be = 1.05 m vertically (xvii) Width of all the board lines = 5 cm Ball (xviii) Circumference of the ball = 75 to 78 cm (xviv) Weight = 600-650 gm (xx) Air pressure in ball = 7.5-8.5 pounds Dimensions of Ring (xxi) The rings have a diameter = 450 mm-457 mm (xxii) Metal diameter will be = 16 mm-20 mm (xxiii) The top edge of the ring is at a height from the playing floor = 3,050 m (xxiv) Duration of basketball game = 4 durations of 10 minutes each (xxv) Interval between two durations = {10-2-10-10-10-2-10} (xxvi) Officials = 5 (1 = referee, 1 = umpire, 1 = sector, 1 = timekeeper, 1 = 24 second operator)  Fundamental Skills of Basketball (i) Handling the ball (ii) Passing Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 35]

(a) Chest or push pass (b) Baseball pass (c) Underhand pass (d) Overhead pass (e) Two handed bounce pass (f) Hook pass (g) Flip pass (h) Tip or volley pass (i) Back pass (iii) Pivoting (iv) Dribbling (a) High dribble (v) Low dribble (v) Shooting (a) Two hand shot (b) Lay up shot (c) Hook shot (d) Jump shot (vi) Rebounding (vii) Defence (viii) Dodge (a) To dodge with singles (b) By speed (c) By escape (ix) Free throw (x) Offensive strategy (a) Faking (b) Screening (c) Triangular attack (d) Zonal attack (xi) Defensive attack (a) Blocking (b) Tackling (c) Zonal defence (d) Guarding (e) Man to man defence 200 Game clock 300 0 and 24-second device

Padding 1,200 At least 25 At least 100

1,050

0

3,050±6

– 05

2,150

0 50 150 0–5 450 –05

adding

least

line

P

At least At

End 1,280 2,000 [36 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

28 m 0-90 m Throw Side line 0.15

line 8.325 m Line End m End

-in Three-point field goal area line 1.575 m 6.75 m 3.6 m Restricted No semi-circle 15 Centre circle area -change m Centre line

Three Tw o-point Direction of play field goal area line

polint Side line 0.15 2m 5m

Team bench area m Team bench area Team bench Scorer's table Team bench

The brief description of some of fundamental mentioned below :

m

1.8

0.85 Neutral zone m

m

0.85 m

5.8 No-charge 0.4 m semi-circle cm area

m

0.85 m 10

0.1 m m

0.375

m

1.75

1.2 4.9 m  Dribbling A dribble is the movement of a live ball caused by a player in control of that ball who throws, taps, rolls the ball on the floor or deliberately throws it against the backboard. It is of two kinds : (i) High dribbling : The objective in high dribbling is to advance the ball more quickly. It is always meant for advancing the ball; here bounce is comparatively higher up to waist level. (ii) Low dribbling : It is used when the offensive in the ball is being guarded closely. Low dribble is controlled dribble. The ball is protected while putting the body between ball and the defensive player.  Pivoting It is a very important skill because it helps basketball player to attack or defend himself and his position. A pivot takes place when a player who is holding the ball steps once or more than once in any direction, with the same foot, while the other foot called the pivot foot is being kept at its point of contact with the floor.  Shooting In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air towards the basket while avoiding defenders. There are three kinds of shoo- ting : (i) Jump shot : A jump shot or jumper is an attempt to score a basket by jumping, usually straight up, and in mid-jump, propelling the ball in an arc into the basket. (ii) Lay-up shot : A shot in which a player reaches the ring by taking one and a half step. (iii) Dunk shot : A shot is called the Dunk shot when a player jumps high enough to get the ball up and over the ring to press it forcefully into the ring.  Catching Catching the ball is just an action that requires your hands placing a grip on the ball. The sole purpose is to receive the ball from another player.  Passing Passing means the movement of the ball from one player to another. Passing is the best way to keep possession of the basketball and is a faster way of moving the ball up the court than dribbling. A good pass is smoothly handled and not forced. It is usually 12-18 feet (the longer ones can be easily intercepted) and is made with control. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 37]

