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Sweden and Jewish Assets

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Sweden and Jewish Assets To the Minister for Foreign Affairs Through a resolution of 13th February 1997, the Government authorised the Minister for Foreign Affairs to appoint a Commission tasked with clarifying as far as possible what can have happened in Sweden with regard to property of Jewish origin brought here in connection with persecutions of Jews before and during the Second World War (Dir. 1997:31). On 21st February 1997, pursuant to this authorisation, former Provincial Governor Rolf Wirtén was appointed Chairman of the Commission. On the same day Ass. Prof. Nina Einhorn, Professor Boel Flodgren, former Justice of the Supreme Court Per Jermsten, Attorney Lennart Kanter, Helène Löw, Ph.D., and Ambassador Krister Wahlbäck. Paul A. Levine, Ph.D., and Ass. Prof. Alf W. Johansson were appointed Special Advisers on 21st February 1997. The latter was, at his own request, relieved of his appointment on 17th April 1997. Salomo Berlinger, Director, former Ambassador Sven Fredrik Hedin, Professor Mats Larsson, Erik Norberg, Director General of the Central Board of National Antiquities, P.G. Persson, Bank Director, Hans Seyler, Principal Administrative Officer, Dr Israel Singer, Göran Strömgren, Director, Ass. Prof. Kersti Ullenhag, Göran Wikell, Principal Administrative Officer, and former Ambassador Eric Virgin were appointed Special Advisers on 11th April 1997. Sven Fredrik Hedin was relieved of his appointment as Special Adviser, at his own request, on 14th December 1998. Deputy Assistant Under-Secretary Bertil Ahnborg and Assistant Under-Secretary Berndt Fredriksson were appointed Expert Advisers to the Commission on 11th April 1997. Gertrud Forkman, Associate Judge of Appeal (Principal Secretary), and Ingrid Lomfors, Ph.D, were appointed Secretaries to the Commission., with effect from 14th April 1997, the latter, at her own request, up to and including 14th December 1998 only. Peder Bjursten, Associate Judge of Appeal, was also appointed Secretary to the Commission, with effect from 1st February 1998. According to the Commission’s terms of reference, its report was to be submitted not later than 1st March 1998. On 11th December 1997 the Government granted a request from the Commission for additional time in which to complete its assignment, and it was resolved that the report was to be submitted not later than 30th November 1998. At the same time the Commission received supplementary terms of reference requiring it to give priority to that part of its remit relating to gold dealings by the Riksbank (Dir. 1997:148). On 9th July 1998 the Commission, with reference to the supplementary terms of reference, submitted its interim report, Nazi Gold and the Riksbank (SOU 1998:96). A request by the Commission for a further prolongation of its remit, until 1st March 1999, was granted by the Government on 29th October 1998. The remit has involved extensive work under heavy pressure of time. The Commission now presents its final report, Sweden and Jewish Assets. The Commission intends to publish subsequently a number of research reports written by persons who were specially engaged to compile supportive documentation for the Commission’s assessments. Stockholm, 3rd March 1999 Rolf Wirtén Nina Einhorn Lennart Kanter Boel Flodgren Helène Löw Per Jermsten Krister Wahlbäck /Gertrud Forkman /Peder Bjursten Contents Summary 1 Introduction 1.1 The Government´s remit to the Commission 1.2 Structure of this report 1.3 Perspectives on the Commission´s remit 2 The historical context 2.1 Introduction 2.2 The Jews in Europe 2.3 The racial ideology and concept ual world of Nazism 2.4 Sweden´s policy towards Nazi Germany 3 The work of the Commission 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Definitions and delimitations 3.3 Hyptheses 3.4 Methods 3.5 Sources 4 Heirless property and orphaned assets 4.1 General observations on ”heirless property” and ”orphaned assets” 4.2 Agreements etc. in the 1940s 4.3 Inquiries during the 1960s 4.4 Supplementary enquiries by the Commission 4.5 Conclusions in brief 5 Business Activity 5.1 Introduction 5.2 The Aryanisation of Business Enterprise in Nazi Germany 5.3 Commodity Trade between Sweden and Nazi Germany 5.4 Financial Relations and the Balance of Payments 5.5 Plans for transferring Jewish-owned Firms to Sweden 5.6 Possibilities of Transferring Intagibles 5.7 Purchase of Securities from Occupied Territories 5.8 Examples of how Credit Conditions could develop when Businesses were Aryanised 5.9 Dealings in Gold 5.10 Swedish Subsidiaries in Nazi-dominated Territories 5.11 German Interests in Swedish Industry 5.12 Code of Conduct 5.13 Summary and Conclusions 6 Looted Assets 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Confiscation and plundering of personal belongings by Nazy Germany 6.3 Possible escape routes to Sweden 6.4 The Commission´s enquiries 6.5 Observations by the Commission 6.6 Summary 7 The liquidation of german