(i) Chest pass : This technique is used when there is no defender standing in the way between the passer and his intended receiver. The ball is gripped with both hands by placing the fingertips on both sides of the ball; the thumbs should nearly meet behind the ball.. (ii) Bounce pass : In bounce pass, the holding of the ball, body positions and passing action is approximately the same as in two hand chest pass. (a) One-handed bounce pass : One-handed bounce pass is used when the bounce pass is difficult for defender to steal. The change of direction is hard for the defender to judge. (b) Two-handed bounce pass : Two-handed bounce pass is used to avoid a defender who is trying to block or intercept the ball. (iii) Overhead pass : This technique is often used to break a defensive trap. The idea is for the passer to get the ball to a receiver who is tall and who is standing close to the basket. (iv) Baseball passing : In this type of pass, the ball should be taken just behind the head on right or left direction with a support of the upper portion of palm and fingers. One foot should be kept in front of the other and the ball should be thrown with a swing of the fingers. This pass is usually applied for long passes.  Ball handling Ball is held with both hands firmly. The fingers should spread evenly on the ball. The angle of thumb is to be at 40 degrees facing angularly to each other. Relax the shoulders and elbows close to the body.  Jumping Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is. Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots and sometimes while trying to catch a pass.  Rebounding It means successfully gaining possession of the ball after a missed field goal or free throw. Power forwards and centres do most of the rebounding for their team as they should be two tallest players in the team.  Blocking When a player attempts to screen and block the opponent in restricting the move towards scoring.  General Rules of Basketball Although there are rules variations between men, and women’s basketball and between the various levels of play, there are basic rules that govern play at any level. (i) Only five players can play in each team at one time. (ii) Any number of substitutions may be made during any dead ball. (iii) Substitute must wait by the scorer’s table until called into the play by an official. (iv) Any player may request a time out. (v) A goal is scored when the ball passes through the basket from the above. (vi) Two points are scored for a goal from the court other than from the three point’s area. (vii) Each successful free throw awarded for fouls scores one point. (viii) If the players put the ball into the basket of the opponent, a goal is scored. (ix) A goal is stopped when an official indicates a handball. (x) The ball is put into the play at the beginning of the game by a jump ball into a centre circle by two opposing teams. (xi) A players is out of bounds when he touches the floor on or outside of the boundary lines. (xii) The ball is out of bounds when it touches the person or thing that is on or outside the boundary of or the supports or back of the backboards. (xiii) A team is awarded a throw-in at the place where opposing team causes the ball out-of- bounds. (xiv) An offensive player may not remain in the free throw lane (the area between the endline, free throw line, and free throw lines) for more than 3 seconds during play.  Equipment Needed to Conduct the Basketball Match The following equipment will be required: (i) Backstop units, consisting of: (a) Backboards (b) Baskets comprising (pressure release) rings and nets (c) Backboard support structures including padding (ii) Basketballs (iii) Game clock (iv) Scoreboard (v) Shot clock (vi) Stopwatch or suitable (visible) device (not the game clock) for timing time-outs [38 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

(vii) 2 separate, distinctly different and loud signals, one each for the (a) Shot clock operator, (b) Scorer /timer. (viii) Score sheet (ix) Player foul markers (x) Team foul markers (xi) Alternating possession arrow (xii) Playing floor (xiii) Playing court (xiv) Adequate lighting  Terminology Related to Basketball (i) Blocking out : When a player positions himself or herself under the backboard in such a way that it prevents the opposition from achieving good rebounding position. (ii) Cut : Quick offensive maneuver by a player in order to get in position to receive a pass. (iii) Dodging : Pretending to move or throw the ball in one direction but actually moving or throwing the ball in a different direction. (iv) Double foul : Two opposite players commit fouls against each other at the same time. (v) Dribble : Continuously bouncing the ball onto the floor without touching the ball with both hands at the same time, allowing the ball to stop its continuous movement, or losing control. (vi) Fake (Feint) : Use of deceptive move to pull the opposing player out of position. (vii) Fast break : Moving quickly into defensive position before the defensive team has an opportunity to set up. (viii) Free throw : A penalty shot awarded to a player where the opposition has committed a foul. (ix) Held ball : A situation in which opposing players both hold the ball, neither of them can get possession; this is resolved by the referee by throwing the ball in the air between them. (x) Jump ball : Method of putting the ball into play that involves tossing the ball up into the air between two opposing players in the centre circle. (xi) Multiple foul : A foul on an opponent by two or more players at the same time. (xii) Outlet pass : Direct pass from a rebound that starts a fast break. (xiii) Rebound : Term used for the action of the ball as it bounces off the backboard or ring. (xiv) Screen : Offensive player gets in position between a defender and a teammate in order to give the defender an uncosted shot at the basket. (xv) Set shot : An unhindered shot taken from a well balanced position is called a set shot. (xvi) Technical foul : A non contact foul by a player, team or coach for unsportsman like behaviour or failure to follow the rules and regulation. (xvii) Throw in : Putting the ball into play from out of bounds. (xviii) Travelling : Player in possession of the ball moves illegally in any direction.  Main Fouls (i) Personal foul : A personal foul is that foul when a player involves contact, blocks and catches, an opponent. (ii) Intentional foul : It is a personal foul which is committed intentionally by a player. (iii) Double foul : A double foul is that when two opponents commit foul against each other almost at the same time. (iv) Multiple foul : A foul on an opponent by two or more players at the same time. (v) Technical foul : A non contact foul by a player, team or coach for unsportsman like behaviour or failure to follow the rules and regulation (vi) Five foul : If a player commits five fouls either personal or technical, he or she shall be turned out for whole match.  Main Rules to Understand (i) Three seconds rules : A player shall not remain in the opponents’ restricted area for more than three consecutive seconds while his team is in control of a live ball in the frontcourt and the game clock is running. (ii) Five seconds rules : According to the new rules, when a closely guarded player, who is holding the ball, does not pass, shoot, roll or dribble the ball within five seconds, it shall be considered a violation with a side line throw for the opponents. (iii) Eight seconds rules : After the attacking team gains possession of the ball in their own half, they have eight seconds to move the ball into the opposition’s half otherwise they will lose the possession. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 39]

(iv) Twenty four seconds rules : A team shall attempt a shot within 30 seconds after taking control of the live ball. (v) Travel rules : Travelling or progressing while holding the ball, moving either with one or both the feet, shall be considered out of bounds.  Sports Award Arjuna Awardees Name Year Sarbjit Singh 1961 Khushi Ram 1967 Gurdial Singh 1968 Hav. Hari Dutt 1969 Gulam Abbas Moontasir 1970 Man Mohan Singh 1971 S. K. Kataria 1973 Anil Kumar Punj 1974 Hanuman Singh 1975 T. Vijayaraghavan 1977/78 Om Prakash 1979/80 Ajmer Singh 1982 Suman Sharma 1983 Radhey Shyam 1991 Sajjan Singh Cheema 1999 Parminder Singh 2001 Satya (Sports) 2003 Ms. Geetu Anna Jose 2014 Dronacharya Awardees Name Year Aparna Ghosh 2002 Ram Kumar 2003  Tournaments and Venues International Tournaments Men’s tournaments (i) Men Basketball at Olympics (ii) FIBA World Championship (iii) Euro Basket (iv) FIBA American Championship (v) FIBA Asia Championship (vi) FIBA Africa Championship  Women’s tournaments (i) Women Basketball at Olympics (ii) FIBA World Championship (iii) Euro Basket (iv) FIBA American Championship (v) FIBA Asia Championship (vi) FIBA Africa Championship  National tournaments (i) Federation Cup (ii) Senior National Championship (iii) Junior National Championship (iv) Youth National Championship (v) Sub- Junior National Championship (vi) All- India Ramu Memorial Trophy (vii) (c) Munni Swami Cup (viii) (b) C Gupta Trophy [40 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