Assets in Sweden 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Measures taken at the end of the war 7.3 The Washington agreement 7.4 Authorities and regulations in Sweden 7.5 Investigations by the Commission 7.6 The activities and working methods of the Foreign Capital Control Office 7.7 Questions of liquidation procedure 7.8 The Commission´s conclusions Bibliography Appendixes 1 - 6 Summary The great tragedy of the Holocaust consists in millions of people having lost their lives. An essential part of European civilisation was shattered. There is also a material aspect. Millions of Jewish homes, as well as thousands of Jewish institutions, were laid waste and their possessions dispersed. There are a good many histories of the Second World War. Historical accounts of the Holocaust are fewer in number, and the question of its economic dimension has long remained relatively uninvestigated. In more recent years, however, this dimension has attracted considerable international attention, and it is this latter question, with regard to Sweden, that the Commission has had the task of addressing. National differences of historical experience mean that different topics of inquiry and working approaches are required for different nations. In countries which were occupied by the Germans, the main focus of inquiry during the 1990s has been on the confiscation of Jewish assets. In non-belligerent states, banking and business relations with Nazi Germany are a main issue, like the role which Jewish assets may have played in them. The USA, Britain and France are to a great extent concerned with scrutinising the guidelines which the Allies drew up after the war concerning, among other things, the distribution of looted gold. Despite differences of perspective and method, the search for historical truth is a unifying link in the international inquiry. All perspectives on the history of the Second World War must start with a knowledge of the extent and consequences of Nazi violence. This applies not only with regard to the Jewish population but also to many other people in Europe. This has been an obvious point of departure for the work of the Commission. Recently the accepted Swedish view of Sweden’s role during the Second World War has been questioned. The consequences of the policy pursued have been discussed. These questions have also proved to be relevant to the Commission’s task - a delimited one per se - of clarifying as far as possible what may have happened in Sweden to property of Jewish origin which was brought here in connection with the persecutions of the Jews before and during the Second World War. The Commission has therefore opted to devote the introductory chapters of its final report to a general discussion of refugee policy, the policy of neutrality, trade policy and relations between public opinion and the government. One finds that Sweden’s policy towards the belligerent great powers for most of the war was based on considerations of power politics. Moral issues were excessively disregarded and actions were taken with the overriding purpose of keeping Sweden out of the war and maintaining essential supplies. Today, of course, such an attitude can seem deplorable The Commission’s research with regard to its actual remit has focused on five points of inquiry. · Did the Riksbank (Sweden’s central bank) receive any looted gold or gold plundered from individuals? · What happened to unclaimed Jewish assets in Sweden after the war? · Can Jewish property have come to Sweden as part of the trade exchange with Nazi Germany? · Can Jewish assets have been included in the disposal of German assets in Sweden after the war? The Riksbank’s dealings in gold from Nazi Germany have been dealt with in the Commission’s interim report Nazi Gold and the Riksbank (SOU 1998:96), which was published in July 1998. Subsequent inquires have not altered the picture presented in that report. What happened to unclaimed Jewish assets in Sweden after the war? From the very outset, there were two basic questions concerning assets which had been “orphaned” in Sweden as a result of Nazi persecutions of Jews and others before and during the Second World War. · What ought to be done with heirless property, i.e. the property of persons dying without heirs? · What should be done with other unclaimed (orphaned) assets whose owners were unidentified? Heirless property As regards heirless property in Sweden left by victims of the Holocaust, various solutions were conceivable, the most obvious being to treat them like other heirless property and transfer them to the State Inheritance Fund. But it can also have been argued that there was justification for heirless property of this kind being formed or paid into a special fund for the purpose of helping other Holocaust victims. Similarly, it was arguable that the property ought to be transferred to some Jewish organisation. These latter two solutions, if they were at all possible, would have required special legislation.
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