 Sports Personalities

Indian Personalities Hanuman Singh Radhey Shyam T. Vijayaraghavan Sajjan Singh Cheema Om Prakash Parminder Singh Ajmer Singh Satya (Sports) Suman Sharma Ms. Geetu Anna Jose

International Personalities Michael Jeffrey Jordan Wilton Norman Chamberlain Earvin Johnson Jr. Shaquille Rashaun O'Neal Kareem Abdul-Jabba Patrick Aloysius Ewing Larry Joe Bird Karl Anthony Malone Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon David Maurice Robinson qq Chapter- 9 : Softball Quick Review  History Softball came into existence in Chicago, Illinois, in 1887; thanks to George Hancock. The very first game took off using a rolled up boxing glove as a ball and broomstick as a bat. This first contest ended with a score of 44-40. The ball being soft, was fielded bare-handed. Earlier the game was called by several names such as ‘Kitten ball’, ‘Lemon ball’, ‘Diamond ball’ etc. In 1932 the name of the game was finally adopted as ‘Softball’. The official rules were published by the Joint Rules Committee appointed in 1934. The First Softball World Championship for women was held in 1965 in Melbourne, Australia and for men in Mexico city. In India, Softball was introduced by YMCA. The Softball Association of India was formed in 1961 and the First National Championship for men and women was organized at Jodhpur in 1967.  Players and their Positions There are nine players out on the field at one time. Although the pitcher and catcher have the ball the most, each person has a specific job. In the infield, there is the pitcher, catcher, first baseman, second baseman, shortstop and third baseman. In the outfield, there is left fielder, centre fielder and right fielder. In slow pitch softball, there is an extra outfielder in the out field, who is specified as roamer. Normally, the defensive team will play with four outfielders, meaning there is a left fielder, left-centre fielder, right-centre fielder, and right fielder.  Pitcher The pitcher is the individual who throws the ball from the centre of the diamond or the pitcher’s mound. In baseball, the mound is elevated, but in softball the mound is not elevated. The pitcher usually throws the ball in the strike zone. In softball, the pitcher uses an underarm motion to pitch the ball towards the strike zone. As soon as the pitcher makes a throw, the fielders are ready to field balls that are hit in the middle of the diamond.  Second Baseman The second baseman plays in-between the first baseman and the gap at second. If the ball is hit to the left side of the field, second covers second base. If the ball is hit on their side of the field, they back up the fielder, cover first, or field the ball depending on where it is hit. The second baseman also is the cut off on balls hit to the right side of the outfield. The second baseman also throws directly to the catcher to prevent runner from scoring.  Shortstop The shortstop fields all balls hit to the infield between the second and third bases. This individual also helps cover second base and is frequently involved in force plays, double plays and frequently throws the ball to the catcher to throw out runners at home plate. Most shortstops are very quick, agile and think fast.  Catcher The catcher is always behind the hitter in semi-crouched position at home plate. The catcher recovers pitches from the pitcher. The catcher also throws balls to other bases to throw out runners. At home plate, the catcher is Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 41]

responsible for making all the outs. In most games, catchers provide a visual or finger clue as to what the next pitch should be. Catchers are usually very strong, agile, think fast and possess fast reflexes.  First Baseman The first baseman is the position to the left of the first base. The major role of the first baseman is to make fielding plays on all balls hit towards first base. The first baseman also helps prevent steals from first to second base. The first base is usually involved in every hit that occurs on the playing field. Individuals at first base have quick hands and are always on the lookout to catch the player off base.  Third Baseman The third baseman covers all hits to the third base and receives balls from the outfield . The third base person also frequently throws the ball to the catcher trying to run out the runner at home plate. The individual at third base usually thinks fast because of the types of hits that commonly occur in that zone. Quick thinking can often stop runners scoring or can result in double plays.  Outfielders The outfielders are players that cover the grass behind the infield and usually backup the plays made by the infielders and make plays when the ball is hit past or over the infield. All the throwers need to have good throwing arm but especially outfielders because their position is of much larger range. They also have specific names usually called right fielder, centre fielder and left fielder.  Substitution of Players A player shall be official in the game when his name has been entered and the official has been announced. A substitute may take place of a player whose name is in his team’s batting order. The following will govern the substitution of players. (i) The captain of the team making the substitution must immediately notify the umpire who will suspend play and announce the change to the spectators and captain of the other team. (ii) Substitute players will be considered in the game as follows : (a) Batter, when he takes his place in the batter’s box. (b) Fielder, when he takes the place of the fielder substituted for. (c) Runner, when the substitute replaces him on base he is holding. (d) Pitcher, when he takes his place on the pitcher’s plate. (iii) Each pitcher whose name has been entered on the score sheet, who has been announced, must pitch untill the batter facing him has completed his turn at bat or the side has been retired. Any other player may be removed from the game at any time. (iv) Whether announced or unannounced, any play made by or on the substitute player shall be legal. A player removed from the game shall not participate in the game again except as a Coach.  Regulation Game A regulation game shall consist of seven innings. (i) A full seven innings need not be played if the team second at bat scores more runs in six innings or before the third out in the last of the seventh inning, (ii) A game that is tied at the end of seven innings shall be continued by playing additional innings, or until one side has scored more runs than the other at the end of a complete inning, or until the team second at bat has scored more runs in their half of the inning before the third out is made. (iii) A game called by the umpire shall be regulation if five or more complete innings have been played, or if the team second at bat has scored more runs than the other team has scored in five or more innings. The umpire is empowered to call a game at any time because of darkness, rain, fire, panic or other cause, which puts the patrons or players in peril. (iv) A regulation game shall be declared tie if the score is equal when the game is called at the end of five or more completed innings, or if the team second at bat has equalled the score of the first team at bat in the incomplete innings. (v) These provisions do not apply to any acts on the part of players or spectators, which might call for forfeiture of the game. The plate umpire may forfeit the game if any team member or spectator attacks any umpire physically.  The Playing Field It is the area within which the ball may be legally played and fielded. It shall have a clear and unobstructed area within the minimum radius of 67.06 m and 76.20 m for women and men respectively from home plate between foul lines. It shall have an unobstructed area, not less than 7.62 m and not more than 9.14 m in width outside the foul lines and between home plate and the backstop. It should have a warning track. It may be 3.65 m to 4.57 m from the outfield or side fence. [42 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

 Equipment Bat (i) It shall be made of one piece of hard wood or formed from a block of wood consisting of two or more, pieces of wood, bounded together with an adhesive and have a clear finish. (ii) It can be laminated but must contain only wood or adhesive and have a clear finish. (iii) It shall be round and smooth. (iv) It shall not be more than 86.4 cm long nor exceed 1077.0 gm in weight. (v) It shall not be more than 5.7 cm in diameter at its largest part. (vi) If it is made of metal, it may be angular. (vii) It shall not have any sharp edges. (viii) If it is made of metal, it shall not have wooden handle.  Ball (i) It shall be regular, smooth, seamed, concealed, stitched or flat surfaced ball. (ii) The circumference of the ball shall be between 30.2 cm and 30.8 cm and its weight shall be between 178 gm and 198.4 gm. (iii) The flat seam style shall not have less than 88 stitches in each cover.  Gloves All defensive players wear fielding gloves, made of leather or similar material. Gloves have webbing between the thumb and forefinger, known as the “pocket”. The first baseman and the catcher may wear mitts; mitts are distinguished from gloves in that they have extra padding and no fingers. In 2007, ASA and other organizations revised their rules regarding gloves and mitts, allowing any player to use a glove or mitt. No part of the glove is allowed to be the same colour as that of the ball, including that of its seams. Gloves used in Softball are generally larger than the ones used in baseball.  Duties of the Plate Umpire (i) Shall take a position in back of the catcher. He shall have full charge of and be responsible for the proper conduct of the game. (ii)Shall call all balls and strikes. (iii) Shall, by agreement and in cooperation with the base umpire, call plays, hit balls, fair or foul, legally or illegally caught balls. On plays that would necessitate the base umpire leaving the infield, the plate umpire shall assume the duties normally required of the base umpire. (iv)Shall determine and declare whether (a) A batter bunts, or chops, a ball. (b) A batted ball touches the person,tor clothing of the batter. (v) Shall render base decisions when required to do so. (vi)Shall determine when a game is forfeited. (vii) Shall assume all duties, when assigned as a single umpire to a game.  Signals (i) To indicate that play shall begin, or be resumed; the umpire shall call “PLAY BALL” and at the same time, motion the pitcher to deliver the ball (ii) A STRIKE shall be indicated by raising the right hand upward, indicating the number of strikes by the fingers and, at the same, time calling ‘STRIKE’ in a clear and decisive voice. (iii) To indicate a BALL, no arm signal is used. (iv) To indicate the total COUNT of balls and strikes, the balls are called first. (v) To indicate a FOUL, the umpire shall call ‘FOUL BALL’ and extend an arm horizontally away from the diamond, according to the direction of the ball. (vi) To indicate a FAIR BALL, the umpire shall extend an arm toward the centre of the diamond, using a pumping motion (vii) To indicate a batter or runner OUT, the umpire shall raise the right hand upward above the right shoulder, with fist closed. (viii) To indicate that a player is SAFE, the umpire shall extend both arms horizontally to the side of the body, with palms towards the ground.  Winner of the Game The winner of the game shall be the team that scores more runs in a regulation game. (i) The score of a game called regulation shall be the score at the end of the last complete inning, unless the team second at bat has scored more runs than the first team at bat in the incomplete inning. In this case, the score shall be that of the incomplete inning. Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 43]

(ii) The score of a regulation tie game shall be the tie score when the game was terminated. A regulation tie game shall be replayed from the beginning. (iii) The score of a forfeited game shall be 7-0 in favour of the team not at fault.  Ball in Play The ball is considered in play in the following circumstances: (i) When a fly ball or foul tip has been legally caught. (ii) When a thrown or pitched ball goes into foul territory and is neither blocked nor obstructed. (iii) When a thrown or pitched ball strikes an umpire. (iv) When a thrown ball strikes an umpire or base runner on fair ground after passing or touching a fielder. (v) When the thrown ball goes behind a fielder and remains in unfair territory. (vi) When a fair ball strikes an umpire on a foul ground. (vii) When a fair ball is legally batted. (viii) When a base runner is forced to return in reverse order while the ball is in play. qq Chapter- 10 : Volleyball Quick Review  History Volleyball has come a long way from the dusty-old YMCA gymnasium of Holyoke, Massachusetts, USA, where the visionary William G. Morgan (1870-1942), who was born in the state of New York, has gone down in history as the inventor of the game of volleyball, back in 1895, to which he originally gave the name “Mintonette”. Volleyball is now one of the big five international sports, and the FIVE, with its 220 affiliated national federations, is the largest international sporting federation in the world. After seeing the demonstration, and hearing the explanation of Morgan, Professor Alfred T. Halstead called attention to the action, or the act phase, of the ball’s flight, and proposed that the name “Mintonette” be replaced by “Volley Ball.” By 1913, the development of volleyball on the Asian continent was assured as, in that year, the game was included in the programme of the first Far-Eastern Games, organized in Manila. It should be noted that, for a long time, volleyball was played in Asia according to the “Brown” rules which, among other things, used 16 players (to enable a greater participation in matches). Volleyball has witnessed unprecedented growth over the last two decades. With the great success of world competitions such as the FIVE World Championships, the FIVE World League, the FIVE World Grand Prix, the FIVE World Cup and the FWB Grand Champions Cup as well as the Olympic Games, the level of participation at all levels internationally continues to grow exponentially. Volleyball thus became more and more a competitive sport with high physical and technical performance. The beach volleyball phenomenon also continues to amaze. The overwhelming spectator and television success of beach volleyball since its introduction in the Olympic Games at Atlanta 1996 and the stunning success of the FIVE World Tour, the World Championships and the Continental Cup have opened up volleyball to a completely new market.  Basic Rules  Volleyball is played by two teams of six players on a court divided by a net.

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9 m [44 ] Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review, PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X

 The object of the game is to send the ball over the net so that the opposing team cannot return the ball or prevent it from hitting the ground in their court.  Each team has three hits to attempt to return the ball.  The ball is put in play by a serve that is hit by the server over the net to the opponent.  When the receiving team wins a volley, it gains a point and the right to serve, and the players rotate one position clockwise.  When the serving team wins a volley, it wins a point and the right to continue serving. « The ball must clear the net on a serve.  A game is played to 25 points. The team that wins the best three out of five games wins the match.  Volleyball Skills (i) Serving : Serving is the first weapon that can generate an immediate point, begin a game, or ignite an offense. A well-placed serve (whether to a weak passer, at the setter, at the quick attacker, or to a weak formation) that is also difficult to pass puts the opponent at a disadvantage. Focus on correct technique and strive for success. In addition, always serve to score points, NOT just to get the ball into the opponent’s court. (ii) Passing (Forearm Underhand) : Accurate and consistent passing can result in an aggressive multiple attacks. Be sure that players are in the ready position preparing to execute the proper technique before the serve and during a rally. The athlete must face and focus on the oncoming ball. Ensure that the athlete’s arms and hands are in the correct position with wrists together. The legs are a little further than shoulder width apart with feet parallel. The ball is contacted on the forearms. Upon contact, the athlete maintains a stationary straight arm position so that the ball rebounds off the lower part of the forearms and is directed to the target. The knees are extended to raise the arms forward upon contact. Straightening the legs completes the pass; the arms are behind the ball, and weight is transferred in the direction of the pass. (iii) Passing (Overhand, Overhand or Setting) : Overhead passing or setting is the next important part of the pass-set-spike sequence for a successful attack. In fact, an excellent set from a bad pass can still result in a “kill”. The athlete forms a triangle with the fingers and thumbs of both hands around the ball above the forehead (thumbs do not touch). Index fingers and thumbs form the triangle around 3 panels (18-panel ball). The elbows point slightly forward. Feet are approximately shoulder width apart with right foot slightly forward. Knees are slightly bent, and body is leaning slightly forward. Eyes are focused on the ball. The athlete receives the ball with hands on the outside of the ball. The athlete extends the knees and straightness the arms to follow-through is the desired direction. (iv) Attack (Hitting) Options : There are several attack options that can be effectively performed in a game. An attacker should be able to hit the following: shots off the block (using the hands), high sets, low sets, sets off the net, off speed shots, tipping, and a variation of play sets including back court hitting options. Providing a great deal of practice and repetition of each will depend on the age and ability of the athletes. Ensure the fundamental technique of hitting is effective and efficient so that it can be performed at a high level during competition. With regard to spiking, the athlete must first be able to demonstrate the spiking motion when on the floor (with modified and full arm swing). Second phase is arm swing, which is started with both arms at side of body. Arms are taken straight back and then thrust forward and immediately up. Third phase includes athlete jumping and spiking. As the athlete begins to jump, her spiking arm is raised with elbow shoulder high. At the top of jump, the elbow leads as the arm is extended and wrist snaps so that the heel of the athlete’s hand contacts the ball and follows through. The athlete must land softly and be in control of the landing. This is a high jump, not a long jump. Fourth phase the athlete uses only the step-close (right- left for right banders and left-right for left handers) or step 2 and 3 of the modified spiking approach. Fifth phase includes athlete using a full approach, take-off then completing the spiking motion and landing. Right hander (start right foot in front) should take left-right-left or one step and step-close approach. Left hander (start left foot in front) should take right-left-right or one step and step-close. (v) Blocking — Attack; Defend : A well-timed and effective block diffuses an offensive attack. The athlete is near the net, moves into position with hands up quickly. Athlete focuses on the ball and jumps vertically so that maximum height is achieved when the ball is above net and contacted. Arms are raised and extended above the head; hands are close together with fingers open; wrists are in line with arms (wrist parallel), and hands are slightly forward. A firm and straight-arm position is maintained so that the ball rebounds off hands and is not struck. If possible, athlete reaches up and over the net with arms and hands pointed in a downward position for a rebound. The athlete lands facing the net while keeping the upper body in control and knees bent to absorb the shock. Depending upon whether right side or left is blocking will determine which hand should be turned inside. ; Oswaal ICSE Chapterwise Quick Review,PHYSICAL EDUCATION, Class-X [ 45]

(vi) Defensive Skills — Rolling; Sliding : When the ball does not come directly at an athlete, it may be impossible to play the ball from a regular underhand passing standing position. The athlete still focuses on the ball and takes a step with the near foot in the direction of the oncoming ball. The body is extremely low when playing the ball. To ensure that the athlete does not hurt himself/herself, the athlete will continue the momentum and either slide or roll out of the play. The goal is to get the ball up to the target and safely return to the ready position as quickly as possible.  Volleyball Terminologies Ace : A serve not returned by the opposing team. Attack : An attempt by the offensive team to end the rally by hitting the ball to the floor of the defensive team. Attackers : A player who spikes or hits the ball over the net. Block : A skill executed above the net by one or more players to prevent a spike from entering their side of the court. Dig : A basic skill used to receive an opponents attack. (Also called a bump) Down Ball : An attacked ball that the blockers judge as not having enough speed or good enough court position to require a block. Foul : Any rule infraction that causes the referee to blow the whistle. Forearm Pass : A basic skill where the ball is rebounded off the players forearms to the desired target. Free Ball : A ball returned by the opposing team that cannot be attacked and, instead, is passed over the net. Hit : Another term used for an attack or spike. Kill: An attack not returned by the defense. Overhead Pass : A basic skill where the ball is contacted above the head with both hands. It can be used on defense, serve receive and setting. Rally : The time from the start of the serve until the play is ended by a point or side out. Rally Scoring : An alternative scoring system incorporated in the deciding game of a match where a point is scored when either team wins the rally. Rotation : When a team earns a side out, the team moves one position clockwise on the court before the next serve. Serve : A basic volleyball skill used to put the ball into play. Set: An overhead pass directed to an attacker. Side out : When the serving team loses the rally and the receiving team gets the ball and the next serve attempt. (Does not result in a point unless rally scoring is being used.) Spikes : A powerful attack that incorporates jumping and hitting the ball into the opponents court with one hand. Sprawl : A defensive technique used to retrieve a ball in front of the defender. Tip : An off speed shot used by the attacker directed at the holes in the defense. Also called a dump or dink.  Important Tournaments International National (i) Olympics (i) Federation Cup (ii) World Championship (ii) Senior National Championship (iii) Asian Games (iii) Junior (U-18) National Championship (iv) American Championship (iv) Youth (U-16) National Championship (v) Asia Championship (v) Sub Junior (U-13) National Championship (vi) Africa Championship  Awardees Arjun Awardees (i) 1961 A. Palanisamy (ii) 1962 Nripjit Singh (iii) 1972 Balwant Singh “Ballu” (iv) 1973 G.M. Reddy (v) 1974 M.S. Rao (vi) 1975 Sub. Insp. R. Singh (vii) 1975 K.C. Elamma (viii) 1976 Jimmy George (ix) 1977-78 A. Ramana Rao (x) 1978-79 Kutty Krishnan (xi) 1979-80 S.K. Mishra (xii) 1982 G.E. Sridharan (xiii) 1983 R.K Purohit (xiv) 1984 Saley Joseph (xv) 1986 Cyril C. Valloor (xvi) 1989 Abdul Basith (xvii) 1990 Dalel Singh Ror (xviii) 1991 K. Udaya Kumar (xix) 1999 Sukhpal Singh (xx) 2000 P.V. Ramana (xxi) 2001 Amir Singh (xxii) 2002 Ravikant Reddy (xxiii) 2010 K.J. Kapil Dev (xxiv) 2011 Sanjay Kumar (xxv) 2014 Tom Joseph  Dronacharya Award Recipients (i) 1990 A. Ramana Rao Volleyball (ii) 1995 M. Shyam Sunder Rao Volleyball (iii) 2007 G.E. Sridharan Volleyball qq